A statue of a person holding a spear Description automatically generated with low confidence Marion Walgate Statue of Sir Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902), University of Cape Town (1934) Removal of the statue, 9 April 2015 Sir Cecil Rhodes (1853 – 1902) The Rhodes Colossus in Punch (1892) L: Rhodes House, University of Oxford R: Statue of Rhodes, Oriel College, Oxford (1911) What does ‘decolonizing’ mean? Questionnaire from Art History 43.1 (2020) Tim Barringer, Yale University Tim Barringer Priyanka Basu, University of Minnesota What does ‘decolonizing’ mean? Questionnaire from Art History 43.1 (2020) David Bindman, University College London James D’Emilio, University of South Florida Anonymous Venetian painter – Reception of the Ambassadors in Damascus (1511) http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_1AJIE7G1DnQ/TOk4be5WTjI/AAAAAAAAAPE/lf2WUEVG5uA/s1600/Eleonora+of+Toledo+ with+her+son+Giovanni+de%2527+Medici.jpg http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/824/cu02.jpg Bronzino – Eleanor of Toledo (15444-45) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Gerome_Snake_Charmer.jpg Jean-Léon Gérôme – The Snake Chamer (1870) Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute http://artmight.com/albums/public-domain-art-images/Jean-Leon-Gerome-001.jpg Jean-Léon Gérôme The Slave Market (1867) Ida Rubinstein in costume for Zubeide in Sheherazade designed by Leon Bakst (1910) Source: Bridgeman Education Leon Bakst Costume Design for Sheherazade from Sleeping Beauty (1921) Private Collection Source: Bridgeman Education Dutch exotic dancer ‘Mata Hari’ (1876-1917) Image Source: Bridgeman Anonymous postcard of harem girls smoking a hookah, Algeria Ca. 1900 Source: Bridgeman Education ‘Both [imperialism and colonialism] are supported by and perhaps even impelled by …. notions that certain territories and people require and beseech domination, as well as forms of knowledge affiliated with domination: the vocabulary of classic nineteenth-century imperial culture is plentiful with such words as “inferior” or “subject races”, “subordinate peoples”, “dependency”, “expansion” and “authority”. Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (1993) p. 8 ‘We penetrated deeper and deeper into the heart of darkness. It was very quiet there. At night sometimes the roll of drums behind the curtain of trees would run up the river and remain sustained faintly, as if hovering in the air high over our heads, till the first break of day. Whether it meant war, peace, or prayer we could not tell. The dawns were heralded by the descent of a chill stillness; the wood-cutters slept, their fires burned low; the snapping of a twig would make you start. We were wanderers on a prehistoric earth, on an earth that wore the aspect of an unknown planet. We could have fancied ourselves the first of men taking possession of an accursed inheritance…’ Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness (1901) ‘Although little authentic knowledge of the Benin people is current, the main characteristics of the surrounding tribes are thought to be theirs also in an intensified degree. Finding expression in habits of disgusting brutality and scenes of hideous cruelty and bloodshed, ordained by the superstitions of a degraded race of savages.’ Illustrated London News, 1897 The British Punitive expedition to Benin (1897) Royal Ivory Mask, ca. 1520, Benin Brass Warrior Plaque, ca. late 16th century, Benin Sam and Milli from the Zirkus Schumann in Ernst Kirchner’s studio (1910) Brancusi, King of Kings (Early 1930s) Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907) Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, 1912 ‘To reject the exoticisation of Africa is to destroy an entire world view, carefully and painstakingly fabricated over several centuries. This is the imperative for any meaningful appreciation of culture in Africa today, and it would be unrealistic to expect it easily from those who invented the old Africa today.’ Oguibe, ‘The Heart of Darkness’ p. 324. http://www.thirdtext.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/uzoegonusmall.jpg L: Oguibe – Front cover of Uzo Egonu (1995) R: Uzo Egonu (1931- 96) in London, ca. 1964 Uzo Egonu: L: Nigerian Picadilly Circus (1969) R: An Assembly (1982) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Olu_Oguibe.jpg Olu Oguibe (1964 - ) ‘It is evidence of the arrogance of Occidental culture that even the concept of history should be turned into a colony …history is granted as a validating privilege, which it is the West’s to grant, like United Nations recognition …’ Oguibe, ‘In the Heart of Darkness’ in Oguibe, ed, Reading the Contemporary (London, 1999) p. 321 ± http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Coomaraswamy.jpg Ananda Coomaraswamy (1877-1947) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Coomaraswamy.jpg Ananda Coomaraswamy (1877-1947) 1884 – 1897: Schooled in Britain 1897-1900: Studied in University College London 1917 – 1947: Keeper of Indian Art, Boston Museum of Fine Arts http://ia600802.us.archive.org/zipview.php?zip=/12/items/olcovers626/olcovers626-L.zip&file=6263027 -L.jpg http://www.bibliomania.ws/bibliomania/images/items/80041.jpg http://www.asiafinebooks.com/afb455/images/items/396.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bf/AnandaCoomaraswamy.jpg L: Christian and Oriental Philosophy of Art (1944) R: The Dance of Śiva (first published 1918) ± Helena Johnová Black Boy (1912-39) Alexander Hackenschmied, Untitled (1942) Milada Marešová Josephine Baker (early 1930s) Josephine Baker captivates the Modernists - Philip Steadman Josef Sudek Black Mask (1932) Josef Čapek, The Art of Primitive Nations (Prague, 1938) Josef Capek Black King (1920) Toyen, Black Paradise (1925) A picture containing text Description automatically generated A picture containing indoor, different Description automatically generated Emil Filla, Heracles and the Lion (1936) Vojtěch Náprstek (1826-1894) -(1857-1858) Ship surgeon on the Carolin, escort to SMS Novara -(1859-60) Ship surgeon on Elisabeth accompanying Maximilian to Brazil -(1864-65) Ship surgeon escorting Emperor Maximilian of Mexico -(1868-71) Ship surgeon on Friedrich on diplomatic tour around the world Alois Musil (1868-1944) Qusayr Amra, Jordan (8th cent CE) 1902: professor of theology, University of Olomouc 1909: professor of biblical studies and Arabic, University of Vienna 1914 – 1918: military service for the Habsburg Empire countering British influence in the Middle East 1920: professor of Arabic / Head of Institute of Oriental Studies, University of Prague Museum of Aleš Hrdlička, Humpolec Aleš Hrdlička (1869 – 1943). Photo from around 1930. Founder of the Anthropology Department of the Smithsonian Museum, Washington