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Time and Space III
Pavel Caha
March 6 2023
1 / 29
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What we know so far
Paths
2 / 29
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▶ Figure, Ground, Spatial marker
3 / 29
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▶ Figure, Ground, Spatial marker
▶ [ FIG [ SM GROUND ] ]
3 / 29
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▶ Figure, Ground, Spatial marker
▶ [ FIG [ SM GROUND ] ]
▶ Two basic ways of finding the Figure:
3 / 29
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▶ Figure, Ground, Spatial marker
▶ [ FIG [ SM GROUND ] ]
▶ Two basic ways of finding the Figure:
▶ start at Ground, search in a particular direction
3 / 29
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▶ Figure, Ground, Spatial marker
▶ [ FIG [ SM GROUND ] ]
▶ Two basic ways of finding the Figure:
▶ start at Ground, search in a particular direction
▶ Frames of reference (absolute, relative, intrinsic
3 / 29
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▶ Figure, Ground, Spatial marker
▶ [ FIG [ SM GROUND ] ]
▶ Two basic ways of finding the Figure:
▶ start at Ground, search in a particular direction
▶ Frames of reference (absolute, relative, intrinsic
▶ start at Ground, look around in no particular direction, but in the
general proximity of the object
3 / 29
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▶ Figure, Ground, Spatial marker
▶ [ FIG [ SM GROUND ] ]
▶ Two basic ways of finding the Figure:
▶ start at Ground, search in a particular direction
▶ Frames of reference (absolute, relative, intrinsic
▶ start at Ground, look around in no particular direction, but in the
general proximity of the object
▶ geometry (interior), function (container)
3 / 29
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Particles/prefixes lack the Ground
(1) SPATIAL DESCRIPTION
FIGURE
the ball
LOCATION
SM
on
GROUND
the table
(2) a. The cook twisted the lid off the jar.
4 / 29
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Particles/prefixes lack the Ground
(1) SPATIAL DESCRIPTION
FIGURE
the ball
LOCATION
SM
on
GROUND
the table
(2) a. The cook twisted the lid off the jar.
b. The cook twisted the lid off.
4 / 29
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Particles/prefixes lacking the Ground
(3) a. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
past
fakulty.
the.faculty
5 / 29
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Particles/prefixes lacking the Ground
(3) a. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
past
fakulty.
the.faculty
b. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
by
5 / 29
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Particles/prefixes lacking the Ground
(3) a. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
past
fakulty.
the.faculty
b. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
by
(4) a. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
od
away.from
fakulty
the.faculty
5 / 29
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Particles/prefixes lacking the Ground
(3) a. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
past
fakulty.
the.faculty
b. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
by
(4) a. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
od
away.from
fakulty
the.faculty
b. *Petr
Petr
šel
walked
od
away
5 / 29
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Particles/prefixes lacking the Ground
(3) a. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
past
fakulty.
the.faculty
b. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
kolem
by
(4) a. Petr
Petr
šel
walked
od
away.from
fakulty
the.faculty
b. *Petr
Petr
šel
walked
od
away
c. Petr
Petr
ode‐šel
away‐walked
5 / 29
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(5) Pachatel
perpetrator
od‐šrouboval
off‐twisted
víčko
lid
z
from
nádrže
tank
kamionu
of.truck
‘The perpetrator twisted the lid off the truck’s tank’
6 / 29
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.
(5) Pachatel
perpetrator
od‐šrouboval
off‐twisted
víčko
lid
z
from
nádrže
tank
kamionu
of.truck
‘The perpetrator twisted the lid off the truck’s tank’
(6) budete
will.you
chtít,
want
aby
that
číšník
waiter
vyndal
takes.out
zátku,
cork
nebo
or
od‐šrouboval
off‐twisted
uzávěr?
lid?
‘Do you want the waiter to take out a cork or twist off the lid?
6 / 29
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(5) Pachatel
perpetrator
od‐šrouboval
off‐twisted
víčko
lid
z
from
nádrže
tank
kamionu
of.truck
‘The perpetrator twisted the lid off the truck’s tank’
(6) budete
will.you
chtít,
want
aby
that
číšník
waiter
vyndal
takes.out
zátku,
cork
nebo
or
od‐šrouboval
off‐twisted
uzávěr?
lid?
‘Do you want the waiter to take out a cork or twist off the lid?
(7) Zkazilo
spoiled
by
would
vám
for.you
dojem,
impression
kdyby
if
v
in
luxusní
luxury
restauraci
restaurant
číšník
waiter
místo
instead.of
obřadného
ceremonial
vytažení
pulling.out
korku
of.cork
láhev
bottle
od‐šrouboval?
off.twisted
‘Wouldn’t it spoil your impression if a waiter in a luxury
restaurant would simply twist off the bottle instead of
ceremonially pulling out the cork?’
6 / 29
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Prefixes with Ground only
(8) a. Petr
Petr
psal
wrote
vzorce
formulas
po
all.over
tabuli
whiteboard
7 / 29
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Prefixes with Ground only
(8) a. Petr
Petr
psal
wrote
vzorce
formulas
po
all.over
tabuli
whiteboard
b. Petr
Petr
po‐psal
all.over‐wrote
tabuli
whiteboard
7 / 29
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Prefixes with Ground only
(8) a. Petr
Petr
psal
wrote
vzorce
formulas
po
all.over
tabuli
whiteboard
b. Petr
Petr
po‐psal
all.over‐wrote
tabuli
whiteboard
c. Petr
Petr
psal
wrote
vzorce
formulas
/
/
*tabuli
whiteboard
7 / 29
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Prefixes with Ground only
(8) a. Petr
Petr
psal
wrote
vzorce
formulas
po
all.over
tabuli
whiteboard
b. Petr
Petr
po‐psal
all.over‐wrote
tabuli
whiteboard
c. Petr
Petr
psal
wrote
vzorce
formulas
/
/
*tabuli
whiteboard
7 / 29
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Summary
▶ Spatial markers prototypically relate Figure and Ground
▶ However, there are also spatial markers that only introduce the
Figure (Ground is implicit)
▶ Other spatial markers only introduce the Ground (Figure is
implicit)
8 / 29
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What we know so far
Paths
9 / 29
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Paths and locations
10 / 29
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Paths and locations
11 / 29
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The logical structure of path expressions
(9) the cockroach emerged from under the bed
12 / 29
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The logical structure of path expressions
(9) the cockroach emerged from under the bed
(10) SPATIAL DESCRIPTION
FIGURE
the cockroach
EVENT
V
emerged
PATH
PATH
from
LOCATION
PLACE
under
GROUND
the bed
12 / 29
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(11) PATH
PATH
from
LOCATION
PLACE
under
GROUND
the bed
13 / 29
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(12) PATH
LOCATION
PLACE
under
GROUND
the bed
PATH
from
14 / 29
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(13) PATH
LOCATION
GROUND
the bed
PLACE
under
PATH
from
15 / 29
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Caucasian
16 / 29
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Lezgian
17 / 29
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Tsez
18 / 29
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Tsez
19 / 29
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(14) PATH
LOCATION
GROUND
the bed
PLACE
under
PATH
from
20 / 29
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Macedonian
21 / 29
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(15) PATH
PATH
from
LOCATION
PLACE
under
GROUND
the bed
22 / 29
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(16) PATH
LOCATION
PLACE
under
GROUND
the bed
PATH
from
23 / 29
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.
(17) Ancient Greek
a. [parà
at
nus]
ships‐
‐ì
DAT
‘AT in the hollow ships’
b. [par’
at
Hēphaist]
Hephaistos
‐on
‐ACC
‘TO in Hephaestos’
c. [par’
at
Eurút]
Eurytos
‐ou
‐GEN
‘FROM in Eurytos’
24 / 29
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(18) a. na
on
podlaz‐e
floor‐LOC (static locative)
25 / 29
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(18) a. na
on
podlaz‐e
floor‐LOC (static locative)
b. na
on
podlah‐u
floor‐ACC (goal)
25 / 29
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(18) a. na
on
podlaz‐e
floor‐LOC (static locative)
b. na
on
podlah‐u
floor‐ACC (goal)
(19) PATH
LOCATION
PLACE
na
GROUND
podlah
PATH
u
25 / 29
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directed motion
26 / 29
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directed motion
(20) a. Petr
Petr
šel
went
až
up
k
to
domu
house
‘Petr went up to the house’
26 / 29
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.
directed motion
(20) a. Petr
Petr
šel
went
až
up
k
to
domu
house
‘Petr went up to the house’
b. Petr
Petr
šel
went
přes
over
most
bridge
‘Petr went over the bridge’
26 / 29
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.
.
directed motion
(20) a. Petr
Petr
šel
went
až
up
k
to
domu
house
‘Petr went up to the house’
b. Petr
Petr
šel
went
přes
over
most
bridge
‘Petr went over the bridge’
c. Petr
Petr
šel
went
ven
out
‘Petr went out.’
26 / 29
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non‐directed
27 / 29
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.
non‐directed
(21) a. Petr
Petr
chodil
went
po
in
domě
house
‘Petr walked around in the house’
27 / 29
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.
non‐directed
(21) a. Petr
Petr
chodil
went
po
in
domě
house
‘Petr walked around in the house’
b. Petr
Petr
chodil
went
okolo
around
domu
house
‘Petr was going around the house’
27 / 29
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.
.
non‐directed
(21) a. Petr
Petr
chodil
went
po
in
domě
house
‘Petr walked around in the house’
b. Petr
Petr
chodil
went
okolo
around
domu
house
‘Petr was going around the house’
c. Petr
Petr
chodil
walked
tam
there
a
and
zpátky
back
‘Petr was going back and forth.’
27 / 29