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Time and Space II
Pavel Caha
Feb 27 2022
1 / 29
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(1) a. Where is the ball?
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(1) a. Where is the ball?
b. The ball is under the table.
2 / 29
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(1) a. Where is the ball?
b. The ball is under the table.
▶ Figure → an object whose location is unknown/under discussion
2 / 29
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(1) a. Where is the ball?
b. The ball is under the table.
▶ Figure → an object whose location is unknown/under discussion
▶ Ground → an object whose location is known, we use it as a
point of reference and we start our search for the Figure at this
object
2 / 29
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(1) a. Where is the ball?
b. The ball is under the table.
▶ Figure → an object whose location is unknown/under discussion
▶ Ground → an object whose location is known, we use it as a
point of reference and we start our search for the Figure at this
object
▶ spatial marker → it tells you where to look relative to the
Ground
2 / 29
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(1) a. Where is the ball?
b. The ball is under the table.
▶ Figure → an object whose location is unknown/under discussion
▶ Ground → an object whose location is known, we use it as a
point of reference and we start our search for the Figure at this
object
▶ spatial marker → it tells you where to look relative to the
Ground
(2) Where is Mary? — Mary
Figure
is in
spatial marker
her room.
Ground
2 / 29
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3 / 29
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▶ Two basic ways of finding the Figure:
4 / 29
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▶ Two basic ways of finding the Figure:
▶ start at Ground, search in a particular direction
4 / 29
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▶ Two basic ways of finding the Figure:
▶ start at Ground, search in a particular direction
▶ start at Ground, look around in no particular direction, but in the
general proximity of the object
4 / 29
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Intrinsic frame of reference (in front of the car)
5 / 29
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Relative frame of reference
6 / 29
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Absolute frame of reference
7 / 29
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Particles
Topological spatial markers
8 / 29
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A bit of syntax
(3) ( FIG ( SM GR ) )
9 / 29
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A bit of syntax
(3) ( FIG ( SM GR ) )
(4) SPATIAL DESCRIPTION
FIGURE
the ball
LOCATION
SM
on
GROUND
the table
9 / 29
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(5) ( AGENT ( V PATIENT ) )
10 / 29
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(5) ( AGENT ( V PATIENT ) )
(6) EVENT DESCRIPTION
AGENT
the man
EVENT
V
ate
PATIENT
the cheese
10 / 29
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(7) ( AGENT ( V ) )
11 / 29
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(7) ( AGENT ( V ) )
(8) EVENT DESCRIPTION
AGENT
Mary
EVENT
ACT
worked
11 / 29
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(9) ( V PATIENT ))
12 / 29
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(9) ( V PATIENT ))
(10) EVENT
V
melt
PATIENT
snow
12 / 29
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(11) a. The helicopter flew the firefighters up the mountain.
13 / 29
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(11) a. The helicopter flew the firefighters up the mountain.
b. The helicopter flew the firefighters up.
13 / 29
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(11) a. The helicopter flew the firefighters up the mountain.
b. The helicopter flew the firefighters up.
(12) a. The police will fire tear gas in the window.
13 / 29
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(11) a. The helicopter flew the firefighters up the mountain.
b. The helicopter flew the firefighters up.
(12) a. The police will fire tear gas in the window.
b. The police will fire tear gas in.
13 / 29
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(11) a. The helicopter flew the firefighters up the mountain.
b. The helicopter flew the firefighters up.
(12) a. The police will fire tear gas in the window.
b. The police will fire tear gas in.
(13) a. The cook twisted the lid off the jar.
13 / 29
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(11) a. The helicopter flew the firefighters up the mountain.
b. The helicopter flew the firefighters up.
(12) a. The police will fire tear gas in the window.
b. The police will fire tear gas in.
(13) a. The cook twisted the lid off the jar.
b. The cook twisted the lid off.
13 / 29
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(11) a. The helicopter flew the firefighters up the mountain.
b. The helicopter flew the firefighters up.
(12) a. The police will fire tear gas in the window.
b. The police will fire tear gas in.
(13) a. The cook twisted the lid off the jar.
b. The cook twisted the lid off.
13 / 29
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(14) Improper prepositions
a. Petr
Petr
kráčel
walked
kolem
around
fakulty.
faculty
‘Petr walked past/around the faculty.’
14 / 29
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(14) Improper prepositions
a. Petr
Petr
kráčel
walked
kolem
around
fakulty.
faculty
‘Petr walked past/around the faculty.’
b. Petr
Petr
kráčel
walked
kolem.
around
‘Petr walked by.’
14 / 29
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(15) a. Petr
Petr
kráčel
walked
od
away.from
fakulty
faculty
‘Petr walked away from the faculty.’
15 / 29
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(15) a. Petr
Petr
kráčel
walked
od
away.from
fakulty
faculty
‘Petr walked away from the faculty.’
b. *Petr
Petr
kráčel
walked
od
away.from
15 / 29
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(15) a. Petr
Petr
kráčel
walked
od
away.from
fakulty
faculty
‘Petr walked away from the faculty.’
b. *Petr
Petr
kráčel
walked
od
away.from
c. Petr
Petr
od‐kráčel
away‐walked
‘Petr walked away.’
15 / 29
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Particles/prefixes lack the Ground
(16) SPATIAL DESCRIPTION
FIGURE
the ball
LOCATION
SM
on
GROUND
the table
(17) a. The cook twisted the lid off the jar.
16 / 29
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Particles/prefixes lack the Ground
(16) SPATIAL DESCRIPTION
FIGURE
the ball
LOCATION
SM
on
GROUND
the table
(17) a. The cook twisted the lid off the jar.
b. The cook twisted the lid off.
16 / 29
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Particles/prefixes lack the Ground
(16) SPATIAL DESCRIPTION
FIGURE
the ball
LOCATION
SM
on
GROUND
the table
(17) a. The cook twisted the lid off the jar.
b. The cook twisted the lid off.
(18) Vy‐lez!
out‐get
‘Get out!’
16 / 29
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Prefixes with Ground only
(19) a. Petr
Petr
psal
wrote
vzorce
formulas
/
/
*tabuli
whiteboard
17 / 29
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Prefixes with Ground only
(19) a. Petr
Petr
psal
wrote
vzorce
formulas
/
/
*tabuli
whiteboard
b. Petr
Petr
psal
wrote
vzorce
formulas
po
all.over
tabuli
whiteboard
17 / 29
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Prefixes with Ground only
(19) a. Petr
Petr
psal
wrote
vzorce
formulas
/
/
*tabuli
whiteboard
b. Petr
Petr
psal
wrote
vzorce
formulas
po
all.over
tabuli
whiteboard
c. Petr
Petr
po‐psal
all.over‐wrote
tabuli
whiteboard
(vzorcema)
formulas.INS
17 / 29
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Prefixes with Ground only
(19) a. Petr
Petr
psal
wrote
vzorce
formulas
/
/
*tabuli
whiteboard
b. Petr
Petr
psal
wrote
vzorce
formulas
po
all.over
tabuli
whiteboard
c. Petr
Petr
po‐psal
all.over‐wrote
tabuli
whiteboard
(vzorcema)
formulas.INS
d. Emma
Emma
po‐kreslila
all.over‐painted
daňové
tax
přiznání
declaration
17 / 29
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(20) a. Maminka
mum
lepí
glues
Emmě
to.Emma
náplast
a.plaster
na
on
ránu
wound
18 / 29
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.
(20) a. Maminka
mum
lepí
glues
Emmě
to.Emma
náplast
a.plaster
na
on
ránu
wound
b. Maminka
mum
na‐lepí
glues
Emmě
to.Emma
náplast
a.plaster
na
on
ránu
wound
18 / 29
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.
(20) a. Maminka
mum
lepí
glues
Emmě
to.Emma
náplast
a.plaster
na
on
ránu
wound
b. Maminka
mum
na‐lepí
glues
Emmě
to.Emma
náplast
a.plaster
na
on
ránu
wound
c. Maminka
Petr
za‐lepí
wrote
Emmě
formulas
ránu
all.over
(náplastí)
whiteboard
18 / 29
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(21) a. Stromy
trees
padaly
were.falling
19 / 29
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(21) a. Stromy
trees
padaly
were.falling
b. Stromy
trees
o‐padaly
around‐fell
19 / 29
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(21) a. Stromy
trees
padaly
were.falling
b. Stromy
trees
o‐padaly
around‐fell
‘The trees lost their leaves.’
19 / 29
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(21) a. Stromy
trees
padaly
were.falling
b. Stromy
trees
o‐padaly
around‐fell
‘The trees lost their leaves.’
c. Listí
leaves
padalo
were.falling
ze
from
stromů
trees
19 / 29
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(21) a. Stromy
trees
padaly
were.falling
b. Stromy
trees
o‐padaly
around‐fell
‘The trees lost their leaves.’
c. Listí
leaves
padalo
were.falling
ze
from
stromů
trees
d. Stromy
trees
o‐padaly
around‐fell
‘The trees lost their leaves.’
19 / 29
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Particles
Topological spatial markers
20 / 29
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21 / 29
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22 / 29
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22 / 29
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22 / 29
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(22) Czech
a. hrnek
cup
na
on
stole
table
‘a cup on the table’
b. klika
handle
na
on
dveřích
door
‘the handle on the door’
c. jabko
apple
v
in
míse
bowl
‘apple in the bowl’
23 / 29
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(23) a. TO–SUPPORT
24 / 29
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(23) a. TO–SUPPORT
b. TO–ATTACHMENT (PROXIMITY)
24 / 29
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(23) a. TO–SUPPORT
b. TO–ATTACHMENT (PROXIMITY)
c. TO–CONTAINER
24 / 29
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(23) a. TO–SUPPORT
b. TO–ATTACHMENT (PROXIMITY)
c. TO–CONTAINER
(24) Czech
a. po‐stavil
on‐put
hrnek
cup
na
on
stůl
table
‘He put the cup on the table’
24 / 29
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(23) a. TO–SUPPORT
b. TO–ATTACHMENT (PROXIMITY)
c. TO–CONTAINER
(24) Czech
a. po‐stavil
on‐put
hrnek
cup
na
on
stůl
table
‘He put the cup on the table’
b. na‐lepil
on‐glued
papír
paper
na
on
stůl
table
‘He glued the paper on top of the table’
24 / 29
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(23) a. TO–SUPPORT
b. TO–ATTACHMENT (PROXIMITY)
c. TO–CONTAINER
(24) Czech
a. po‐stavil
on‐put
hrnek
cup
na
on
stůl
table
‘He put the cup on the table’
b. na‐lepil
on‐glued
papír
paper
na
on
stůl
table
‘He glued the paper on top of the table’
c. při‐lepil
attach‐glued
papír
paper
ke
to
stolu
table
‘He glued the paper to the table’
24 / 29
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(23) a. TO–SUPPORT
b. TO–ATTACHMENT (PROXIMITY)
c. TO–CONTAINER
(24) Czech
a. po‐stavil
on‐put
hrnek
cup
na
on
stůl
table
‘He put the cup on the table’
b. na‐lepil
on‐glued
papír
paper
na
on
stůl
table
‘He glued the paper on top of the table’
c. při‐lepil
attach‐glued
papír
paper
ke
to
stolu
table
‘He glued the paper to the table’
d. v‐lepil
in‐glued
papír
paper
do
into
knihy
book
‘He glued the paper into the book’
24 / 29
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(25) VIA ABOVE — VIA ON
25 / 29
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(25) VIA ABOVE — VIA ON
(26) The prefix pře‐
a. Petr
Petr
pře‐
over
skočil
jumped
stůl.
table.ACC
‘Petr jumped over the table.’
25 / 29
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(25) VIA ABOVE — VIA ON
(26) The prefix pře‐
a. Petr
Petr
pře‐
over
skočil
jumped
stůl.
table.ACC
‘Petr jumped over the table.’
b. Petr
Petr
pře‐
over
šel
went
ulici.
street
‘Petr crossed the street.’
25 / 29
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(25) VIA ABOVE — VIA ON
(26) The prefix pře‐
a. Petr
Petr
pře‐
over
skočil
jumped
stůl.
table.ACC
‘Petr jumped over the table.’
b. Petr
Petr
pře‐
over
šel
went
ulici.
street
‘Petr crossed the street.’
(27) FROM ABOVE — FROM ON
25 / 29
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(25) VIA ABOVE — VIA ON
(26) The prefix pře‐
a. Petr
Petr
pře‐
over
skočil
jumped
stůl.
table.ACC
‘Petr jumped over the table.’
b. Petr
Petr
pře‐
over
šel
went
ulici.
street
‘Petr crossed the street.’
(27) FROM ABOVE — FROM ON
(28) a. Hráči
players
s‐
off‐
lezli
crawled
z
from
ledu.
ice
‘The players got off the ice.’
25 / 29
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.
(25) VIA ABOVE — VIA ON
(26) The prefix pře‐
a. Petr
Petr
pře‐
over
skočil
jumped
stůl.
table.ACC
‘Petr jumped over the table.’
b. Petr
Petr
pře‐
over
šel
went
ulici.
street
‘Petr crossed the street.’
(27) FROM ABOVE — FROM ON
(28) a. Hráči
players
s‐
off‐
lezli
crawled
z
from
ledu.
ice
‘The players got off the ice.’
b. Maria
Maria
s‐
down‐
lezla
crawled
po
on
žebříku.
ladder
‘Maria climbed down the ladder.’
25 / 29
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.
Geometry vs. functionality
▶ ON: in contact with vs. support
26 / 29
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Geometry vs. functionality
▶ ON: in contact with vs. support
▶ IN: enclosed by the boundaries of vs. container
26 / 29
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Geometry vs. functionality
▶ ON: in contact with vs. support
▶ IN: enclosed by the boundaries of vs. container
26 / 29
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Geometry vs. functionality
▶ ON: in contact with vs. support
▶ IN: enclosed by the boundaries of vs. container
26 / 29
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.
projective locations
▶ BEHIND: along an axis going out via the back side vs.
inaccessible to perception
27 / 29
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.
projective locations
▶ BEHIND: along an axis going out via the back side vs.
inaccessible to perception
▶ IN FRONT OF: along an axis going out via the front side vs.
accessible to perception
27 / 29
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projective locations
▶ BEHIND: along an axis going out via the back side vs.
inaccessible to perception
▶ IN FRONT OF: along an axis going out via the front side vs.
accessible to perception
(29) a. Pes
the.dog
za‐lezl
behind‐crawled
za
behind
barák
the.house
27 / 29
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.
projective locations
▶ BEHIND: along an axis going out via the back side vs.
inaccessible to perception
▶ IN FRONT OF: along an axis going out via the front side vs.
accessible to perception
(29) a. Pes
the.dog
za‐lezl
behind‐crawled
za
behind
barák
the.house
b. Pes
the.dog
za‐lezl
behind‐crawled
do
into
boudy
its.dog.house
27 / 29
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.
projective locations
▶ BEHIND: along an axis going out via the back side vs.
inaccessible to perception
▶ IN FRONT OF: along an axis going out via the front side vs.
accessible to perception
(29) a. Pes
the.dog
za‐lezl
behind‐crawled
za
behind
barák
the.house
b. Pes
the.dog
za‐lezl
behind‐crawled
do
into
boudy
its.dog.house
c. Pes
the.dog
za‐lezl
behind‐crawled
pod
under
divan
the.table
27 / 29
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.
.
projective locations
▶ BEHIND: along an axis going out via the back side vs.
inaccessible to perception
▶ IN FRONT OF: along an axis going out via the front side vs.
accessible to perception
(29) a. Pes
the.dog
za‐lezl
behind‐crawled
za
behind
barák
the.house
b. Pes
the.dog
za‐lezl
behind‐crawled
do
into
boudy
its.dog.house
c. Pes
the.dog
za‐lezl
behind‐crawled
pod
under
divan
the.table
(30) a. Pes
the.dog
vy‐lezl
out‐crawled
před
to.in.front.of
barák
the.house
27 / 29
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.
.
projective locations
▶ BEHIND: along an axis going out via the back side vs.
inaccessible to perception
▶ IN FRONT OF: along an axis going out via the front side vs.
accessible to perception
(29) a. Pes
the.dog
za‐lezl
behind‐crawled
za
behind
barák
the.house
b. Pes
the.dog
za‐lezl
behind‐crawled
do
into
boudy
its.dog.house
c. Pes
the.dog
za‐lezl
behind‐crawled
pod
under
divan
the.table
(30) a. Pes
the.dog
vy‐lezl
out‐crawled
před
to.in.front.of
barák
the.house
b. Pes
the.dog
vy‐lezl
out‐crawled
z
out.of
boudy
its.dog.house
27 / 29
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.
.
.
projective locations
▶ BEHIND: along an axis going out via the back side vs.
inaccessible to perception
▶ IN FRONT OF: along an axis going out via the front side vs.
accessible to perception
(29) a. Pes
the.dog
za‐lezl
behind‐crawled
za
behind
barák
the.house
b. Pes
the.dog
za‐lezl
behind‐crawled
do
into
boudy
its.dog.house
c. Pes
the.dog
za‐lezl
behind‐crawled
pod
under
divan
the.table
(30) a. Pes
the.dog
vy‐lezl
out‐crawled
před
to.in.front.of
barák
the.house
b. Pes
the.dog
vy‐lezl
out‐crawled
z
out.of
boudy
its.dog.house
c. Pes
the.dog
vy‐lezl
up‐crawled
na
on
divan
the.sofa
27 / 29
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(31) CZ: out of an perceptually inaccessible location
a. (nouzový)
emergency
vý‐chod
out‐going
‘emergency exit’
b. vý‐chod
up‐going
(slunce)
of.sun
‘sunrise’
28 / 29
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(31) CZ: out of an perceptually inaccessible location
a. (nouzový)
emergency
vý‐chod
out‐going
‘emergency exit’
b. vý‐chod
up‐going
(slunce)
of.sun
‘sunrise’
(32) NOR: out of a container
a. sol‐opp‐gang
sun‐up‐going
‘sunrise’
b. nød‐ut‐gang
emergency‐out‐going
‘emergency exit’
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Summary
▶ Spatial markers prototypically relate Figure and Ground
▶ However, there are also spatial markers that only introduce the
Figure (Ground is implicit)
▶ Other spatial markers only introduce the Ground (Figure is
implicit)
▶ Verbs ‘steal’ the semantic arguments of spatial markers (Figure
or Ground may become a subject or an object of the verb)
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