Obsah obrázku exteriér, obloha, voda Popis byl vytvořen automaticky National Theatres in 19th Century Mgr. et. Mgr. Klára Škrobánková, Ph. D. Department of Theatre Studies skrobankova@phil.muni.cz How to define National Theatre? •Each national theatre reflected a specific originating moment, location, set of goals, language, history, and mythology, as well as the idiosyncratic beliefs of its individuals founding members (Wilmer) •Types of NT: •Established by a stable autocratic government (Comédie-Française in Paris in 1680, Burgtheater in Vienna in 1741, etc.) •Established after an effort of a nationalist movement in emerging states under a foreign rule (Prague National Theatre in 1883, Abbey Theatre in Dublin in 1904) Comédie Française (1680) •Established by Louis XIV. •For plays by Moliére, Corneille, Racine • > Obsah obrázku text, exteriér Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Polish National Theatre in Warsaw (1765) •Founded in 1765 by the king Stanisław Poniatowski •Poland is dissolved (Russia, Prussian, Austria) 1772, 1793, 1795 •Polish NT could not exist under the title “national” •Idea of NT as Poles try to regain sovereignty (1924) > Danish Royal Theatre in Copenhagen (1748) •Built on land provided by the king •Quickly stepped away from the tradition of hiring Italian and French actors •Engaging Danish actors and staging Danish drama •Ludwig HOLBERG – in 1750s 25 of his plays in the repertoire •Handed to municipality in 1750 > Obsah obrázku obloha, exteriér, budova, silnice Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Hamburg National Theatre (1767) •Established by the citizens and theatre professionals – first attempt on German NT •A failed experiment that had nevertheless shown the potential and the method •An idea of dramaturgy – Gotthold Ephraim LESSING •A need to write national plays, in national language, with nationalist themes •Also translations into German • > Obsah obrázku text, budova, exteriér, dům Popis byl vytvořen automaticky •„The good-natured idea of getting the Germans a national theatre, while we Germans are not yet a nationality! I don’t speak about the political condition, but only about the moral character. One should almost say that this consists in not having one of our own, yet. We are still the devoted admirers of the never enough admired French. Everything that comes to us from across the Rhine is beautiful, charming, lovely, divine”. •Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Washington crosses Delaware river, Commons Obsah obrázku text, několik Popis byl vytvořen automatickyThr E. Delacroix, Commons •„If in all our plays there was one main stream, if our poets reached an agreement and created a firm union for this final purpose – if a strict selection led their work and their brushes dedicated themselves only to national matters – in one word, if we had a national stage, we would also become a nation.“ •Friedrich Schiller •19th century national theatres were often established with nationalist agenda •Constructing national identity •Legitimating the aspirations of nationalist movement •Instilling a sense of national commitment and future citizenship •Essentialist and exclusionary notions of identity (us and them) • •à Johann Gottfried von Herder: importance of cultural traditions of common people Obsah obrázku text Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku text Popis byl vytvořen automaticky •Proved to be faked by Hanka and Linda in 19th century Manuscripts of Zelená Hora and Dvůr Králové Collecting and reworking folktales and legends Obsah obrázku text, různé Popis byl vytvořen automaticky •Fairytales by the Grimm brothers •Nibelungenlied – Germanic saga adapted into an opera cycle by Richard Wagner Nationalist Movement and the Romantics Czech National Theatre (1883) > Obsah obrázku zeď, interiér, strop Popis byl vytvořen automaticky > Obsah obrázku exteriér, staré, bílá, budova Popis byl vytvořen automaticky •František Palacký after 1848: “Our national theatre will soon arise as a monument to our constitutional rights and equality” •Who will pay for it? à Fundraising, public collections •Laying the foundations – stones from various places Vojtěch Hynais: curtain of the National Theatre Obsah obrázku staré, skupina, několik, oltář Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku zlatá, zdobené Popis byl vytvořen automaticky •Národ sobě – The Nation to Themselves •Allegory of Slavia Obsah obrázku text, malování, oltář Popis byl vytvořen automaticky •Opened with Bedřich Smetana‘s opera Libuše •Far-reaching importance of legendary figures •Wilhelm Tell (Germany and Switzerland) •Joan of Arc (France) •Boris Godunov (Russia) •Cathleen Ni Houlihan (Ireland) • Fellner and Helmer, architects of European National Theatres > > > • Recommended Readings •HOLDSWORTH, Nadine and Nicholas HYTNER. Theatre and Nation. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. •THER, Philipp. Center Stage: Operatic Culture and Nation Building in 19th Century Central Europe. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2014. •WILMER, S. E. (ed.). National Theatres in a Changing Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.