Exkursions-Itinerar
Orte und Un-orte in der Brünner Innenstadt
Martin Firon PVD02 Historická metodologie 2
Josephine reforms. Redevelopment and profanation in Brno in the 18th a 19th centuries
The Enlightenment reforms in the Theresian and Josephine periods brought about a change in the function of some (church) buildings
- The great role of the dissolution of monasteries and the problem of the use of their buildings in the Enlightenment spirit
- The secularization of monasteries was also linked to the destruction of cultural monuments
The peak of changes in the functions of buildings between 1896-1916, when the redevelopment of Brno's historic core was underway - the regulatory plan was created as a consequence of the Building Act of 1894, when (not only) Brno had to submit a location plan, but eventually it was decided to completely redevelop Newly built homes had 18 years of tax forgiveness
Result: 238 buildings demolished (but 429 out of 572 houses originally intended)
- Some church buildings have lost their purpose - demolished, rebuilt
Protests by, for example, the Central Commission for Art Historical Monuments in Vienna (Royal Chapel)
The Royal Chapel of the Virgin Mary and St. Wenceslas and the Cistercian Monastery minican Square)
- On the site of the so-called Alram's House (the courtyard of one of the oldest families) - the Czech kings stayed here
1297 - Wenceslas 11 founded the chapel
1322 - the chapel was donated with the neighbouring court of Nicholas of the Tower to Queen Eliška Rejčka, who then donated the buildings to the Cistercian monastery
- Josephine reforms - monastery abolished, barracks established
1908 - demolition of the royal chapel as part of the redevelopment - great protests of the conservationists, therefore the chapel was photographed in detail and parts of the chapel were taken over by the Brno City Museum (part of it is exhibited in the New Town Hall)
o Church of St. Nicholas (náměstí Svobody)
First mentioned as a chapel in 1231 - spiritual centre of the Romanesque (Walloon) population
Completed in the first half of the 14th century
- After 1650 the town weighbridge and the town guard building were added
- Josephine reforms - consecration of the chapel, it served as a military warehouse 1870 - demolition
today commemorated by a ground plan on the square and at various events
Franciscan monastery, later monastery of Order of Ursulines (Josefská ulice)
Franciscan women originally lived in front of the city gates (destroyed during the Swedish siege of the city during the Thirty Years' War)
1647 - acquired a house on Josefská Street (partly a gift and partly a purchase) in the town, gradually purchased others and built a monastery - consecrated in 1673 Centre of Embroidery Art
1782 - abolished during the Josephine reforms, the Franciscans became Ursulines and established a school for girls
1950 - extinction of the monastery, in the exposition of the Technical Museum in Brno 1990s - monastery again in the hands of the Ursulines women, now the Brno bishopric - rebuilt for commercial purposes
Foltýn, Dušan: Encyklopedie moravských a slezských klášterů. Praha 2005, s. 182-192.
Kroupa, Jiří (eď): Dějiny Brna 7. Brno 2015, s. 360-361, s. 550-552, 585-586.
Kuča, Karel: Brno - vývoj města, předměstí a připojených vesnic. Praha 2000.
Merta, David: Kostel sv Mikuláše na Dolním trhu v Brně. Brno v minulosti a dnes, Brno 2001, s. 107-132.
Víchová, Božena: Brněnské sestry voršilky. Fórum Brunense, Brno 2015, s. 51-56.
Redevelopment of the City of Brno. Dostupné z: https://www.brunn.cz/velka-asanace-1896-1916/. Citováno dne 3. května 2024.
Centre of Brno 1918-1945. Dostupné z: https://www.bam.brno.cz/stezka/5-centrum-1918-1945. Citováno dne 3. května 2024.
Tourist map of Brno. Dostupné z:
https://mapy.cz/turisticka?x=16.6103404&v=49.1946487&z=16. Stáhnuto dne 3. května 2024.
Historical Methodology II.
Charlotte Becherova
The complex of buildings of the Old Town Hall in the shadow of the functionalist Market Hall
a) History of the building complex
b) Transformation of the complex, its function and memory of place
Town Hall in the past and today
Then:
Now:
Still?
seat of city government o the organization of the city's
defence the city's judiciary o the Law Book by scribe Jan archive - Treasury
a place steeped in legends o the Brno Dragon o the Brno Wheel o the walled councillor o the portal's bent phial tourism centre
symbol of virtues
(justice, bravery
faith, obedience)
architectural gem
meeting place of the
community
„lieu de memoire"
X
Functionalist Market Brno
Old Town Hall complex
• the beginning of construction in the first half of the 13th century (the office of the town clerk first appears in a document from 1243)
• ca. 1840s - 1935: seat of the municipal administration:
o from the beginning: the fast ("judicium") =the seat of the royal swift; treasury, prison
o from the 14th century: town hall
("consistorium sive pretorium") from
1372: seat of the town crier, seat for
town council meetings, town court,
town clerk's office, town court office o since 1783 the seat of the municipality o since 1850 (annexation of the
neighbouring municipalities to Brno),
some offices were moved to the former
House of the Estates o  in 1936, the Old Town Hall was no
longer used for any Offices Pic. 1. Town Hall on the veduta from 1617. Photo: F.
•   -1990s-present - tower open to hj^a^,. i:^—mblj^, ^t^L.
tourists, permanent exhibition; cultural and social events; information centre
Additions and significant alterations to the building complex:
o  1424 addition of a house with a chapel to the south wall of the tower -abolished in 1784
o Around 1500, a court annex adjacent to the chapel and a three-winged court building of the town court were built, to which a rectangular prison built in the second half of the 15th century was added; a passage was made from Ostružnická Street to the town hall court
o  Late Gothic portal over the new passage was completed in 1511 (Anton Pilgram)
o the first mention of the existence of the Brno dragon in the council's accounts o  in 1577-1589 repairs on the Old Town Hall Tower, new Renaissance gallery
with 4 turrets at the end of the tower; new Renaissance building with an
arcaded pavilion built, decorated with gables with unspecified characters (Petr
Gabri and Antonio Silva) o after 1645 (siege of Brno by the Swedes) Baroqueisation of the complex
(John the Baptist Erna) o the first mention of the origin of the Brno dragon hanging in the Town Hall-
1677 (Mars Moravicus by Tomáš of Čechorod) o  1790 the Fresco Hall (originally a meeting hall for the provincial court) was
brought to its present form (Josef Winterhaler) o  restoration work on the building in the 1890s, installation of 3 stained glass
windows in the Renaissance pavilion (inspired by the law book of the scribe
John)
o  1904 raising the Old Town Hall Tower, replacing the Renaissance gallery with a replica
o  in the following years, plans to rebuild the inadequate premises o  1941 - collapse of the main facade of the house at 14 Zelný trh, damage to the surrounding houses - demolition - creation of a gap
o  between 1950-1991 conservation of the paintings, followed by reconstruction and restoration of the town hall block; discovery of late medieval documents (1436-1603 under the stairs to the town hall tower)
Literature:
F. Zřídkaveselý. Brněnské radnice. Brno 2005.
R. Vermouzek. Brněnské kolo. In: Vlastivědný věstník moravský, ročník 43, 1991, č. 4, s. 428—441. Available from:
https://www.digitalniknihovna.ez/mzk/view/uuid:6cf3f830-63eb-11 e4-8214-005056827e51 ?page=uuid:0faf5d 0-641 c-11 e4-8fe2-5ef3fc9bb22f I. Hrabětová. Brněnský drak v pověstech a historii. In: Sborník Forum Brunense, ročník 1992, č. 1, s. 38—48.
L. Jan a kol. Dějiny Brna 2. Středověké město. Brno 2014, s. 786—788, 810. Z. Kuchyňová. Český rozhlas. Radio Prague International. Recesisté připomenou slavnou pověst o zručném koláři Jiřím Birkovi. 2006. Available from: https://cesky.radio.cz/recesiste-pripomenou-slavnou-povest-o-zrucnem-kolari-jirim-birkovi-8615276
vesel
Pic. 3. Town hall portal with a curved phiale (Anton Pilgram,
Pic. 4. Brno dragon. Photo: TIC Brno
Brno Market Hall
o  instead of the gap left by the collapsed house Zelný trh (Green Market) No. 14
and the demolished adjacent buildings (poor technical condition) o  in 1941 -1948 a fenced empty space
o decision for the construction of the Food House designed by Vilém Zavřel,
Emanuel Hruška and Ivan Ráž - Functionalism o the house was completed in the summer 1950 o it was planned to decorate the facade with allegorical figures (Vincenc
Makovský, Sylva Lacinová-Jílková, Ladislav Martínek, Karel Zouhar) o opening of the building: 12.1.1951
o  planned function: modern grocery store, premises for moving stallholders from
the open space of the Green Market o  real function: department store with various goods, including textiles o already in the 1990s the building had to undergo extensive reconstruction, which
was architecturally unsuccessful (escalators, iron structures) o  reopened in 2017, leased by the Brno-Střed Municipal District to a private
person (Pavel Bartošek) o as a result of the covid, market vendors mostly disappeared o today the interior spaces are mostly abandoned (but functional beer market,
restaurant, bakery), not up to modern standards, a place for anarchist slogans
and nihilistic outpourings; the question is what it will be used for next o a gastronomic centre, a student centre, a children's group x disputes with the current tenant
Literature and other sources:
• Brněnský architektonický manuál. BAM Brno. Městská tržnice. Available from: https://www.bam.brno.cz/obiekt/d122-mestska-trznice
• Česká televize. Reportáž Využití tržnice na Zelném trhu. Available from: https://www.ceskatelevize.ez/poradv/10122427178-udalosti-v-reqionech-brno/323281381991027/cast/1007838/
D. Hejl Hromková. iDNES. Ze Zelného trhu zmizí nevkus 90. let. Dům Potravin projde rekonstrukcí. 2015. Available from: https://www.idnes.cz/brno/zpravy/rekonstrukce-domu-potravin. A150505_141718_brno-zpravy_tr
Pie. 6. Inside of the Brno Market Hall. Photo: Ch. B.
Pie. 7. Inside of the Brno Market Hall. Photo: Ch. B.
Pic. 8. Visualisation of the Brno Market Hall project to be completed in 2017. Photo: iDNES
Daniela Wallnerová, PVD02 Historická metodologie 2
Geschichte des deutschen Brünn und seiner Straßennamen
Die Stadt Brünn ist seit dem Mittelalter sowohl tschechisch als auch deutsch gewesen. Im 13. Jahrhundert wurde sie von der deutschen Bevölkerung kolonisiert, die zweite Kolonisierungswelle folgte nach dem 30-jährigen Krieg. Der Anteil der deutschen Bevölkerung im 14. Jahrhundert wird auf 33 % geschätzt. Die Volkszählung von 1880-1910 zeigt, dass sich mehr Einwohner zur deutschen Sprache (und damit zur Nationalität) bekannten als zurtschechischen Sprache. Brünn gehörte zusammen mit einigen Dörfern im Südosten zur so genannten Brünner Sprachinsel. Der Anteil der tschechischen Bevölkerung nahm nach der Eingemeindung der umliegenden Dörfer in das so genannte Groß-Brünn deutlich zu. Eine bedeutende deutsche Minderheit blieb jedoch bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs in Brünn.
Der deutsche Einfluss hat das Gesicht der Stadt wesentlich geprägt. Das soziale und kulturelle Leben in der Stadt war in die tschechische und die deutsche Sprache geteilt. Der Einfluss des Deutschen auf die tschechische Sprache in Brünn ist noch heute in der Brünner Umgangssprache, dem sogenannten „Hantec", zu erkennen. Neben der Koexistenz von tschechischen und deutschen Schulen, tschechischen und deutschen Häusern und tschechischen (Abbildung 4) und deutschen Theatern trugen auch die Straßen der Stadt sowohl tschechische als auch deutsche Namen (Abbildung 3 - nur zur Illustration). Die Brünner Straßennamen tauchen bereits im 13. Jahrhundert auf und wurden bis 1945 sowohl in der tschechischen als auch in der deutschen Form verwendet, aber ob beide Namen offiziellen Status hatten oder ob einervon ihnen nureine inoffizielle Übersetzung war, hingvon deraktuellen politischen Situation ab. Ab dem 19. Jahrhundert kam der Brauch auf, Straßen und Plätze nach bedeutenden Personen oder Ereignissen zu benennen, was bei großen historischen (politischen) Umwälzungen gerne genutzt wurde.
Wichtige Daten
1091 die erste Erwähnung von (Alt-)Brünn in der Chronik von Kosmas
1. pol. 13. st.      Besiedlung des Gebiets des heutigen Brünn, an der auch deutsche Kolonisten beteiligt waren
1293 die erste Erwähnung der Aufteilung von Brünn nach Pfarrei in st. Peter (für
1918
po 1648 1770
1857
1880
1915
tschechische Einwohner) und st. Jacob (für die Ausländer) zweite Welle der deutschen Kolonisation
Abschaffung der Hausschilder und Einführung einer fortlaufenden Nummerierung der Häuser
kaiserlicher Erlass über die Einführung eines neuen Systems von Straßennamen und Hausnummern
erste Volkszählung in Brünn (60 % der deutschsprachigen Bevölkerung) Umbenennung wichtiger Straßen nach Mitgliedern der kaiserlichen Familie und Führern des Ersten Weltkriegs
die erste Benennung von Straßen mit tschechischen Namen in der Nachkriegszeit
1919 die Schaffung des sogenannten Großen Brünn (-> Tschechisierungvon Brünn)
1939 Einführung deutsch-tschechischer Straßennamen; näm. Svoboda umbenannt
in Adolf-Hitler-Platz 10. 5.1945        spontane Entfernung der deutschen Straßennamen
30. 5.1945 Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Brünn (der sogenannte BrünnerTodesmarsch) od 1948 Umbenennung bestehender Straßen und Benennung vieler neu angelegter
Straßen mit Namen, die dem kommunistischen Regime huldigen 1990 Umbenennung von Straßen mit Namen, die auf das kommunistische Regime
zurückgehen (Abbildung 2)
Brünner Straßen als Orte der Erinnerung
Die heutigen Straßennamen im historischen Zentrum von Brünn, d. h. innerhalb der ehemaligen Stadtmauern (Abbildung 1), sind größtenteils erhaltene mittelalterliche Namen, die von den dort lebenden Handwerkern inspiriert wurden (z. B. Kobližná - Krapfengasse). Erwähnenswert ist das Straßenpaar Veselá (Fröhlichergasse) und Běhounská (Rennergasse), das ebenfalls seinen mittelalterlichen Namen beibehalten hat, der aber ursprünglich eine andere Bedeutung hatte und im Mittelalter durch Fehlübersetzung oder Verfälschung in seine heutige Form umgewandelt wurde. Einige Straßen verweisen mit ihrem Namen auf eine Kirche oder ein Kloster, von denen es
Beispiel: Straß Masarykova
Es ist nicht vorstellbar, dass jedes Mal, wenn sich die politische Situation ändert, alle Straßen umbenannt werden. In Brünn wurden nur einige der wichtigsten Straßen oder Plätze, wie die Masarykova (Masarykstraße), bei solchen Gelegenheiten umbenannt. Im Mittelalter hieß sie Sedlářská (Sattlergasse), und ihr südlicher Teil, der zum so genannten Jüdischen Tor führte, wurde Židovská (Judengasse) genannt. Im Jahr 1839 wurde sie als erste Brünner Straße ausgewählt, die nach einer bedeutenden Persönlichkeit benannt werden sollte. Sie wurde Ferdinandova (Ferdinandsgasse) genannt, nach Kaiser Ferdinand I. (V.) dem Gütigen, zu Ehren seiner Krönung zum König von Böhmen. Im Jahr 1918, anlässlich der Gründung der Tschechoslowakei, wurde sie nach einer anderen bedeutenden Persönlichkeit benannt: Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, dem ersten tschechoslowakischen Präsidenten. In den folgenden Jahren hieß sie je nach politischer Lage abwechselnd Masarykova (Masarykovastraße), třída Hermanna Göringa (Hermann-Göring-Straße) und třída Vítězství (Siegesstraße), bis sie nach der Samtenen Revolution 1989 als erste Brünner Straße wieder einen ihrer ursprünglichen Namen erhielt, den sie bis heute trägt -Masarykova. Ein ähnliches Schicksal, von einem ganz pragmatischen mittelalterlichen Namen zu einem Instrument der politischen Propaganda, erlitt zum Beispiel der heutige náměstí Svobody (Freiheitsplatz).
Deutsches Haus (1891-1945)
War ein sehr wichtiges kulturelles, politisches und gesellschaftliches Zentrum der deutschsprachigen Bevölkerung der Stadt Brünn, ein Gegengewicht zum tschechischen Besední dom. Das Deutsche Haus wurde nach einem Entwurf des Berliner Büros Ende&Böckamnn im Stil des Historismus errichtet. Es zeichnete sich durch seine Symmetrie und sein unverputztes Mauerwerk aus und war ein luxuriöses Gebäude mit dem größten Saal der Stadt zu dieser Zeit. Es beherbergte deutsche Vereine, eine Bibliothek, ein Restaurant, ein Theater, Bälle und
Ausstellungen. Vor dem Gebäude wurde ein monumentales Denkmal für Kaiser Joseph II. errichtet. Dieses Denkmal wurde am ersten JahrestagderGründungderTschechoslowakischen Republik Jahr 1919 von tschechischen Legionären niedergerissen, und heute Teile des Denkmals in Brünn verstreut. Das Deutsche Haus wurde während der Kämpfe um Brünn im April 1945 zu einem Zentrum für deutsche Soldaten, insbesondere für Mitglieder der Hitlerjugend, tschechische Bevölkerung akzeptierte das Gebäude nie als ihr Eigentum, und statt es wieder aufzubauen, wurde das zerbombte durch Feuer beschädigte Haus kurz nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs abgerissen. Nur der teilweise verschüttete Keller ist
erhalten geblieben, der im Jahr 2020 bei Untersuchungen im Vorfeld der Rekonstruktion des Platzes entdeckt wurde.
„Hantec" oder Slang als Ort der Erinnerung
Es handelt sich um eine spezielle umgangssprachliche Variante des Tschechischen, die in Brünn vor allem in den unteren sozialen Schichten verwendet wurde. Es entstand im Laufe mehrerer Jahrhunderte durch die Vermischung der Dialekte des Brünner Gebiets mit dem Deutsch der Brünner Deutschen und mit dem Wiener Argot und wurde auch durch Jiddisch, Romani und Italienisch beeinflusst. Heute wird „Hantec" in seiner ursprünglichen Form nicht mehr gesprochen, aber einige einzelne Ausdrücke werden immer noch verwendet.
Quellen
Literatur
Ctibor Ostrý, Proměna sociální struktury v Brněnské čtvrti ve středověkém Brně. Diplomová práce, Historický ústav FF MU. Brno 2013.
Eduard Maur a spol., Dějiny obyvatelstva českých zemí. Praha 1998.
Lucie Horáková, Vývoj obyvatelstva ve městě Brně v letech 1880-1910. Diplomová práce. Katedra demografie a geodemografie, PrF UK. Praha 2020.
Milena Flodrová, Brněnské ulice a vývoj jejich názvů od 13. století po dnešek. Brno 1997. Vladimír Filip, Německý dům. Německé spolky. Brno, 2016.
Internetquellen
Jan Brož, Brněnský hantec vznikl z vídeňského nářečí, říká rakouský bohemista Newerkla. Online. In: iDNES.cz. Dostupné z: https://www.idnes.cz/brno/zpravy/brnensky-hantec-vznikl-z-videnskeho-nareci-rika-rakousky-bohemista-newerkla.A100106_1313962_brno_dmk. [cit. 2024-05-03].
Milena Flodrová, Masarykova. Online. In: Internetová encyklopedie dějin Brna. Dostupné z: https://encyklopedie.brna.cz/home-mmb/?acc=profil_ulice&load=1423. [cit. 2024-05-03].
Abbildungen
Císařské otisky JMK. Online. In: Ortofoto JMK. Dostupné z: https://mapy.jmk.cz/itcl/#wmcid=11360. [cit. 2024-05-03]. FILINOVÁ, Tereza. Časy se mění, ulice také. Online. In: Český rozhlas. Dostupné z: https://cesky.radio.cz/casy-se-meni-ulice-take-8595610. [cit. 2024-05-03]. Gruss aus Brno. Online. In: SBAZAR.cz. Dostupné z:
https://www.sbazar.cz/Jozan777/detail/195490963-gruss-aus-brunn-brno-erb-kolaz-litografie-da. [cit. 2024-05-03]
Pohled na Moravské náměstí s Německým domem. Online. In: Německý dům. Dostupné z:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmeck%C3%BD_d%C5%AFm_(Brno)#/media/Soubor:La
zansky_Platz2.jpg
Martina Bernátová
Historical Methodology
Brno as a place of cultural memory
PALACES FULL OF MEMORIES
GOVERNOR S PALACE   &    SCHRATTENBACH S PALACE
The monuments are connected by the personality of the builder Moritz Grimm, who designed their baroque reconstruction.
• He came from Bavaria, but he spent most of his life in the Czech lands, especially in Brno.
• He rebuilt and modified ecclesiastical and secular buildings in Brno (the grounds of the Minorite monastery with a church,
the Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul, the old Moravien Diet House and other buildings) and surroundings (for example the castles in Chrlice and Lysice). Grimm also participated in the fortifications constructions on Spilberk, including the construction of casemates (1742-45).
Both monuments serve cultural purposes today:
• The Moravian Gallery in Brno (the museum of plastic art and painting) has been located in the Governor's Palace since 1990.
• It is located on Moravian's square, just a 5-minute walk from Schrattenbach's Palace. There is located the George Mahen Library in this time.
• Memorial plaques on both palaces commemorate the visits of historical figures:
• Napoleon Bonaparte stayed in the Governor's Palace and W. A. Mozart stayed in the Schrattenbach's Palace.
Mummy of Moritz Grimm
(1669-1757) in the Capuchin Crypt in Brno
Governor's Palace
• The Governor's Palace, one of the architectural gems of Brno, was originally part of the Augustinián monastery established in 1350 by Moravian Margrave John Henry, the younger brother of Emperor Charles IV, together with the Church of St. Thomas (once the Church of the Annunciation) as a burial site of the Moravian lineage of the Luxemburg dynasty.
The palace is decorated with statues of the founders
(placed 1742-49):
John Henry (Czech: Jan Jindřich, 1322-1375)
• Margrave of Moravia
• His father was John of Luxembourg, his mother was Elizabeth of Bohemia (Czech: Eliška Přemyslovna)
• John Henry settled in the Špilberk castle, during his reign Brno became a residential city
• The statue of John Henry wears a margrave beret on his head, noble clothing with a fur cape collar and holds the coat of arms of Moravia in his hand
Jobst of Moravia (Czech: Jošt Moravský, c. 1354-1411)
• Margrave of Moravia, Elector of Brandenburg, elected King of the Romans from 1410 until his death
• After his father' s death he took over the construction of the monastery complex
• The statue of Jobst has a crown on his head, a ring around his neck, a mantle on his shoulders, and he is holding parchment in his hand
• The Governor's Palace was rebuilt in baroque style in the 18th century under the leadership of Moritz Grimm, after which the monastery was elevated to an abbey
• In 1783 - the Augustinián order had to leave the monastery after the reforms of Emperor Joseph II; the representative premises were renamed the „dicasterial palace" - the seat for the new state, provincial and estate offices
In 1955 - the building was acquired by the Museum of the Working Class Movement
• In 1990 Moravian Gallery in Brno
Statue of Jobst of Moravia (1322-1375)
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
French military commander, leader of the French Republic, Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and briefly again in 1815
He stayed in the Governor's Palace during the military campaigns in 1805 and 1809.
During the first visit, Napoleon stayed in Brno for ten days and held talks with the ambassadors of the Austrian emperor and the Prussian minister Haugwitz.
On 29 November, Napoleon left the city and went to the army stationed in the vicinity of Brno before the decisive battle.
After the victorious battle at Slavkov on 2 December 1805, Napoleon returned to Brno and left the city on 12 December together with his personal guard.
Inscription:
FRANCOUZSKÝ CÍSAŘ NAPOLEONI.
POBÝVAL V TÉTOBUDOVĚ BĚHEM VÁLEČNÝCH TAŽENÍ 20.-28.11.,7.-12.1805,16.-18.9.1809 A MĚL ZDE HLAVNÍ STAN VELKÉ ARMÁDY.
Commemorative plaque with a portrait of Napoleon was created by the academic painter, graphic artist and medalist Karl Zeman. The work was ceremonially unveiled on 29 November 1995 by the Czechoslovak Napoleonic Society.
ĽEMPEREUR NAPOLEONI ER
SÉJOURNADANS CETTEMAISON
DU 20. AU 28 NOVEMBRE 1805,
DU 7 AU 12 DÉCEMBRE 1805,
ET DU 16 AU 18 SEPTEMBRE1809.
IĽY AVAIT ÉTABLI
LE QUARTIER GENERAL
DE LAGRANDE ARMEE.
Interesting facts
There is a permanent exposure „BRNO, a suburb of Vienna" in the Governor's Palace.
The exhibition maps the art of the "long" nineteenth century (the works from 1789, when the
Great French Revolution broke out, to 1914, when the First World War began)
Vienna is close and for Brno it was an important center to which it related.
The cities were connected by a railway line in the 1930s, the same architects participated in
modern construction, and German-speakingresidents were also part of Brno's intellectual
society.
Many Moravian artists went to "Vienna to study at the academy, because it was not possible to study art in Brno. At the same time, Brno institutions collected Austrian art. The exhibition presents the artistic links between the Moravian and Austrian metropolis, there are paintings, sculptures and works on paper, samples of period furniture, porcelain and ceramics, glass, textiles and fashion, jewelry and cast iron.
6
•a
Due to the reconstruction of the building, the palace is closed.
Bibliography
° a o, .a,
CHMEL, Zdeněk. Galerie brněnských osobností 1. (A-K). Brno: Ante, 1998,155 s. TUČKA Otakar. Brno - město uprostřed Evropy. Brno: Littera, 2005. KROUPA Jiří (ed.).
KROUPA Jiří- Dějiny Brna 7. Umeleckohistorické památky. Historické jádro. Brno: Statutární město Brno, Archiv města Brna, 2015, s. 403-423. SUJAN, František, DVORSKÝ, František (ed.). Vlastivěda moravská. II, Místopis Moravy. VBrně: Musejní spolek, 1902.
MALIR, Jiří a Lukáš FASORA. Dějiny Brna 4, Modernizace města 1790-1918. První. Brno: Statutární město Brno-Archiv města Brna, 2020, s. 33. https ://encyklopedie.brna. cz/home-mmb/?acc=profil_osobnosti&load=6196 https://moravska-galerie.cz/vystavy/stale-expozice/brno-predmesti-vidne/
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Martina Bernátová
Historical Methodology
Brno as a place of cultural memory
Capuchin monastery in the years 1820/30
PALACES FULL OF MEMORIES
SCHRATTENBACH'S PALACE & GOVERNOR'S PALACE
The monuments are connected by the personality of the builder Moritz Grimm, who designed their baroque reconstruction.
• He came from Bavaria, but he spent most of his life in the Czech lands, especially in Brno.
• He rebuilt and modified ecclesiastical and secular buildings in Brno (the grounds of the Minorite monastery with a church, the Cathedralof St. Peter and Paul, the old Moravien Diet House and other buildings) and surroundings (for example the castles in Chrlice and Lysice). Grimm also participated in the fortifications constructions on Spilberk, including the construction of casemates (1742-45).
Both monuments serve cultural purposes today:
• The George Mahen Library is located in the Schrattenbach's Palace, near „Náměstí Svobody" at the corner of streets „Kobližná" and „Poštovská".
• Schrattenbach's Palace is just a 5-minute walk from the Governor's Palace.
Memorial plaques on both palaces commemorate the visits of historical figures:
• W. A. Mozart stayed in the Schrattenbach's Palace and Napoleon Bonaparte stayed in the Governor's Palace.
Schrattenbach s Palace
Larger brick houses originally stood on the plot of today's
palace. At the beginning of the early modern period, they
had two houses with entrances to Kobližná street.
The corner house in Poštovská Street was bought in 1599
by stonemason and sculptor Giorgio Gialdi.
In 1702, Countess Marie Elizabeth Breuner became the
owner, who also bought the neighboring house and had the
houses rebuilt - the houses were merged into a
representative palace.
The reconstruction was designed by the Viennese architect and builder Christian Alexander Oedtl (1655-1731). The construction itself was carried out by master mason Moritz Grimm.
1725 the palace was acquired by Count Wolfgang Hannibal
Schrattenbach (1660-1738) - Olomouc bishop and cardinal
the Schrattenbach family came from Styria
Wolfgang was born at Lamberg Castle into a large but not
wealthy family of the Imperial Chamberlain.
He studied theology at the German college in Rome and was
successively a canon in Olomouc and in Salzburg and dean
of the Solnograd chapter.
In 1711 he was elected bishop of Olomouc, a year later a cardinal.
In the years 1714-1719 he stayed as a special envoy of the emperor in Rome.
In Naples, where he served as viceroy and captain-general for the next two years, he fell completely into musical intoxication.
He was one of those who contributed the most to the
introduction of opera in Moravia in the 1830s.
He built theaters at the castles in Kroměříž and Vyškov, in
which Neapolitan operas and orchestral compositions were
performed.
During his stay, Brno also experienced an unprecedented flourishing of one of the central genres of Baroque music -Italian oratorio.
Project for the modification of the new portal of the palace from 1730, Author: Ch. A. OedtL Source: Dejiny Brna.7, s. 538.
The theater scene in Bmo prospered well in the first half of the 18th century thanks to the constant favor of Cardinal Schrattenbach.
Cardinal Schrattenbach's nephew Sigismund Christoph (1698-1771) entered the history of music. In 1753, he assumed the post of Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg.
He employed Leopold Mozart in his court band and became the first patron of his genius son.
His younger brother Francis Anthony Schrattenbach (1712-1783) held the office in the years 1763-1770 the highest office in Moravia: he was the provincial governor and president of the Moravian governorate.
At the end of 1767, he made it possible to organize a performance in Brno of Wolfgang AmadeusMozart(1756-1791)in the Redutain Brno.
The Schrattenbach Palace hosted Mozart for Christmas 1767. He was only eleven years old at the time and was performing a concert together with his sister in the Reduta in Brno. A commemorative plaque by J. T. Fischer, unveiled in 1956 on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the composer's birth, still reminds us of the Mozarts' stay in the palace.
The Reduta Theater was created in the first half of the year 18th century.
Interesting facts
Cardinal Schrattenbach used two different entrances for his guests. From Kobližná street, guests entered through a decorative portal with coat of arms.
Church guests then entered from Poštovská street through the entrance, above which the Madonna looked down on them (the statuette dates from 1637).
The palace was ranked among the most luxurious Brno noble residences of its time. The palace provided accommodation for 71 people in 27 rooms and included horse stables.
There was a picture gallery with more than 50 paintings and a collection of oriental objects.
From the middle of the 19th century, the ground floor of the palace was used as
commercial premises, and was replaced by a cafe, a bank, a printing house, a post office,
a stationery shop, a leather shop, and a funeral home.
During the Second World War, the palace was the seat of the city office.
Since 1958, the palace has been protected as a monument.
Bibliography
TUČKA Otakar. Brno - město uprostřed Evropy. Brno: Littera, 2005. KROUPA Jiří (ed).
KROUPA Jiří- Dějiny Brna 7. Umeleckohistorické památky. Historické jádro. Brno: Statutární město Brno, Archiv města Brna, 2015, s. 537-539. SMUTNÝ, Bohumír. Schrattenbachové a jej ich rodinný archiv. IN Genealogickéa heraldické informace2001, s. 59-64. BUBEN, M. - CECH, Z. - POKORNÝ, P. Encyklopedie českých a moravských sídelních biskupů. Praha: Logik, 2000, s. 314-315. https://www.pamatkovykatalog.cz/schrattenbachuv-palac-19203741 https://encyklopedie.brna.cz/home-mmb/?acc=profil_osobnosti&load=1954
PVD02 Historická metodologie 2 The City and the War: Brno During the Thirty Years' War and the Napoleonic Wars
Laura Maniakova
Important dates:
• The Thirty Years' War lasted from 23 May 1618 to 15 May 1648.
• The Swedish army first found itself in front of Brno as early as 1643, but they withdrew without a major offensive.
• On 3rd and 4th of May, Torsten's entire army gathered in front of Brno. The besiege lasted until 23rd of August 1645.
• The Napoleonic Wars were a series of military conflicts between 1803 and 1815.
• Napoleon Bonaparte entered Brno on 20th of November 1805.
• On 2nd of December 1805 the Battle of Austerlitz took place.
• In July 1809 the Battle of Znojmo took place.
What are our sources?
• City books
• Vital records
• Official correspondence
• Memoirs and chronicles
• Personal letters and diaries
• Art, especially contemporary fiction, paintings, and prints
• Documents of ennoblement - grant of arms
Veduta of the Siege of Brno
by the Swedes in 1645 by Hieronymus Benno Bayer and Hans Jörg Zeiser.
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Brno during the Thirty Years' War
Brno was one of the two political centres of the Margraviate of Moravia on the threshold of the 17th century. The inner city consisted of about 500 houses, the whole agglomeration including the suburbs amounted to about 300 settlements with 5,000 inhabitants. Religiously, it was dominated by Protestants.
In March 1645 the Swedes captured two Moravian cities: Jihlava, Znojmo and Lower Austrian Krems. To General Torstens, who led the army, the conquest of Brno seemed an easy task. Fears grew in the city, and Brno began to arm and supply itself with food. Damaged sections of the city walls were being repaired and objects located outside the walls that could potentially be used by the enemy to their advantage were being demolished. This was also the case at the Church of St Thomas, where some buildings belonging to the Augustinian convent were demolished. Spilberk Castle was about to have the main say in the defense of the town. Between the fortress and the city, a strada coperta, i.e. a covered road, was built, which led between the Brno City Gate and the round bastion on the eastern side of the castle.
15th of August 1645 became decisive in the siege. In the morning the Swedish army began a relentless cannon fire, mostly concentrated on the area around the Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul. This severely damaged the fortification of the town. However, when the inhabitants of Brno refused to surrender, the Swedes launched an attack from several sides. There is a fable associated with 15th of August, which every visitor to Brno hears at least once. The Swedes were supposed to have decided that if they had not captured Brno by the noon, they would withdraw. Someone carried that information into the town and the exhausted townspeople, who seemed to be losing the battle, decided to ring the bell at the cathedral at 11 o'clock and thus saved the town. In reality, the attack lasted into the evening and was only ended by the darkness that fell. There were only a few skirmishes in the following days and finally the Swedish army withdrew. This was probably due to the plague epidemic, or rather to the epidemics of infectious diseases, which at that time were constricting both the defenders and the Swedes themselves.
medirite of Matthdus Merian (1593-1650).
1 Margraviate of Moravia was one of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, one of the three historical Czech lands, with Bohemia and Czech Silesia. The second centre was Olomouc.
2
One of the people who led the defense of Brno at that time was Jean Louis Raduit de Souches, originally a French Huguenot. In the spring of 1650, he received an incollature for his achievements and transferred to the to the Catholic faith. He died in 1682 and wished to be buried in the Church of St. James (beneath).
Brno during the Napoleonic Wars
During the 17th century Brno became the capital of the Moravian Margraviate and from 1777 the seat of the Catholic Diocese of Brno. Approximately 8,500 inhabitants lived in the city, with another 17,000 outside the city walls.
The defense against the Swedes in 1645 was not the last for Spilberk. Almost a century later, in 1742, it became the target of the Prussian-Saxon siege in the First Silesian War. In 1805, on the other hand, it was practically overlooked and abandoned by the Austrian garrison itself. Napoleon's army entered Brno essentially without a fight. On November 19, 1805, Marshal Murat entered Brno via the Brno City Gate on Velká Pekařská Street. Napoleon himself arrived a day later, lodged in the Governor's Palace, and made the city his base for the Battle of Austerlitz. The other generals lodged in the palaces of the nobility, the soldiers in huge numbers in the houses of the townspeople and the monasteries. Horses also had to be accommodated, the townspeople had to take care of the soldiers' and the horses' food and needs.
Today's Pekárska Street. Marshal Murat entered Brno along
Velká Pekařská Street (Grosse Báckergasse), which formed approximately the upper half of today's Pekařská Street.
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Church of St. Thomas and the Governor's
Palace in 1842 by Karl Wtirbs.
Napoleon did not sit idle while in Brno. Military parades were held and he himself went out from Brno to inspect the terrain in which the oncoming battle was about to take place. The parades took place mostly on Náměstí svobody (Freedom Square), in 1805 called Velké náměstí (The Great Square), which at that time still had the Church of St. Nicholas. Napoleon left Brno on the night of 28th of November. After winning the Battle of Austerlitz, he did not stay in Brno any longer. He returned for a while on 7th of December, but by 12th of December he was already at the chateau in Slavkov. It was from there, that the first official messages to Paris, orders to the generals and a proclamation to the soldiers were sent out.
Soldiers and generals wounded in the battle were taken back to Brno. One of them was General Valhubert, who succumbed to his wounds there. His funeral took place in the Church of St. James and was attended by Napoleon himself. A memorial to Valhubert can be found in Tyršovy Sady, where he has a monument.
After the Battle of Austerlitz, a typhus epidemic began to spread not only among soldiers but also civilians. It also reached Brno. It subsided only at Christmas time, when severe freezing temperatures came.
The Napoleonic Wars hit Brno once more, in July 1809. While in 1805 Napoleon ordered the walls of Spilberk to be demolished, in 1809 the French blew them up.
We are reminded of the hardships that Brno went
through by the obelisk in Denisove sady. It was erected on 4 October 1818 to celebrate the end of the wars. The obelisk bears four gilded lions celebrating Austria's victory over Napoleon, the inscription on the pedestal glorifies Francis I.
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century.
The Effects of War Conflicts on the City
Military tactics included looting, burning of supplies and strategic points and were accompanied by famine and disease. They had a significant negative economic impact on trade. The blockage and disruption of trade routes that many cities relied on led to shortages of some commodities, further exacerbating an already poor economic situation.
Towns occupied by the enemy army faced high taxes, requisitions, and looting, and often had to endure the presence of soldiers of the occupying army. It was not only the enemy soldiers who came into conflict with the local population; the home armies were often able to make life miserable for their fellow inhabitants.
Massive conscriptions took place, which affected the composition of the population in the area, posing great challenges for the families concerned and for entire communities. In the case of a religiously motivated conflict such as the Thirty Years' War, there were internal conflicts among the inhabitants themselves.
Many towns and fortresses underwent rebuilding for fortification and defense during the war, and then reconstruction after the war. Infrastructures were also rebuilt; bridges and roads were built to facilitate the movement of armies.
The wars influenced the city's culture and intellectual life. Intellectuals and artists often dealt with themes of war or patriotism in their works. It shows us not only 'real' historical events and their subjective experience, but also the collective perception of the times. In addition, wars have stimulated technological progress, for example in the development of weapons and in transport.
Overall, the wars had a profound impact on the daily life, social structures, economy and culture of the cities involved and left a lasting legacy even after the conflicts ended.
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Used literatuře:
• Fasora, Lukáš - Malíř, Jiří a kol.: Dějiny Brna 4. Modernizace města 1790-1918. Brno 2020.
• Kilián, Jan: Měšťan a šelma. S vojskem ve městě za třicetileté války. Praha 2022.
• Kuča, Karel. Brno: Vývoj města, předměstí a připojených vesnic. Brno 2000, s. 94.
• Matějek, František: Morava za třicetileté války. Praha 1992.
• Napoleon v Brně. Acaballado. Online. Dostupné z: http://www.acaballado.cz/detail/napoleon-v-brne-2/ [cit. 2. 5. 2024].
• Polišenský, Josef: Třicetiletá válka a evropské krize 17. století. Praha 1970.
• Příjezd císaře Napoleona do Brna. Internetová encyklopedie dějin Brna. Online. Dostupné z: https://encyklopedie.brna.cz/home-mmb/?acc=profil_udalosti&load=250 [cit. 2. 5. 2024].
• Samek, Bohumil: Umělecké památky Moravy a Slezska I. A-I. Praha 1994.
• Sterneck, Tomáš: Švédské obléhání Brna roku 1645. Útrapy a hrůzy třicetileté války 12. České Budějovice 2023.
• Šedivý, Ivan a kol. (eds.): Napoleonské války a české země. Praha 2001.
• Šujan, František: Švédové u Brna roku 1645. Brno 1898.
• Zemanová, Marcela - Zeman, Václav (eds.): Napoleonské války v české historické paměti a v paměti regionu. Ústí nad Labem 2014.
Images:
• Veduta z obléhání Brna Švédy v roce 1645. Muzeum města Brna. Online. Dostupné z: https://cs.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soubor:Veduta z obl%C3%A9h%C3%Aln%C3%AD Brna
%C5%A0v%C3%A9dy v roce 1645.jpg [cit. 2. 5. 2024].
• Plán města Brna v roce 1645. Theatrum Europaeum 5, s. 820-821. Online. Dostupné z: https://www.hvezdarna.cz/kravihora/gl62m.jpg [cit. 2. 5. 2024].
• Portrét Jean-Louise Raduit de Souches od neznámého malíře. Online. Dostupné z: http s ://upload. wikimedia .or g/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c 1 /Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches.jpg/800px-Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches.jpg [cit. 13. 5. 2024].
• Kostelní věž v Brně, kostel sv. Jakuba. Online. Dostupné z:
https://commons.wikimedia.Org/wiki/File:Saint Jacob church tower in Brno, Brno-City District.jpg [cit. 2. 5. 202].
• Die St. Thomaskirche und das Landhaus in Brünn. Moravská zemská knihovna. Online. Dostupné z: https://www.digitalniknihovna.cz/mzk/view/uuid:e9750edb-762d-4368-92b5-363c790f8294?page=uuid:8aff946b-8ea2-4b78-a8eb-10507 lb516de [cit. 2. 5. 2024].
• Pomník v Denisových sadech. Projekt Austerlitz. Online. Dostupné z: https://www.austerlitz.org/cz/pomnik-v-denisovych-sadech/ [cit. 13. 5. 2024].
• Brno na vedutě Františka Richtera z polovice 19. storočia. Online. Dostupné z: https://cs.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soubor:BrnoVeduta.jpg [cit. 2. 5. 2024].
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