ⓒSaebyeol Yu. Saebyeol’s PowerPoint
Korean 4 class
Hyosun Jang / Sarah Jang
ⓒSaebyeol Yu. Saebyeol’s PowerPoint
Week 4 lecture
Vocabulary
ⓒSaebyeol Yu. Saebyeol’s PowerPoint
Number - Counting
1 – 일
2 – 이
3 – 삼
4 – 사
5 – 오
6 – 육
7 – 칠
8 – 팔
9 – 구
Sino - Korean
10 – 십
100 – 백
1,000 – 천
10,000 – 만
100,000 – 십만
1,000,000 – 백만
10,000,000 – 천만
KWN - Won
Pure – Korean numbers
1 – 하나
2 – 둘
3 – 셋
4 – 넷
• 사과 하나 주세요
• 사과 한개 주세요
• 사과 (Sa gwa) : Apple
• 주세요 (Ju sae yo) : please
ⓒSaebyeol Yu. Saebyeol’s PowerPoint
◼ Adverbs
ⓒSaebyeol Yu. Saebyeol’s PowerPoint
◼ Adverbs
ⓒSaebyeol Yu. Saebyeol’s PowerPoint
◼ Adverbs
However, when there is more than one componential adverb in a sentence, the adverbs tend to occur in
the following sequence: time, degree, and manner, as shown below.
수영이는 항상 짐을 아주 빨리 싸요.
[suyeongineun hangsang jimeul aju ppalli ssayo]
Suyeong always packs very fast.
Notice that the first adverb is time adverb 항상[hangsang] “always,” followed by the degree adverb 아주
[aju] “very,” and the manner adverb 빨리[ppalli] “fast.”.
ⓒSaebyeol Yu. Saebyeol’s PowerPoint
In Korean, adverbs do not take any morphological variation. Those adverbs that take morphological
variations are called “adverbial.” The adverbial form -게[-ge] is attached to the adjective stems. In
Korean, one can change an adjective into an adverbial form by attaching 게[ge] to an adjective stem.
Here are some more examples:
◼ Adverbials
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◼ Case particles 2- 에서, 에게, 한테, 께, [eseo, ege, hante, kke,]
1. The particle 에서 [eseo]
The case particle 에서[eseo] is a one-form particle and is used to express two things:
(1) the dynamic location, or (2) the source of action.
A dynamic location refers to the place where an action takes place.
존이 학교 식당에서 점심을 먹어요. [joni hakgyo sikdangeseo jeomsimeul meogeoyo] “John eats lunch
at the school cafeteria.”
Notice that 학교 식당[hakgyo sikdang] “the school cafeteria” is a dynamic location, where the action (e.
g., eating lunch) takes place. In fact, the use of the particle 에서[eseo] is determined by the type of verb
the sentence has. Whenever the verb denotes an activity such as playing, doing, meeting, working, stu
dying, and so on,에서[eseo]
must be used. Here are more examples:
“Andrew meets Susan at school.”
≠ 앤드류가 학교에 린다를 만나요. [aendeuryuga hakgyoe rindareul mannayo] (X)
= 앤드류가 학교에서 린다를 만나요. [aendeuryuga hakgyoeseo rindareul mannayo] (O)
ⓒSaebyeol Yu. Saebyeol’s PowerPoint
◼ Case particles 2- 에서, 에게, 한테, 께, [eseo, ege, hante, kke,]
In the first sentence above, the particle 에서[eseo] is used, since the school is the dynamic location whe
re the action (e.g., meeting Susan) is taking place.
The use of 에[e] in this context would be ungrammatical. Second, the particle 에서[eseo] marks a sourc
e of action (e.g., starting location), corresponding to “from” in English.
Consider the following examples:
여기에서 저기까지 청소해 주세요. [yeogieseo jeogikkaji cheongsohae juseyo] “Please clean from here t
o there.”
나오꼬가 일본에서 와요. [naokkoga ilboneseo wayo] “Naoko comes from Japan.”
Notice that the sources of action above are all inanimate entities (e.g., places such as Boston, here, an
d Japan).
If the sources of actions are animate such as persons and animals, different particles such as 한테[hant
e] or 에게[ege] should be used.
ⓒSaebyeol Yu. Saebyeol’s PowerPoint
◼ Case particles 2- 에서, 에게, 한테, 께, [eseo, ege, hante, kke,]
2. The particles 한테/에게/께 [hante/ege/kke] - “to”
The case particles 한테[hante], 에게[ege], and 께[kke] are one-form particles that mark the animate indi
rect object of the sentence.
A) The particle 한테 [hante]
The particle 한테[hante] is most widely used in colloquial settings.
지나한테 연락해요. [jinahante yeonrakhaeyo] “(I) contact Gina.”
강아지한테 우유를 줬어요. [gangajihante uyureul jwosseoyo] “(I) gave milk to the puppy. ”
Notice that the indirect objects are all animate objects (e.g., person, animals). As previously noted, the
particle 에[e] is used if the indirect objects are inanimate objects (e.g., destinations).
회사에 전화해요. [hoesae jeonhwahaeyo] “(I) make a phone call to the company.”
한국에 가요. [hanguge gay] “(I) go to Korea.”
B) The particle 에게 [ege]
The particle 에게[ege] is used instead of 한테[hante] in more formal usage (e.g., written communicatio
n). 이 편지를 제임스에게 보냈습니다. [i pyeonjireul jeimseuege bonaessseupnida] “(I) sent this letter to
James.”
Notice that the sentence above sounds formal, since the particle 에게[ege] as well as the deferential sp
eech level ending 습니다[seupnida] are used.
ⓒSaebyeol Yu. Saebyeol’s PowerPoint
◼ Case particles 2- 에서, 에게, 한테, 께, [eseo, ege, hante, kke,]
C) The particle 께 [kke]
When the indirect object is an the esteemed person or senior, such as one’s boss, teachers, and parents, t
he particle 께[kke] can be optionally used instead of 한테[hante] or 에게[ege]. The particle ℮ is another indi
rect object particle, used to indicate honorific meanings to the esteemed indirect object. For instance, cons
ider the following sentences:
선생님께 가방을 드렸어요. [seonsaengnimkke gabangeul deuryeosseoyo] “(I) gave a bag to the teacher.”
사장님께 가방을 드렸어요. [sajangnimkke gabangeul deuryeosseoyo] “(I) gave a bag to the president.”
In these examples above, the indirect objects are the teacher and the president to whom the speaker wish
es to express honorific attitude. Consequently, the use of the particle ℮ is more appropriate than the use of
한테[hante] or 에게[ege].
One thing to remember when using 께[kke], is that since it is an honorific element its usage should be coll
ocated with other honorific elements such as the honorific suffix, euphemistic words, proper address or ref
erence terms and so on. For example, in the above examples, 드리다[deurida] “give (honorific)” is used in
stead of 주다[juda] “give (plain form).”
ⓒSaebyeol Yu. Saebyeol’s PowerPoint
1. The case particle 의 [ui]
The case particle ‘의[ui]’ indicates the possessor and possession relationship between two nouns, as in
제임스의 방[jeimseuui bang]
“James’ room.” The first noun is typically the possessor (since it is attached by the particle),
and the second noun is the possession. The case particle 의[ui] is the same regardless of whether it attac
hes to a noun that ends in a vowel or a consonant, as in 수잔의 가방[sujanui gabang] “Susan’s bag.” and
토니의 지갑[toniui jigap] “Tony’s wallet.”
The first person possessive pronoun 내[nae] (plain form) and 제[je] (humble form) are combinations of the
first person pronouns and the particle:
나[na] “I (plain)” + 의[ui] = 내[nae] “my (plain)”
그 것은 나의 (내) 운동화야. [geu geoseun naui (nae) undonghwaya.]
“As for that, (it) is my sneaker.”
저[jeo] “I (humble)” + 의[ui] = 제[je] “my (humble)”
토마스는 저의 (제) 친구입니다. [tomaseuneun jeoui (je) chinguipnida.]
“As for Thomas, (he) is my friend.”
◼ Case particles 2- 의, [ui]
ⓒSaebyeol Yu. Saebyeol’s PowerPoint
◼ Case particles 2- 의, [ui]
In a similar manner, the question word 누구의[nuguui]
“whose” is the combination of the question word 누구[nugu] “who” and the particle 의[ui],
as in 이 것은 누구의[nuguui] 편지예요? “As for this, whose letter is (this)?”
As seen above, the function of the particle 의[ui] resembles that of the English suffix -’s.
But, there is one clear difference in their usages. English allows to end with this the possessor + ’s constru
ction, as in “It’s Steven’s.” or “It’s Andy’s”
However, Korean does not allow the possessor noun ending with the particle. Consequently,
a sentence like 그 컴퓨터는 스티브의예요. [geu keompyuteoneun seutibeuuiyeyo.]
“As for that computer, (it) is Steven’s.” is unacceptable.
For this purpose, a bound noun 것[geot] “thing” typically appears after the particle,
as 그 컴퓨터는 스티브의 것이에요. [geu keompyuteoneun seutibeuui geosieyo.]
“As for that computer, (it) is Steven’s (thing).”
In colloquial and informal usages, the particle 의[ui] can be often omitted. For instance, 수잔 가방[sujan ga
bang] can be used instead of 수잔의 가방[sujanui gabang] “Susan’s bag” and 스티브 것[seutibeu geot] (or
스티브 거[seutibeu geo] for a more colloquial usage) can be used instead of 스티브의 것[seutibeuui geot]
“Steven’s (thing).”
ⓒSaebyeol Yu. Saebyeol’s PowerPoint
◼ Case particles 2- 의, [ui]
In a similar manner, the question word 누구의[nuguui]
“whose” is the combination of the question word 누구[nugu] “who” and the particle 의[ui],
as in 이 것은 누구의[nuguui] 편지예요? “As for this, whose letter is (this)?”
As seen above, the function of the particle 의[ui] resembles that of the English suffix -’s.
But, there is one clear difference in their usages. English allows to end with this the possessor + ’s constru
ction, as in “It’s Steven’s.” or “It’s Andy’s”
However, Korean does not allow the possessor noun ending with the particle. Consequently,
a sentence like 그 컴퓨터는 스티브의예요. [geu keompyuteoneun seutibeuuiyeyo.]
“As for that computer, (it) is Steven’s.” is unacceptable.
For this purpose, a bound noun 것[geot] “thing” typically appears after the particle,
as 그 컴퓨터는 스티브의 것이에요. [geu keompyuteoneun seutibeuui geosieyo.]
“As for that computer, (it) is Steven’s (thing).”
In colloquial and informal usages, the particle 의[ui] can be often omitted. For instance, 수잔 가방[sujan ga
bang] can be used instead of 수잔의 가방[sujanui gabang] “Susan’s bag” and 스티브 것[seutibeu geot] (or
스티브 거[seutibeu geo] for a more colloquial usage) can be used instead of 스티브의 것[seutibeuui geot]
“Steven’s (thing).”
ⓒSaebyeol Yu. Saebyeol’s PowerPoint
◼ Case particles 2- 의, [ui]
In summary, there are three ways to express a possessor–possession relationship in Korean:
1) noun 의[ui] noun, as in 엠마의 지갑 [emmaui jigap] “Emma’s wallet.”
2) noun noun, as in 엠마 지갑 [emma jigap] “Emma wallet.”
3) noun 것[geot] (or 거[geo]), as in 엠마 것[emma geot] (or 엠마 거 [emma geo]) “Emma thing.”
ⓒSaebyeol Yu. Saebyeol’s PowerPoint
Q&A