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APA Reference Style
What is the APA style?
The American Psychological
Association reference style is one of the
Author-Date reference styles. When quoting directly or indirectly
from a source, the source must be acknowledged in the text by author
name, year of publication and location reference. If quoting
directly, a location reference such as page numbers and paragraph
numbers is also required.
- Direct quotation
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Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that , "language involves
attaching meaning to symbols" (p.188).
- Indirect quotation
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Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be the origin of
written language (Samovar & Porter, 1997).
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N.B. Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although
authors are encouraged to include them
- Citations from a secondary source
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Peterson (as cited in Samovar & Porter, 1997) states that
language must be first understood as symbols.
At the end of your essay, you are required to provide the full
bibliographic information for each source. References must be listed
in alphabetical order. Each reference should include four elements:
(1) Author/Editor, (2) Date, (3)
Title, and (4) Publication Information.
Move your mouse over different parts of the reference to
see explanations.
Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E.
(Eds.) (1997). Intercultural communication: A
reader. (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
How to reference/cite a material?
- Book with a single author
- Book with two authors
- Book with a corporate author
- An edited book
- A chapter/article in an edited book
- Dictionary or Encyclopaedia
- Entry in an encyclopaedia
- A thesis
- Conference Paper
- Report
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- Print version
- PDF version - subscription database
- HTML fulltext version
- World Wide Web version - not subscription database
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- Print version
- Electronic version - subscription database
- World Wide Web version
- Newspaper Article with no author.
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- Website
- Webpage
- Webpage (page author & host organisation not the
same)
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- Course handout
- Statutes/Acts
- Hansard
- Standards
- Patents
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Books
A book with one author
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Chunn,
M. (1997). Seven voices: Tales of madness and mirth.
Auckland, New Zealand: PEP. |
(Chunn, 1997). |
A book with two or authors
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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McElroy, A., & Townsend, P. K. (2003). Medical
anthropology in ecological perspective. Boulder,
CO: Westview. |
(McElroy & Townsend, 2003). |
A book by a corporate author
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Waikato
Regional Council. (1993). Clean water: Waikato River and
Lake Taupo. Hamilton, New Zealand: Author. |
(Waikato Regional Council, 1993).
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An edited book
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Samovar,
L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.). (1997). Intercultural
communication: A reader (8th ed.). Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth. |
(Samovar & Porter, 1997). |
A chapter or article in an edited
book
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
|
Williams, M. (2003). Nonsense and cosmic exile: The austere
reading of the Tractatus. In M. Kölbel & B. Weiss
(Eds.). Wittgenstein's lasting significance. London:
Routledge. |
(Williams, 2003). |
Dictionary or Encyclopaedia
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
|
Marshall,
G. (Ed.) (1998). A dictionary of sociology. Oxford,
England: Oxford University Press. |
(Marshall, 1998). |
An entry in an Encyclopaedia
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Eui-Gak,
H. (2002). North Korea: Economic system. In D. Levinson &
K. Christenson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of modern Asia
(Vol.4, pp.350 - 353). New York: Charles Scribner's
Sons. |
(Eui-Gak, 2002). |
A thesis
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Begg,
M. M. (2001). Dairy farm women in the Waikato 1946-1996:
Fifty years of social and structural change. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New
Zealand. |
(Begg, 2001). |
Conference Paper
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Field,
G. (2001). Rethinking reference rethought. In Revelling in
Reference: Reference and Information Services Section
Symposium, 12-14 October 2001 (pp. 59-64). Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia: Australian Library and Information
Association.
N.B.
Conference name is in capital letters. |
(Field, 2001). |
Report
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Smith,
P. (2001). Waikato River water quality monitoring
programme: Data report 2001. Hamilton, New Zealand:
Environment Waikato. |
(Smith, 2001). |
Journals (Academic & Scholarly)
Print Version
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Cornelio,
A. (2003). Promoting information literacy through information
architecture. Library Media Connection, 21(6), 24-26.
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(Cornelio, 2003). |
from a Subscription Database - PDF
version
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Cornelio,
A. (2003). Promoting information literacy through information
architecture. [Electronic version]. Library Media
Connection, 21(6), 24-26. |
(Cornelio, 2003). |
from a Subscription Database - HTML
fulltext version
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Cornelio,
A. (2003). Promoting information literacy through information
architecture. Library Media Connection, 21(6), 24-26,
Retrieved May 29, 2003, from Academic Search Premier
Database. |
(Cornelio, 2003, para. 8). or (Cornelio, 2003, ¶ 8).
N.B. para. or ¶ = paragraph.
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World Wide Web version - not
subscription database
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Luvmour,
B. (n.d.). Being with children during times of crisis:
Developmental appropriateness. Pathsoflearning.
Retrieved May 29, 2003, from
http://www.pathsoflearning.net/library.cfm |
(Luvmour, n.d.).
N.B. n.d.= no date |
Magazines
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Pirisi, A. (2003, May/June). Jobs, lies and
videotape. Psychology
Today, 36(3), 12. |
(Pirisi, 2003). |
Newspaper Articles
Print version
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Cumming,
G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New
Zealand Herald. p. B4. |
(Cumming, 2003). |
Electronic version - subscription
database
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
|
Cumming,
G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New
Zealand Herald. Retrieved June 9, 2003 from Newztext Plus
database. |
(Cumming, 2003). |
Online version - from WWW
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Cumming,
G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New
Zealand Herald. Retrieved December 14, 2004 from
www.nzherald.co.nz/index.cfm?ObjectID=3350885 |
(Cumming, 2003). |
Article with no author
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Drivers reject fuel prices driven by war
threat. (2003, March 7). The Timaru Herald.
p.1. |
("Drivers reject fuel
prices", 2003).
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DVD/Video/CD-Rom
Film (Video/DVD)
- As Author, identify the primary contributors (i.e. the
director or producer or both) but not the distributors of videos
or DVDs.
- The publication date is the original date of release of the
motion picture. Therefore, a video published in 2003 of "Gone with
the Wind" would use the date the film was first released with was
1939. Use 1939 as the Publication Date in the reference.
- For publication information, give the motion picture's country
of origin and the name of the motion picture studio (The motion
picture in the example below was made by Columbia Industry, which
is an American company. However this motion picture was primarily
made in China and released there first, so the country of origin
listed for that film would be China.
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Zhang, Y. (Producer/Director). (2000).
Not one
less [Motion
Picture].China: Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc.
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(Zhang, 2000). |
CD-ROM
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Craig,
E. (Ed.). (1998). Routledge encyclopedia of philosophy
CD-ROM [CD-ROM]. London: Routledge. |
(Craig, 1998). |
Webpages
Website (multiple pages - reference
the homepage!)
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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American
Psychological Association. (2003). APA style: Electronic
references. Retrieved October 7, 2004, from
http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html |
(American Psychological Association, 2003).
N.B. Do not write URLs in the
text |
Webpage (When author is different
from the host organisation)
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Hamilton
City Council. (2001). Hamilton Zoo. Retrieved October
7, 2004, from the Hamilton Zoo Website:
http://www.hamiltonzoo.co.nz/ |
(Hamilton City Council, 2001). |
Others
Course Handouts/Printed Lecture
notes
Put the format in square brackets -
e.g. [Handout] [Lecture notes] [PowerPoint]
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Brown,
P. (2004). Marketing [Handout]. Hamilton, New Zealand:
University of Waikato: Diploma in Marketing. |
(Brown, 2004). |
Statutes/Acts
Country codes such UK and NZ are used
for author and publication information of legal materials.
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Holiday
Act 2003. (2003). The statutes of New Zealand, 2003, No.
129 |
(Holiday Act 2003, NZ). |
Hansard
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Telecommunications Amendment Bill. (2007). New Zealand
Parliamentary Debates, 206 , 6936. |
("Telecommunications Amendment Bill", 2007) .
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Standards
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Standards
Association of Australia. (1997). Australian standard:
Pressure equipment manufacture. AS4458-1997. North Sydney,
NSW: Author. |
(Standards Association of Australia, 1997).
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Patents
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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Smith,
I. M. (1988). U.S. Patent No. 123,445. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. |
(U.S. Patent No.123,445, 1988). |
Personal Communication
(Letters, Telephone conversation, Emails,
Interviews, Lecture notes etc.)
| REF LIST |
IN TEXT |
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No
information is required in the reference list. Data is not
recoverable so do not include in reference list. |
(H. Clarke, personal communication, March 19, 2004).
In his lecture on 19 March 2004, Professor Clarke commented
that... |
For detailed information about the APA
style, please refer to the
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association
(5th ed.) (BF11.A69 2001) or the
Pocket Guide to APA Style (BF76.7.P426 2004). Check the Library
Catalogue for the locations.
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