U.-B. EaAMaatanoB
HKOHOrPAOHH H MCKYCCTBO TMBETCKOrO EYZmM3MA
ByaflMMCKaa MKOHorpacpMs h MCKyccxBO Tnöexa npeacxaß-,T3K)x aparoueHHo oôpaMjieHHhie tpopMbt (xxaHr-Ka, pyna) Kax "onopy" TOHKoro ypoBHa "oco3HaßaHMH, noaoÖHoro mhcxomv 6c3ynpcMH0My ropHOMy xpycxajiK)" (AyaJKOM PMHnowe). Bo->kccxb3 xaHxp, "oxpa>KeHHbie" b cpopMax MCKyccxBa, oxcbuiaiox k MaxaaHCKOMv cmmbojXv "Tpex ľlpMOOKHiu" h^m "Tpex Jlpa-roueHHoexeň" (pHH-wxoH-rcyM): Byaaa-ZIxapMa-CaHrxa / Jla-Ma-MjjaM-ZlaKMHM. rpaayHpoBaHHbiíí npouecc peajTH3aunH YneHMsi   (ByaaaaxapMa/BaaxpaaxapMa)   onMCbraaexca  c  no-
MOlUbK)    P33J1MWHHX    MeXOJOB,    B    XOM    MMCJie    MCXO^a    MflCHXM-
(pMKauMM — BM3\a-nM3au,MM 6o>KecxBa (aeBaííora), noapoÔHO pa3pa6oxaHHoro b xeKCxax pa3JiHMHHx laiaccoB xaHxp: "Maüx-pea 3o;ioxoro UBexa, c aByina rjiaBHMMH pytcaMM b >kccxc 4xapMaM3Kpa-Myapa; apyrae aße pyxM noKa3HBaiox ßapaaa-
© U,.-B. BajiMa)KanoB
73aK23 No 337.
— 193 —
Mvapa: b npaBOM pvKe — cocya, b jieBOH — bctk3 c ubctkom HaraKeujapa" — "MaHaxyBaaxpa-MaHfla-na" (i;mt. no: |BxaT-Tawapba, 1958, c. 93 ] — cp. c (ppameHTOM HHBOKauHH öoxe-CTBa — MaaMa h3 "TaHiia XepyKH" CeabMoro Zla^aŕi JlaMbi TbajiBa Kaji3aHr Tbauo:
Tejio npeo6pa3yeTca b BeJiMKyK) BajiíKpHyio MaHaa.ny, M b Henoc™>KHMOM flBopue paaoCTHOň 6e3Msrre>KHOCTM McTHHHoe 6o*ecTBO — poBHas Mbicjib, noaaep>KMBaeMaH Coe.iHUBHvteM MywcKoro n weiicxoro ceMeuM, —
rípOSlBJIHeTCH   KaK   IlblOIUMe   KpOHb  OTCU-MaTb.
JlaKa h /laKMHH hchojihmiot Tauen ojiaweucTBa
B nnopax co3nannn m ceMenn-3apoabinie,
OMpaweHHoe BOcnpnHTne OTae^xeTC« ot co3>iannn
H Bce npoHB.TennH CTaHOBSTCH npeaejn.no mmctm.
Co3epuaň ceň« kbk XepvKy c cynpyroň,
CímepmeiinvK) nycTOTv, Te.no nyCTOTM,
BMfípnpyioinMe BHVTpH Kana.ihi >kh3hm, "rpH ochobw";
B TBocM cepane, BocbMM3BenH0M "Kojiece axapMi.i",
IloMCtiicii HepaapyíiiHMbiii c.ior — ceMH b cpopMC XV'M!
Meway ccvthucm Mcrojia m jiynoŕi MyapocTM.
Mi.icjib nenoKo.ie6nMa, apowanuie 3a6ay>KaenMvi OTce>ieiibi,
M siciibiH CBeT, 'iMCTbiň, KaK ocemiee hc(ío, iiohb;ihctch
l/buč, 1478, c. 110—111].
KapflHHa.lbHbIM Xlfl TaHTpHMCKOÍÍ npaKTMKM  "HOBblX LUK0.T"
(rcap-Ma) ct3hobhtch oöpcTCHne aocTOMHCTBa Byaaw, h33ijb3-CMoro "rio.iHbiM cbct" (CaMaHTanpaoxa), hjih Baaxpaaxapa, nocpcacTBOM MCToaa BH3yajiH3au,MH MaHaa/i (Eyana-MaHjajia), Koraa   b  KaxaoH   MaH.aa.ne  Eyaaa   3aHMMacT  pnTya/ibHo  3a-
(pHKCnpOBaHHblM    U.CHTP,    B   TO   BpCMH    K3K   (pOpMbl    nCpHCpCpMM
npeacTaB.iflioT cofíoŕí "otpsxchhh" (npaTnpyna) h/h/ih opco-i CBepKaiouxMx jihhhh h KOHTvpoB (npaôxaMaHaa^ra), yaocTOBC-pnromHM aôco.TKiTHyio MCTacpopy "acHoro CBCTa" ('oa rca;i). B
CpopMC CTH^fl MCKVCCTBa "TaHKa" CBCT HC HMCCT CnCIIHCpHMCC-KOrO  MCTOWHHKa,   "MCXOafl  OTOBCroay   H.TH  OT  lICHTpajlbHblX  (J)H-
ryp TaHKa TaKHM o6pa30M, mto hx cymccTBOBaHHC h hx k3mc-
CTBO   CCTCCTBCHHO   npOHBJTSHOTCH   B   HX   CBCTC,   H   npOHB,15nOTCfl,
Kyaa 6w hm pacnpoerpaHsuiCH otot cbct b tom ôcckohcuhom npocTpaHCTBC, rac ohm npcöwBatoT" |TapT3Hr Tv/iKy, 1972, c. 123|.
MKOHorpacpHS) "Hmctoh 3cm.hh" (*HHr-KxaMc), "CoöpaHMsi Ymchhsi" (uxorc-LUHH), 'TIcpeaavH TaHTp" (6prííya-pHM), "JlparoucHHoro HepcBa XcnaHHň" (anar-aa>KOH-ii]HH) b hc-kvcctbc Baa>KpaflHH onnpacTca Ha aTaaoHHwc tckctobhc Tpa-
JHU.HH  CVTp   H   TaHTp   ----   B   KaMCCTBC o6pa3LUl   MO)KHO  npHBCCTM
onHcaHHe "Hhctoh 3cm;ih" KaK "OTpa>KeHHa" McanTaTHBHoro rH03Hca (cp.: KUJCTpa-napHiiiyaJXH-npaHora) h3 "MaHa^ym-pHnapHHMpBaHacvTpbi":
"TaK  m  c.ihiuia.n.   (>ana>Kabi   K.'iaroc.ioBemibiM   ripeňhmaa  b  IllpaRacTH,   n JlíxeTaBaiie,  caay Ai<aTxannnaaabi   |...|. Toraa  l>;iaroc.'ioHCiini,in   |...|
— 194 —
riorpv3micH b ccwepnanne, HMeHyeMoe "Co3epuanHe Bcex chhhmíí" (capBajiOKacaMa,ixn). Tomac ero Te.no HcnycTMjio chhhhc 3o.iotoi-o HBCT3 (cynapnaBapnajiOKa), KOTopoe Hano/imuio Becb caa AweiaBana, n on npMoöpcn 30.iotmctvk) OKpacKV. ilpoHMKaiomee noBCioay, čumme ocBeTHjio xujixiiie Manawy n npeo6pa30Ba.io ero b iiaamibOH h3 30jioia (cvBapHaKVTarapa). ľoraa y xouiHiua MaHawyuipM nyaecnbíM ofipaioM (iinpMana) nouBMJiHci. iiHTbcOT /iotocob M3 ceMH apyroneHHOcTeň (can-TapaTHaMaňaHM naaviaHM): ohm 6buin Kpyr.ibi, KaK KOjieco iioboskh, hx CTe6:iM ömjih M3 cepeöpa (paa>KaTa), mx bchmmkh m3 caiiípiipa (Mvcapa-rajiBa) m MivMpyaa (aiiiMarapťixa) h hx tbimmhkm hi pa3HOUBCTnoro »eMMvra (vynHKa). |...] 'ľoraa Mana*yiiipn axapMaKVMapa Bome.i n FHixapy liy.vibi aaa noKjioiieuMa cmv. [...] IlnTMUBeTiioe čumme [lonBHjiocb H30 pTa l>y;ni.i, n b to we MruoBCHMC Bnxapa JlWCTaBaill.l npeo6pa3n;iacb b oepn.i.ioBvio (Baňaypi.H). |...| M, Koraa on coeannn;i na.ii.iihi h jiaaoiiM, b iimx laň.iede.iM aecsm, ti.ich>i .iotocob 30/ioToro unera. On paiópoca.i mx >iaa liyaaoň, m ohm iipeBpaTM.iMCh b uapcTBCii-111.1M 3011T (Maxa'ľixarrpa) m3 ccmm aparouemiocTeM (canTapaTnaMaiísi), VKpainennbiM (pa a ra m h m iiiTanaapTaMM (axBaawanaTaKa). Becmc/ien iihie I>y;uu.i m BoaxHcarrBbi aecsiTH nanpaBaeiiMM nouBM.iMCb 110a neiiT-poM soma m, nooe TpcKpaTnoro npoxo>KaeMMs-noKjTOHeiiM« BOKpyr byaai.i (ňyaaxaM TpHxnpaaaKiiiHHMKpMTi.n), otoiii.im b cnipony. I>y;iaa CKasa.n HoaxHcaTTBe Maxacanne Kxaapanaae: 'Jtot ManawympM ecn. BLViMKan 6.'iarocKjioiniocTb (MaŕíTpM) m Be.TMKoe coCTpaaaime (Kap\'na). li to >kc MnioBCMMe Teao Mana>KyiijpM cTa.no 110,106110 rope ms aviaoBom 3(UT0ra; ero pocr cra.i mecTM cajKeneň (Bi.siMa); on craa yKpameii|nbiM] Kpyrai.iM cmhumcm (iipa6xaMaiiaaaa), poBHO öaMCTaioiuMM bo Bee cTopo-iibi. BnyrpM OTom CMHKimero opeoaa naxoaMaMCi. nmbCOT npeBpamen-nbix Iíyaa (iiupMMTa), 0Kpy>Kcnnh]x Ka*abiM nuTbK) npeupameHiibíMH IioaxMcaiTBaMM. ripMMecKa (wyaa) Matlaly yfjpana hviobuum vKpa-ínciiMeM   (inaKpaňxMaaraapaTiia),  nepeanBaioiuMMCsi  imTbiocTaMH  pai-
.IMMIlblMM     UBCT3MM.     B     KaW.lOM     M3    3TMX     HBCTOB     MOSIBM.lHCb    CO.lHlie
(cypi.a), jiyna (>iaiiapa), 3Be3abi (TapaKa), aßopubi óotob m iiaroB m bcc ■ivaeca (aaóxyra) Miipa. Me>Kay 6poBeň íňxpyBop Maaxi>e) iipuai. noaoc (ypna), 6eaan (nmera), noBCpuyTas b npaßyio cropony (npaaaKiiiMiia-BapTa). llo«BM.TMCb ripenpameiiHbie Byaabi, KOTopi.ie boiiijim b cbctoboc nojie, b KOTopoM Teaa mx MepiuuiH öaecKOM omen, Biivípn KOTopbix, b cbok) o'iepeab, CBepK.i.iM n«Tb aparonemibix KaMiieŕí (whim); Ka*abiM m3 otmx apai-ouenMbix KaMueň — b cbctobom opeoae omeii m CBepKamiinix pa3HOo6pa3ni.ix iiBeTOB. B stmx CBeTOBbix opeoaax rioüBM.'TMCb npeBpa-mcxMbie liy;vii>i " IJoaxMcaTTBbi, ne noaaawiHMecH nnKaKOMV oruicaiiMio. B jieBoíí pvKe ohm aep*a.TM Mamy ajm c6opa noaasiiiMM (naTpa); b iipaBoři pvKe aepjKa.TM KiiMry Bcthkom KoaeciiMHbi (MaxaananyCTaKa). Koraa Mana>KvnipM npoHHH.i Bce stm aiiaKM, cbct m oniM mciic3.'im
IJlawoTT, 1960, c. 35 — 37]. Tn6cTCKafl TaHKa XVIII b. H.n.irocTpupyeT HKOHorpacpmo "Tpex JIparoueHHOCTCM", Tak Ha3biBaeMoe "UparoucHHoe flc-pcBO >KejiaHMrí", hjth "ücpcBo /I,parou,eHHOCTM >Ke.iaHHsi", CBsi3aHHoe c aji.Tcropc30M "aparoucHHOCTH Mcno.iHCHM« >kc-jraHHií" (MHHTaMaHH) — cp.:
"O, IIpeuo.io6ni.ie TaTxaraTbi, kbk gparoiieiniocTi. 'iHinaMaHM ecTb coBep-nioHHeMiiia« m:i Bcex aparonenHOCTeň, Haaeaennasi bctmh KawecTBaMM, n HTofíbi cyinecTB.1, KOTophie eto BjiaaewT, hm no>KeaaaM, ňyab to 30.toto,
MJ1M aparOHCHHOCTb,   M.1M  CCpefípO,   BCe  3T0  MCnOJTIlHCTCH  B TO  MrilOBeilkie,
Koraa iioaBjiweTCM mwcii. oň ;>tom (o rioaoňiibix nemax), m Bee we OTa aparoueiiHOCTi. n tomv iioaoňuoe ne othocsitcm hm k mi.ic.ih ('iHira KaK oripeacieHiibiíí aciieKT "mcToro coniaiiM«),  hm  k  HMUTaManM  m Tax.  o
— 195 —
nperiofloÖHbie TaTxara™, Bee Beu;n aojixoibi 6biTb nocTHniyrbi d.e. k;\k
»eorpanM>iennbie, nei>6ycjioBjiennbie m, cneaoBaTCibHo, HeßbipasuMbie)"
"ľ>'XbHcaviaa>KaTanTpa" (hut. no: [Twinep, 1951, c. 102]).
Ha paspoKenHOíi pucyiiKOM jwcTbeB Kpone aep^Ba, KOTopa« paijiejiena Ha
ipn 'lacTH iiaxoaumuMH apyr Ha apyre KpyraMM, oÖBeaeuHbiMM toiikhmh
SO.IOThIMM    jTHHHHMH,    B    UeHTpe,    H3   JIOTOCOBOM    CMACHMH,    EOAXHCaTTBa
IlaaManann; HaBepxy, na BepuiMHe aepeßa, aecaTb Byan b cpopMe CaMbHKcaMßyaaa ("IIojihwh CoBepuiemibiM Byaaa"), c hmmöom — xajio Boxpyr rcwioBbi n chhhucm BOKpyr Tejia; cnpa.Ba aecaTb BoaxvicarTB MaxacaTTB b aparoucuHi.ix o6jia'iennsix (6oaxMcaTTBa6xapana); oießa iiMTb npaTi,eKa6y;u, Ľ hhm6()m BOKpyr rojioiibi, ho 6e3 chuiih» ßoxpyi-Tejia, n MHTb JlaM, b o;ie>x;ie MOHaxa-6xnKiiiy. BoaxHcarnia I laaMariann BbiCTynacT KaK Y'iHTe.'ib AxapMbi » nepconncpnuMpyeT "I'pn JlparoueH-hocth", ipn HKoiiorpatJiH'iecKHX cofipanvi» CHMBOJiHStipyíor naj>KpanH-ckvio, MaxamicKVKi n xMiiauiiCKVK) Canrxy
['jcceii, Tnnro, 1989, c. 242, ra6ji. 151].
MKOHorpacpM«, CBsuaHnaa c pnxya;iOM "oapao" (6ap-ao xxoc-rpcvi), npeacxaBJTMCx xpn coöpaHHH mm MaH.ua/ibi: "Co-öpaHHC cxa MnpHbix h raeRHbix öojkccxb" (uiH-Kxpo-aaM-na-pnrc-6prňa), "MaHaa/ia copoKa flByx mhphmx öoxecxß" (ujh-6a-6ujn — 6'My — pua-rHHHC-KHM-AKHH;i-'Kxop) h "MaHaajia naxHflecflXH bociiMH thcbhux 6o>kccxb" (Kxpar-'xxyur-jiHra-6'My-6u.a-6prMHa-KHn-aKHmi-Kxop).
B xHÖexcKOM cBMXKe XIX b. "MaHAa;ia copoKa abvx mmphwx 6o>kccxb" npcjcxaBjicHa b cpopMe pncoßaHHOH MaHjajiw-xaHKa (aKHn,i-xxaHr-aKŕÍH.i-K'xop-ríÍH-xxaHr-Ka). Bo BHyxpeH-HCM Kpyre MaHaa/ibi, b ucHxpe — Aaiiöyana CaMaHxa6xaapa b h6-k)m, cHHcro u.Bexa, noa hhm BaiípoMaHa b h6-k>m, öcnoro UBCxa, no cxopoHaM Byasa ZlcBa Mvhh, 6c/ioro u,Bexa, h Byzua Acypa MyHH, 3c/ieHoro UBCxa. BoKpyr ueHxpajibHoro Kpyra — n3o6pa>KeHHfl weTbipex "ceMeH" — Baaxpa: AKiuoöxba b h6-k>m, CHHcro UBCxa, BoaxHcaxxBa KuinxHrapöxa, öoxoro UBexa, BoaxvicaxxBa Maiixpe«, öexoro ußexa, "BorHHH noaHOixiCHHÍi" (MMXoa-na'H-jixa-Mo) coMC-Ma-jicria-Ma, nyuia-neMa; paxHa: PaxHacaMÖxaßa b h6-iom, ;«tvixoro u,Bexa, BoaxncaxxBa AKa-uxarapöxa, KpacHoro ußexa, BoaxncaxxBa CaMaHxa6xaapa, ch-Hero ußexa, "BorHHH noaHOUJCHHH" coMC-Ma-jio-Ma, /ixy-na-Ma; na^Ma: AMnxaöxa b siö-hom, KpacHoro u,Bexa, BoaxncaxxBa ABOJiOKHxeiuBapa, KpacHoro uBexa, BoaxucaxxBa MaH.a>KyujrpH, >KC/ixo-KpacHoro u,BCxa, "BorHHH nořiHOiucHHH" coMC-Ma-re-XH-Ma; a-jio-Kn; KapMa: AMorxacHaaxH b h6-k)m, 3ejiCHoro UBexa, BoaxHcaxxBa Baa>KpanaHn, 3e/iCHoro ußexa, BojxHcax-xBa CapBaHMBapaHaBHUJKaMÖxHH, ße.ioro ußexa, "BorHHH noa-HoujeHHH" coMC-Ma-raHaxe-Ma, Knpnxc-Ma; Mexifly KpyniMH c n3o6pa>KCHHHMH "ccmcm", b npoMOKvxoMHbix HanpaB/ieHHax, Byaaa MaHyujbM Mvhh, xaxxoro u,Bcxa, Byaaa Hapaxa Mvhh, xcMHO-CHHero UBexa, Byaaa THpbJiKa Mvhh, chhcto UBexa, h Bvflaa ripexa Mvhh, KpacHoro UBexa. B Mcxwpcx Bopoxax (xopaHa)  MaH^a.Tbi Kpoaxa b h6-k)m KaK xpaHHxe.xn cxopoH:
— 196 —
30JIOTOM SlMaHTaľca (jor), oejiwň Bnjix.ast (boctok), KpacHbiií XasirpHBa (3anan) h 3ejieHbiň AMpwTaKVHflajiHH (ccBep). Bhc MaHaa/ibi, Haßepxy, AjjHÖyaaa CaMaHTaôxaapa b h6-iom, o6h3-xeHHHH, 6e3 yKpauieHHH, Hafl hhm AawöyAaa Baa>Kpaaxapa b a6-iom, b ttojihom Haôope yKpauieHHH Cainöxoraxasj. ľlo CTopo-HaM BwiibSTflxapa ca-jia-rHac-na'n-pHr-a3hh, öejioro UBeTa, c KDm xejiToro UBeTa, b ope/ie h3 30jiothx .hhhhh Ha chhcm cpOHC, BHjbfljxapa naaMa-rap-rän-a6aHr-nxťíyr, CHHero UBCTa, c K)m KpacHoro uBcrra, b opeojie h3 3o;ioTbix jIhhhh Ha KpacHOM cpOHC. Bhh3v xpaM /IxoKxaHr b Jlxace h MOHacrbipb CaMbc I3CCCH, Thhto, 1989, II, c. 194, 195, hji. 119; I, c. 171, 172]. B HKOHwqecKoii crpvKType MaHuajíN flxapMaKaio o6o3Hawa-eT Aan6vAja CainaHTaßxaapa, CaMÖxoKaKaro — "n«Tb ccmch" nim "MvapocTcň", HupiviaHaKaK) — Bvaan "ujccth ccpep cyiue-CTBOBaHHa" (jioKa). B pa3JiwMHbix HKOHorpacpHsix "6apao" Ak-uioôxbK) 3aMeHsrcT BaaxpacarrBa, CaMÔxoraxaa mokct 6wTb o6o3HaveHa 3Kaaauia ABa^OKHTeuiBapoň, BonxHcaTTBoří Be-jTMKoro CocTpaaaHHsi (MaxaxapyHa) [3ccch, Thhto, 1989, I, c 171 |. "MaHaa^ia nsiTH,aecflTH bochmh thcbhwx ôokcctb" co-craB/TCHa M3 yrpoacatomnx acncKTOB n$iTn TaTxaraT: Byjua-XepvKa, Baa^pa-XepvKa, nawna-XepvKa, Pa-ma-XepyKa m KapMa-XepvKa, b «6-iom, b vKpameHHHx KpoaxaKaa — 6o->kcctb; b ucHTpc MaHaajTH — 4x3-Mwxor-x3-py-Ka, rHCBHaa MaHHCpccTaiiHfl AaHOyaaw CaMaHTaoxaapw; Boxpyr copoK 3bc-
pHHOTOJlOBMX    ZlaKHHH,     BOCCMb    Ko'ypMMa    C    MC.lOBeMeCKHMM
rojioBaMH, MCTbipc oxpaHHTe.TbHHUbi Cro-Ma. /ľíkhhh, Ko'y-pwvta, CroMa, KaK >kchckhc 6oxecTBa, hocht ;ieonapaoBbie ujKvpH, mv>kckhc ôoxecxBa OÖJTanCHbl b THrpoBbie lUKypw.
MKOHorpacpHLtccKas Tpa.aHu.Hfl "6apao" npHHaznoxHT uiko-jie HHHMana, ocHOBaHHe KOTopoň bocxoaht k ľlaaMacaMOxaBe.
K   JKHBOnHCH    UIKOjlbl   HHHMana   OTHOCflTCS)   H3o6pa>KeHHfl    Pas
naaMacaMOxaBbi h peaKaa, no cpaBHCHHio c apvthmh mho-rocpnrypHbiMH KOMno3HUHHMH, cepHfl T3HK3 "ZlBopeu, Tpex UparoueHHOCTcri" (TpHKasi-BHMaHa, cKy-rcyM-ruja.i-M3a-nxo-6paHr).
ľlo BepTHKa^bHoŕí och TaHKa (Th6ct, XIX b.) — TpexoTa>K-
HblH  aBOpCU,,   KOTOpblH   BOCnpOH3BOíIHT  XpaMOBVK) apXHTCKTVpy
CMCuiaHHoro "THfícTCKO-KHTaňcKoro CTH.ifl": ôe^Tbie ctchh, 3e-jicHbie CTponHjrá, KHHOBapHO-KpacHbie h 30.iotmc kpmujh. B apKC-TopaHa ncpBoro 3Ta>Ka — YMHTC^b IlaflMacaMÖxaBa, Ha BTopoM 3T3XC — MjaM BaaxpacarrBa, Ha TpcTbCM — y^HTcnb ľa pa 6 flopflxe, aepxcaiunn b pvKe mcphhh KBaapaTHbiň cpjia->kok c ÖHjjKa-MaHTpoH AX! KpbHiia VBeHMana 30„iotmm cocy-aoM, ycTaHOB/ieHHHM Ha pa3Hou.BeTHOM .lOTOcc. Bhvtph "cok-poBeHHoro cocyaa" (ovM-rrap), BwnHcaHHoro kohtvphoh jih-hhcíí  30.ioToro UBCTa,  cpnrypa  Ajnovajw CaMaHTaöxaapw b
— 197 —
— 861 —
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)KHBonncb "TaHKa" sbinojiHaex MeaHxaTHBHvro cpvHKu,nio. "3epKajíbHOCTb" h3phcob3hhoh noBepxHocTH (Me-aoHr) cBHXKa aeaacT bo3mo>khoh oaHOBpeMeHHOCTb BocnpnaxMa ueHxpa n nepn(pepHn: dpnryp aaopau,HH, aanamacpTa h T.a., "HacwmeH-hocxh" h "pa3pe>KeHHocxM" aeKopa, "pa3BepThtBaHHsi" h "cBep-xmbshhh" npocTpaHcxBa MeaHTaiiHH, "BOCC03aaHHsi" h "boc-npoM3BMCHHH" apcBHcro cthjih, Toraa KaK CKVJibrrrypa naac-xhmhs, n.noTHO-jiCKopaxHBHa, rycTO caKpaaH30B3Ha.
CKyabnxypa, npoKflc Bcero b cc MOHVMeHxaabHbix saxap-Hbix oöpasnax, v6paHHa« b MHorocaoňHbie öancraioiuHe oaex-aw h vKpaiLiCHHH, BMcmaioiuas b ynoaoöacHHbie pcviMKBapHio BHvxpeHHocxH MHorococTaBHwe CBcpKaiomMc cyöcxpaxbi ("flxapMbí"), M3.iy>iaex opeoa cbhiuchhocxh, h pnTvaa noKjio-hchmh MXHMOH CKyabriType öoxecTBa npwoöpcxaex 3HaweHHe pHxyajiH3HpoBaHHoro 3XHKexa, Korja npHCBOCHHWH 6oxecTBv LiMKji oßpsuoB aonoaHflCTCn ccpneii iiepeMOHHří: npHHomeHHH aapoB no o6exy, noxepTBOBannH h T.a., HanpHMcp co cxopoHw CBCXCKOH apncxoKpaTHH.
OvHKHHOHa.xbHOCTb pnxyaas oôpaM/istcxca BH3V3abHoŕi poc-Kouibio acKOpa xpaMa, oxoxaecxBaacMoro c "pshckhmh ccpe-paMH" (xHHr-KxaMc), iiepeMOHHaabHOH CTaxHKon xcctob, nbiuiHocxbio HHcnrHHH, o6aaweHHH, peraaMCHXMpyeMbix psH-raMH  3H3THOCTH,   3acayraMn  nepea  cvBepeHOM.   CKyabnTvpa
MXHMOTO 60XCCTB3 CT3H0BHXCH BOnaOUieHHCM CaKpa.lbHHX KOH-BeHU,HH,     MTO    HaXOaHX    BbipaxCHHC,     B     M3CXH0CTH,     B    MHCjx)-
aorH33u,MH   TCMH   Ko.i.ieKTHBHoro  h   HHaHBHavsabHoro  o6pa-
lUeHHfl K HxapMC H CBH3aHHHX C 3XHM 6a3T"HX 3HaKOB H 3m6,1CM.     OGpamCHMC    K    JlxSpMC    CHMBOaHMCCKM    OÔ03H3M3CX
npnßwxHC h/h.th B03aBHxeHHe, VKpamcHHe, ocbsiuchhc mxh-Moro o6pa3a — cxaxyn Byaaw LLIaKbsiMyHH, nponcxoxacHHC
KOXOpOrO B03BOaHXCH  KO BpCMCHH npOnOBCaH  HM  YWCHHH.
ThÖCXCKVK)     CKVabnxypy     MOXHO     H33B3Tb     naSCTHMeCKOH
"raopHcpHKauHcn" 6oxecxBa. Teao öoxecxBa aeascTca b coot-
BCXCTBHH C CpOpMOH-XHnOM,  OnHCaHHbIM B ÖyaaHHCKHX TCKCX3X
no HKOHorp3cpMH, coraacHo kotopnm 6oxecTBo hc moxct o6pc-xaxb tpoprviy, OT.1HMHVK) OT npeanncaHHOH K3H0H0M nponopiiHÜ. B cxcMax HKOHOMCxpHH npHHiinn BHyTpeHHero othoiltchhh MacxcH xeaa öoxecTBa apyr k apyry cxpvKTvpHO coothochtch c
3H3X0MHMCCK0H    XHOOaOrHCH    MCaHUHHCKHX    TCKCTOB.    OnOpO'í
"KOHCTpyHpoB3Hna" xca3 / H3o6paxcHHH (CKy-pT3H) 6oxecT-B3 ßepcTca cpH3HMCCKoe Tcao K3K nowxH CHMBoaniecKoe (cp. c onpeacacHHCM Hhpmshsks» KaK "CnMBoaHMecKoro CymecTBa" IJlcccMHr,  BaŕÍMaH,   1968, c. 297]), KaK (popMa nornwccKoro
"h"   (ÍÍOrHH,  HH3MC B3axpHH,   "Tot, KTO pC3aH30B3a BSaxpHOC
xcao, pcMb h Mbicab bccx TaxxaraT", b kommchtsphh h3 unp3aHnoaHoxaH3"   npaMO   H33HBaexc»   Bsaxpsaxapa   [Jlec-
— 199 —
CHHr, BaÜMaH, 1968; Jla-Ma AHarapHKa, 1967; Maň3eiiajib, 1976, c. 271; TaHxpa, 1977, c. 1321).
B KawecxBe o6pa3ua cxHJia HCKyccxBa Maxaa-Hw/Baa>KpaííHbi b Tnöexe mcokho rrpHBecxH CKy;ibn-xypy BoflXHcaxxBbi Baax-panaHH h3 My3ea Hrne b napwxe.   CxH/ib  CKVJíbn-
Xypw,      BbinO^HCHHOH     H3
6pOH3bI, c pacKpacKOM, HHKpycxannen,     bmcoxoh
61   CM,   MO/KeX   6bIXb   OnH-
caH KaK nepexoflHbiň ("cMemaHHbiň")    ox   hh-
flHÍÍCKOrO K XHÖexCKOMV. B
Kaxa^ore BwcxaBKn nc-KyccxBa Tnöexa h npnjie-raiomnx cxpaH ("Born h fleMOHbi           THMajiaeB")
CKyabnxypa axpnöyxnpo-BaHa KaK xnöexcKaa ko-nna c KauiMHpcKoro opn-rHHajia XI b., nponcxo>K-aeHHe Koxopon npn6jin3n-xe^bHO CBfl3HBaexcs) c 3a-naflHMM Tn6exoM [J3.be, 1977, xaöji. 40, c. 89]. npaxanaflHXbH ľlaji b pa-6oxe "BpoH30Baa CKyabn-xypa KaiUMHpa" aaxnpyex cxaxyio XII b., ;ioKajiH3yH npoHcxo>KfleHne ee CeBepo-3anaaHMMH THMajrasiMH lUaji, 1975, xa6/i. 981.
BoflXHcaxxBa Baaxpa-naHH npeacxaB^eH b "nose cxoHHHfl" (cxxaHaKa) c aerKHM HaKJiOHOM (a6-xaHra) (pHrypw, c Myxb BbiaBHHyxon Bnepea jieBoň hotoh, b npaBoň pyKe ero — Baa>Kpa, yKa3HBaiomaa Ha peaabHocxb npoaBaeHHH ("Hepa3pyiiiHMOcxb, noaoOHaa Baaxpe"), jießaa pyKa BbinojiHaex xecx (KaxHCxxaBaMaMyiuxnMyapa), 03Haqa-KiiiiHH npnBeaeHne b paBHOBecne HeraxnBHbix 3Heprnn ("cn;iy
BoaxMcaTTBa BaÄwpanaHM.
— 200 —
nonaBjíeHHsi KJieui"). B npHCBoeHHOM BoaxHcarrBe oó^aweHHH co6^K3flaeTcsi Haöop "mecrn yKpanieHHH"/"n«TH yicpaiueHHÜ" (iuaHMyjipa/naHMaMyflpa), HanoMHHaiomHH o mecTH napaMHTax Kax CHMBOJiax napaMHraiecKoro o6pa3a aeňcTBHH BoaxHcaTTBH MaxacaTTBbi. ľaroBy BeHwaeT aparoueHHOCTb — CHMBO/i napaMHTH "co3epu.aHHsi" CgxbflHa); o;*;epe;ibe, 6pacjie-TH, cepbFH, none, nenen (HecpHrypaTHBHbiň a^eMeHT KaHOHa onHcaHHH MaxanypyuiajiaKiuaH) HanoMHHaioT o napaMHTe "mcapocTH" (aaHa), napaMHTe "npaBCTBeHHOCTH" (ujHJia), napaMHTe "TepneHna" (KiuaHTH), napaMHTe "pBeHHa" (BHpbsi), napaMHTe "Mvapocrn" (npazi>KHfl) cootbctctbchho. YpHa h yiiiHHuia b HKOHorpacpHH BoaxHcarrB acKopaTHBHO-HflCHTHWHH MaxanypyuiajiaKiuaHaM Byaa. B HKOHorpacpHH CaMbflKcaMÔyziflw ypHa h yuiHHuia CHMBOJiH3HpyiOT Bce3HaHHe, npocBCTjieHHe, HnpnaHy <cp. psmbi OTOxaccTB-neHHH: npaa>KHsi-caM6oflXH-capBaa>KH»Ta h "...npaa^Hsi ecTb HHpBaHa, ecTb TaT-xaTa, ecTb mhtt3 (Mwcrib), ecTb öyaaxaTa..." |Cya3VKH, 1972, c. 242, 243]), T.e. tot naeaji, k KOTopoMy crpeMHTca h koto-pbiií npcTBopacT ana ce6a h zuih apyrnx BoaxHcaTTBa MaxacaT-TBa.
OßajibHoe sumo (aHaaKapa MyKxa) BoaxHcarrBM Baa^pa-naHH saBcpiijacTcs ujHHbOHOM (a*aTa) b cpopMC THapH (MVKy-Ta),     KOTopwH    vKpauiaeT    cjiojKHOcocraBHsa    xopoHa     h3
nepeBHTOH >KeMMVrOM H3.<1o6hOH nOBa3KH C TpeMH V3KHMH CepnOBHZJHHMH rpeÖHSIMH, UBeTOMHHMH P03CTK3MH B BHae MHOrOCJlOMHHX  JlCnCCTKOB C  >KCMMy>KHbIMH  ÖyCHHKaMH  BOKpvr
cepaueBHHbi; ot kopohh no oöchm CTopoHaM idjiobm cnycKatoT-ca VHH3aHHbie aparoucHHoeraMH .neHTM (paTHanaTTa) c 3aB»3-
KaMH   B   CpopMC   TpcyrtVThHHKa   C   H30rHyTWMH   CTOpOHaMH   OKO.TO
bhckob; b ymax — MaccHBHwe cepbrn (naTpaKVHaa;ia); tiiea — c TpeMH OKaaaKaMH (TpHBa/w); qepc3 n/iewo nepcKHHyT cba-meHHHH iiiHvp (>u>KHonaBHTa); Ha n/iewax — rnpjiaHaa H3 ubctob (nyuinaMajia), cnycKafomaaca no HKp; Hora o6.neraeT loÖKa (napnaxaHa) hs opHaMCHTHpoBaHHbix h maaKHx nojioc nojiynpo3paHHoro uicnKa.
BoflXHcaTTBa Bbino/iHeH b CTHjie, kotophh aKUCHTHpycr flHcnponopuHK) Me>Kay naeajihHO yaJiHHeHHMM OBa^noM iwiobm, MaccHBHocTi.   KOTopoH   co3a3CTca   apxHTeKTOHHwecKH-aeKopa-
THBHOH  KOHCpHrypaUHCH  KOpOHbl,   H  V3KHM  KOpnvCOM  B ^TCrKOM
KOHTpanocTC [HorbCJi, 1922, c. 10], OKpymo-BbinyKjibiMH, CjTobho paxoBHHa, rpyaaMH, xpynKOH, ottomchhoh TOHKOCTbio pyK h Hor. OöpaM.isnomaa rapjiaHaa h3 ubctob chmmctphmcckh "pacccHBacT" b npocTpaHCTBe cpOHa CKy/ibnTvpy HaHH3aHHNMH apyr Ha apyra opHaMeHTaMH — coM/iCHeHHaMH h3 zienecTKOB, noaoÓHO MaHaop.ie. FjiaccHpoBaHHaa n.TacTHMecKsa cpnrypa BojxHcaTTBw cnaracTca  h3 coothoujchh«  no^npoBaHHOH  no-
— 201 —
— Zdi —
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-13Ä£Bda03dü 'HXMX3MĽLTEX M0X3HHLTHH ÁI/E3IÍH OiqX30Hqi/EdXE3 AW0HH31T1N3BH 0X3ÄJ qX3OHX3EhHdU03 BETnBLT0aEM0dU308 ' (BH -Bdu) WOMHBXiqtí BHH3HI/0UEH Ed0(pEX3W MB» 'EXHX3ELfTJ - (Bd -BXWEXE) WOaX33>K09 K!iqW3EXHh0lI 3 HXĽOQ HĽ3NW BHH31faX33Ľ -»0X0   HOlNdOCp   H0M33hHĽ0aWH3   H0HHE80HM WOU/I/H   B3XH30HEX3
MHEUEdxttíEg maxxB3MXirog 3dÁ"xuqi/Áx3 a caa \—j\\ '[ o^ iqdom3u  q3nu3od   '„HHBUEdxítTBa  EaxxE3HXťog„   :-d3)   hxhb>k
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-qi/Áx oíÄHqĽBÄEHa a (EHBWEdu) Miitidouodu qx30Hqi/EH0MíiEd CHÁHqLrBÄEHaBdx3xe XKiroaodsu iqdÁxuqi/Äx3 wwdocp qx30HHEi/
-3ťD   BEHH3aX3aA"[1   -XEtrxOiro   XMX33hMjdÄXHLT   XMHM01/30J0HW
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-Otí WOWXMd WNHHOXCBdUEH 3 B3BBmCHÁtľ3d3h 'E1TM3 BBX33hHX -3BI/U BEHqĽBXÁd9 HľH HHHjmOHlO XMX33hHXU0 qX30HX0LíU KBW3EVlHH0dU3H XOlELEl/gOSdu WOdOXOX 8 'BI/HX3 WBHTIBd -ÄJHCp3HBdx X X3Biriq3XO 'EHOd) M íqwdOCp MOX33hMX3HHMWOil/ 3X331/9 a 'HHHMLT XHHanXBdOXSH H XWHaHXXÁdX3H0X 3MĽ3ĽX0 HOX33hMCpBdj MOHHOdmOEH X HXOLfLI H3ITICMBE3h3H HXhOU (BH -Bdu) W3MHBXiqC BMH3HĽ0UEH OJOX33hMWXHd OJOX33hMHOWdEJ XO    3LTOX3d3U    a    BEX3HHĽHM    31T13    'iqdAxnqi/ÁX3    EXMX3E1/LI
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ndx   'waodg   'wBqdou   wiqHHsriojEdtr  wmxhox  siqHgotfou   'swx
-ÁHJOEM 3iqHHMĽTí 'HľiBMHHĽ XH M WHtTlOlEaiqaOSHdgO 3 WHMLTBUa 3NHEEI/J 'EEEĽJ iqH31í3aiqa 'HHdOlMEEdOS OHHEaodMHMCpEd OJOd -OXOM MMHEXdShO H aOdÄXHOX qX30HH3h3WX0 H qX30XMLTX0 'EílHl/ 3ĽB80    WOHHBBCXpMl/mXO    W3TII01EX3HI/Q    EH    :„HX30W3Ä3HU03H„
MMTiuwÁEsdu a qmHir bhb3muo qxiqg xo>kow ' (líEiiwE3BHÁJExtr -tfÁ9) axxE3Mxťog m trťÄg ax33hEx xiqHH3mdoao3 aoxH3Houwox
XBX   'H3m  H  EtlHLT BdÁXXÁ"dX3 BEX33hHCpEdj-OHqĽEXH3WEHdO
•W08HX0W WMlTlCHÄEBd9O0ĽHX3 B3XH80HEX3 OXh '3XHHX3X MOHHSHEMdOXÁ -E3g a HOHHOHĽOUNa 'HSHriBXSÁdxHH H0HCp3qiT3d 3 aOXHSWBHdO XIHHHBaodHaBdJ  XHmMBhHOX EH SdOXSLt a  HHTlEHdEX  HX30HXd3a
Koií 3HcprncH,  6o,ice HcyvroBHMOH,  4eM ^bixaHMC  (npananpa-
THlilTXa).
rijnacTHMCCKas  cpurypa  b  uc.iocthoctm  (popMbi   /oHcprun, noBcpxHOCTCvi/     noxacHHOCTH,     aparoucHHbix     aKceccvapoR
/CBCpKaKILUHX    B.TOXCHHÍÍ    HanOMHHaeT   O   BblCBCT.lCHHH   BHVT-
pcHHcro  MHpa   CTpacTCM   b   6ccu,bcthoíí   «chocth   mmcih.   hc-
OnHCVCMOM   COupHKOCHOBCHHM   ÓHHapa   BCTCp-MbllVIb.   "OTO/KJC-
CTB.THCMoro"' c CaMÓxoraKaH, c "vKpauiCHHOCTbio" BojxncaTx-
Bbl    (Cp.:    "TaK,    HMCK3TCSÍ    MHOrOUHCTCHHblC   BojXHCaTTBIjI,    mho-
rowHC-TCUHbic CaMOxoraKa«, mhopo'iucichhwc vKpaixiOHHH" ...— MaxaHHampaj;ixoTnajauiacTpa" [JlaMa AnarapnKa. 1967. c. 2261). "Cmhhhc" h "jvhobchhc" BbicTpanRatoT MCTacpo-ptmccKiiH   p;-Q  oiiHcaHMsi   n.iacTHMCCKcni   KpacoTbi.   Ejbu   v.io-
BHMblM pHCVHOK rpVCTM HÜ „THllC " ToroH bH-CvUXHOC Tb- II POC-BCT.ICHMC", npOCTVnaiOmHH CKB03b a.TMa3HVK3 TBCpjOCTb OMCp-Ti'lHHH, RTlHCblBaCT 3MOUHK1 B HCCOBCpUJCHHOC, HCCBOOOTHOC OT H.XIKWHM   BOCripHHTUC.
JIMTEPATYPA
l>(i;i-pi'riy;i,   1990  —  Hod-rgyud nang-hstan-gyi sgyu-rtsal   (Hckvcctho  "unyi-
pcHucro yiennn" thóctckom tuhrpr.i). I'e- čin, 1990. BxarrauapbH,   1958   —   ííhaUucharyyu  li.   The  Indian   Buddhist   Iconography.
Mainlv Based on the Sädhanamälä and Cognate Tantric Texts of Rituals.
Calcutta, 1958. PiouTcp, 1951 — Guentlier U.V.   The Jewel of Buddhaiiood .     Stepping Stones.
Kalimpong, 1951. Vol. 2. August. N 4. JLnic, 1978 — The Dance of Hcruka. By Gyalwa Kalzang Gyatso The Seventh
Dalai Uma // Lssencc of Refined Gold. Dharamsala. 1978. Ai.e, 1977 — Di/'ux et demons de ľUímalaya. !'., 1977. >ly;i>KOM Phhiio'ic — //.//. Dud join Rinpoclw. — 1 leart-Kssence of the Gre.it
Masters / Transl. by Bhakha Tulku and C. Wilkinson. JlaMa AnarapuKa,  1967.  — Unna Anagarika Govinda: Foundations of Tibetan
Mysticism. L., 1 967. JlaMorr,    1968.    —   Lumolte ,';.  Maňiusri   ,'/   T'oung   Pan.   Leiden,    i960.
Vol. XLYT1I, livr. 1—3. JleecHHľ,   Baňvian,   1968.   —   Lessing F.D..   Waiinan A.  Mkhas   Grub   Ries
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