yMUUbUln .._.».____
©    AHTÓHHMbl
AHTOHHMbi (ot rpen. anti 'nponiB' + onyma hm»') — 3TO CJlOBa c npoTH-Bono.iojKHbíM 3HaHenHe.M, o6o3HaHaiomHe oaHopo.iHbie npe^MeTbi, /ichct-bha, npH3iiaKH ruh oTHOiiieiMH: dpyz - epaz, dpýotcoa - epaoicdá, dpyoiciinib -epaoKdoedmb, dpýotcecKuu - epdoKecKuü, dpyoKecmeeuubdí - epaoicdeöubiü, dpyofcecmeeiiHO - epaotcdeôno, e - U3.
AHTOHHMbi H CHHOHHMbl    OTHOCHTCfl K A3blKOBbIM yHMepCOilUHM, K OÖHOÜ
Hacmu penu, cooTnocjrrca c odním u meM otce KpýroM noiurrwH (cp. dpyz -npunmejib, epaz - npomuemiK). Ohh Moryr HMeTb KaK coBna^aiomyio, TaK h HHiíHBHayaiibHyio coHeTaeMocTb: nemmtü deub - nemusia uoHb, ho: conuemibiü deub -nymuasi noib. B TepMHHax CJlOBa oömhho TcpsnoT cboh aHTOHHMbi: ôenbiú Medeedb, ôenbiu zpuó, nepnasi tícna, nepuasi 3aeucmb.
('.io«()oňp:ii(iBaiT.'ihHhie bo3mo»hocth aHTOHHMOB MoryT coBna;iaTb, HO Moryx h pa3JiH4aTbca: nemo - nemuuü, nemo.u; 3iwa - 3umhuu, 3umoú, nepe3imo- \ eamb, ho Her *nemoeamb, KOTopoe bo3Mojkho b BeHrepcKOM JBbiKe: nyaralni -npoeodumb nemo (na dane, na xypopme, na Mope).
AHTOHHMbi M05KHO paccMaTpHBaTb cnozimecKOÜ, ceManmuiecKOÜ, cmpyxm-yp-noťi ToneK speHHJi h c tomkh 3peHHa hx ynompeônenusi.
® JIomnecKyio ocHOBy airroHHMOB o6pa3yioT npoTHBonojiojKiibie bhüo-Biíie noiijmoi BiiyTpH oßnoro po^oBoro nonsroa: msioicénuu - nezKiiü (Bee), Monodoü - cmapbiii (B03pac-r) T. e. X — Y[ = (-i X)m„], rae y MaKCHMaJibHoc (Max) oTpHnaiiHe (-| ) X-a. Pas.THMaioTca 4 JiorHHecKHX THna aHTOHHMOB:
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-  rpa/iyaJibiibie aiiToiiiiMbi,                  - KOimepciiBU n
-  lierpaayajibiibie airroiiiiMbi,               - airroniiMinamiH peicBoro hbjiciihh.
E TpaayaJibHwe ann)nn\ii»i coothochtca c T3KHMH KanecTBCHUbiMH npii-
3IhlKaMH H flBJICHHflMH. KOTOpbIC CnOCODIIbl rpa^yHpOBaTbCJl, npH4CM amo-
iniMH'iHbic c;ioBa 3aHHMaioT na MKane rpa,iannH jiannoro KanccTBa hjth no/inpiibie tohkh, hiih Mecra. HaxozwiunccH Ha pa3Hbix nojioBHiiax 3toh niKajibi. TaK, iianp., na rpa.iyupycMoň iiiKa.ie TeivmepaTypbi B03ayxa cioBa MoryT 6biTb pacnojio)KCHbi b cic^yiomcM nopajKe:
r--------------------------ToinepaTypa B03ayxa  --------------------------j
+_ iiiiiiiiii.iii ++ jKapKiifi   Teruibiii   j npox.naanbiň  xo/io^huh «-*• - Mopo3Ubiii
rpanyajibiiafl anTOHHMHfl ocymecTB.iíieTCH c npoMesKyTOiHbíMH M.ienaMii. AnToiwMaMH «BnsnoTca cJioBa, o6o3naHaioinHe nojiapubie noiismiH. npoMe->Kyroiiiibic HJicHbi, Haxo^auiHeca cJieBa h cnpaßa ot BepTHK.ajibHoň jimhhh. TaKÄC MorjT SbiTb aHTOHHMHHHbíMH: OKCipKiM - xojiodiibiü, meiuibiú - npo-xjiadHbul Ho: laeecirtHbiii - Manon3BecnibiH - Heu3eecmiibiü, 3aßuciaibiü -nojiy3aBHCHMbiň - He3aencuMbtÍL
AHTOHHMbi, CBsnamibie c KcxTHHecTBeiiHOH rpajtauHeň, Macro hmciot aciíM-MeipiiMin.iH xapaKTcp. KojiHHeciBeHHbie xapaKTepncrmcH, o6o3Ha4acMi>ic raKHMH c^oBa.MH, KaK MHOP.o, ebicoKitň, npaKTHiecKH ne hmciot npe/tejia, Tor^a KaK npoTHBonocTaB^aeMbie hm cnoBa Mano, marnit o6o3iiaHaioT npranaK, hmooiuhíí KOJiHHecTBeHHbiH npeaeji. Pea:ibHoe coaep)KaHHe npoTHBonocraB-jmeMbix noiunnií aB-Ľiercji oTiiocHreJibiibiM. Hanp., 10 m - sto znyöoKO j^in
pCKH,  HO MeJIKO JSJW MOpfl.
B HerpaayajibHbie anTOHHMbi o6o3Ha'iaioT noHírma. MOK-iy KOTopbiMH hcbo3mo>kho cyiuccTBOBaHHC npoMOKyTOHHoro HJieHa, t. e. ÓHnapHbie xapaK-TepHCTHKH THna da hjih nem: otcueoü - Měpmebiu, Mootcito - Hem>3si, eoůmu -ebiiimiL Hx HcnojiflpHaa rpa^yanH« B03MoacHa c noMoiubio jickchhcckhx cpc^cTB: nymb otaie, ejie otcue, nonyotciieoü, noJiy.Měpmebďi npmiaraTCJibHbie c npucTaBKaMH He-, 6e3- BbicTynaioT KaK ainroHHMbi to.to.ko B tom cjiynae, ecjiH OHH HB-Tjnorcfl KpaňiiHMH "UienaMH anTOHHMHHecKOH napa;mrMbi: ydanitbiii -HeydaHHbiií, unmepecHbiü - 6e3bmmepecHbai:
i------------- OniOIIICHHC K aciiCTBHTClbDOCTH -------------1
+ HCTHHHblfl/H&n03KHbIH                                                       - JlOJKHHH/HeHCTHHHblH
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H KoiiBepoiBbi cBsrcaiibi c na3BaHHCM B3anMoo6paTHMbix ;ichctbhh, otiio-iiichhh: Kynioitb y Koeo umo - npodanib komv umo, dumb - hihihi, ebuupanib Mamu y kopo - npoiupamb Mamu KOMy.
S Am-oHHMinamiH pcieBbix $ib:ichhíí CBjnana c CHTyaTHBHbiMH nporn-BonocTaBJíciiHaMH CJTOB b KoiiKpeTiibix Bi,icKa3biBannax: .lyuuie Meiibuie, da jiyuuie; mo.% da yôaji; 3tno He KHuea, a mempadb.
® CeiwaHTHHecicaH KJiaccHcpiiKauHH aHTOHHMOB ociioBbiBacTca Ha THnc npo-THBonojio>KHocTH. Ohh MoryT o6o3HaHaTb:
1. KaiecTBo:	...... xopouiHii - ruioxoii, JiencHH - TpyjHbiii,
2. cocToaime:	Becejibiň - rpycTHbifi, xojioctoh - JKeHarbifi,
3. BpeMH:	yTpeiiiinií - Benepiuifi, .aero - 3iiMa, BMepa - 3aBTpa
4. npocrpaHCTBo:	naBepxý - Biimý, Bnepěfl - Ha3aji, BBepx - bhid
5. pa3Mep:	6ojibiiioľf - ManeiibKiiň, uinpoKiiri - >'3khh,
6. sreneniw npiipoübi:	»capa - xójioa, co.iHue - JiyHá, cyxoň - B.iajKHbifi
7. B03pacT:	crrapbiň - mojiojoh, B3poaibm - HCB3pocjibiň
8. ^eiicTBiia:	BCTaTb - cecTb, paöoTa - 6e3Rcm>e,
9. KOJiimecTBo:	Miioro - Majio, Bce - hiikto, Bcě - hiihto,
10. KyjibTvpy, HayKy:	rpaMOTHHH - 6e3rpaMOTHbiíí, yBepnopa - ij)iiiia:i
MuorcmiaHiibie cioBa b pa3iibix cbohx 3HanenHax MoryT HMeTb pa3iibie aHTOHHMbi. HanpHMcp: hu3kuu 3a6op - eucoKuü 3a6op, hu3kuu nocrynoK -ÖJiazopoöHbiü nocTynoK, hii3koh ueiib - eosebmiennaa ucjib; eycmoii Jiec - pedxuu Jiec, zycmasi CMeraiia - ncudmn CMerana.
® no CBoeň CTpyKType airroHHMbi MoryT 6i»iTb ojHOKopHeBbiMH h pa3Ho-KopHeBbiMH: npuümu - yůmu, öojibiuoü - Manemmiü.
® YnoTpeô^eHHe aHTOHHMOB. Ahtohhmm mnpoKo Hcnojib3yioTCH b xyao-«ecTBemioH JíHTepaType, (ppa3eojiorH3Max. Ohh cocraBiisnoT ocHOBy TaKHX xyaojKecTBCHHbix npncMOB, KaK aHmumé3a, upoHust, OKCiOMopoH.
AimiTe3a - sto npoTHBonocTaBJieraie pe3KO KOHTpacTuux noHjrriiň. Hanp.: Bbuia 6ej padocmu .iioOoeb - PauiyKa ôydem 6e3 nenamt (Jlep.M.). B luymKy cKa3ano, da ce-pbějito 3adyMano. Cunoiiiľvuniibiebo3Možkuoctii pujin.ix q.ieuoB uutouumhhcckoíí na-
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pi.i Macro ne coBnaaaioT. Cp.: MCKpemuü ne.ioeeK - HeuacpeHHUÜ (jiutfeMepHbiü, jiskusnü) ne.noeeK, 30opoebiü peöenoK - ôojiuhou (ne3dopoebtü, 6o.ie3HeHHbiü, XUMUÜ) peöenoK. HpoiiiiH npoHBJiMCTca b ynoTpeÖJieHHH airromiMOB c uejibio ctcpuTofi iiacMeniKii:
Mhozo nibi 3naetub! XopouieitbKaa ucmopun!
Ok-cloMopoiiu 'egymást kizáró elleníélek összekapcsolasa' - axe coeflimciuic flßyx anTOHiiMimccKiix noiiHTiiii. JioniMCCKii HCKHiOHaioimix flpyr apyra: xpaciiopenueoe MOJIHäHtie, popbKax padocmb, xcecmoKax doópoma, pa3zoeapueamb MOJtna. Eydb ctacnt-jiiea neciacmueM moum (JlepM.). B OKCioMopoiiax airromiMbi o6hhiio BbicTvnaiOT b hi ťiiMMľipiniibix 3iiaHciiiiHx: ofliio ciobo ynoTpe6.naeTca b nepeiiociioM 3HaHeHHH.
© 3HaHTH0CeMHH
3HaHTH0ceMHH (rpei. enanlios 'npoTUBonojiojKHbifi') - 3TO no;mpH3aiXHfl 3Ha-HeiiHH BiiyTpH oflHoro n Toro ace cJiOBa mm anni(})pa3iic. coctoauihh b ynox-peôneuHH cjiob b npOTHBonoJioxcHOM c.Mbicjie b coHeram-iH c oco6oö HiiToiia-
UHOIIHOH KOHCTpyKUMeň.
(D '-)iiaiinnicc'Mi.i BiiyrpH MHoro3HaHHbix cjiob flBJiaioTca pesynbTOTOM hc-
TOpHHeCKOro pa3BHTHJI H HaXOflHT BbipajKCHHC B THnHIHblX CJIOBOCO'ieTaHHJIX (cm. II. ricie !964. O. II. CMüpHOBa 1976, JI. II. KjiHMOBa 1975. JI. E. EecceHuBü 1983, Toho ToHeB 1977, JI. A. Hobhkob 1974). Cp.:
ooiiccTii rocreö bhhom, naeM 'noflxofla      -   6hcctb rocra 3a ctojiom biiho.m noflxo-K KajKflOMy yrocTHTb'                                           fla ko bccm c bhhom, nponycTiiTb Koro'
npocMOTpen> flHKTairr BHHMaTenbHO           -   npocMOTpen. naTb ouih6ok b flincramc
cecTb Ha noc rem                                            -   cecTb b nocTeJiH
YKcyc ubic roM.iCH h noTepjui BKyc.              -   Bhho BbicTon.iocb h cr&no Kpene.
3aflyn> CBeny                                                   -   3aayn> fló.MHy 'begyvjtja a kohóť
o.io.ivtcii n, KO.vty-H. fleubni                            -   o.io.ivkh n. y Koro-H. fleiibrii (iienpaB.)
liaBCpilO 'M05KCT 6bITb'                                      -   liaiiL'pilO 'HCCOMHeHHO, BepHO, tomho'
He walks fast                                                  -  It sticks fast.
3HanTnoceMbi Moryr BbicrynaTb b CHHOHHMHHecKHe h aHTOHHMHHccKne
OTHOUJCHHfl   OflHOBpCMCHHO   C   OflHHM   H   TEM   5Ke   CJIOBOM.   Cp.,   Hanp.:   pü3-
aeumupoeamb 1. 'y6eflHTb b hčm-h.', 2. 'oiroBopirrb, pa3y6eflHTb': Oh MeHH pa3-azumupoean exantb.
IipOCMO ipCTb/lipOCMaTpiIBaTb
npor.THfléTb/nporjiJiflbiBaTb   >.                         nponycTirrb/nponycKaTb
V
tA#
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ripoTHBonojio)KHOcn> MO)KCT npoHBJíflTbcs ne TOJibKO b npCAejiax Bccro cnoBa, no h b npcíícjiax o^Horo 3iiaHeiiHfl cnoBa. Hanp.: khcjimh 1. KUCJioe
aÓJiOKO, 2. '3aKiicuiinT: KucJian (Kßauieuaa) Kanycma, 3. 'npoKiiciiwn', 'nozmepr-uiiiHca nopMe': Kltaiax mpmoium, maioe euiio. 4. KUCJloe uacmpoenue.
R HCMeuKOM «Line cjiobo auflieben hmcct 3HaneHna 1. 'nodmiMCimb', lift, raise (up), pick/take up: Hebe das Glas vom Boden auf! TIodmiMU cmaxaH c noxy! 2. 'ornueHHmb, CHUMamb', terminate, cancel, break up: Das Verbot wurde aufgehoben. '3anpem   6bin amm', 3.  'coxpannmb', keep, save: Heben Sie sich die Quittung auf!
'CoxpaHume Kaumamfuio!
CjioBa KOiieif h Hcmaiio 3THMOJiornHecKH hmoot oöuihh KopcHb: Ha-HA-Jio < *na-ken-lo (cp.: uenoKOH ßCKöe 'from time immemorial', 'régtól fogva, amióta világ a világ'. B naraucKOM $i3biKe cjiobo alius HMeer 3HancHHa 'bwcokhh' h 'rjiySoKiiň'. BcHrepcKoe coMcraiiHe magas hó 'bl>icokhh euer' nepoBo^MTca Ha pyccKHH: pjiyóoKuň cues, neu. tiefer Schnee.
® AHTH(bpa3iic ocooeHHo xapaKTcpen jvm cjiob, Bi>ipa>KaiomHX Ka«iecr-
BCHHyK) OUCHKy. BbICKa3I>IBaHHfl C TaKHMH C.lOBa.MH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HHTO-
nauHH Moiyr Bbipa>KaTb npoTHBHnoaoMCiiyio oueHKy cKa3aHHoro. Cp.: KaKMbi edeM.' 'o'ie?ib öbicmpo' hjth 'oneiib Med.ieimo'. Kaxax y nee Keapinupa! XopöuienbKoe de.iol 'Szép kis ügy!' B xopouienbKyw otce ucmopwo sbi nonademe! 'A pretty peck of troubles you'll get into'.
CÁ nr