AII SEMINAR 7 Crime and Punishment Some Thoughts on Crime 1 “The major dangers of crime in modern societies are not the crimes, but that the fight against them may lead societies towards totalitarian developments.” – Nils Christie (b.1928), Norwegian criminologist. 2 The prison industry is said to employ more than 523,000 people, making it the largest employer in the U.S. after General Motors. 3 Imprisonment is a process whereby a large number of unemployed are made invisible. American unemployment statistics appear to be low compared to those of other industrial democracies because 1.6 million mainly low‑skilled workers are imprisoned, with a 2% difference in real unemployment levels. 4 “Obviously crime pays, or there would be no crime.” – Gordon Liddy (b.1930), American radio talk-show host. 5 “Few men desire liberty; most men wish only for a just master.” – Sallust (86-34 BC), Roman historian. 6 “Drugs – if they did not exist, our governors would have invented them in order to prohibit them and so make much of the population vulnerable to arrest, imprisonment, seizure of property, and so on.” – Gore Vidal (b.1925), American author of The War at Home. 7 “If we make enough laws, we can all be criminals.” – Anonymous. 8 “Our current* prison state has the dual effect of getting rid of extra people (unskilled workers – this is related to race), and demonizing them. The drug war is basically for this - it has nothing to do with drugs, but much to do with criminalizing an unwanted population and scaring everybody else.” – Noam Chomsky (b.1928), American linguist and cultural critic. Task 1 – Vocabulary matching Match the following words from the above texts with their equivalents; then choose a quote for discussion. 1. scare a) not working 2. invisible b) make something/someone into a crime/criminal 3. unemployed c) leader 4. obviously d) make something appear evil (bad) 5. liberty e) can’t be seen 6. just f) frighten 7. governor g) evidently, clearly 8. prohibit h) open to attack 9. vulnerable i) freedom 10. seizure j) double 11. current k) fair 12. dual l) remove 13. get rid of m) taking something 14. demonize n) relating to the present 15. criminalize o) ban, not allow Discussion questions 1 Do you think that crime has increased in your lifetime? How safe do you feel in your town? 2 Has the representation of crime on television or in the news increased? 3 Do you think that crime has gone up in this country since 1989? 4 What is a “police state”? 5 What percent of the population of a country must be in prison before we call it a “police state”? 6 Is it sociologically important how people are punished for crimes and how prisoners are treated? 7 Do you think that crime can be profitable? How? 8 What problems can arise with private prisons or private police forces? Task 2 – Comprehension and Scanning of Statistics Scan the text to find the answers to the following questions. 1 How do the figures 3% and 51% relate to Australia? 2 How many people in the United Kingdom were sent to prison for not paying fines? 3 What was the ratio of private security forces to police officers in Canada in 1991? 4 Which country has the most prisoners per capita^1? 5 What was the 1992 US government estimate^2 for the percentage of black and Hispanic drug users? 6 In New York, what percentage of imprisoned drug-related offenders was made up of blacks and Hispanics? Task 3 – Formulate one question about a point that you find interesting from the text below. Ask your partner to find the answer and discuss. Crime and Punishment – Facts and Statistics Rates for serious violent crimes are more or less stable, but prison populations and the resources spent on the crime-control industry are both increasing rapidly. While the US leads, the trend is the same almost everywhere. 1. Rates of Imprisonment Prison Population graph. * In 1994, 5.1 million people in the US were on probation/parole^11 or in prison – nearly 3% of the population. 2. Petty Crime * Large numbers of people are doing jail time for non-violent, often petty (not serious) crime, or even the failure to pay fines^3. * The 11,846,833 US arrests^4 in 1994 included 86,733 for prostitution, 1,117,323 for drug offences^5, 600,345 for disorderly conduct^6, 105,781 for curfew^7 and loitering^8 violations, 200,863 runaways^9, and 21,407 for vagrancy^10. * In the UK in 1994, 22,723 persons were imprisoned for not paying fines – an increase of 36% for men and 68% for women from 1990. In 80% of the cases, the cost of imprisonment was more than the amount of the fine. 3. Money * By the mid-1990s, the US was spending over $200 billion a year on the crime-control industry. * In Canada between 1971 and 1991, the number of police officers increased 41% and the number of private security guards increased by 126%. By 1991, private security forces outnumbered police by about 2 to 1. * In the US, two major companies account for 50% of private contracts to run prisons. * Average yearly cost per prisoner in 1994: US $30,000, New Zealand $40,000, Canada $51,000. 4. The War on Drugs * Some 60% of prisoners in US prisons are there for drug offences. In 1992 some 3000 drug offenders^12 with no record of violent crime in the last 15 years were sent to prison for a minimum of 5 years. * The 1988 anti-drug abuse act gives a minimum imprisonment of 5 years for possession of more than 5 grams of crack cocaine (mostly used by blacks) on a first offence. You need to possess 100 times that amount of powdered cocaine (mostly used by whites) to get the same sentence. * In 1992, the US Public Health Service estimated that 76% of illegal drug-users in the US were white, 14% black, and 8% Hispanic. Yet in New York State, 92% of all drug-possession offenders sent to prison were black and Hispanic; in California, it was 71%. 5. The Color of Justice * The number of white young people brought into the US criminal justice system increased by 1% during 1987-88; for non-whites it increased by 42%. In 1991 the US national imprisonment rate was 310 per 100,000: amongst white males it was 352; amongst black males it was 6,301. * One in three black men (aged 20-29) in Los Angeles are jailed annually. In 1990 on an average day, one in four black men in the US were either in jail, prison, or on probation/parole^11. In Washington D.C., 75% of black males could expect to be arrested at least once before age 35. * In Canada, native Indians make up 5% of the total population, but 32% of the national prison population. There was a 204% increase in the number of blacks imprisoned in the province of Ontario between 1986 and 1994; for whites it was 23%. * In the state of Western Australia, native Aborigines^13 make up 3% of the population, yet account for 51% of all those imprisoned by the high courts (75% for less than three months). Adapted from http://www.newint.org/issue282/facts.html; New Internationalist, 1996. Viewed on 11.11.2002. Task 4 – Reading and Summarizing – Work with a partner to write a simple summary of one of the paragraphs. Use your own words and be prepared to read it to the class. Prisons as Big Business 1 "Crime Does Not Pay" is a slogan we have often repeated, but which today is in doubt^14. Crime does indeed pay! Some corporations are taking advantage of what is being called by Norwegian criminologist Nils Christie the "corrections industrial complex", an industry which since the mid 1980s has become an economic giant. It includes the construction, maintenance, and operation of private prisons. There is a basic problem with an industry which is economically interested in the continuation of a negative aspect of society. Dr. Christie explains, "You get private lobbying^15 for prisons and you get private capital interested in building more prisons, in expanding that system. The industry has no interest in its own abolition^16." 2 With a prison population of over 1.8 million in the U.S., which has doubled within the last ten years, there will be a need for more room. Existing prisons are overfull and filled with the product of the “war on drugs”. Non-violent drug offenders^12 are the largest and fastest growing section of the prison population. "Three Strikes and You're Out" laws serve neither society nor the offender^12. Such "band aid" approaches^17 have not been useful, except for creating corporate profits. Crime-industry lobbyists^15 want tougher and longer punishment, even though the crime rate has actually decreased and is below what it was 25 years ago. 3 Not only do those financing private prisons have an interest in “the bottom line”^18, but often the guard does as well. Many private prisons offer employees stock ownership^19 as opposed to guaranteed pensions, a money-saving plan that encourages guards to lengthen prisoner stays at every opportunity, while saving on such things as food, medical services, and rehabilitative activities. 4 Another issue in this industry is prisoner labor. If private prisons can use prisoner labor, then the investment comes full circle. Not only are they paid to house inmates for the state, but they have a labor force which needs no benefits, has no lobbying^15 power, and cannot strike^20 for higher wages or better working conditions. Critics are concerned with prison labor undercutting^21 outside wages or removing jobs from the private sector. There is also the fear of poor health and safety standards. Is such prisoner labor a way to rehabilitate them and decrease the amount paid by taxpayers, or is it exploitation^22 of a particular class of society? 5 There is a tendency to deprive^23 individuals of their liberty for purely economic reasons as the "prison industrial complex" (like any other) desires to expand. The only possible way for the industry to do this is for it to maintain high rates of imprisonment, while providing the least number of services (that cut into profits). This could lead to the privatizing of the justice system by the influence of the industry's lobbying power for longer, tougher, and stricter punishment. 6 The focus must be shifted away from profits made by a few individuals and financial interests, and redirected towards building a system that takes from the best of both public and private sectors. The goal is a system which is cost-effective, serves society, and produces what prison systems are designed for: a rehabilitated^24 prisoner. It is not an unachievable goal; America has done as much with greater problems. It is already proven that prisoner labor and prison privatization creates huge amounts of money. This money should benefit the taxpayers, and it should, in part, be for the funding of the justice system, including defender^25 expenses, prison construction, operation and maintenance, and crime prevention and prisoner rehabilitation^24. Truly looking for answers to stopping crime is the only way that the industry will benefit society in a responsible way. Adapted from Prisons as Big Business by Lawson Strickland, Biddle Publishing, 1998; found at: http://www.lairdcarlson.com/celldoor/Bio_Address/StricPrisonBigBusiness.htm viewed on 22.11.2002. Task 5 – Grammar Exercise – Probability and Possibility Look at the following activity and choose either if or when, according to the context (sometimes you can use both). Try to decide what the difference in meaning of each statement is. 1. If / when I get home tonight, I’ll cook dinner. 2. If / when I was a child, I once stole some candy. 3. If / when I win the lottery, I’ll buy you a coffee. 4. If / when I reach the age of 60, I’ll retire and move to Costa Rica. 5. If / when I don’t see you, have a nice journey. 6. If / when I get out of prison, I’m going to go to college. 7. If/when you put ice in a glass of hot water, it melts. 8. If/When it rains this afternoon, I´ll stay at home. 9. If/When I get old, I´ll probably have grey hair. Task 6 - Grammar Exercise – Relative pronouns Look at the following sentence. A high proportion of people who Victim Support contacted were helped with at least one problem. Victim Support is the subject of the sentence. A high proportion of people is the object. What does the relative pronoun refer to – to the subject or the object? Note that a relative pronoun is not necessary if it refers to the object of the sentence. Complete each of the spaces below with an appropriate relative pronoun. Choose from that/which/who/whose/none needed. Some will have more than one possibility. 1 The treatment ……………. victims receive from the police varies from area to area. 2 Some people ……………… are burgled find it no more than an irritating inconvenience. 3 Unfortunately, people ……………. have been burgled once are statistically more likely to be burgled again. 4 Face to face contact was the method ……………. most people found helpful. 5 Burglars usually sell the things …………… they stole quite quickly. 6 If you make an insurance claim, you will need the crime reference number ………….. the police give you. 7 All volunteers …………… work with victims have been specially selected and trained. 8 Convicted burglars are sometimes asked to apologize personally to the people ………….. possessions they stole. 9 Volunteers are people ………… work free of charge because they think the work is important. Task 7 - Grammar Exercise - Relative pronouns Rewrite this passage adding the relative clauses to make it clearer. The first one has been done for you. who has already been convicted of burglary which are reported who commit burglary which people commit who are burgled Burglary is one of the most common crimes which people commit. Some figures show that up to one in six crimes is a burglary. Therefore, many people will be burgled at some point in their life. Some of those will find it devastating, even if none of their possessions are actually taken. People should realize the effect they may have on someone else’s life. In my opinion, if someone offends again, they should receive a stiffer sentence. Tasks 7 and 8 adapted from: Roberts, Rachael, Joanne Gakonga, and Andrew Preshous. IELTS Foundation Student's Book. Oxford: Macmillan, 2004. Vocabulary 1. per capita na jednu osobu 2. *estimate; to estimate odhad; odhadovat 3. *to fail to pay fines neplatit pokuty 4. an arrest, to arrest zatčení, zatknout 5. *offence přestupek 6. disorderly conduct výtržnické chování 7. curfew zákaz vycházení 8. loitering potulování se 9. runaway uprchlík, utečenec 10. vagrancy tuláctví (bezdomovci) 11. probation; parole podmíněné prominutí trestu; zkušební lhůta 12. offender pachatel přestupků 13. aborigines domorodci 14. *to be in doubt být na pochybách 15. *lobbying; lobbyist vykonávání nátlaku, intervenovat; lobb (y)ista 16. *abolition zrušení 17. “band-aid” approach povrchní přístup k řešení problému 18. “the bottom line” základní, rozhodující (finance) 19. stock ownership vlastnictví akcií 20. *to strike stávkovat 21. to undercut podbízet, pracovat za nižší plat 22. *exploitation vykořisťování 23. *to deprive someone of their liberty zbavit někoho svobody 24. to rehabilitate; rehabilitation ospravedlnit; ospravedlnění 25. defender obžalovaný 26. *to sacrifice; sacrifice obětovat; oběť Word bank 1. to commit a crime spáchat trestný čin 2. offence přestupek 3. to witness a crime být svědkem trestného činu 4. eye witness očitý svědek 5. to charge with a crime obvinit z trestného činu 6. to take to court vzít k soudu 7. to sue sb žalovat někoho 8. to be tried být souzen 9. trial soudní proces 10. to be taken into custody být vzat do vazby 11. to plead not guilty prohlašovat se nevinným 12. to defend sb obhajovat někoho 13. state prosecutor státní zástupce 14. to pass verdict vynést rozsudek 15. judge soudce 16. jury porota 17. to appeal odvolat se 18. Court of Appeal odvolací soud 19. to be acquittted být zproštěn obžaloby 20. to sentence odsoudit 21. to pay a fine platit pokutu 22. bail kauce 23. to serve 2 years in prison odpykat si 2 roky ve vězení 24. to be released from prison být propuštěn z vězení 25. blackmail vydírání 26. bribery úplatkářství 27. to bribe uplácet 28. drug trafficking pašování drog 29. to smuggle pašovat 30. human trafficking ilegální převod lidí přes hranic e 31. mugging loupežné přepadení 32. kidnapping únos osoby 33. ransome výkupné 34. to hijack unést dopravní prostředek 35. arsonist žhář 36. copyright infringement porušení autorského práva 37. breach of law porušení zákona 38. to pass a bill schválit zákon 39. community service veřejně prospěšné práce 40. death penalty trest smrti 41. to abolish zrušit 42. life imprisonment doživotní trest 43. jail cela 44. to amend law upravit zákon Other quotations from http://www.newspeakdictionary.com/ot-quotes.html#QProhibition, viewed on 22.11.2002.