I L       Ě       Š       Š       Ö       N.................v...........6s)
QJX— hcľ/u0—B A Day in Roberťs Life
us
é IS D
In the class.
i  a I  o  g u
2 o/n*— h
3 ATM
5 ATM
6 a/<— h
M. «f#£&;fi3: L/čo
tä#M*&#-3-0-t < tz $vn^0 «itv^-f^bo
®
Ej After class.
IIA £ i
7X U, o/<-h^ ^ai:MILBibl30
®
I j On the bus.
i tili k SA,:   h co, tAl^o zosiTslilčR&ffc^ftžii-fro
2 o/sí— h
Prof. Yamashita: Robert, please read the next page. Robert: . . .
Prof. Yamashita: Robert, please wake up. You cannot sleep in the class. Robert: Mr. Yamashita, I forgot to bring the textbook. Prof. Yamashita: Please bring your textbook with you. We use it everyday. Robert: I understand. I'm sorry.
Sue: Robert, you had a hard time today.
Robert: Yes. May I borrow your notebook later, Sue?
Sue: Yes.
Robert: Thank you. I'll return it soon. Sue: Robert, we will have a test tomorrow. Robert: Really?
Sue: Yes. You were absent from the class last Friday. (That's why you didn't know about it.) Robert: Well then, I'll go home and study today.
Old woman: Excuse me. Does this bus go to the city hospital? Robert: Yes, it does. Take this seat, ma'am. Old woman: No, thank you. I'll get off soon. Robert: Is that so? Then, shall I cany your bag? Old woman: Thank you.
m
mm
fc^
V   o; c   a   b   u I
Nouns
fcfrfa money
* $il££> ^ Ay grandmother; old woman &:^h ^JiLS bath
fi*As\S kanji; Chinese character
* £ J: n    I J: 35#r# textbook ■1 A/ L # "9 this week
* \. &kTf i.    ^h rjJ^^F^        Municipal Hospital
* o¥ next
T 1/ t*y—A video game
•CA/^ ^ft electricity
"C/vL-?> train
* iz t -o baggage
* — v page
$ if Jg window
i5 $L night
b ^ "> L yp 1 ^.sSL              next week
b^te/v next year
^-adjective
* TcV^/v^) :£/3c              tough (situation) (/-verbs
h <t JI 2&i>              to play; to spend time pleasantly
^    C ,% <*               to hurry
tS2*Z>Kli\^Z £M,gt-X£ to take a bath
* ^J X. i" to return (things)
(person lz thing £)
tti" ift'i"               to turn off; to erase
^tfa to die
5 $E £              to sit down     (sea/ (-)
tz^> $l~0              to stand up
tz \i : Jtl /:tJ:Jfi   to smoke
* otj1-) to use
X~ofzl "HS •?           to help     (person/task £)
* Words that appear in the dialogue
(117)
to
Rw-verbs
IAS
* h-ftiZ
irregular
* i o X < 5 Adverbs
<
* It3 •) "Ci"
as st-
rait 5
ft 0 5
to enter     (~ f-)
to carry; to hold     (~ &)
(1) to be absent (from . . . )
(2) to rest
to open (something)     (~ £ ) to teach; to instruct
(person I - //zjm# £) to get off     (~ & ) to borrow'    {person \ - //«Mir &) to close (something)     (~ £ ) to turn on     (~ £ ) d'tt £  to make a phone call
{person 1-) to forget; to leave behind
(-*)
Verbs
to bring (a person) (~ £) to bring (a thing)     (~ £)
and    Other Expressions
later on
(do something) late because . . .
That would be fine.; That wouldn't be necessary, right away Really?
slowly; leisurely; unhurriedly
18)
£ & Grammar
M Te-form
The main topic of this lesson is a new conjugation of verbs called the "te-form." Te-forms are a very important part of Japanese grammar. In this lesson, we will learn, among their various uses, to use them in:
• making requests (". . . , please.")
■ giving and asking for permission ("You may . . ./May I . . .")
• stating that something is forbidden ("You must not . . .")
• forming a sentence that describes two events or activities. ("I did this and did that.")
The conjugation paradigm of te-forms is fairly complex, as we need to learn separate rules for ru-, u-, and irregular verbs. Furthermore, the rule for «-verbs is divided into five subrules.
First, with ra-verbs, the rule is very simple: Take ?> off and add X.
ru-verbs
&  — t —
U-verbs come in several groups, based on the final syllable of their dictionary forms.
u-verbs with final z>, ~D, and •§>
35 35
* — *—
1 As we discussed in Lesson 3, some verbs that end with the hiragana h are ru-verbs and some others are *<-verbs. The rule of thumb for determining which verb is which is to examine the vowel before the final 5 syllable. If the vowel is a, o, or u, the verb, without any exceptions, is an «-verb. If the vowel is either i or e, the verb can be either an z<-verb or a ra-verb. Statistically speaking, there are many more rw-verbs, than w-verbs in the iru and eru camp, but there are many important verbs in the minority, such asX? (to enter), and (to return). ... aru ■]
... oru \ = always w-verbs \ = often, but not always, r«-verbs
<■ . . . eru I
1. . . uru '
As far as fe-forms are concerned, we observe that M-verbs that end with 2> will have a small -o, rw-verbs that end with 3 do not.
©
u-verbs with final     /3s and 6&
	->	Hath zr
«* —■		*
	-»	
35-E—		
t —	-»	
u-verbs with final <
# — #>-
There is an important exception in this class:
u-verbs with final <'
u-verbs with final IT
12« B£
The irregular verbs i~2> and < 4, and compound verbs built with them, conjugate as follows.
irregular verbs	
	
	
Note that fe-forms and stems (the forms you find before £ i~) are totally different constructs in the w-verb camp. A common mistake is to assume that the simple paradigm provided by the    -verbs (fz^X and ~f) covers the z/-verbs also, thus coming up
with unwarranted forms such as x\X (see ^^£-f) and xl^t (see lfc&£1r). It is
hi, it
probably easier, at this stage of learning, to memorize each verb as a set, as in # < —#
^ £ ~f—It^-t, than to apply the conjugation rules on the spot. Refer to the verb conjugation table at the end of this volume.
Use a verbal te-form together with < ff ^ v \ to make a polite request to another person
2
"please do . . . for me. "
!>xň 4' Li >
Please listen to the tape that goes with the textbook.
Excuse me. Please teach me a little. (= Tell me, I need your advice.)
A verbal ře-form plus & v^v-vC-f means "you may do . . . ," which describes an activity that is permitted. To ask for permission, you can turn it into a question sentence, ~X t>
# ž JL *C t v ^ v % -C~? *1 o Mz v / see ř/te textbook?
JL"C t vn^" 1"Xa Yes, you may.
To deny somebody permission to do something, you can use the re-form plus (i v it á -ti-^^í, ^Í4# S-ltlá^ltí-tt^     No, you may not see the textbook.
Jjň .4' Li A
Bl Describing Two Activities
You can use a ře-form if you want to combine two or more verbs, as in describing a sequence of events or actions ("I did this and then I did that"). In other words, the te-form does the work of "and" with verbs. (Note that two verbs cannot be joined by £, which only connects nouns.)
/ will borrow her notebook and xerox it.
JIf you are talking to a very close friend or a member of your family, a te-ioxva, by itself, can be used as a request.
.'SSMI't'to Open the window, will you?
Today I got up at six and studied.
til'-ft^-C, C(iA, £ H:^ ä L J: % Let's go to the cafeteria and have lunch.
The fe-form of a verb can also be used to connect a verb more "loosely" with the rest of a sentence. In the first example below, the verb in the te-form describes the manner in which the action described by the second verb is performed. In the second example, the fe-form describes the situation for which the apology is made.
/ go to ivork by bus. (I take a bus to work.)
I am sorry for not bringing hi the textbook. (I left the book at home, and I am sorry.)
A sentence that ends with A* h (because) explains the reason or the cause of a situation, a proposal, and so forth.
I {situation^ (explanation) AxE>o 1
I will study this evening. (Because) we will have an exam tomorrow.
Let's go by bus. (Because) taxis are expensive.
C9 ~^u<fc-3*v
In Lesson 5 we learned $ L x 1 *v meaning "let's . ..." £ L I i is also used in the sense of "let me do ...." in offering assistance. If you see somebody having a hard time opening the lid of a bottle, for example, you can offer help by saying:
(fc**) fHLni", I'll do it.
3The explanation clause may also precede the situation clause. Thus the first example above can also be paraphrased as :
We will discuss this further in Lesson 9.
r 3sb5
Or to a person who is carrying a heavy bag: $f$7 3 L J; lfr0 Shall I carry your bag?
I: t-> t
my—h
Oi5 If A>
Expression Notes
(2)
iK/iiU^ Although both and jl < mean "late," they have different usages, since 31 v> is an adjective and iS < is an adverb.       modifies nouns
Hi )st is*
or works as a predicate, and iS < modifies verbs.
to*
A: %(Do-~mzm£Ltc0 B: m^X'tteo
/ ivent to bed at one o'clock yesterday. It's late.
Oh weekends, I get up around 10:00
an*/ eat late breakfast.
I went to bed late yesterday.
You can also apply this rule to    < /-^-V*.
£3:fc ► t* "5 i) is normally used with $> D t 9, as in if d £> $> 0 #s o (Thank you very much), or with "f""<& £-£/v, as in if -5 ki"<&-£-£^ (I am very sorry/Thank you very much). When used alone, it is an abbreviation of if ■o & $> D j&* t 5 or i:-5 ~f"<^-^ ii" A/. Therefore, when you want to show your gratitude or regret, you can just say if "5 i> instead of saying a long sentence, if o i> functions in many ways, depending on the situation. Some people use ii -5 & as "hello" or "good-bye."
IF-
In
fa
sHJ'JtlH
i
m
'<mm
EM
33 ► Many words that begins with iJ can also be used without it. is in such words simply adds smoothness and nuance of social refinement, without changing the meaning of the words.
Example:
ism
tK W Practice
Si' £
A. Change the following verbs into ře-forms. @ Example:   & * %   -*   & J X
1. tz*<Z    2. 3. it*       4. 5.  < S 6.
7. &*«S:    8. £ £       9. 10. v^<-   11. ^<      12. fc£
13. Lifc      14. tift-f 15.
B. Let's sing a ře-form song!  (Battle Hymn of the Republic) @
J>1. h^X   Ř^>   Ř^X   Z Z ZoX
XV   XLX Ž>^T   Ltfa   L A.X
fr(      1)*\^X ltl"C     V^<* V^V^
ž^-verb če-form J>2. ti^rtó   /t-e   < C v,x-C
(repeat twice)
~f    LX   u-verb te-fovm
C. What will you say when you want someone to do the following things? @
Example:  to speak slowly
1. to call you tomorrow 3. to open the window 5. to teach you kanji 7. to wait for you 9. to go to a hospital 11. to bring a friend
2. to write a letter 4. to drink tea 6. to bring a drink 8. to come with you
10. to return your book
12. to stand up
D. What would you say in the following situations?
Example:   M £ M It X < tz ? v ^
(3) (4) (5)
E. Pair Work—Make your own request, such as "Please stand up" and "Please take a picture," and ask your partner to act it out.
Example:   A : 3 — h — £ fkAsX < tz $ v nc     ->   B pretends to drink coffee.
a* a* A. You are staying with a host family. Ask your host family for permission to do the following things. @
Example:   Tl"b*£JLS T U I? £ JLX h ^^^X-ffro
l. /ilfc^i      2. H;t££a»l7£ 3.
4. a<')fa 5. &tzt>£&tlX < 5       6. ^&£W<
7. &N JfcjWtS        8. fPty-AH^
B. What would you say in the following situations? Make sentences with —rfcU
1. You are in class. You realize you need to go to the bathroom as soon as possible.
2. You are in class. You feel sick and want to return home.
3. You have forgotten to do the homework. You are sure you can bring it in tomorrow.
4. You want to ask your teacher something, but you cannot phrase it in Japanese.
5. You want to smoke in a coffee shop, and there is someone sitting nearby.
6. You are at a friend's house, and suddenly remember that you need to make a phone call.
7. You have run into a celebrity. Conveniently, you have a camera with you.
8. You have arrived at a classroom. The air is stuffy.
9. You and your friend are in a dark room, and you feel somewhat uncomfortable.
C. You are a strict parent. Tell your child not to do the following things using the cues in A. @
Example:   fI/ťU2   -*   Ť V ť £ H X (i ^tt Ž
D. Tell the class what we can and can't do at school and at a host family's house.
Example:   %%LX'tzlŽZ &v&~o X (á^tt Ž -Č/v0
^Xf-7r;'J - (host familv) <D l *>T*$BÍSJSIS CXo X £> ^v^to
® mmžz, =i-
3š£ 33 CD
A. Look at the pictures below and combine the pictures using ie-forms. Example:  *B&3< n-t-ži^áTo
B. Change the following into te-forms and make the rest of the sentences. Example: -*   Iflfe^'C. #M£St^3:To
4. &4m 5. 6. ^izff<
A. Add reasons to the following sentences.
Example:  /^C^yf,     ->   /<X f:^ 0 £ To b#Fh^& 0 5 b0
1. ^sttiA^-CLfco 2. &£)B&@£JL3:-tf/U
3. y >lzft$ £ lfZo       4. ^T;7X^AUfco
vv ^-r
5. (name of a friend) ^ ~CTo
316
B. Pair Work—Ask each other why you think the following.
Example:  $M - (i A, £ fc-c t -£ ^ ■„
B : if-5 Lttt^o
A : tbt 0 £#£ř& 0 i-a-A,**<b„ B $Á.íá?
1. ^jiii*£-ci\
2. h LŤziiUŘ "C'-fo
3. sif^ (name of a movie) ž JLŘ "f 0
4. ^ (O ■), (name of a restaurant) f-^ff ^ Ž L fcD
A-ti
6. áMLfiH*f§£&5£Lá-tf-/C0
7. iMi, (name of a place) í-ÍŤJáÍ"0
8. ilž^-ŽK^áto
a-
Pair Work—Propose to do the following things, using £Ucfc5A\@
Example: fVb'^il't
it
A : f V t* £ JW L 5 t x i
1. SSBflltS 2. TUVZ-^ttZ       3. ^HS?
iff   * t -jft
4. ^f:M< 5. -ti££>Wt£ 6. ff&fcfto
7. ft**m^"C < -5      8. t^£^i" 9. ^Jl£$l£
10. &£ffl#>S
if L
(i)£<t&)(DMW (Review Exercises)
tlhj Lipo
A. Role Play—Play the roles of A and B with your partner. Example:
Example-A
You are short of money and want to borrow some money from your friend.
Example-B
You are going on a trip tomorrow. You don't have money to lend to your friend.
A : t&t+tA,**^ ft 1 X i vu^-f^ B : &&X*~tt\ if-9 Lto
(1)
1-A
You have a date tomorrow and want to borrow a car from your friend.
(2)
2-A
You lost your Japanese textbook, but you need to study for a test tomorrow.
(3)
3-A
You are asked to return your friend's video today, but you forgot to bring it. You want to return it tomorrow.
1-B
You just bought a brand-new car and don't want anyone to use it.
2-B
You have a big test in Japanese and need your textbook to prepare for the test.
3-B
You asked your friend to return your video today. You need it today because you want to watch it together with another friend.
(4)
4-A
You are now in your friend's house. You see a cake that looks very delicious. You love cakes.
4-B
You just baked a cake for your mother's birthday. Your friend is in your house now.
B. Answer the following questions
l. ^m.<om.*, n& Lit^o
(Answer with "~~t^~o") 2. X < fafc I £ ltz*\       (Answer with "~T.~o")
3. m-
rx.L<-     'St- +
5. ^tc^rs^fo-c^ ^t^o
6. 'i < ti-t^') ät^o
7. fcm.. fämz&tiä Ltzt>\
«/Li»i   Lit <*■•■> -i,-r
8. cf'CWn/:^
9. ^ä£7)^> j: < j^^s^v^ itzir
10. H#lf-t-J; < ^£it 0 ä1-*\>
Useful Expressions
(go straight)
a i
(turn right)
(turn left)
l»ool'.
(turn right at the first signal)
(turn left at the second corner)
88
(cross the street)
a.-,   vtsw*> a*, ah*
(left side of the street)   (right side of the street)
Directions
it (north)
B
(west)
m
AiA
(south)
Excuse me, where is a post office?
11 a-?      f;      *■>:'    Ay i
Go straight and turn right at the third corner. The post office is on the right side of the street.
A : 1\ Thank you very much.