► SB • £au
I7*|:it; -     E       S       S 0
C^C^'^^OcSlS Grumble ancl Gossip
"17^
I£ D
a
o g  u e
Sue and Takeshi have just run into each other at the station.
1 X- :      fctt I $     ^ I J: 0 -Ctfco *Mf-&*Hc#Mtft L tz £ n X'-Tteo
2 "9 to
4 x- :     t Ttt^t-'ltoi
* ~) X'i-£a
7 x - :
8
9 /=(tL
10
11 X —
12 /= it l : mf^m--^ tz h. um^x-$ % z&o /cttc
'I j :i »''• L v     li'' 'I : - -'' t
II1 Ken and Sue have arranged to meet at the coffee shop.
1 X-
2
3 X-
4 \1L
5 X-
6
X. Jl Ji tz (t L * /U^S I T£> b -tfVv-tfX^^ it if, 7tft/= -3 7c ?
T\^/C$t5hX^3^/i^0 45t%ia, Mmi^^X^^^^ i tzXo
->/j- iMiX I I' tyk to
**U-, -It I -f ^ -c ^ r >j - £ r - h t £ W i & v^ to
l?(^Hi f±*J:        &Jt^lt£*o £><o~A, ^A^&fc.
Sue: Takeshi, long time no see. I've heard you got a job at a travel agency. Congratulations!
Takeshi: Thank you.
Sue: Have you gotten used to the job yet?
Takeshi: Yes. But, compared to my college days, I have become very busy. I don't have any time for myself.
Sue: That's tough. At my friend's company, there are many holidays, and they don't have to work-overtime, 1 heard.
Takeshi: I'm envious. At my company, there are few holidays and the salary is low ... It can't get worse.
Sue: Why didn't you check more before you entered the company? Takeshi: I thought that I could travel around when 1 got in a travel agency.
Sue: I happened to meet Takeshi at the station this morning. Ken: I haven't seen him since he graduated. How was he?
Sue: He looked very tired. He said he sleeps only four or five hours every night. Ken: Company employees in Japan have a hard time, after all. Sue: Besides that, he said he doesn't have time to go out with Mary.
Ken: I see. If I were him, I would choose the girlfriend over the job. I hope they'll be okay.
Nouns
& $      < $ /v
* ^1 1 n
X h -7* /c^b < IT
a
DP
b   u I
l\ -adjectives
(/-verbs
Y
guest; visitor; client; customer man
hot water woman lock; key paper salary
contact lenses
the lowest; the worst
salaryman; company employee
overtime work
heater
lottery
difference
news
beard
secret
dormitory
travel agency
envious
a little; a few
strong
to choose; to select to boil water to comb one's hair to get crowded to win a lottery to take off (clothes) to shave one's beard
* Words thar appear in the dialogue
ftu-verbs
tz 1 3
Irregular Verbs
1*5
Adverbs and
* titbit i r^'uit
* U'^X
* "9
* ~t: < b^-C ~{" =t & H
* t z.
Other
to make tea, coffee, etc. to lock (~H) to be sufficient; to be enough to get used to . . .
to put makeup on
to get a full-time job (at . .
(company 1-) to wear small items (necktie, watch, etc.) to get a divorce
Expressions
Congratulations!
I wonder . . . (casual)
oneself
very
I see. (casual) moreover, . . . for example compared with . . . according to . . . before . . . after all
Grammar
155
~ZoT? (I hear)
In Lesson 13, we discussed the sentence-final expression £ i X"f which means "seemingly." Here we will study another sentence-final k i X"f, which presents a "hearsay report." The two £ i X*i~ differ not only in their semantics, but also in the forms of predicates they are attached to.
You can add the •?■ n X"f of report to a sentence ending in the short form.
If you heard someone say:
rB*B<z>£8i4gw\r-r«j
C ISA, C      U9>SJ:5 fc©
"Our Japanese class is fun. "
tWvttl* LA,ttO
"Our professor is very kind.
"We did not have a class today."
You can report it as:
C ISA. C       l!i»«jr5 fc«3 -
/ /zflfe heard that their Japanese class is fun.
•SAittU
OA/trt--
/ have heard that their professor is very kind.
I've heard that they didn't have a class that day.
When we use ■?■ n X"f, the reported speech retains the tense and the polarity of the original utterance. We simply turn the predicates into their short forms. (Thus "C1~ after a ^.'-adjective or a noun changes to tz, while X"f after an ^-adjective is left out.) Compare the paradigms of the two £ i X"~f.
verbs:
IVadjectives: t&-adjectives: noun
1ST
[tti
#<ttu
/ hear that . . .
its:
#<ttU
// looks like
r
1The i l X"t of report is robustly invariant. The only forms commonly used are £ t T'i" and the more casual £ T tz. We do not use the negative i i L*<»* *) £ -tt/v, and the past tense version % i X'Ltz. \See the footnote on £   "C*~f in Lesson 13.
You can also use £ i X"f to report on things that you have read about in a book or in a newspaper, or have come to know via a broadcast. To specify the information source, you can preface a sentence with the phrase 3 £, as in $ftffllz£ & Z (according to the
L k :.:k
newspaper report), and X h t (according to the weather forecast).
In informal speech, you can add o X at the end of a sentence, instead of £ l X"t, to quote what you have heard, -o X is the informal variant of the quotation particle £ and follows the short forms in much the same way as it tr o X v ■> £ I tz and •?• X"f.
Thus, when your friend Mary says,
r^atiiti^-cto foitz, a,-etc j
you can report it as:
/T'J-S/U 4-3 tilt L^o X0 hLtz, VsjktfbZAstzoX* Mary s«;ys she's busy today. She says she has an exam tomorrow.
You can also use o X in place of the quotation particle t before verbs like ¥ ■? .
I)H?^ M t f o t fz o4 WTwtf rfaf Akira say?
f 331/- h £'fc'<'f$fzoX~W^Xtzo     He said he ate too much chocolate.
5
tz h is one of the several words in Japanese that refer to conditional (if) dependence. When we say "A tz h B," we mean that "B is valid, contingent on the fulfillment of A." That is to say, the event, action, or situation in B is realized if and when the condition A is met.
I will buy kimono if and when I go to Japan.
3 iX and £ can also follow the long forms, and indeed sentence final particles like tf\ to, and X, if your intent is to quote verbatim, preserving the style and tone of the original utterance. *^>X changes to *C after L.
5We learned one use of this word in Lesson 14: fc^i X"fi' used in recommending an activity to the listener, tz h € n X"ffr literally translates as "how is it if."
The initial tz in tz h comes from the shot form past tense endings of predicates.
verbs:			
l\-adjectives:			
^-adjectives:			
noun +Z?"sJ":			
negative clauses:			
Sometimes, the clause before 7c h describes a possible condition and the clause after it the consequence which then follows. Whether or not the condition is actually met is largely an open issue with this set of sentences. It may be fairly likely, as in the first example, or very unlikely, as in the last.
-ex. * .- >/l ir
We will go for a walk, if the weather is fine.
fäU:«*" h > jit,
I will ask about it, if I see Professor Yamashita.
If somebody is a Japanese person, then they will probably know this word. I would send money to Amnesty International, if I should win the lottery.
Note that when you say "A tz h B," you cannot express a sequence of events in which B occurs before A; B can only take place at the time A comes true or later. You cannot therefore use 7c h to describe an "if" sentence like the following. ("B"= this weekend, which comes before "A"= next week.)
''ji'lisi I it/l T7TTT Liu-ii^
It will be better for you to study this weekend, if you have an exam next week.
Sometimes, the 7c h> clause describes a very probable condition, and the second clause describes the event that will take place as soon as the situation is realized. With this type of sentence, 7c h simply arranges future events and activities in a temporal sequence.
I ivill call you when I get home tonight.
*17R«
Let's go out and have some fun once ive are done with the homework.
Note that the very same sentences could be interpreted in this way or in the way shown earlier. The difference lies not in the sentences themselves, but in the possibly different ways the real world could be like. If you expect to be home tonight in all likelihood, the first sentence here describes what you will do when you get home. If, on the other hand, you are not certain whether you will be home tonight, the same tz b sentence describes
6
what you will do if you get home.
Finally, the tz b clause can describe a condition that is unreal and contrary to fact. With this type of sentence, you express a purely hypothetical condition and its probable result.
If I were a cat, I would be asleep all day long. If I had money, I would buy a car.
To describe what you do not need to do, take a negative sentence in the short form, drop the final ^ of and add < "Ct^^tf. & < X is the negative te-form, which we studied in the last lesson.
You do not need to take off your shoes.
7U-g> h       <    < X & vu^-To
The present does not need to be anything expensive.
tj.i\    ->    -•-&<'C^UU'Crlf     does not need to . . .
Throughout the uses of the tz h conditional clauses discussed here, one thing remains constant: A tz h B can only describe a conditional dependency that holds naturally between A and B. You cannot describe with tz y> an "if" dependency of the "B even if A" type, where B holds in spile of A.
x tb tt tz mm l tz h^tzh,        i i -fr/vo
/ will not marry you even if you want to.
0! ~*fcuw
^/cVN-fi" follows a noun and expresses the idea that something or somebody resembles the thing or the person described by the noun. The resemblance noted is usually in terms of external characteristics, but not necessarily so.
ht±      *> h
My dad looks I acts like Jerry Garcia.
(Has a portly figure? Wears tie-dye shirts? Has an interesting taste in certain chemicals?)
Thai, person over there is like a gorilla.
(Sturdily built? Thumps his chest often? Good at climbing trees?)
7
^/iVN-Ci" can also follow a verb and expresses the idea that something "appears to be the case." It can follow the short form of the present tense and the past tense, both in the affirmative and in the negative.
It looks like it has rained.
h CO All & & frj>*-f\.* X v n & A tz ^-ci~0 It looks like that person is hungry.
If f. J: 4 ti
It looks like that person did not sleep last night.
It looks like the professor is not coming to school tomorrow.
verb + fotzl\~C"$"        It looks like . . .
7Atz^^X*~f can in fact follow adjectives too, but it is far more common to use % ~) "t'i" with adjectives. See Lesson 13 for the adjective base 4- •?• i X"f construction.
You can use the present tense short form and fflK to describe the event before which
1 X
something happens.
verb A (short present) + miZ  verb B        B before A.
/       gtt to Tokyo one more time before I go back home.
/ studied Japanese for one semester before I came to Japan.
The verb that precedes #T lz is always in the present tense, whether the tense of the overall sentence is in the present tense (as in the first example above) or in the past tense (as in the second).
e
To describe an event after which another thing happens, you can use the te-form of a verb +    h.
verb A + TlfrB  verb B       A, and then B./B after A.
I studied and then wrote letters to my friends. Why don't we (start) eat(ing) after Ken has arrived.
An "A Xfi'h B" sentence can also describe the state B that has held true since the event A. I have been feeling very lonely since my cat died.
►SIS • £SH
If la Practice
A. Listen to Sue's story and report it using ~^z)7:T. © Example:   S    1 CD & JC ^ t L tz0     —   J«0"9CDSr5To/=^"9 "Ci"0
-> - f- -f — > - f < — A-
1. £tf)-5 (i0£^>o fc-Ci"0 3. *^fe{i^i%«0^i*ti-o
5. m^iui:^^ L/co
6. vkmnii&A,^^ Itco
10. (i-tf<C-£X3£f&fci£l i^t'Lf:,
B. Pair Work—One person chooses one of the following topics and talks about it. The other takes notes about what the person says and reports it to the class using -—froZrir.
1. Last weekend
2. My family (host family)
3. Plans for the holiday
»17HH
A. Report on what Mary and Robert said using ~oI. ©
Example:   ^ T 'J "-/I am busy this week.
-> Q:/r'j-UMtio-(f;? A : ^JSti'It L^o-Co
Ex. I am busy this week.
1. I have to study tonight.
2. Tom and Kyoko are dating.
3. I slept only three hours last night.
4. Mr. Sato got divorced.
5. I quit a part-time job.
6. 1 have to go back to England in June.
B. Pair Work—First practice the following dialogue with your partner. Then change the underlined parts and make another dialogue with your partner.
-At' A;
A. Make sentences with ~fc6>-3tlUU"c?3" using the cues.© Example: ->   ^'^H, 7*ll^*C"to
1. fctztttftz 2. 4. e^^-fr^ 5. v. >
7. ^{ffi^vx 8. vn^ftrt:
10.
ttA.-tfi ■
3. B^t-^ffit-S
6. 7V-t?>
9. -frifcdblc&fiS
B. Change the cues 1 through 8 into fc6-clauses, choose the appropriate phrases to follow them from a through i, and make sentences.
Example: Ltzh, $Ut      C»t S ^ t> •) X~f0
ex. *%-r%
1. &3
2. T A <
4. $u
5. ij/yi)^ < fcu
r. t I/jri J
8.
><■( <
• a. If   L £ to
•b. iTc tc t^ff «i-ä-Ör/vo
• c. Äfc -9 £,€-3 -Oxä "to
x- d. Wf^iCtttaot 0 X'-to . e. h £ Lit < t>*^^1HtA,0
• f. JII£Ko-CS-C*lf ä-fo
• g.  Si ')  i to
C. Pair Work—Ask what your partner would do in the following situations, using
Example:   0    £ £
2. jo&J&*&^
3. B^UVX^rKKZ
4. I
5. fcjj=/=
t A. * i *
»•Ii      «-«L"i VC       '■> '■>
7. at < l*
A. John doesn't have to do the following things. Make sentences using —TcK'cIfe
Example:  need not study
-^3 >*/Ui&3£L£ < X tvNVN-t-fc
ssuhn
105;
On Saturday:
1. need not memorize vocabulary
2. need not practice kanji
3. need not speak Japanese
4. need not get up early
5. need not go to school
At his homestay:
6. need not wash dishes
7. need not do laundry
8. need not cook
9. need not clean his own room 10. need not come home early
B. Pair Work—Ask if your partner has to do the following things today. Add your own questions. When you answer, describe why you have to/don't have to do it.
Example:   write a paper
Questions	Answers and Reasons
go to bed early	
memorize kanji	
withdraw money	
do homework	
go to the post office	
go shopping-	
	
	
C. Pair Work—You and your friend are doing research on companies. Student A has looked into SOMY and Student B has looked into Bamasonic (B's memo is on p. 110). The things you must do are checked. Look at the memo and exchange the information using ~&<5^f Ufj-£1±/uft\ After getting all the information, discuss which company would be better.
Example:   A :/-J'vyz-y 7tli±B|B Ci^f { %> * ^tt t
t" J: i v (tfib
Student A
^   ^  ^ ^
Bamasonic
work on Saturdays be able to use a computer quit at the age of 60 work until late hours live in a dormitory
wear a tie.........................................
salary
© x -j v°- v y & fc i \ rt to
A. Describe what the following things/people are like with ~fotzl\7Ztfc. ©
Example:   %k<F>%Ltz   X~f0  Z X & 3£vT1"0
S17HM
(8)fA^^/"c^-Cto
Describe the following pictures with verb + fetzlMZT. Example:   tfc ?Ht 5    /c ^^X'i~0
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
108
C. Pair Work—Ask your partner the following questions about the picture. When you answer, use -~(h-tzl^~€~§~.
Example:   A : C C0AX"ffi\
3. ^Bttfc&X't*\
* 1 *> ft
4. 4\ mtif$^x\^-tfr0
5. :«A(if-x£ 131"^
V- K
6. /clifC S^^il-^o
1-
i i L'
8. 1411*^"^ £ 10. 4-, l-C^i-f^o
® B*[c*r^6H*s«fla» us ufc
A. Look at the following pictures and make sentences using — ZTfrB.Q
Example:   B ^UcDt-7 Zffl^X    h. flt„
Ex.
(1)
(2)
(3) (4)
B. Look at the pictures above and make sentences using @ Example:   feS^U,  S^%<DT-7°£Bfl £ $ to
tin i: u a, r *
C. Pair Work—Ask your partner the following questions.
i. H£ ut^
4. •? ^'ifo t^b, ffUlU:^
5. *B o-C*ȣ>. If^f^tltf^
^ i i   L' a y i -l       K -V [: .i
I
A. Gossip about people (e.g., a celebrity/your teacher/your classmate) by using ~^-3r*"3V~oZ:. You can make up your own story.
B. Talk about the things you have to or don't have to do in Japan, comparing them to similar situations in your country.
Example:   S * £ T * »J ij cOfrl I-(i v ^ h ^ h &st^**& *) i to tz£z.tt\ 0 * < X i^^X'-fo
C. Find an interesting news item on TV or in newspapers or magazines and report on it using —5-5"ClJ\
Example:   - a-XtCj: «5 £ , * ') 7 t ^ - 7 t'Wiiit*^ o    ^ T tt.
Pair Work (n) C.
Example:   A :7 - y 7 X'li±m B ft < % * *- *lt 5 -tf/C^0
Student B
Samasonic
SOMY
111
work on Saturdays
be able to use a computer
quit at the age of GO
work until late hours
live in a dormitory
wear a tie
salary
/ / /
¥220,000
!Ř17R«
At the Barbe r/B eauty Salon
Useful Expressions
tot'
------I would like to have a hair cut (permanent).
AW
------------Please don't make it too short.
-Please don't shave.
---Please cut off about 3 centimeters.
Please cut the back all the same length. Please dye my hair in red.
# 7 - -? - v - & tz ^ & u & f -1 tz v > /v x- t^'o
---I want my hair to be like Bob Marley's. (showing the picture)
Useful Vocabulary
--—
H -y h--------------------
yv---
/\°—-?-■--—
^ -y h-----
M--
i £ * If
shampoo cut
blow-dry
permanent
set
hair style sideburns
* *—
to cut to shave to crop to dye
to make hair even; to trim
~? £ J&'lt   ~~ to have one's hair permed