UNIT ■
8 GRAMMAR
The - T Form
■ Japanese verbs have several forms
Japanese verbs have several conjugated forms. All the verbs presented so far have been in, or derived from, the — £,"f form. Now we'll look at a new form, the - T form.
■ How to form the - T form
Japanese verbs are divided into three classes according to their conjugations: Regular I, Regular II and Irregular. The — T forms of Regular II and Irregular verbs always end with — T: the - £ "f comes off and — T is added to the stem. The — T forms of Regular I verbs vary, as shown in the following chart.
REGULAR 1			REGULAR II		
buy	fr^ Or		eat	tz-<£-f	
wait	it>ii-	i oT	open see		1b\iX
return, go home	fr*. ') £f				AT
listen	$ * Or	$ v *T	IRREGULAR		
write			come		*T
read			do	lii-	LT
drink		<r>LT			
turn off	l+t Or	It L T			
NOTE: A more detailed explanation of the grouping of Japanese verbs is given in Unit 9 Grammar, p. 178.
■ How the - T form is used
The — T form occurs in the middle of a sentence
"Mr. Grey will go to the Sapporo branch office and meet Mr. Sato."
or is combined with < tz i vx to form a polite imperative, ex. il 9 o ^'£   £ < 0 T < tz 3 \ \ "Please send a catalog."
When one action is followed by another, the first clause is terminated by a verb in the - T form. In this type of sentence, the subject of the first and second clause must be the same. The - T form can be used to link up to three clauses, in which case the verbs of the first two end in the - T form. The - T form cannot be used if the moods and tenses of the clauses it combines are not the same. For example, the following two sentences cannot be connected using the - X form:
1. Statement: fotzHi   * o .1°-^   2        #> 'J £ 1~0 "I have two tickets."
2. Suggestion: #> 17c   ^oUi: <&£-t£/C^o
"What do you say to seeing a movie together tomorrow?" Furthermore, if the first clause contains a motion verb like v > * £ -f, $ £ -f, or t)si. ') £ *f, the verb in the second clause must express an action that occurs in the location to which the subject went in the first clause. For example, * <T> n ^ o T, UZZ'ltLi:   tz-<i Ltz ("Yesterday I
went to Ginza and ate lunch [there]") is correct, but * <F> n    *L*'\z   \^T, L .J'^T li/C tr   tz-<i Ltz ("Yesterday I went to Ginza and ate lunch in Shibuya") is incorrect, since the act of eating took place in Shibuya, not Ginza.
h"fAtklNé ABOtJf RÄlf* f-ffr $'%M
CD]
Ms. Chan is talking with Ms. Sasaki about her sudden business trip.
f- + > : Z'-tíX   1 OUsb   C" C"   3 Ľ i T T* i" o íh^'í)   & £
&ť5oT   \tzŕzT<n   f- 3 i? u- h z -5 Ľ X l £ AT,
í í $ :hfri)$ Ltzo Tli, * Ý oltTo
■      >í/Cli   *L/b   íoíf^ic *íoT
Chan: Ms. Sasaki, do you have a moment? \ Sasaki: Yes, please (tell me what you want to talk about).
Chan: There's a sales meeting in Hokkaido tomorrow, so I'm going to Sapporo. ; Sasaki: What time does the meeting start?
Chan: It's from 10.00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. After the meeting, I'll go to the Sapporo branch office ; and meet Mr. Sato. The day after tomorrow, I'll see the chocolate factory in Hakodate and fly back to Tokyo on a 1:00 (p.m.) flight. :
Sasaki: i see. Well then, take care. .
■ Ms. Chan is going to Sapporo tomorrow. The day after tomorrow she will see a chocolate factory and return to Tokyo.
I/-h I 9 Ľ J: 9 £   AT.  £?$J:?IC ^a.'J£-f,
r
VOCABULARY
do you have a moment?
good, all right (polite form of i ^ x; used in interrogative sentences) Hokkaido (the northernmost of the main islands of Japan) sales, marketing
iS Hl
u z t; x
Z n Ľ Jt 1
Hakodate (city in southern Hokkaido) factory, manufacturing plant
take care
after
Sato (Surname)
161
IMÜJ
This expression is used to get the attention of someone who is in the midst of something.
WORD POWER
CD
♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
♦ ♦ 4 ♦ ♦
2.	fr* i-f • ^NT	
		
		
		
		
				
4.	1	Ait*AT		
	* ii" • $ T 1			
	Iii" • LT jJJ			
				
KEY SENTENCES
frt. 'J i L/=o
1. Mr. Smith went to a bookstore yesterday and bought a dictionary.
2. Mr. Smith will make copies before the meeting.
3. Mr. Smith went home by taxi after yesterday's party.
VOCABULARY
before
162
LESSON 1
EXERCISES
I. Practice conjugating verbs. Repeat the verbs below and memorize their - T forms.
	- i ~t FORM	- T FORM		-Or FORM	— T FORM
buy			turn off		11 IT
meet			eat	tz<iir	/c<T
return, go home	fr*. 'J it		open		*I+T
go		nm	close		l*bT
write			turn on		ol-tT
listen (to), ask	iiii-		see	Ai-t	
drink		<7)/CT	come	*£1r	*T
read			do	I Or	LT
*irregular inflection
^jjj   ||. Practice the — T /orm. Change the following verbs to their -T forms. ex. fz<£i~-+ tz<T
1. $ i -f ............................................................. 6.Uit .........
2. tf)Ait ............................................................. LA-i-f -*.........
3. frin-  —.............................................................8. i i £-r -+.........
4. *pJt ............................................................. 9. I Or —.........
5. frX 'JJt ............................................................. 10. njjf .........
^Jjjj    III. Express a sequence of actions. Combine the sentences below as in the example, ex. /->l*   ^3 £-f. h < 'J i-f„
1.  TX$£   olti-T.  KT £ l*>£-f.
3.   nt>T   [Il^i-to U;K-h£
VOCABULARY
(electric) light report
163
j| IV. Ask and answer what one will do. In answering, express a sequence ofactions. Make up dialogues following the pattern of the example. Substitute the underlined parts with the appropriate forms of the alternatives given.
ex. A:* L/c ltir1>\
1. A:..........................................................................................................................................................................
B:...........................................................................................................................................................................
2. A:..........................................................................................................................................................................
B:...........................................................................................................................................................................
V. Express a sequence of actions. Combine the sentences below as in the example.
1. *;*3X,K   *o J L/cc       L J: K LiL/c0
2. KT£   *lti L jt i 4\ TLt £   olti L Jt -j
I all Ask and answer what one did. In answering, express a sequence of actions. Make up dialogues following the pattern of the example. Substitute the underlined parts with the appropriate forms of the alternatives given.
ex. A: *<Dj It Ltzi>\
1. A:..........................................................................................................................................................................
B:...........................................................................................................................................................................
{?>i\iL*\z.   oJif,  lJt<lT£ Lit)
2. A:.........................................................................................................................................................................
B:...........................................................................................................................................................................
VOCABULARY
UfM rb~o-/]sL art museum
164
VII. State what someone will do before or after a given event. Make up sentences following the patterns of the examples. Use the information in the illustration as a guide and substitute the underlined parts in each example with the alternatives given.
ex. 1. z*r 7i;^b & ij £j-q fr\**<n £z.iz  l j < i; £
L_£±o
1...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
3t°-i LOT)
2...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
ex. 2. C'C*    7 C ^°-fM &1) Jj-q '<—t A —<D    *> £ T
3...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
4..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
165
VIII. Ask and answer what one did after work. In answering, express a sequence of actions Make up dialogues following the pattern of the example and based on the information in the illustrations.
ex. A: * <D 1     U'^W    £> £ T   ft \Z £    LiU: t\
1. A:.......................................................................................................................................
B:........................................................................................................................................
2. A:.......................................................................................................................................
B:........................................................................................................................................
3. A:.......................................................................................................................................
B:........................................................................................................................................
LESSON 1
IX. Describe a schedule. Look at the schedule of Mr. Smith's business trip and make up sentences following the pattern of the example.
ex. Thursday Osaka  Meeting —► Qa\\ ^r Green
1 ■ Friday..............| Kobe........Golf......................................................................................................-»Go to a friend's nouse
2. (Saturday Kyoto  Have a meal with Mr. Yamamcto —*• See old temples and gardens
ex.        7.* Lit    t < X 1 Xf\Z Pot, Uto
1.......r;...........................................................................................................................................................................
2....................................................................................................................................................................................
X. Talk about a plan. Make up dialogues on the pattern of the example. Substitute the underlined parts with the alternatives given.
ex. * *   f-t y*l. fr\**<n &zt z'ziz \^ara>\ **y\ \tztix\z  ^oT, fgj^-KHn? &tir„
1. ..............................................................................................................................................................
>:..............................................................................................................................................................
ft -J J •
2. ..............................................................................................................................................................
* + >:..............................................................................................................................................................
* * * •
VOCABULARY
Z 7 ■< Kobe (city near Osaka)
j}n * $* £   L i -f    hold a meeting titzi Otaru (city in Hokkaido)
167
SHORT DIALOGUES
I. Mrs. Green is planning a party. She calls up Mrs. Matsui to invite her.
El \Z{IL\1L<T)   Zi,t£t,\z   ZxitKD   vpn*>\^j: Ü^Hi
Green:     I've received some famous sake from Kyoto from a Japanese friend. On Sunday I'm
getting some friends together to have a party. Won't you come, Mrs. Matsui? Matsui:    Thank you. I'll be there.
II. Ms. Nakamura asks Ms. Chan if she plans to attend Mrs. Green's party.
Nakamura: Will you go to the party tomorrow? Chan:      No, I will not. Nakamura: Why (not)?
Chan:      Because my mother is visiting (lit., "will come") from Hong Kong.
VOCABULARY
JtX,T
(-T form of J; 1/3+)
call, invite
VOCABULARY
why
(particle indicating a purpose)
Tell someone what you did yesterday. Then talk about your plans for the coming weekend.