Lennart Edelberg •From September 11 to October 26, 1966-67, went as ethnographer for National Museum of Denmark. Attached to the archaeological project in Hulailan Valley, supported by KAMPSAX construction company. He was able to gain information on annual cycle: four seasons, each characterized by specific type of dwelling. •His study focuses on dwellings – their external and internal structure, but not on contents (ie, equipment), or on household social units. The Kurd and Lur People of Hulailan and Tarhan •People in Hulailan and Tarhan both Kurdi and Luri – apparently peaceable. •Farm with alternate fallow – rain-fed. The best farm land in Hulailan is on the first terrace above the river. •Calendar year is divided into 12 months of 30 days, and 5 intercalary days. Calendar Luri seasons of agriculture and migration Winter Dwellings Zemga •Base is stone – approximately the height of the cheet/reed screens. •Walls may be single or double with earth packed between. •Roof supported by poles, with thatch and generally a mud cover to keep out rain. May use black tent cover also. Zemga camp Zemga inside Zemga winter camp and interior of structure inside zenga Zemga stable with feed troughs 3 zemga plans Zemga plans Zemga plans Zemgas with tent Black Tent •In his study area, people usually placed tents near the agricultural fields, which get naturally manured as the herds graze. •On migration usually put tents in places where they have camped before. •Cloths sewed together and sections of these are pinned. Tent camp in forest Kurd camp in scrub oak forest Wali's tent camp Pinning tent cover Pegging the tent halves together Lur tent Torvald Faegre, Tents: Architecture of the Nomads Kurd tent Torvald Faegre, Tents: Architecture of the Nomads Raising black tent Black tent plan Plan of black tent and facilities outside Kurd tent plan Sketch of the typical arrangement of a Kurd tent Kula •Arranged in camps of migration groups. •Ground plan exactly same as black tent. •Reed mats placed around, just as with tent. •Black tent has central posts, but with kula usually 16 forked posts arranged in four parallel rows. Poles and branches are laid on these to form roof. Kula Recently vacated kula Kula plan Dismantling kula Dismantling a kula Migration •“I was surprised to learn how short a distance the inhabitants might sometimes move when changing their kula for tents, often only a few hundred meters.” Particularly true for those with agricultural land. •“If these people can be called nomads, it is a very special kind of nomadism or seasonal migration in which the dwellings used in different seasons can be so near together that they can be seen in a single photograph” fig. 19 Lurs with rifles Lur men with rifles Lur rifleman Kurds with rifles Lur riflemen Baktiyahi men with rifles Daoud-Lur chief Mystery Sites •Feilberg (1944) found some “beautiful dwelling sites, of nearly the same size and shape as the siah chador. But they were better built, with flat stones placed on edge along the three sides, and both hearth stone-lined and bigger than those in modern tents.” No signs of age. An extraordinary feature was an opening on the long side with special big stones projecting higher than the others. The conical stones in the four corners also projected above the rest.” No local ethnographic information. Mystery tent site-A Mystery tent site-B “Mystery house site” House for dead-AB.jpg Cairn for dead with Sekandar-AB.jpg