KopoJieBa aoKa3iB: TopTypn i pojib OTa TpHBajiHH qac idopHKH euponeHCbKOro no-jiioBaHHH Ha Bi^BOM nepe6iaiaiiyBajra SHa^eH-hh TopTyp y cya,ax npo napn. CyaaiB i xaTtB yaee TpaaHHJHiio 3MaabOByBaaH hk 6e3acaab-hhx KpoBOJKepHHX caoricTiB, fljifl hkhx tcaTy-bsth BiatoM 6yjio Jieab He ceHCOM atHira. 3obc1m He 6pajioca ao yBara Te, mo He Bci 3i3-HaHHa BiflBOM 6y.™ OTpHMaHi nin TopTypaMH: 6araTo xto no^HHaB 3i3HaBaTHca y (paHTa-cthihhx siio^HHax a6o 3o6poBiJibHO, a6o hc no6ayHBniH ataxjra-Bi iHCTpyMeHTH KaTyBaHHH (3BicHO, b TaKHX BHnaflKax CTpax nepea TopTypaMH 6ys tojiobhhm mothbom 3i3HaHb). He 3a6y-BaMMO TatcoiK, mo TOpTypH 3acTOCOByBajiH i ao 3B nay Baae h h x b iHHIHX 3JTOHHHax. /Jo TOTO >K flO-Hfl 3 B H HyBSfeHHX y BlflbOMCTBi i siaaaHHx Ha TOpTypH me He 6yjia BH3HaHeH0K> Hanepea, - He bci bohh 6yjiH sacyaaceni so CTpaTH6:'. Ilepui Hiac aHaai3yBaTH 3acTocyBaiiHH TopTyp b yKpamcb-khx cyaax, kopotko oraaHBMO icTopiio Hboro HBHiua. TopTypn b cyaOBHX npoHecax ynepuie 3raaaHO b pHMCbKOMy npaBi, 3bi,zikh ua npaKTHKa nepeKoayBajia ao ni3HiiHHX eBponencbKHX KpHMi- H3jlbHHX KOaCKCi H. AilC HKVCb IIOMITHV pO,;lh V CVaOBHX lipOUC- cax TopTypn noHaan manpana™ ho pamiue XV CTOpiH^a". 3a- ,ZJoKJiaAiiiuiy KpMTMKy crapoi ieropiorpacliiHHoT rpimnnii m.ORQ p«Jii Top-TypyuaHHii y Bi/tbOMLbKHx npouecax smb.: W. Behringer, Witchcraft Persecutions in Bavaria, p. 57. K. Stuart, Defiled Trades and Social Outcasts: Honour and Ritual Pollution in Early Modem Germany (Cambridge, 1999), p. 26. 40 /. Hk öidöyiULiuca cydu npo uapu 3BH4aH ToprypH 3acTOcoByBajiH y bhhjitkobhx BHnaaKax -kojih cyaai BBaacajin, mo iHiuoro cnocoöy OTpiiMaTii CBia^eHiw Bia 3BHHyBaMeHoro HeMae. TopTypyßaHini oörpyHTOByßajin nonacTH npaBHJibHHM npHnymennHM, mo jnoaHHa, KOTpa He XOHe 3i3HaBaTHCfl y 3JI0HHIH 4H bh/jaBaTH HKyCb BaJKJIHBy iiKpopMamio ao6poBÜibiio, Moace 3po6hth ue nia ynjiHBOM 60-jho. 3ßicH0, ue öyjio c np aB ea Ji h b 11 m tuibkh ctocobho Jiioaeft, «Ki cnpaB^i BOJioaüiH noTpiÖHOio mh öaxaHoio mdpopManieio. Be3-HeBHHHa m JHoaHHa - a cäiwe raK 3BHHaftHO 6yBajio 3 BiabMaMH, aaJKC ft CaM 3JIOH1JH BiabOMCTBa BiiraaaHnft - Bia 60JIK) npocTo no^HHajiH npnayMyBaTii BJiacHi 3JioaiflHHH. Cyaai noro;iacyBajiHCfl 3acTocyBaTH TopTypn jinme b thx BHiia/jKax, KOJiH icnyBajio aocrarabo aoKa3iß npoBHiin 3BHHyBa-neHoro, HanpuKJiaa hio npoBHHy noTBepanjiH /iBoe CBiaKiB, a6o >K HK1HO niCJIM apyroro aOHHTy 3BHIiyBaHeHIIH BiAMOBJIHBCH roBopHTH. Ta naBiTb Toai, kojih aoxoanjio ao TopTyp, ue Bee 6yjio t3k raaaKO i jiiHiftHo. IcHyBann neBHi npaBHjia MopayßaHHH, hki nepea6aciajiH idjibKa CTaniB. CnonaTKy KaT npocTo aeMOHCTpy-BaB iHCTpyMeHTH aonHTy. B OKpeMHX BHnaaKax ne cnpaBjnuio xaKe rjiHÖoKe BpaaceHHH, mo 3BHHyBa4eHHft oapa3y noroaacyßaß-ch CBia^hth. 5ikiho ac BiH i aajii ctohb Ha cBOGMy, nepexoaHJin ao HacTyriHoro eTany: 3BHHyBaieHHft Maß po3a«rHyTHCfl - HaroTa Teac HepiaKO npHMymyBana ao 3i3HaHb. I TiJibKH nicjui qboro no^HHaBCH cnpaBacmft aonHT. HaftHacrime jxjin KaTyBaHHH BHKOpHCTOByBaJlH THCKH R,J\SA IiaJlbnJB i ailÖH pi3H01 KOHCTpyKHH; cHjia, 3 HKOK)3acTocoByBajiH Hi cTpaiinri peii, wajia6yrH nponop- HiHHOK) Mipi 3JIOai«hhh. JlllUie B KLTlbKOX eßpOIieftCbKHX MiCTaX sbh^hok) npaKTHKOK) CTajiH acaxjiHBiini iHCTpyMeHTH ft cnocoöii MopayßaHH3. I Bce-TaKH 6yjiH MyacHi jnoan, HKi BHTpHMyBajin TopTypn. y TaKHX BHnaaKax nepeaoanajiocH oi-ojiochth jnoaHHy 6e3HeBHHHOK) i BianycTHTH. 3riaHO 3 npaBOBHMH npnnncaMH, KoaceH, xto bh3H3b cbok) npoBHHy Ha MyKax, MycHB me pa3, Hboro pa3y aoöpoBijibHO i 6e3 npHMycy (3BiCHO, Tieio Mipoio, nwy 3a TaKHx yMOB Moacna 6yjio Bßaacara aoöpoBUibHiiM ynHHKOM), noBTopHTH CBoi CBia^eHHH HacTynHoro aHH65. 65 /loKJiaaHiuie npo TopTypH y panHbOMo/iepHHx cyaax ahb.: Richard van Dülmen, Theatre of Horror: Crime and Punishment in Early Modem Germany (Oxford, 1990). KopOJieea donasie: mopmypu i pojib Kama 41 y Teopi'i Bee ue BHrvmaae öüibin-Meiiiu yperyjibOBaHHM, oaHaK 111 >; 1 KTHKa He 3aBacaH aoöpe ysroaacyBaxacH 3 Teopieio. IIpeacTaB-1111KH MicHeBo'i BJiaan qyaoBo ycBiaoMJuoBajui, mo TopTypn -!ii'6e3neMHHH iHCTpyMeirr, hkhh Tpeöa BitKopHCTOBVBaTii oöepeac-110 i 3 6araTbMa nepecToporaMH. LTonpH cnpoÖH KOHTpojnoBaTii KaTyBaHHH sropn, BiaoMi nncjieHHi Bi-iuaaKH 3.uoBaciiBaHb, kojih Ha ;ioHHTax 3acTocoByBajin HecaHKuioHOBani bhah TopTyp, nepeBH-myBajiH 'ix aonycTHMy KijibKicTb Tomo. TaK caMo b yci nacH 6yjiH ,/IIOaH, HKi pOSyMUIH, 11(0 3i3HaiHIH, BHMaBJieni 3 BiabOM Ha MyKax, iriMoro cnijibHoro hc MaioTb i3 aincnicTio, TOMy HiKoan hc 6paKy- liaJIO KpHTHKiB, KOTpi BHCTVnaJIH npo™ KaTyBaHHH66. B OKpeMHX yKpaincbKHx MicTax TopTypH Teac 6yjin BaacjiH-bhm eJieMeHTOM cyaoBoi nponeaypn. PeKOMeHaaHii moao Mop-ayßaHHH MicTHJincs, 30KpeMa, y KHHrax yace sraaanoro BapTo-jiOMen TpoinbKoro, hkhh npHaiaHB TopTypaM HHMajio MicHH. Bin aoKJiaano p03i6paB nuianim aoniJibnocra TopTyp, ocodira-Bo narojiocHBiiiH Ha TOMy, mo 6e3 nepeKOHjniBiix aoKa3iB upo-bhhh HcnpnnycTHMo Biaaaßa™ JiioaHHy «Ha MyKH». Rani bw BHKJiaB BjiacHi cyMHiBH: na ayMKy TpoiubKoro, Haßpna hh 6vBa- K>Tb TaKi aÖCOJHOTHi HecnpOCTOBHi CBiaHeHHH, HKHX aOCTaTHbO, aÖH öpara Korocb Ha TopTypH. BianoBiaaJibiiicTb noBHic™ noKJiaaajiacH Ha MyapicTb, cyMaiHHfl i aocßia cyaaiß. CneHiajib-Ho aJia HHX y KHHrax HaBeaeHO BejiHKy KijibicicTb npiiKJiaaiß, KOTpi aeMoncTpyioTb, hk Moace 3pocTaTH apryMeHTOBaHicTb i öesnepenHicTb npOBHHH 3ajieacno Bia Toro, 3a kkhx oöcraBHH .JiioaHHy öyjio saapeuiTOBaHo, mo cBiaKyßajiH OHeBnani Tomo67. Po3noBiaen caMOBHauiß 3aMajio, a6n Biaaara 3BHHyBa»ieHoro Ha MyKH, TOMy cjiia öyjio 6pa™ ao yBarn Jinuie CBiaHeHHH, niaTBep-aaceHi HecnpocTOBHiiMH fpaKTaMH, mo 'ix npHKJiaaH TpoiubKHH TyT-TaKH ft HaBoaHTb68. Abtop 3acTepiraB cyaaiß: Tpeöa oöepeac- HilUe CTaßHTHCH ao TaKHX HiÖHTO npOMOBHCTHX 03HaK HBOBHHH, 66 Brian P. Levack, The Decline and End of Witchcraft Prosecutions, Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra, Brian P. Levack, Roy Porter, eds., TheAthlone History of Witchcraft and Magic in Europe. The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, v. 5, p. 20. 07 B. Groicki, Porzqdek sqdow i spraw miejskich prawa maydeburskiego (Krakow, 1566), apK. 123. 6a Ta.M caMo, apK. 124. 42 1. Hk eid6yeajiucH cydu npo mpu hi; iuiyTam CBUneHHii, 6pexHH, 331K3HH11 i nepejmK, aaace bohh MoacyTb Ma™ 6araTO npnHHH, a b pa3i iiomhjikh cyzumM aoBro 3aKHflaTHMyTb, mO BOHH BUUiaJIH Ha MyKH 6e3HeBHHHy JHOflH-Hy69. 5ICKpaBHM 6e3CyMHiBHHM AOKa30M HpOBHHH FpOiUbKHH yBaacaB cnpo6y btckth. rpoiHbKHH TaKoac 3BepnyB yBary na npo6jieMy BiporiAHo-cth iHCpopMaitfi, OTpHMaHo'i ma nac KaTyBaHHJi. Bm cxhjihbca ao Toro, mo 3i3HaHH*i Ha iwynax He e AOCTaTHboio npnHHHOio 3acy-AacyBara jno/iHHy ao CTpaTH, aaace TyT 6araT0 3a;ieacHTb bja (pi3HMHoro cTaHy KaTOBaHoro, bja nopory 6ojdo - AexTO jieruie xepnHTb MyKH, a iHuii JiaAHi Ka3ara mo 3aBroAHO, a6n Ti^bKH npnnHHHTH CTpaacAainui. CaMe TOMy, BBaacaB rpoiHbKHft, 6yjio CTpaneHo TdK 6araTo 6e3HeBHHHHx jnoAeft70. UX06 3ano6irTH HecnpaBea/iHBocTH, cy/m^M peKOMenayBa-jioch BiipoBaaJKyBa™ Bace 3ranaHy npaKTHKy, 3ano3HHeHy 3 HiMeubKoro npaBa: CBiflHeHHH Ha MyKax KaTOBaHiift MaB noBTopn-th nacTynHoro ahh Ao6poBL/ibHO. IlHcap HOTyBaB yce CKa3aHe Ha AonHTi, BiflTaK TeKCT 3aMHTyBajiH btojioc nepeA o6BHHyBaMeHHM, hkhh noBHHeH 6yB niflTBepaHTH CBo'i cjioBa. TLibKH nicjiH uboro MoacHa 6yjio orojioiuyBara jhoahhI cMepranft BnpoK71. Hani TpoiubKHH po3rjuiaae npo6jieMH, noB'jrsaHi 3 npoue-Ayporo MopayBaHHH. BiH 3raaye HaHacopcroKiun TopTypn, hk\ caM He cxBajnoe, 6o BBaacae Tx pe3yjibTaTOM xbopo6;ihbo'i (paH- Ta3H CyafliB i KpOB05KepjIHBOCTH KaTJB. CepeA T3KHX BiH Ha3HBae 3a/iHBaHHH B ropjio BOflH, OHTy a6o ojiii, nmnajiioBaiiH^ cipioi y naXBaX, KaTVBaHHH IWIOAOM, BHKOpHCTaHHfl OTpyftHHX KOMaX Tomo.72 HarojiomyBajiocH, mo nia nac TopTyp He BapTo 3aHaATo MopAyBaTH tuio, HaBnaKH, Tpe6a HaMaraxnca He nojiaMa™ Kic-tkh i He 3ajiHuiHTH bhahmhx cjiuhb hh KaniuTBa73. Yci Hi nopa-AH neperyKyBanHCH 3 BmnoBiflHHMH npaKTHKaMH, noumpeHUMii b 3axmHin EBponi, xona Tpo'iubKHH i AOAaB ao hhx MHMajiy no3y BJiacHHX cyMHiBiB Ta 3acTepe>KeHb. mB. Groicki, Porzqdek sqdow i spraw miejskich prawa maydeburskiego (Krakow, 1566), apx. 1243b. ™ TaM caino, apK. 122. 71 TaM caMo, apn. 1223b. 72 TaM caMo, apK. 1253B. 73 TaM caMo, apK. 126. Kopojieea doK03ie: mopmypu i pojib Kama 43 B iHHlift KHH31 TpoiUbKHH HaBOAHTb nepejHK 3JIOHHHiB, 3a nKi Ha niA03pioBaHy b hhx jnoAHHy neKajiH TopTypH, hkiuo BOHa liiAMOBJIHJiaCH 3i3HaTHCH Ao6pOBi.JIbHO. CepeA HHX 3JIOHHHJB 3ra-AaHO ft BiflbOMCTBO74. IlepCA 6y/lb-HKHM KaTyBailHJIM peKOMeH- /lyBajioca norojiHTH tjjio nmo3piOBaHoro, aAace Aecb Ha Tijii niA BOJIOCCflM MOI7IH 6yTH IipHXOBaHJ HapH, HKJ po6HJIH JHO^HHy He^yTJiHBOio no 6omor\ U,a npoue/iypa Teac 6yjia 3ano3HHCHa 3 eBponeftcbKoi" cyAOBoi npaKTHKH. Ta Bee ue tuibkh peKOMCHAOBani iipHrnicH, Tcopia. Ilo-nepiuc, He 3a6yBaftMO, mo i b 3axtzmift EBponi, i b YKpaiHi Aa^eKO He KoacHe Micro Monio KopHCTyBaTHCH nocjiyraMH KaTa. IlpHmiHa 3obcim npo3ai'yHa, 6a HaBiTb MepKaHTHJibna: yTpHMyBaTH Kaxa, oco6jihbo ac yMUioro i AocBiaHeHoro, 6yao rjw Micra cnpaBoro HeaeuieBOK). CKa-)KiMO, b nacH HaH6uibuioi 6pyTaJii3aHii cy/ioyHhctb3 bcio BaBapiio o6c^yroByBajio BCboro-Ha-BCboro n'HTepo Ka-riB76. Oahh i3 nouiHpe-hhx y XVII cTOpi^Mi Ha TepeHax Peni IlocnojiHToi' nopa;mHKiB npaMO peKOMermyBaB MaricTpaTaM ckohomhth koihth Ha yrpHMaH-Hi KaTa, niflnncyioHH «6e3KpoBHi» bhpokh77. B «pycbKHx» BoeBOA-cTBax Peni IlocnojiHToi" bji3chhm KaTOM Morjm noxBajiHTHca 30bcjm MaiO MiCT. 13 MOTHpHarmHTH MiCT Ta MiCTeMOK, AaHi 3 HKHX BHKOpH- craHo b uift KHHacHi, KaTa, HaneBHe, yrpHMyBann jinuie Tpn MicTa -JIbBiB, KaM'jiHeHb i KpeMeHCHb. HaBiTb y TaKnx nopiBH^HO Bejm-khx MicTax, hk Khi'b, BjiacHoro KaTa ue 6yjio no kIhhh XVIII CTopin-mh78. Kojih 5K AeiHfle BHHHKajia noTpeoa 3acTocyBaTH TopTypn, TaM BHHaftMajin KaTa b o^HOMy 3 thx MicT, fle BiH 6yB. Tojk He ahbho, mo b cy^oBHx MaTepnmax ^nme 3piaKa HaTpanjineMo Ha 3raflKH npo MyKH i Maftace Bci bohh cTOcyioTbcii caMe thx Tpbox MicT, sad motjih A03BOJIHTH co6i TaKy D03KiUI - BjiacHoro KaTa. HaftaaBHiuia BtaoMa HaM 3raAKa npo 3acT0cyBaHhh TopTyp Ha cyai npoTH Bi/ibOM noxo^HTb 3i JlbBOBa. 1634 poKy Tpn aciH-kh - GBa Tpy6apKa, ^opoTea CMOJiHHKa Ta GBa IlnTJioxa - 6yjro 71 B. Groicki, Tenpostqpek wybran jest zpram cesarskich, apK. 17. 75 TaM caMo, apK. 126. 76 W. Behringer, Witchcraft Persecutions in Bavaria, p. 187. 77 J. K. Haur, Sklad albo skarbiec zbakomitych sekretow oekonomiey ziemian-skiey (Krakow, 1693), s. 237. 78 y pa3i KpaHHboi noTpe6H Kni'BCbKHH MaricTpaT «no3HHaB» KaTa 3 /KHTOMHpa. 44 3. 3uapxdda mopmyp. Mpaótma (Andrzej Lyjak. Dawne narzedzia kar i tortur, Slownik. Krakow: Wydajtmictwo PiT, 1998, s. 62) 1. Hk eidóyeajiucH cydu npo napu 3BHHyBa4eni y cnpHHHHCHHi CMepTH MariHHHMH 3aco6aMH. >Kíhok 3aapeuiTyBajiH i Ha kúb-Ka thhchíb yb'h3hh^h. /Joópo- BÍJIbHO 3Í3HaBaTHCH y CBOGMy 3JIOHHHÍ BOHH He XOTŮIH, TOMy BHpiuieHO 6yJIO B3HTH IX Ha MyKH. íx KijibKa pa3ÍB KaTyBajiH, nüminryiOHH Ha ot6í, nicjin noro BOHH 3Í3H&JIHCH B yCbOMy, 1UO 1M npnnHcyBajiH: híohto bohh BHKopucTOByBajiH napn, mo6 UIK03HTH JHOflHM, BHKJ1HK3JIH 3JIHX flyXÍB, CnpHHHHÍIJIH CMepTb Tomo. 3a HKHHCb nač jkíhkh 3BepHyjiHCH j\o cyay, ÖJiaraioHH 3MHJiyBaTHCH Hafl HHMH, 6o bohh HaöpexajiH Ha ceóe bcí tí >KaxjiHBÍ pěni JiHuie buj crpani-Horo 60JH0. Gßa TpyöapKa CKap- nui yj uojiRj. oBa i pyoapKa c Kap >KHJiacH, mo íí KaTyBajiH xk aeB'nTb pa3ÍB (3ra#aHMo, mo 3a npn-nncaMH TopTypyBaTH ä03bojuijiocíi tíjibkh tphhí, hkiu.0 nicjra Uboro 3BHHyBaneHHH He 3Í3HaBaBCH y 3JiomflHHi, floro MajiH bí#- nyCTHTH Í 3HHTH BCÍ OÓBMHyBaHeHHJl). He3Ba5KaK)4H Ha CJIÍ3HÍ ÖJiaraHHH A HapiKaHHfl, scíhok bh3H3jih bhhhhmh y BurbOMCTBi i CTpaTiijiH79. ITpoTe ueoahhokhh bhiihtok Ha tjií penírn yicpamcb-KHx cy/UB npo napu: ól/ibine b aco/moMy BnnaflKy He 3rao;aHo npo TOpTypH, 3aCTOCOBaHÍ HGCaHKUJOHOBaHy KUIbKÍCTb pa3ÍB. 1672 poKy cyflfli BiipiinujiH b3hth Ha MyKH acHTejibKy JlbBO-Ba KaTepHHy PnóapKy, HKa He xoTijia BH3HaBa™ cboio npoBHH-HicTb - 3aMapyBaHHH 3 flonoMoroio napiBHoro nopouiKy Mima-HHHa Kpay3epa. ITiÄKpec^ioBajiocH, mo b pa3i KarepnHa 3Í3Ha-erbcn ni% TopTypaMH, BOHa Mae nisHime noBTopurn Bce ue no6-poBÍJibHo i CBiflyeHH« noBHHni 36iraTHCfl. Ajie fl na MyKax KaTe-pHHa He npH3Hajia ce6e bhhhoio80. " UaiAJI YKpaiHH, 4>. 52, on. 2, cnp. 302, c. 145-156 1 a\i caMo, cnp. 311, c. 408-433. Kuptvieea doK03Íe: mopmypu i pojib Kama 45 V KaM'HHiii Te3K 3acTocoByBajiH KaTyBaHHH ajih 3'aeyBaHHH • íťii i í Iiis* y cnpaBax npo Kc6paiKy MapiiHv, HKa öyniMTO 3 aonoMO-IImi MariHHoro nopouiKy HaMarajiacn 3anapyBaTH BipMencbKoro nlina. BiflHa Mapnua3aneBHfljia, hí6h n,e 6yjia npocTO jnoöoBiia Maria i BOHa HÍKOMy He xoTijia 3aiuKo,zrHTH, ajie i"i Bce-TaKH b3íuih Re MyKH. Hkí caMe ue 6yjiH Top'rypH i b HOMy 3Í3Hajiaca Mapnua, b flOKyMenrax He 3a(piKCOBaHo, bwomo Jinnie, mo cnpaBa liiitepiuHJiacH crpaTOK) jKeópanKH81. IlopiBHHHO nacTo HaTpanuneMO Ha 3raaKH npo TopTypn y CyflOBHX MaTepiHJiax MicTa KpeMCHua. 1730 poKy ih;ihxthh ./l y Kain MajWHCbKHň 3BHiiyBaTHB cboio cejmHKy MapHHy IlepncTy y cnpoöax 3anapyBara floro caMoro i floro po^HHy. lľ>iTepo cbí^kíb niflTBepflHJin, mo oÓBHHyBaneHa aŮHKa noxBa-jiHJiacx, hí6h Moace 3anapyBa™ cBoro naHa, ajie caMa MapnHa He i)H3Hajia Hboro. 5lK0Cb Ha aonnTi BOHa (paTajiicTHMHo npoMOBH-^a: «Xom 3Í3Haioc3, xom hí - Bce o^ho 3amHy»82. BiflTaK i"i BiflAajiH KaTOBi, a ii naH 6yB npncyTHiM Ha aonim i MopAyBaHHi. CnonaTKy ao MapnHH 3acT0cyBajin m6y, ajie BOHa ne 3Í3HajiacH, TOMy BnpiniHJin KaTyBaTH flajii ň nboro pa3y >kíhkv floiiiiTyBajin 3a ^onoMorn Bomio. npoTe ň 3a apyniM pa30M Mapnua He 3roflacyBajiacH cbíahhth, a TijibKH noBTopio-BaJia, mo Ii HenpaB/tHBo oÔBHHyBaTHJiii. Y TaKiix BnnaflKax Toro, XTO TepnHTb MyKH He 3Í3HaiOMHCb, M&7IH 3BÍJIbHHTH. Ta no3a«K 6yjio 6araTo cbí/ikíb, hkí niflTBepAHjin npoBHHy oÖBHHyBaHeHo'i, cyzmi nocTaHOBiuiH Ha ochobí nboro BBaaca™ MapHHy üepHCTy BHHHOK) i 3aCyflHJIH 11 30 CTpaTH83. Y KpeMeHeubKHx cyAOBiix MaTepiHJiax 36eperjiacH iucpop-Mauin npo 3BHHyBaHeHHfl Ta OKpeMi eTanH cüiflCTBa y cnpaßi TanKH rieTpHKOBoi 3 MicTe^Ka JIíchíbuíb (BojiHHCbKoro Boe-BOflCTBa). TanKy oÖBPiiiyBaTHJin 1747 poKy y BHKopncTaHHi BiflbOMCTBa fljw 3anoAinHHn CMepTH. II b3hjih nia BapTy, o6uiy-K3JIH i 3HaflniJiH ccpe/i II penefl nmo3pLii npe/iMeTH, hkí acoui-lOBa^Mca 3 yapaMH. BnpimeHo 6yjio TanKy aonHTaTii, ajie Ha 1 Ns 22 (1716), y BiiaaHHi: B. B. Ahtohobhh, Kojidoecmeo, c. 65- 66. 1 N° 34 (1730), y BH^amri: B. B. Ahtohobhh, Kojidoecmeo, c, 78. ' TaM caMo, c. 77-79. 46 1 ÍIk (sidóytsajiucH cydu npo napu AOIIHTÍ BOHa CBOK) npoBHHy He BH3Hajia, CTBcp/UKyioHH, hí6h híhoto He 3Hae ni npo hkí napn. Toäí >KÍHKy BÍAaajiH Ha MyKH. 3anHCH MicTHTb oKpeMi AeTajii MopayBanna, bíaomo 30KpeMa, mo TopTypH 3acTocoByBaHO Tpuni i #box bh/iíb, hk i b none-peflHbOMy BHnaflKy 3 MapHHOio IlepHCToio, - npHnajnoBainiH cBÍHKaMH Ta po3THryBaHHH Ha /j,h6í. Ha MyKax Tanxa, hk i pam-uie, noBToprciBajia, mo hí b HOMy hc BHHHa, hí npo hkí napn He 3Hae i n oÔMOBJíeHO 3i 3 ji octí. Uboro pa3y noaajibina npoHe/jy-pa BiflnoBÍAajia npsBOBHM iipniincaM i 3BHHyBaneHy >KÍHKy 3BÍJIbHHJIHW. Byjia Bi/maHa Ha TopTypH ň OpHiuKa JlHHMaHHxa 3 cejia Ili/iJiicHi, mo nin KpeMenueM. li oÓBHHyBaTHjiH y buujOMCTBí 1753 poKy. U,iKaBO, mo OpnuiKa nonajia cbwíhth npo cbog BiflbMyBaHHH me no toto, hk i"i b3hjih Ha MyKH, ajie i"i po3noBi/jb cynepenHJia CBi/meHHHM íhhioí 3BHHyBaHeHo'i, TOMy OpnuiKy BHpiUIHJIH KaTyBaTH. 3HOBy 3aCTOCyBaJIH flO 5KÍHKH p03THryB3H-HH Ha flHÓÍ. JXOYIHT Í"Í 3aHOTOBaHO 7iy>Ke flOKJiaflHO - Haa3BHHaň- HHH BHna/j,OK y cyaax npo napn. Opninui nocTaBHJin Tpn 3ann- T3HHH! KOMy BOHa HIKO/J.HJia CBOÍM BiflbOMCTBOM, XTO 6yjiH i"í kjií-EHTH i XTO H3BHHB íl BÍÄbOMCTBa. BOHa X BÍAnOBÍJia TijIbKH Ha ocTaHHe 3annTaHiiH (npuHaÖMHi y MaTepiíuiax 3acpiKcoBaHo jiňme mo BianoBÍ/jb) i Ha3Bajia iMena norapbox >kíhok, hkí hí6h-to HaBiajiH ií napiB. KpiM toto, OpnuiKa Tpoxn 3MÍHHJia cboí nonepeflHi CBi/JHeHHH, toík cyaai BTpaTHJin 6y^b-HKy aoBipy no n cjiíb. 3a 3MÍHy CBÜmeHb OpHuiKy noKapajiH oararaMH i Tpaaii-híhho nonepe/jHJiH, mo cnajiHTb, hkiho BOHa noBepHeTbcn no Bi/tbOMCbKHX cnpaB85. Cepea ycix MaTepiHJiÍB MeHi TpaiiHJiacH Jiňme o/iHa cnpa-Ba, HKa Moace npoijnocTpyBaTH nacax ľpoi'HbKoro npo bhko-pHCTaHHH MariHHHX 3aco6iB zuiH npoTH/iu 60JIK) nin nac TOp-Typ. 1724 poKy BacHJiH ľynyjia aonHTyßajiH, 3acTocoByioHH /iHÔy h BoroHb, ajie bíh He 3naB öojiro. Bi/xraK orojiocHJiH, mo bíh yjKHBaB napÍB, hkí aonoMorjiH iioMy nepeTepni™ KaTy- BaHHH86. ™ AGAD, Ksifga Czama Krzemienieckie 1747-1777 (mf 18958), apK. 42-49. '"TaM caMO, apK. 119-129. Uh cnpaBa buhhtkobh 3 6araTbox ripiraiH, TOMy BOHa 6yae flCTajibHo po3rjiímyTa b ocramibOMy po3AŮii uieí khhsckh * ApxHB K>3P, 1. 5, t. 1 (K, 1869), c. 302. Kopojieea doxa3io: mopmypu ipo.ib Kama 47 4. 3H(ipxddsi mopmyp. Jlaea (Andtzej Ĺyjak. Dawne narzqdzia kar i tartar. Slownik. Krakow: Wydawnictwo PiT, 1998, s. 65) npoaHaJiÍ3yBaBuiH hí HenncjieHHi npnioiaan, jj,oxo;i,hmo BHCHOBKy npo MapriHajibHy pojib TopTyp b yKpaÍHCbKiix cyaax npo napn. Ilo-nepHie, oÓBHHyBaneHHX 6pajiH Ha MyKH He 6ijib-me Hiac y 5% ycix npoaHajii30BaHnx mhok) cnpaB npo napn. OneBH/iHo, He MoacHa hohchhth thm, mo Ha yKpa'mcbKHX Tepe-Hax, Ha BiaMiHy Bia HiMeubKHx 3eMejib XVII ctojiítth, nponec 6pyTajii3anii npaBOBoi chctcmh TaK i He BiaoyBCH. KpiM Toro, MÍ3epHa KÍJIbKÍCTb KaTiB, mO IX yTpHMVBajIH B yKpai'HCbKHX MicTax, noHCHioe MajioicTOTHy pojib TopTyp He jih me y cnpaBax npo napu, a ň b íhhihx KpnMiHajibHHx cnpaBax. üo-apyre, KaTy-BaHHH me vi TOMy BBaxaeMO Majio3HaHymHM, mo pe3yjibTaT zionHTy Ha MyKax aaJieKO He 3aBac/jn BnjiHBaB Ha BnpoK cyay. IIoaeKyaH jno/jeii, hkí KiJibKa pa3ÍB TepnLin TopTypH i He 3Mi- HHJIH CBiflHeHb, yce O^HO BH3H3BajIH BHHHHMH i 3acyfl>KyBajiH i'x no Kapn Ha ropjio. A 6yBajio HaBnaKn: thm, xto 3Í3HaBaBCH y IiaflcpaHTaCTHHHiuiHX 3JIOHHHaX, npH3HaMajIH IIOpiBHHHO M'flKe noKapaHHH. KaT - aoBOJii noMiTHHH nepcoiiax y cyaoBHx ^OKyMemax, 3raaKH npo Hboro b MaTepinjiax cyaiB npo ^apn MOxyTb 6araTO po3noBicTH npo CTaBjieHHH b cycniJibCTBi no KaTiBCbKoro peMe-cjia, 30KpeMa po3KpnTH noinnpeHe yiiBjieHHH npo 3b'h3ok KaTa 3 Marieio87. B yKpai'HCbKHX 3eMJiHx, hk i b 6ijibinocTi Kpam 3axiA- 87 B yKpaiHCbKiň icropiorpatpii, Ha bwmíhv Bta eBpoiieňcbKoií, npiwLľieno He TaK 6araTo vBar« ocoôi ň peMeaiy KaTa. KLibKa 3arajibimx cnocrepejKeHb 48 1. %K mdoyßOJiucn. cydu npo napu iioi Eeponii, iotíbctbo BuajKajioca «npoKJifrroio» npo(pecieio, caMÓ ím'h ioTa 6yjio Ta6yřioBaHHM i Ha3Ba™ tbk Korocb cnpHÍí-MajiH hr o6pa3y necTM. Bi/yiyHHH nnx ircpCKOHaHb no;uióyeMO i b cy/i,ax upo 4apH. [TanpHKJiaA, 1728 poKy 1 terpo ľlix-sucuiľi íioeiiapiiiäca ;) ,ipy>Kif-iioio Monmi JleŕÍ3opoBHiia i noóiis n, 3B n Hy BaTH b ui n y HaMaraH-hí 3a^apyBaTH íioro. JKiHKa BÜuiOBijia ŕíoMy o6pa30io, o6i3BaB-niH noro KaTOM. XapaicrepHO, mo noaľi ui BiaóyBajiHCj? b 0.inqi - MicTe^Ky, Ae híkojih He öyjio cBoro KaTaSR. 3 flOKyMen-tíb BHnjiHBae, mo JiioßHHa, aKo'i Top k aB ch KaT - me ripuie -HKa 3a3Hajia Mop/iyBaiib, yBaacajiaca «öpymioio». CjioBa npo ie, mp XTOcb noöyßaB y KaTÍBCbKHX pyicax, cnpnriMajnicn íik o6pa-3a. CaMe raK po3HÍHHJia íx MapTHHiixa BnHHHHKa 3 Bhjkbh 1728 poKy89. OflHaK cjiobo «KaT» (pirypye hc TÚibKH hk JiaŕÍKa. 3 MaTepin-;ííb cyaiB npo napií ai3HaeMoc.fi, mo ííoro nepiflKo 3ra/iyBaJiH i hk CBoepiaHoro «öaöaa» ajijj 3JionnHHÍB, HanpnKJiafl jíHKaun hhm Bi#bOM. 1719 poKy 5ÍKy6 BonincbKHH Í3 KoBejifi oÖBHiiyßaTHB BacHJiH OKceHTHHOBHTia 3 flpyacHHOio y BÍflbOMCTBi. HKy6 npii-X0J5HB flo 'ixHboro ÖyflHHKy, Jiaas o6ox BÚibOMCbKHM njieMeHeM i norpoacyBaB npiiBe3TH Kara*. A 1716 pOKy míctjihhh Í3 Bhjkbh JlyKam CynpyHtOK 3BHHyBaTHB y bííibomctbÍ cboio cycUucy JIoMa3HHKy, bíh raK caMO xoähb no óyaHHKy «BiflbMH», BHry-KyiOHH nU BÍKHaMH 3BHHyBaH6HHH h norp03H Ta nepeKOHyionn, híóh Bace nißroTyBaB bí3 Ixa™ no KaTa91. npo CTaujieuHM no KaiiBCbKoro peMecjia #hb. y tskhx npauííx: O. JleBHUb-KHH, B3rjiHÄ na peMecjio najia^a b erapoii Majiopocciin, KueecKoa cmctpu-Ha (12 1899); 395-398; H. ÍIkobchko, upo ^Ba MeirrajiMii crepermniH yKpainciiKo'ť uijihxth; "hojiobík aoöpi-iß" ra "hojiobík :ijihh", UapajienvHuii ceim, MocjiidweHwi 3 icmopii ynejienb ma ideu e yxpaim XVI-XVĽ cm. (KhÍb, 2002), c. 137-Í38. JXoauh aeTajitni onncH jkhtth i npaui jh>bíb- CbKHX KETÍB .ZHiB. y KH.I A, Ko3HIÍbKHH, C. EijIOCTOIlbKHH, KpUMÍHOilbHUU ceim cmapozo Jlbeoea (JlbBÍB, 2001), c. 8-21. 83 imiAK YKpaíHH, i><> itwi ôoKa3Íe: mopmypu i pom Kama 49 llpOTe iCHyBaB i 3BOpOTHHH 6iK CnpiIHHHTTÍI KaTÍBCbKOÍ ii|)<)i. BßaxajiocH, mo TaKa MOTy3Ka Mae napiBHi BjiacTHBOCTi i npiiBepTae ycnix ao í'i BJiacHiiKa92. MojKHa BneBHeHO cTBepa^cyBaTu, mo TopTypH Majio biuih-BajiH Ha nepeóir i pe3yjibTaT yKpai'HCbKHX cy^iß npo lapw. 3acT0C0ByBajiH íx AOCHTb pi^Ko, no-nepiue, 6paKyBano KaTiB, iii)-/ipyre, Mepe3 nopiBHHHy M'nKicTb híjioí cy^oBoí chctcmh, HKa 3 (kraTbox npHHHH yHHKHyjia npouecy 6pyTajiÍ3auii. Ta nosaíiK mjiohhhuíb HenacTo 6pajiH na MyKH i b íhiuhx KpnMiHajibHHx cnpaBax, HaBpaa MOjKHa roBopHTH npo noÓJiaaoiHBe CTa-imeHHH cyMiB cáMe ao oÖBHHyBaHeHHx y napax. 3í]^25(1717),yBMflaHHi: 4 - B-1086 i: B. B. Ahtohobhh, Kojidoecmeo, c. 68. * mijiuni ruiimoK:pom uipdennozo cninKyeamiR ipenymauii 51 Y mapiiHi iuiítok: pojib moaeiiHoro cnijiKyßaHHH i penyxairii Y HepBHi 1718 pony ao MicbKoro cyay Bhjkbh 3BepHyBca MimaHHH ÍIuko noxanoBHM 3 oÖBHHyBaneHHaM npoTH ľaHHH TpaHOBOi, HKa 3Beaa Haioien Ha floro apyjKHHy. y cyai bíh po3noBiB, mo floro apy>KHHa nooóiuajia Aaxn TaHHi 3a poöoTy Ha kocobhhí CHpoBaTKH AJia sixefl. llpoTe TaHHa He jiHiue BisMOBHjia-ca B3HTH cnpoBaTKy, a me fl, HeBAH^Ha, nomn-piOBajia njíiTKH, hí6h floro apyjKHHa xoxijia ii 3 aiTbMH 3aMapvBaTH 3 aonoMoroK) Tieí 3jiom,acHOi CHpoBaTKH. ÜKOcb yBeMepi, npoxoAain noB3 ôyaHHOK ľaHHH TpanoBoí, Apy-jKHHa rioTanoBHHa noqy.ia, npHHaflMHi TaK iň 3A&aocfl, mo TaHHa, öecisyiOHH 3 HOTHpMa jiíthímh scimcaMH, po3noBisae npo ii cnpoÖH 3poÖHTH AHTHHy 3 TÍCTa. Oöypena HamienoM apyacn-Ha rioTanoBH^ia BxpyTHjiaca b po3MOBy i 3aaBHjia, mo Bce cKa3a-He npo Hei - ópexHH. IIpoTe n'HTb íhuihx y^acHHUb CBapKH BHKaajiH bíamíhhí Bep-cii noaifl. y TaHHH, 3a ii caoBaMH, 6yjiH cepňo3Hi niacxaBH niA03-pioBaTa, mo 3rasaHa cHpoBaxica 6yaa 3a*iapoBaHoio, aA>Ke BOHa Ha BaacHi omí óaHHJia Kpi3b mianHy y Aßepax iiobíxkh, hk apyJKHHa rioTanoBHHa MHJia neio cboio cpaMOTy. TaKy AHBHy noBeaiHKy, a HH pHTyan, IaHHa Moraa noacHHTH tíjibkhmk cnpoöy 3a4apyBaxH ii poAHHy. TaHHa nopaanaaca 3 cecxpoio rioxanoBH^a, i pa30M BOHH BHpiinHJiH Kpame He 6paTH 3a4apoBaHy cnpoBaTKy, a aKmo apyjKHHa IIoxanoBHHa HanoaaraxuMe, bhjihth ii cbhhíim. Ha aonnxi TaHHa 3anepeMyBaaa nouiHpeHHa nero uiei niKaHTHoi íh(popMaHÍi ň, BiflKHaaioMH 3BHHyBa4eHHH, po3Ka3ajia iHUKiiiy icTopiio. OflHoro Benopa BOHa 3 aciHKaMH ooroBopioBaaa ni i;iniii HOBHHH (y Khsbí 6yjia Beanica noaceaca, a XTOcb TaM iiiíMiiraBCfl 3poÖHTH flHTHHy 3 TÍcia Tomo), panTOM Ha hhx Hajie-ii i.i apyacHHa IIoxanoBHHa i nonajia HecnoaißaHO arpecHBHO ;iiixnmaTH cboio penyxanjio, 3aneBHaioHH npHCyxmx y ópexjiH-ikictÍ KOJKHoro TaHHHHoro caoBa. y BijinoBiaB TaHHa cxBep/iacy-Hiiaa, mo BOHa roBOpHXb HHCxiciHbKy npaBAy, 60 caina xe 6anHJia uaacHi oni, npH qbOMy tpaiíx 3raAOK npo cnpoBaxicy b xoa;i noiiepeaHboi P03MOBH 3anepenyBaBCH. Iücas cjioBecnoi ôaxajiii /uiyacHHa noxanoBH^a uixoBxnyaa ľanny i nonajiaca 6iňKa. HexBepo cbískíb KoiKpJiiKxy 6yjXH Haöaraxo KpacHOMOBHi- IIIHMH, 3MaJIbOByK)HH nOApoÖHUJ KOH(pJlÍKXy. >Kíhkh noHHHa- ,'in cboio po3noBÍ£b 3 KapxHHH Maflace ianaiHHOro, ciiOKÍHHOro jíiTHboro Beaopa xa ixHboro MHpHOro «tpopyMy», mo floro rpyöo oöipBajio BxpynaHHH jxpyyKUHU ÜOTanoBHHa. BiflxaK KoaíHa, hbho CM3KVk)mh /;exajii, onucyBaaa Hacxynni noAü 3 HiaoK) HH3KOIO flpyropa/iHHX noApoÖHab (HanpHKaaa, skhmh cniTexaMH oÖMiinoBaanca ynacHHm CBapKH, y aid nacxHHH xiaa Bay^ajiH yaapn nia Mac 6íokh) i KoaíHa HaaaBajia icxopii HOBHX BÍAXÍHKÍB33. Ua cnpaBa Haraaye paauie ryrnopecKy, a He noxMypi 3axia-HoeBponeflcbKi cyaH Haa BiabMaMH, hkhmh ix 3a3Bnnaii y«njiíie lUHpoKHH 3aran. CKenxHHHe CTaBJíeHHíi cy^iB ao 3BHHyBayeHb y HaKJiyHCTBi íhoaí nepexBopiOBaJio mícbkhh cyA Ha (papc, Ha apeHy Ayia oörosopeHHa míchcbhx njíiTOK, 3'acyBaHHa cxocyH-kíb xa Api6'a3icoBHX Miacycoönirb. ÍIk cbía^hxl cnpaBa 3 no30-BOM IToxanoBH^a, naixKH Morjin cxaTH MoryTHÍM mhhhhkom ajih npoBOKyBaiiHfl oÖBHHyBaneHb, 13 hkhmh 3Bepxa.iHca ao cyAy. IcxopniíH paHHbOMOAepHOi ao6h He pa3 3a3HanajiH, mo naixKH BiairpaBajin niabHy poab y óaraxbox cyaOBHx npOHecax. CKajKÍMO, y CßameHHifl PHMCbKifl iMnepií, UIoTJiaHAií Ta OpaHHH MicueBi naixKH 6yjiH AocxaTHboro iophahhhoio niACTa-BOio npHTarayTH aiOAHHy ao cyay. BoAHOMac 3a MaxepiajxaMH KpHMiHaabHHX npoAeciB MoaíHa BiacxeacHxn MexanÍ3MH nonni-peHHH njiixoK, aAate nacxo cbíakh 3aoHHHÍB 6yjiH He iiao^HHMH, a, xax 6h mobhxh, uayumuMU. ' M9 28 (1718), y BHnaHHi; B, B. Ahtohobhm, Koxdoecmeo, c. 69-72. 52 1- eidöyeajiucx cydu npo wpu TpHBajiHH nac njiiTKy po3rji^aajiH 3Ae6üibuioro b Mopajib-HOMy acneKTi, noß'H3aHOMy 3 i'l cpyHKuioHyBaiiHHM94. Ta B»ce 3 60-x poKiß XX CTOJiiTTH njiiTKH crajin npe^MeTOM aHajii3y ft aHCKycii cnepmy b cepeztoBHini aHTponojioriB, a ßi^TaK coniojio- riB Ta iCTOpHKiß. CouiHJIbHi aHTpOnOJIOrH, ßOCJliiPKyiOMH (pyHK- uiii njiiTKH y TpaflHiiiftHHX cnijibHOTax, aKueHTyioTb yßary iipn-HaftMHi Ha abox BaaoiHBHx MOMeHTax i"i rioöyTyBaHHH\ njiiTKa hk iHCTpyMeHT 3ÖepiraTH TpaanniftHy cncTeMy niHHOCTeft, 60 cäivie CTpax 6y™ CKOMiipoMeTOBaHHM 3Mymye ^JiemB couiioMy aot-pHMyßaTHCH 3arajibHonpHftHüTHX HopM noBeaiHKH; i njiiTKa hk AeMapKauiftHa jriHia Mi>K «cboi'mh» i «lyacHMH», no3aaK BOHa MiCTHTb 6e3JliH MiCljeBHX H33B, iMeH i nOflift, HeBi/lOMHX no3a MOKaMH KOHKpeTHOi MicueBOCTH, i TBOpHTb y T3KHH CnOCiÖ ßifl- nyTTfl e^HOCTH uie'i rpoMa/iH nepea jinneM ayTcaft^epiB95. CouiojioriHHa ac AHCKycia aoBKOJia njiiTOK po3ropTa^acn 3fle6i^biuoro b reHAepHOMy, a6o ac CTaTeBOMy acneKTi - 3ajiyne- HiCTb 3ÜH0K i/HH HOflOBlKiB #0 CTBOpeHHfl Ta OÖrOBOpeHHfl IUli-TOK. OAHe 3 He3!HCOBaHHX COUiOJIOriMHHX nHTaHb - HOMy mo- neHue cnijiKyBaHHfl hohok He3ajieacH0 Bifl AHCKyTOßaHHX TeM cycnijibCTBO BBajKae n^iTKyBaHHHM, HaTOMiCTb po3mobh nojiOBi-KiB, npe^MeTOM hkhx Hepla,Ko e iüjikom npHBarai npoöjieMH, p03UiHK)e HK OÖrOBOpeHHfl hk B^aCHe CniJIKyBaHHH96. OtOJK co- uiojiorH CTBepa»cyioTb, mo njiiTKH BHKOHyBa/iH i aajii BHKony-H)Tb cpyHKuiio AH(pepeHuiK)BaHHfl CTaTeBHx pojieft: 3a mcIhohhmh p03M0BaMH, HaßiTb HKUIO B0HH npo nOJHTHKy, eKOHOMiKy Tomo, Bee orho MiuHo 3aKpinnBCH CTepeoTHn njiiTKyBaHHH. CouiojIOrH p03pi3HHK)Tb TpH piBHi mo^eHHOrO CnUIKyBaHHH! OÖMiH iH(pOpMauieiO, p03Ka3yBäHHH BHraaaHHX icTopift Ta IUHTKy- BaHHa97. IlepiiiHft pißeHb - oÖMin mcpopMaineio - Mae Ha MeTi po3-noßicTH npo peajibHi noflii, HKi Bi/iöyjiHCH b nift MicneBOCTi a6o 3a 94 TyT i ztajii cjiobo «miiTKa» b>khto b 3Ha4CHni iHcpopMauii npo TpeTio oco6y, 6a30BaHo'i Ha pea^bHiix noflinx, aJie noÄpoöi-mi ™ po3bhtok mix noflifi HaBMHCHe a6o 3a 6paK0M BÜioMOCTeit nepercpyHeni hh aoflyMaHi 93M. Gluckman, Gossip and Scandal, Current Anthropology. Vol. 4 (3 1963): 307-316. 96 C. Benard, E. Schlaffer, Mannerdiskurs und Frauentratsch: Zum Doppelstandard in der Soziologie, Soziale Welt (1 1981): 119-136. 97 TaM caMO, s. 124. * Utipwii rviimoK:poÄb tupdennozo cnvmyeamtH ipenymauß 53 mvk;imh; apyrnft pißeHb - po3Ka3yßaHHfl BHra^aHHX icTopift - e I" lyvibTaTOM TBopyo'i nepepoÖKH; TpeTin pißeHb - njiiTKVBaHHJi -in pi Htiye nepuii ,nBa b TaKnft cnociö, mo po3noBijib rpyHTyeTbcn Ha |M'!UII>hhx noaiflx, ajie ro hhx nonano BKpaft cyö'eKTHBHy oniHKy i.H iKpeMi cKWKeTH, aici 3anoBHioioTb nporajiHHH y po3BHTKy noaift. 11 i .;i4HM0, Me»Ca Mi)K UHMH TpbOMa piBHHMH flOBOJli p03MHT3. CnpoöyeMO Ha npHK^aai cyaiB npo HapH 3'ncyBaTH KijibKa im raub: no-nepuie, aKi cpyHKiiii BHKOHyBajiH njiiTKH y cnpaßax bo 'iapn; no-Apyre, cnpaßaacyeTbca ctocobho hhx noflift i ' npaß couiojiori^He npHnymeHHfl, Hi6n njiiTKH - HßHnje reH/iep-iii) cneHHCpiMHe, toöto hh njiiTKH, kki BpeniTi-peniT npH3ßejiH ao odHHiiyBaHeHb y HamryHCTBi, nouiHpioBajiH cyTO äihkh. B yMOBax TicHoro cnißicHyßaHH« acHTe^iß paHHbOMO/iep-iiiix ciji i MicTenoK, npHBarae mchtt« KoacHoro aac ao iHTHM-iiiix no^poÖHUb Bw6yBa;iocH Ha oiax cycwiB, m BiziHyBaBc^ iuipa3Hnft rojio/i Ha hobhhh, njiiTKH 6yjiH HeoAMiHHOio ^acra-noio noBCHKZieHHa, npHHHHTiioio i HaßiTb HeoöxiAHOio. y TaKHX iiiuiaziKax noniHpeHHH iHcpopManii BHKOHyBajio BaaaiHßy rpyHK-uiio - He A03BOJIHTH 3JioMHHOBi 3ajiHuiHTHC» HenoMineHHM i uioBicTHTH HKOMora öijibiue Jiroaeft npo noTeHniftHy He6e3neKy. Po^b rwiTOK BHHHTKOBO BajKJiHBa y cyaax naa ßi^bMaMH. Ocb mo 3aßBaa b pyKax i, 3a ňoro cnoBaMH, uiyKaB 3hhkjihx KOHeň. MaTKOB-cbKoro onxnocHJiH BaMnipoM, hkhíí cbo'ímh napaMH HaioiHKaB eniaeMiio100. He BaaioHHCb y noapoónui po3npaBH, 3a3Hany, mo ue ôyjio pHTyajibHe bóhbctbo BaMnipa, onncn hkoto noanôyeMO b MaTepiHJiax, 3i6paiiHX cpojibKJiopHCTaMH XIX ctojiítth. HaTO-MicTb 3BepHÍMO yBary Ha MexaHÍ3MH cpyHKuionyBaHHH HyTOK101. sTai<:a cMTyauiH xapaKTepHa He Ti^bKH pj\n yKpaíHirjB, - y iiiMeubKHX cy/rax, HanpHKjiaA, reac He nyxte CTapajiHCji 3ajiynaTn cbíäkíb. IIomíthhh BHHHTOK CTaHOBJIJlTb XÍ6a OKpeMÍ JIOTapHH3bKÍ Cy,UH, ae HHCJIO CBUKÍB iHoai carajio kuimcox äcchtkíb. 10 N° 55 (1746), y BHflaHHi: B. B. Ahtohobhi, Kojidoecmeo, c. 105-112. " Y ubOMy KOHKpeTHOMy npoiieci noiH,i\ iiepea 3aHapyBaHH3M Ta 6a>KaHHa BpaiyBaiH jkhttm xbo-tiimi 'uieHa po/iHHH, amac 6aacaHHfl Korocb npiihh3hth, Xo^a ft Ml 11 II 11(1 0C06HCTHX HOpaXyHKlB M1>K KOHTpaleHTaMH «Bi/rbOM- i i,kmx» upoueciB He 6y/iH pi^KicTio. ] I aHHCKpaBiuii npnKJiaflH nboro no/pifiyeMO y cnpaBax, BTOpOHaMH BHCTynajin fliaoBi cynepiiHKH, Hid nouinpioBa.™ Iifilriai npo BHKopHCTaiiim napiB 3 MeToio niflipBaTH penyTaHiio hniiKypeiiTa b OMax icnieiiTiB i Hinpuioi ny6jiiKH. ByBajio, ayx l'VIH'|)IIHHTBa OXOnJHOBaB He TijlbKH npeflCTaBHHKiB KOHKypeHT- iiiix 3aKJiaAiB, a h HJiemB oflHiei npocpecinHoi cnijiKH. Y jimuhj 1717 poxy b TOMy ac xaKH KawMHui Ajislm MaHhKOBCLKHH Bi^ iMriii ;tpyxMHH ocKap^HB TaHHy KojienbKy, U,si cnpaBa - npn-i i[Oivu'ii.-ioT cupoon cKopHcvraTHOi iL'iiTKaMii ;siicc:iaB.'iei[-im i-coiiKypeiiTa. 06nABi aeiiiKH TpnMajiH uihhkh, cnpaBH Manb-uoncbKoi ftuiJiH Bropy, HaTOMicTb hihhok FaHHH noTepnaB Bifl IK'CTa^i KJlieHTiB. HKOCb TaHHa npHHUIJia HO MaHbKOBCbKOl i ii tpaflHTHCH i Ta BiaKpHJia ih ceKpeT CBoro ycnixy; bih no^isiraB y roMy, mo uiHHKapKa CBoro nacy KynM^a b Kaxa M0Ty3Ky, Ha jnciH i [OBicHjm 3siojxin. Xxo3Ha, hk Bee boho 6vtio caivte TaK, ajie AocTe-mchho xaicy iHipopManiio nepeKa3VBajia TaHHa KJiieHTaM. npnny-criMo, nio MaHbKOBCbKa cnpaB^i ao6yjia b KaTa M0Ty3Ky (raHHa (TBepfljicyBaJia, uj;o oyeBH/miB, am ^yjin hk> po3MOBy, MaiibKOB-cbKi B^acHO niAKynHJiH, a6n Ti He CBiflqtuiH npoTH hhx). Aiie b laiiHH, niBimine 3a Bee, He 6yjio rpouien Ha TaKy aopory pin, i m AenieBHie 6yjio, He no3HBaioHHCb ao cyay, noBepHyTH mcpopMa-Hiio npo «flHHBOJibCbKy» npnpofly ycnixy KOHKypeHTKH co6i Ha KopncTb. Ojxrrk MaHbKOBCbKi uiBHAKo 3pearyBtLTH, ofiBHHyBa-thbihh njiiTKapKy b HaKJieni. IlpHCyfl ajih TaHHH KojieubKoi cxaB hhihibhhm: BOHa Majia cnjiaTHTH uiTpacp 3a 3asztaHy o6pa3y, rpouien y iii poflHHH 3a6paKJio i il hojiobIk ohhhhbch y B'a3Hnniins. s L. Gowing, Domestic Dangers: Women, Words, and Sex in Early Modem London (Oxford, 1996), p. 121,124. B 25 (1717), y BH^aHHi: B. B. Ahtohobiih, Kojidoecmeo, c. 68. 58 1- Hk eidöyeajiucx cydu npo uapu Ha 3aBepuieHHfl norvumbMO Ha reitaepHHH acneKT njiiTKy-BaiiHH y 3B'a3Ky 3 cyaaMH npo Map«. TpaAHinfiHO iijiItkh h Bi-/ibOMCTBo - cBoepiaHHft AyeT BaA, npuriHcyBaHHH aciHKaM. BiflbOMCTBO, hk i iuiiTKH, cnnpaeTbcn na CHJiy 3Jihx cJiiB. YBasKa-jioch, mo 3JIHÜ H3HK 3AaTen Bpa3HTH He ripme 3a KyjiaKH, npaBo >K KOpHCTaTHCH HHM 3ajIHHiajIH 3a aciHKaMH, aaace BÖHM (pi3HMHO OnaÖUli 3a HOJIOBMB i HC Ma.HH pCajlbHOl IIO;iiTHHHOi, lOpHAHHHOl h (pinaHcoBoi CHJIH B naTpinpxa^bHHX cycnijibCTBax paHHbOMO-AepHoro 4acy. Y TaKOMy po3pi3i cyan npo napn mbjih 6h 6y™ napHHOio, ae ^OMiHyioTb aciHKH: cnoMaTKy bohh nocnjiaioTb npoKJiHTTH Ha aapecy cboix cyciaiß, 3anapoByK)Tb i'x, BiATaK aciHKH 3 6oKy 3aHaKJioBaHOi acepTBH nomnproioTb njiiTKH npo 3anapyBaHHJi; yce ue, Bpeum-peurr, Morjio npH3BecTH no odpi-uiHHoro cyaoBoro oÖBHHyBancHHH y BiAbOMCTBi a6o HaKJieni. 3BiCHO, TaKHH CK)5KeTHHH XJA 3aHaflT0 CXeMaTHMHHH, y nOBHOMy BHiviHfli ßoro noAHÖyeMO jinuie b KüibKOX cnpaßax - «i^eajib-HHX» 3pa3Kax cyaiB npo Hapn107. Hk CTBepaacyiOTb coHiojiora, i b paHHbOMoaepHHH nac, i Tenep njiiTKyiOTb nepeßaacHO >kühkh. npHraaaHMO Apy»cHHy Huna IloTanoBHHa 3 Bhhcbh: HaneBHe, y Hei 6yjiH niacTaBH BBaacaTH, mo Ti n'HTepo »ühok nameKyBajin caMe npo Hei". IlpoTe 3 iHuiHx cnpaB BiinjiHBae, mo njiiTKyBaHHH He öyjio aac TaKoio cneHHfpiHHOio 03naKoio »ciHOHTBa. Y abox nonepeA-Hix icTopmx 3a cBi/ndB 6yjiH TijibKH hojiobikh; 6araTo XTO 3 HHX 3i3H3BCH, mo oxone 3ynHHHeTbCfl nocepea Ahh Ha Byjinui noro-MOHiTH 3i 3H3H0MHMH, noöa3iKara npo MicHeßi noAÜ', a nOTiM He oapa3y 3a6yBae nj nyTKH ti nepeKa3H. CnpaBy npo napn, y hkih Oy.™ 3aAinm MOJioBiKH, HaiiKpame ijnocTpye noABiOHHO nponec rpnropm BaönneHKa (noAeKyAH -EaönaceHKo). OöiiAßi cnpaBH msuik mcne y KaM'nimi npoTHroM jifra 1710 pony. Ha nepuiOMy nponeci BaÖHHeHKO BHCTynaB hko BHHyBaTeHb y nouinpeHHi njiiTOK npo CBnmeHHKa HHa da-BHHbKoro. CyTb ix nojinrajia b roMy, mo y CBHiueHHKa hiöhto e BjiacHHH HOpT, AO Toro MC i caM CTaBCbKHH, i bch ßoro poAHHa ÜHTaiiHH npo 3£uiyHenicTb adHOK y cnpaBH npo Mapn aeTajihHO po3rjis-Hyro y cTarri: J. Sharpe, Women, Witchcraft and the Legal Process, y BHAanni: Women, Crime and the Courts in Early Modern England, ed. J. Kermode and G. Walker (London, 1994), p. 106-124. I U/CtpUHi ruiimoK: pojib wpdennoto cninKyeanHH i penymaufi 59 npaKTHKVKDTb HapH. Ha CBift 3axncT BaÖHHeHKO Ka3aB, mo njiiT-icii Hi He BHraayBaB, a TijibKH noBTopHB Te, mo nyB Bia iHuinx108. .itviH cyaoBoro nponecy mIctom nonoB3JiH nyTKH, «Ki Haomio ;icMOHCTpyioTb ecpeKT «3incyToro TejiedpoHy»: 3 MariMHoio AiH/ibHicTK) Bace noB'fl3yBajiH iM'n caMoro BaöimeHKa. Toac MCHUie hi>k 3a Micfliib Bin 3HOBy onHHHBCH y MicbKOMy cyAi, ajie li.oro pa3y hk no3HBam BaÖHHeHKO 3BHHyßaTHB OeAopa HueBa y iiouinpeHHi njiiTOK, hIöhto is i 11 3aHMaerbCH napoAincTBOM. A (DeAip flljiB CB1AHHB, mo Ha BJiaCHi OHi 6aHHB, hk BaÖHHeHKO ioTye mocb niA03pi^ie, BiH aIhuiob BHCHOBKy, mo iyi He oöiH-iiijioch öe3 HapiB, BHKpaB rjreHHK i3 3i.yuiHM 3 neni i po.3Ka3aB y Midi npo napn. 3a cjioßaMH BaönneHKa, BiH roTyßaB y TOMy r^ie- MIlKy JliKH SJIH CBOei XBOpoi AHTHHH i 5KOAHHX HapiB npH HbOMV ne BacHBaB10". 51k öannMo, Bei ynacHHKH Hboro npouecy - hojio-»iKHU0, a no3aHK cnpaBa hh HenooAHHOKa, e cepflo3Hi niAcraBH cyMHiBaTHCH y BHCHOBKax coHiojioriHHoi reHAepHoi Teopii npo 11JiiTKyBaHHH hk cneuHdpiHHO aciHony pncy. Ome, njiiTKH BHKopHCTOByBajin a^ih iHfpopMyBaHhh 3jiob-MHCHHKa, mo »cepTBi hh H poAHHaM BiAOMe ftoro im'h. He ÖyB 3po3yMi^HH AJiH BHHyBaTHH jmxa 3H;iK, HKHH MaB npHMyCHTH üoro oöepnyTH MarinHy aik» napiß Ha 3HijieHHH. BoAHonac nePi ;»i3K öyB i norpo30K>, aA>Ke öaraTO JHOAeft Ai3HaBajiocn npo neöe3neKy, HKy CTaHOBHJin a^ih rpoMaAH niA03pK>Bam y naKJiyH- CTBi. njiiTKH BriJIHBaJIH Ha CpOpMyBaHHH KOJieKTHBHOi naM'HTi - b HHx nouiHpHDBajiacH i 3ÖepirajiacH iHfpopMauiH npo bhhhtkobi rioflii, 30KpeMa H npo BHnaAKH naioiyHCTBa, 3anapyBaHHH Tomo. Hapeuiri, ue öy^a MoryTHH 3Öpon ajih 3necjiaBJieHHH cynepHHKa. ™ Ne 11 (1710), y BH^aHHi: B. B. Ahtohobhu, Kojidoecmeo, c. 56. lw Ms 13 (1710), y BHflaHHi: B. B. Ahtohobhh, Kojidoecmeo, c. 57. 110 üpHKJiaÄH cnpaB i3 3a.TyneHHaM HOJioBiKiB ahb.: B. B. Ahtohobhh, Kandoe-cmeo: Nb 5 (1704), c. 51-52, N« 42 (1736), c. 85-87, X2 64-65 (1749), c 119-127; UfllAK YicpaiHH, qb. 32, on. 1, cnp. 5 (1726-1747), apK. 236sb. -238 (1733), (p. 32, on. 1, cnp. 5 (1726-1747), apie 2823B (1734).