BASIC VOCABULARY

A

abālum a: to dry (up)

abārum (G: to embrace (rare))

D: to accuse, denounce

abātum I a/u: to destroy

abātum II a/u: to flee

            i N: to flee

abnum: stone (NA[4] 229)

abum: father (AD)

abullum: f. city-gate (KÁ.GAL)

aburrum: pasture

adannum: fixed date, time limit

adārum a/u: to be dark, worried

adi: prep. until, as far as, including;

adi numeral-šu: x times

adirtum: gloominess, fear

agāgum a/u: to be furious

agārum a/u: to hire, rent

ag(i)rum: hired man

aḫātum: sister

aḫāzum a/u G: to take, seize, marry, learn

            Š: to instruct

aḫītam: adv. aside, on one side

aḫum: brother, pl. aḫḫū (ŠEŠ)

aḫum: side, arm, bank, shore (pl. aḫū or

 aḫātum)

akālum a/u: to eat

ak(a)lum: bread, food (NINDA)

alākum: to go (3rd p. prs. illak, prt illik,

            perf. ittalak); ilkam alākum: to

 perform feudal service

ali: where?

ālikum: traveller, messenger

allakum: always moving

allākum: traveller, messenger, agent

alpum: ox (GUD)

ālum: city (URU 38)

-am: to me (after verbal forms without

 ending)

amārum a/u: to see, inspect, examine,

experience

ammīnim: why? (< ana mīnim)

amtum: slave girl (GÉME)

ana: prep. to, for

anāḫum a: to be tired, distressed,

            dilapidated

anāku: I (nom.)

annânum: adv. here, from her

-anni: verb with ventive –am+ni

annikīam: adv. here, hither

annîš(am): adv. hither, here

-āninni: 2nd pl. or 3rd f. pl. verbal form +

 ventive –nim+ni

annûm: this (adj.) (< anni’um, f. annītum)

anumma: now (adv.)

apālum a/u G: to answer, (re)pay

            D: to pay off

ap(i)lum: heir (IBILA)

appārum: marsh (AMBAR)

appum: nose

appūna: adv. moreover

arāḫum a: to hurry

arākum i: to be long, lasting

arāmum i: to cover (2 acc.)

arba’um; four (archaic for erbûm)

arḫiš: adv. quickly

ar(u)ḫum: fast, quick

arḫum: cow (ÁB)

arnum: guilt, fault, penalty

arûm/erûm: pregnant (< ari’um/eri’um)

ašaršani: adv. elsewhere

ašrānum: adv. there, on that very place

ašrum: place; subj. ašar, where (KI 461)

aššatum: wife (DAM)

aššum: prep. because of;  subj. because

atānum: f. she-ass

atḫû: pl. companions, partners

atḫûtum: companionship, partnership

attā: you (m. sg. nom.)

attī: you (f. sg. nom.)

attina: you (f. pl. nom.)

attunu: you (m. pl. nom.)

atūdum: wild sheep, ram

awātum: word (INIM)

awīlum: man, person (LÚ 330)

ay- (ē): may not, particle of the vetitive,

 always followed by pret.

ayyābum: enemy

ayyiš(am): whither, where?

ayyûm: which (interrogative adj.)

 (< ayyi’um, f.ayyītum)



B


bābtum city quarter

bābum: gate (pl. m. & f.) (KÁ)

bakûm i: to weap

balāṭum u: G to be well, alive, live

            D: to keep alive, heal

balum: prep. without

banûm I i: to build, create

banûm II i: to be good, beautiful

bānûm: creator (< bāni’um)

baqārum a/u: to claim (legally)

baqrum: claim

barāqum i: to flash (lightning)

barûm i: to look at, inspect

bārûm: diviner

bârum u G: to appear, be firm

            D: affirm, declare

bāštum: dignity, pride

bašû i: to be (available), exist

bâšum a: to be ashamed, come to shame

batāqum a/u: to cutt (off), divide

batultum: girl, virgin

batūlum: young man

bâtum i: to spend the night (under a roof)

bûlātum: subjects (pl; < ba’ūlātum)

belûm e G: to be extinguished

            D: to extinguish

bêlum e: to rule

bēltum: lady, mistress (NIN)

bēlum: lord, owner (EN, LUGAL)

bēlūtum: lordship

biltum: burden, tribute, rent, yield

 (GÚ.UN)

birbirrū: pl. t. radiance, sparkle

birkum: knee

birqum: flash of lightning

bīrum: divination

bītum: house (sg. m., pl. f. bitātum)

bīt ilim: temple

bulṭum: life, cure, healing

būlum: cattle

būnum: goodness, pl. face

būrum I: well, cistern

būrum II: calf (AMAR)

būšum: goods, property


D

dabābum u: to speak, tell

dagālum a/u: to look at

dâkum u: to kill

daltum: door (^gišIG)

damāqum i: to prosper, florish, be good

damum: blood

dam(i)qum: prospering, good

danānum i: to be strong

danniš: adv. strongly, severely, very

dannum: strong

dânum i: to judge, give judgement

dāriš: for ever

dārûm: everlasting (< dāri’um); ana

 dariātim/darâtim for ever

dašāpum: (G to be sweet)

            D: to make sweet

dayyānum: judge

dayyānūtum: judgeship

dekûm e: to remove, arouse, summon

dibbum: utterance

dimtum: tower (AN.ZA.GÀR)

dīnum: legal decision, lawsuit, trial

            (pl. m. & f.) (DI)

dišpum: honey, syrup (LÀL)

dumāqū: pl. t. jewellery, gems

dummuqtum: good deed, benevolence

dummuqum: (very) good

dumqum: goodness, wellfare

dūrum: wall (BÀD)

duššupum: sweetened, very sweet


E


ebbum: pure

ebēbum i G: to be bright, pure

            D: to make bright, pure

ebērum i: to cross (over), pass (into)

ebūrum: harvest (BURU[14])

edēšum i G: to be new

            D: to renew

            Dt to renew oneself

edûm i: to know (defective verb: īdi, I/he

 know(s), tīdi, you know)

egûm e or u: to be careless, negligent

egûm: negligent (< egi’um)

egûtum: negligence

ekallum: palace (É.GAL)

ekēlum i: to be dark

ekēmum i: to take away (by force)

ekletum: darkness

ekûm: impoverished (< eku’um)

ekûtum: impoverishment, orphanhood

elēlum i: to be pure

elēṣum i: to swell, rejoice

elippum: f. boat (^gišMÁ)

elēnum: adv. above

eli: prep. on (top of)

eliš; adv. (up) high, above

ellum: pure (SIKIL)

elûm e: to go up, be high

elûm: high (< eli’um)

ēma: prep./subj. wherever

emēdum i: to lean against, impose

emēqum: to be wise

em(u)qum: wise, skilled

emūqum: strength, ability

emum: father-in-law

enēqum i G: to suck

            Š: to suckle, give suck to

enûm e: to change

enzum: (she-)goat (ÙZ)

ep(e)rum: soil, earth, dust

epēšum e/u: to make, do, act

epinnum: plow (EPIN)

epištum: work, act, deed, construction

epqum: leprosy

ēpûm: baker (< ēpi’um)

eqlum: f. field (pl. eqlētum) (GÁNA)

erbum: income

erbûm: locust

erēnum: cedar

ereqqum: f. cart, waggon

erēšum I i, u, a/u: to cultivate (a field)

erēšum II i: to ask, request, desire

eriššī-Pron.: in … nakedness

erṣetum: land, territory (KI)

erûm: copper (URUDU 132)

erûm: eagle

erûm: millstone

ērum: awake

esēqum i: incise, carve

esērum i: to enclose, confine

ešērum i G: to be straight, just

Št: to put/keep in order

eṣemtum: bone

eṣērum i: to draw, make a design

etēqum i: pass by, cross over

eṭlum: young man (GURUŠ)

eṭûm: dark (< eṭu’um)

eṭûtum: darkness

ezēbum i: to leave (behind)


            G


gallābum: barber

gamālum i: to spare, save, perform a kind

 act, revenge

Gt: to agree, accomodate each other

gamārum a/u: to bring to an end, to end,

 to complete

gammilum: friendly, accomodating

gamlum: curved staff

gam(i)rum: whole, complete, finished

gerrum: f. road, journey, campaign

gimillum: act of kindness, favor, mercy;

            revenge

gimrum: totality, all, universe

gišimmarum: date palm (^gišGIŠIMMAR)

gitmālum: perfect

gulgullum: skull (pl. m. & f.)


Ḫ


ḫabālum I a/u: to oppress, wrong

ḫabālum II a/u: to be in debt, borrow

ḫabātum a/u: to rob, plunder

ḫabbātum: robber

ḫab(i)tum: robbed

ḫadiš: happily

ḫadûm u: to rejoice, be glad

ḫadûm: happy (< ḫadi’um)

ḫā’irum: husband

ḫalālu a/u: to hang up, suspend

ḫalāqum i G: to vanish, be lost, fugitive

            D: to cause to loose

ḫal(i)qum: lost, fugitive

ḫarrānum: f. road, trip, carravan

             (pl. ḫarrānātum) (KASKAL)

ḫârum i: to choose

ḫasāsum a/u: to think of, heed, be

 intelligent

ḫasīsum: ear, hearing, intelligence

ḫašāḫum i: to need, desire

ḫatûm i: to strike down

ḫaṭṭum: staff, scepter (^gišGIDRI)

ḫaṭûm i: to make a mistake, neglect, sin

ḫâṭum i: to watch over, examine, search

ḫe(n)gallum: plenty (ḪÉ.GÁL)

ḫerûm e: to dig

ḫepûm e: to break

ḫīrtum: wife

ḫišiḫtum: requirement, need

ḫīṭum: fault, harm, negligence, sin

ḫubtum: robbery

ḫubullum: debt

ḫūdum: happiness, joy

ḫulqum: lost property

ḫurāṣum: gold (KÙ.GI)

ḫurbāšum: frost, terror

ḫušaḫḫum: need, shortage, famine


I


-ī: mine (-ya after genit. and long vowels)

ibrum: friend

idum (m/f): arm, side (Á)

igārum: wall (É.GAR[8])

igigallum: wisdom (IGI.GÁL)

ikkarum: ploughman, farmer (ENGAR)

ikribum: prayer

ilkum: feudal service (required goods or

services provided in exchange for

 the use of land); s. alākum

iltum: goddess

ilum: god (DINGIR 13)

itūlum/utūlum: to lie down (irreg. verb)

imērum: donkey (ANŠE 208)

imittam: adv. right

imittum I: right side (< imintum)

imittum II: support, imposition (<

             imidtum)

immati: wanneer?

immerum: sheep (UDU)

im(i)num: right (side/hand)

ina: prep. in, on

ina maḫri: prep. in front of

ina pani: prep. in front of

inanna: now

inḫum: hardship, trouble

-īnni: 2nd p. f. sg. verbal form + ventive

            –m+ni

inu(m): subj. when

īnum: eye (IGI), s. našû

inūma: subj. when, at the time that

inūšu: in that time

ipṭi/erum: ransom (money)

irtum: breast (GABA)

isinnum: festival (EZEN)

iṣṣūrum: bird (MUŠEN 78)

iṣum: wood, tree (GIŠ 296)

iš(a)rum: straight, correct, normal

išātum: fire (IZI)

išdum: foundation, base (usually dualis)

ištēn: one

ištēniš: adv. together

ištu(m): prep. from, out of; subj. after,

 since

išum: defective verb īšu I have, he has,

             tīšu “you have”.

itinnum: (house) builder (ŠITIM)

itti: prep. (together) with

izuzzum/uzuzzum: to stand (irreg. verb)


K


-ka: your, you (m. sg. genit.and acc.)

kabāsum a/u: to step, tread (on)

kabattum: liver, heart, mind

kabātum i: to become heavy, important

kab(i)tum: heavy, important

kakkabum: star (MUL 129a)

kakkum: weapon (^gišTUKUL)

kalālum Š: to finish, perfect, complete

kalāma: all (of it) (indeclinable)

kalāmum (G: not attested)

                D: to show

kalbatum: bitch

kalbum: dog

kališ: adv. completely

kalûm: totality, all, whole (< kala’um)

kalûm a: to hold (back), detain

kamûm i: to bind

kanākum a/u: to seal

kanāšum u: to humble oneself, bow down

kanīkum: sealed document

kânum u G: to be permanent, firm, true

               D: to make permanent, firm, true

kapādum u: to plan, scheme

kappum: (palm of) hand,; wing

kaprum: f. village

karābum a/u: to bless, pray, greet

karānum: wine

karpatum: earthenware vessel (DUG 309)

karšum: stomach

kārum: quay, trading-post, warehouse

              (KAR)

kasāpum i: to break off

kaspum: silver (KÙ.BABBAR)

kaṣûm i: to be cold

kāsum: cup

kaṣārum a/u: to knot, join (together)

kašādum a/u: to reach, arrive, gain control

              of, to conquer

kašāpum i: to cast spells, bewitch

kâšim: you (m./f. sg. dat.) in:

              ana kašim to you

katāmum a/u: to cover

kâti: you (m./f. gen./acc.)

kayyāniš: constantly

-ki: your, you (f. sg. genit.and acc.)

kī: subj. when, after

kiam: adv. thus

kibrum: bank, shore, edge (pl. f.)

kibtum: wheat

-kim: to you (f. sg. dat.)

kīma: prep. like; subj. as, when, as soon as

-kināšim: to you (f. pl. dat.)

kināšim: you (f. pl. dat.) in ana kināšim

               to you

-kināti: you (f. pl. acc.)

kināti: you (f. pl. genit./acc.)

kinkum: sealing

kīnum: faithful, true, permanent

kirûm: orchard (pl. m.  f.) (< kiri’um)

               (^gišKIRI[6])

kisallum: courtyard (KISAL)

kišādum: neck, bank (of a river) (GÚ)

kišdum: acquisition

kišpū: pl. t. sorcery

kitpudum: cunning

kittum: truth

kubburum: very thick

kudurrum: boundary stone

-kum: to you (m. sg. dat.)

kunāšum: emmer (wheat)

kunukkum: seal (pl. m. & f.) (KIŠIB)

-kunušim: to you (m. pl. dat.)

kunūšim: you (m. pl. dat.) in ana

              kunūšim to you

-kunūti: you (m. pl. acc.)

kunūti: you (m. pl. genit./acc.)

kusāpum: crumb, scrap

kusīpum: bread crumbs

kussûm: chair, throne (< kussa’um)

            (^gišGU.ZA)

kūṣum/kuṣṣum: winter

kuzullum: bundle of reeds


L


lā: not, no (negation of single words, and

 of subordinate clauses; in main

 clauses with pres.: prohibitive)

labānum i: to stroke, make bricks

labārum i: to be old, long-lasting

labāšum a, i: to cloth oneself,wear clothes

lab(i)rum: old

lab(i)rūtum: old age

labīriš: of old;

ištu/ina labīriš: since long past

lalûm: plenty, exuberance

lāma: prep./subj. before

lapānum i: to be poor

lapātum a/u: to touch, grasp, inscribe

laqātum a/u: to gather, pick up

lasāmum u: to run, gallop

lāsimum: swift; runner, courier

lassamum: speedy, nimble

lawûm i: to surround, encircle, besiege

lemēnum i: to be bad, evil

lemuttum: evil (substantive) (< lemuntum)

lem(u)num: bad, evil

leqûm e: to take hold of, take away

lētum: cheek

le’ûm e: to be able, win, overcome

lē’ûm: able, powerful (< lē’i’um)

libbum: heart (ŠÀ)

ina libbi: prep. in(side of)

libittum: mudbrick (< libintum) (SIG[4])

līdum: offspring, child

liliātum: pl. t. evening

lillidum: offspring

lišānum: tongue (EME)

lītum: cow (ÁB)

lītum: power, victory

lū: be it, even if, indeed; part. of the

precative (lu-, li-), always

followed by a pret.: may

lū … (u) lū: or … or

lubāšum: (piece) of clothing

lubuštum: clothing, garment

lubšum: clothing


M


-m: to me (after verbal form on –ī)

-ma: and; added emphasis

madādum a/u: to measure (grain)

mādiš: adv. greatly, very

mâdum i: to be many, numerous

mādum: numerous, significant

magal: adv. very (much), greatly

magārum a/u: to be in agreement, please,

 grant

maḫar: prep. in front of (IGI)

maḫri: prep. in front of

maḫrum: front

ina maḫar/maḫri: prep. in front of

maḫrûm: first, former, earlier (<

            maḫrī’um)

maḫārum a/u: to confront, oppose, receive

maḫāṣum a: beat, strike

māḫāzum: shrine, cultic centre

māḫiṣum: striker, weaver

makārum: to do bussiness, have at one’s

 disposal

makkūrum: property, possession

            (NÍG.GA)

maknakum: sealed container/room

mala: prep./subj. as much as

malākum i: to plan, take council

mālakum: walk, way, course

mal(i)kum: prince, counsellor

malmališ: adv. correspondingly

malûm: dirty (body) hair

malûm a: to be full

māmītum: oath, curse

mamma: someone; with neg.: nobody

mana: mine (ca 0.5 kg)

mānaḫtum: weariness, toil, work

manûm u: to count

maqātum u: to fall, happen, arrive

maqlûm: burning, combustion

maqlūtum: conflagration

marāṣum u: to be ill, difficult

marḫītum: wife

markasum: bond, tie, rope

marrum: spade, shovel

mar(u)ṣum: ill, difficult

mārtum: daughter (DUMU.MUNUS)

mārum: son (DUMU)

maṣṣarum: guard, watchman (<

manṣarum)

maṣṣarūtum: safekeeping

maškanum: place, settlement, threshing

 floor

maškum: skin (KUŠ 7)

mašûm i: to forget

matī(ma): adv. at any time, whenever;

 with negation: never

mātum: f. country, land (pl. mātātum)

(KALAM)

mâtum u: to die; Š: to cause to die

maṭûm i: to be little, lessen

maṭûm: little, few (< maṭi’um)

mēgûtum: neglicence

meḫret: prep. opposite

mēkûtum: want, lack

melemmum: radiance (ME.LÁM)

mēleṣum: excitement, exhilaration

mēlûm: height, altitude

mērênum: nakedness

mēreštum: cultivated field

merītum: pasture

mesûm e: to wash

-mi: part. of direct speech

migrum: favorite

mimma: something, anything; with

negation: nothing

mimma šumšu whatsoever

mimmûm: property (< mimma’um)

mīnum: what?

mīšarum: justice

mitḫāriš: adv. in the same manner, in

equal shares, simultaneously, similarly

mītum: dead

mû: pl. t. water (< mā’ū) (A(.MEŠ))


muballiṭṭum: cage (< muballiṭtum)

mubbirum: accuser

mūdûm: knowing, savant (< mūda’um)

mūdûtum: knowledge (< mūda’ūtum)

mu’errum/muwerrum: leader

muḫḫum: top of the head;

ina muḫḫi: prep. on (account of)

muqqutum: wasted

mūrakum: length

murṣum: disease

muṣlālum: siesta(-time), midday

mūšabum: dwelling, domicile

mušēniqtum: wet nurse

mušpalum: depth

mūšum: night (GI[6])

mutum: husband (DAM)

mūtum: death

muškēnum: commoner (MAŠ.EN.KAK)


N


nabûm: called (one) (< nabi’um)

nabûm i: to call, name

nadānum i: to give; ana kaspim nadānum:

            to give for silver, to sell

nādinānum: giver, seller (in this case)

nādinum: giver, seller

nadûm i: to throw (down)

nâdum a: to praise

nāgirum: herald

nâḫum u: to be at rest

            D: to calm, soothe

nakāpum i: to gore, butt

nakārum i: to be hostile, strange, different

nakāsum i: to cut (off/down)

nak(i)rum: hostile; enemy, outsider

nāmarum: mirror

napāḫum a/u: to kindle, light fire

napḫarum: total, sum (ŠU.NÍGIN)

napištum: throat, breath, life (ZI)

naptētum: key

nārum: f. river (pl. nārātum) (^dÍD) narkabtum: chariot

nasāḫum a/u: to tear out, uproot

nasākum u: to throw down

nasāqum a/u: to choose, select

naṣārum a/u: to guard, preserve

našākum a/u: to bite

našāqum i: to kiss

našûm i: to lift, carry, bear; īnam našûm

            to covet

nāšûm: carrier (< nāši’um)

naṭālum a/u: to look at, glance at, see

nawārum i: to be bright, shine

nam(i)rum (< naw(i)rum): bright

narāmum/narāmtum: beloved nârum/nêrum a, e: to kill

nawûm: pasturage, steppe, desert

nazāmum u: to grumble, complain

nazāqum i: to creak, be vexed, annoyed,

 worry

nēḫtum: calm, peace

nēmequm: wisdom

nēpeštum: activity, procedure, ritual

ne’rārum/nērārum: aid, help

nērebtum: entrance, pass

nērtum: murder

nêšum e: to live

nēšum: lion

-ni: me (acc.; always after ventive: -anni

-īnni, -ūninni, -āninni)

-niāšim: to us (dat.)

niāšim: us (dat.) in ana niāšim to us

-niāti: us (acc.)

niāti: us (genit./acc.)

nigûtum: joyful song

-nim: to me (after verbal foms on –ū or –ā)

nīnu: we (nom.)

nīqum/niqûm: offering

nišū: pl. t., f. people, kin (UN)

nīšum: life, oath; s. zakārum

niziqtum: worry, grief

nizmatum: desire, objective

nubattum: evening (rest)

nuḫšum: abundance

nukurtum: enmity, hostility

numātum: household goods, possessions

nūnum: fish (KU[6] 589)

nūrum: light, lamp


P


pagrum: body, corpse

paḫārum u: to gather, assemble (intrans.)

palāḫum a: to fear, respect, revere

palāsum a/u N: to see, look at

palāšum a/u: to pierce, break through

palkûm: wide, broad

pānānum: adv. previously

pānānûm: adj. previous (pānānī’um)

panītum: past

pānum: front, pl. pānū: face

ina pāni: prep. in front of

pānûm: first, earlier, previous (< pānī’um)

pap(p)āḫum: house shrine (pl. m. & f.)

paqādum i: to entrust

parādum i: to be scared, terrified

parakkum: cult daise, shrine (BÁRA)

parāsum a/u: to cut off, withhold,

            decide; warkatam parāsum to

 investigate a case

pasāsum a/u G: to cancel

            D: to cancel, erase

            Dt: to collapse

pašārum a/u: to release, free

paṭārum a/u: to loosen, release

pāṭum: edge, border, district, limits

pazārum D: to hide, conceal

peṣûm e: to be white

peṣûm: white (< peṣi’um)

petûm e: to open

pilšum: breach

pûm: mouth (< pā’um) (KA)

puḫrum: assembly

pulḫum: fear, respect, reverence

puluḫtum: fear, respect, reference

purussûm: decision (< purussā’um)


Q


qablum: hips, middle

qabrum: grave

qabûm i: to speak

qalûm u: to roast, burn

qâlum u: to pay attention

qamûm u or i: to burn (up)

qanûm: reed (GI 85)

qâpum i: to trust, believe, credit

qâpum u: to fall down, collapse

qaqqadum: head, capital

qaqqadānûm: with a (large) head,

 prominent

qaqqarum: (open) ground, earth

qar(i)dum: warlike; warrior, hero

qarnum: horn (SI)

qarradum: (very) warlike

qarrādum: (very) warlike; warrior, hero

qaštum: bow

qâšum i: to give, present

qat(a)num: thin

qattanum: very thin

qatûm i: to come to an end

qātum: f. hand (ŠU)

qebērum i: to bury, dig

qēmum: flour (ZÌ)

qerēbum i: to be close

qer(u)bum: close, near

qerbum: centre, interior, inside

ina qereb: prep. in the centre of

qibītum: command, order

qīštum: gift, present

qūlum: silence

qurādum: warrior, hero


R


ra’āmu/râmu a: to love

rabāṣum i: to sit, be recumbent, lie in wait

rabi’ānum: mayor

rabiš: greatly

râbum i: to replace

râbum u: to quake

rabûm i G: to be big, grow up

            D: to enlarge, bring up

rabûm: big (< rabi’um) (GAL)

rabûtum: greatness (< rabi’ūtum)

ragāmum a/u: to shout, raise claim

raḫāṣum i: to flood, submerge, wash

rapādum a/u: to roam, wander

rakābum a: to mount, ride (on)

rakāsum a/u: to tie, bind

ramānum: self

ramûm u G: to slacken, be loose

            D: to release, let go

rapāšum i: to be broad, wide

rap(a)šum: broad, wide (DAGAL)

raqûm i: to hide, give refuge to

rašûm i: to acquire, get

râšum i: to rejoice

redûm e: to lead, escort, bring

rēdûm: soldier (< rēdi’um)

reḫûm/raḫûm e: to pour out, inseminate

rêmum e: to pity, have mercy

rēmum, womb, compassion

rêqum e: to be distant (stative: rūq)

rêṣum e: to help

rēṣum: helper

reštûm: first, pre-eminent

rēšum: head (SAG)

re’ûm e: to pasture, feed animals

rē’ûm: shepherd (< rē’i’um) (SIPA)

rē’ûtum: shepherdship

rībum: earthquake

rigmum: noise, uproar, shout

riḫiṣtum: flooding

riḫṣum: flooding

rikistum: band, tie, agreement, treaty

riksum: band, joint, agreement, treaty

rīmtum: wild cow (SÚN)

rīmum: wild bull (AM)

rīštum: rejoicing, celebration

rîtum: pasture

rubātum: princess

rubûm: prince (< rubā’um) (NUN)

rugummûm: sum claimed (<

 rugummā’um)

rukūbum: vehicle, chariot, boat

rūqum: distant, far away


S


saḫārum a/u: to turn, return (intrans.),

            seek

sakāpum i: to overthrow

salāmum i: to be at peace with

sanāqum i: to approach, test, set off to

sapāḫum a/u: to disperse, ruin, destroy

sap(i)ḫum: scattered

sarrum: false, fraudulent; liar

sartum: falsehood, dishonesty (pl.

 sarrātum)

sekērum i: to shut off, block up

se/ikkūrum: bar, bolt

simtum: appropriate (symbol),

 characteristic

sinništum: woman (MUNUS 554) siparrum: bronze (ZABAR)

sīsûm: horse

suluppum: date

summatum: dove

supūrum: sheepfold

sūqum: street


Ṣ


ṣabātum a: to seize, take, hold

ṣabītum: gazelle

ṣābum: troop

ṣalālum I a: to lie asleep, inactive

ṣalālum II D: to roof

ṣalāmum i: to be dark, black

ṣal(i)mum: black

ṣalmum: statue, image (ALAM)

ṣamādum i: to bind, yoke, make ready

ṣârum (G: not attested)

            D: to exalt

ṣebûm (G: not attested)

            D: to observe, check

            Št: to execute according to plan

ṣeḫērum i: to be small, young, minor

ṣeḫ(i)rum: small, young, minor (TUR)

ṣēnum: small cattle (sheep and goats)

ṣerretum: nose-rope

ṣerrum: snake (MUŠ)

ṣērum: back, upperside; steppe (EDIN)

ṣītum: exit, issue; pl ṣiātum/ṣâtum: distant

 time, primeval time

ṣibittu: prison, imprisonment

ṣillum: shade, shadow, protection

ṣimdum: binding, (yoke-)team

ṣimittum: binding, (yoke-)team (<

            ṣimidtum)

ṣīrum: exalted

ṣubātum: garment (TÚG 536b)

ṣuḫārum: boy, servant (TU)


Š


-ša: her (f. sg. genit.)

ša: (that/he/she) of; who/which (pron. rel.,

 introduces rel. clauses with subj.)

šagāmum u: to roar, shout

šagāšum i: to kill, murder, mistreat

šaggaštum: slaughter, murder

šaggāšum: murderer

šaggāšûm: murderous (< šaggāšī’um)

šaggišum: murderous; murderer

šagīmum: roaring, clamour

šaḫāṭum I a/u: to shake off, tear loose

šaḫāṭum II i: to leap (at/on)

šâlum a: to ask

šadûm: mountain, east (< šadu’um)

(KUR 366, SA.TU)

šaḫûm: pig (ŠAḪ)

šājimum: buyer

šakānum a/u: to put, place, establish

šakārum i: to be drunk

šak(i)num: placed; governor

šak(i)rum: drunk; drunkard

šalālum a/u: to carry off (as booty),

            plunder

šalāmum i: to be healthy, intact

šalûm i: to submerge, immerse in (acc.)

šamšum: sun

šamaššammum: sesame

šammum: plant (Ú 318)

šamnum: oil (Ì)

šamû: pl. t. heavens (< šamā’ū) (AN)

šâmum a: to buy

šâmum i: to fix, decree, determine (fate)

šanānum a/u: to rival

šanûm: second, next, (an)other, different

(< šani’um)

šapākum a/u: to pour out, stack, pile on

šapal: prep. under, below

šapālum i: to be deep, low

šapattum: 15th day of the month

šaplānum: prep. and adv. underneath,

 beneath, under

šapliš: adv. below, down(wards)

šap(i)lum: low

šaplum: underside, bottom

ina šapal: prep. under, below

šapārum a/u: to send, dispatch, write

šaptum: lip (NUMDUN)

šaqālum a/u: to weigh, balance, pay

šarākum a/u: to give, present, bestow

šarāqum i: to steal

šarrāqum: thief

šarratum: queen

šarrum: king (LUGAL)

šarrūtum: kingship

šārtum: hair (SÍG)

šārum: wind (IM)

šarūrum: brilliance, ray

šasûm i: to shout, call (out)

šaššarum: saw

šattum: year (< šantum, pl. šanātum)

 (MU)

šatûm i: to drink

šāyimānum: purchaser

šebērum i: to break

šebûm e: to be satisfied

šemûm e G: to hear, listen to, heed

            Š: to cause to listen

            Št: to cause to listen to each other

šēnum: sandal

šēpum: foot (GÌR)

šerrum: young child

*še’um: s, ûm

-ši: her (f. sg. acc.)

šī; she, that (f. nom.)

šiāšim: her (f. dat) in ana šiāsim to her

šiāti: her, that (f. gen./acc.)

šībum: old, elder (pl. šībūtum); witness

            (pl. šībū)

šībūtum: old age, testimony

šikarum: beer (KAŠ)

šīmtum: destiny, fate, testament; ana

 šīmtim alākum: to die

šiknum: imposition, appointment, form,

 sediment

-šim: to her (f. sg. dat.)

šīmum: purchase, price

-šina: their (f. pl. genit.)

šina: they, those (f. pl. nom.)

-šināšim: to them (f. pl. dat.)

šināšim: them (f. pl. dat.) in ana šināšim

to them

-šināti: them (f. pl. acc.)

šināti: them (f. pl. genit./acc)

šinnum: tooth (ZÚ)

šīpātum: pl. t. wool (SÍG 539)

šiprum: assignment, work, message

šiptum: incantation

šiqlum: shekel (GÍN)

ši/eriktum: gift, present

ši/erkum: gift

šīrum: flesh (UZU 171)

šisītum: call, cry, poclamation

šizbum: milk (GA)

-šu: his, him (m. genit. and acc.)

šû: he, that (m. nom.)

šuāšim: him (m. sg. dat.) in: ana šuāšim

to him

šuāti: him, that (m. genit./acc.)

šubtum: dwelling

šukênum: to bow down, prostrate oneself

šuklulum, finished, complete

šulmānum: gift

šulmum: well-being, health

-šum: to him (m. sg. dat.)

šumēlam: adv. left

šumēlum: left side

šumma: if

šumruṣum: (very) ill

šumum: name (MU)

-šunu: their (m. pl. genit.)

šunu: they, those (m. pl. nom.)

-šunūšim: to them (m. pl. dat.)

šunūšim: them (m. pl. dat.) in ana šunūšim

 to them

-šunūti: them (m. pl. acc.)

šunūti: them (m. pl. genit./acc.)

šurīpum: ice, frost

šuršum: root (SUḪUŠ)

šurqum: stolen good

šuttum: dream (< šuntum)


T


tabākum a/u: to pour out

tabālum a: to take away, carry off

tābalum: dry land

tādirtum: darkening of mood, depression

tabnītum: creation

tabrītum: appearance, sighting

tadmiqtum: friendly action, favour

tagmertum: completion

tāḫāzum: battle, combat

takālum a: to confide in, trust

tākultum: dinner

tallaktum: walkway, way (of life)

tamāḫum a/u: to grasp, take

tamḫārum: battle, combat

tamḫuṣum: battle

tamkārum: merchant (DAM.GÀR)

tamlītum: filling

tamgurtum: agreement

tamûm a: to swear

tanēḫtum: pacification

tānēḫum: moaning, distress

tanittum: (hymn of) praise (< tanidtum)

tappûm: companion (< tappā’um)

tarāṣum a/u: to stretch out, extend, point

tarbaṣum: (cow) stall, courtyard

tarbītum: enlargement, upbringing

tarûm u: to lead away

târum u G: to turn, return (intrans.)

            D: to turn, return (trans.)

tazzimtum: complaint

tebûm e: to get up, arise

tēdištum: renewal

telītum: f. (the) competent (one) (Ištar)

teptītum: the opening up of new land

têrtum: command

tibnum: straw (IN.NU)

tiāmtum: sea

tittum: fig (< tintum) (^gišPÈŠ); pl. tīnātum

tillum: ruin, hill, tell

tubqum/tubuqtum: corner, recess

tukultum: trust

tuqumtum/tuqmatum: battle

turāḫum: wild goat (bezoar)

tuššum: malicious talk


            Ṭ


ṭabāḫum a/u: to slaughter

ṭābiḫum: butcher

ṭābtum: salt

ṭābum: good, sweet, pleasant (DÙG)

ṭâbum i G: to be good, sweet, pleasant

            D: to make good, satisfy

ṭarādum a/u: to send, drive away

ṭeḫûm e: to approach, come near

ṭēmum: understanding, instruction, report

ṭênum e: to grind

ṭiddum: clay (IM)

ṭupšarrum: scribe (DUB.SAR)

ṭuppum: tablet (DUB)


U

u: and, or, but  (always spelled Ù)

ubānum: finger

ugārum: field

uggatu: rage, fury

ul(a): not (negation in main clauses)

ullânum: adv. there, thence, then; prep.

            apart from; subj. as soon as

ullikīam: adv. there

ulliš: adv. later, thereafter

ulliš(am): adv. thither

ullûm: adj. that there (< ulli’um, f. ullītum)

ulṣum: pleasure, rejoicing

umma: thus, as follows (introduces direct

 speech)

ummānum: army (pl. f. ummānātum)

ummânum: master crafsman, scholar

ummum: f. mother (pl. ummātum) (AMA)

ūmišam: daily

ūmum: day (UD)

-ūninni: 3rd p. m. pl. verb + ventive -nim+

 -ni

uqnûm: lapis lazuli (< uqni’um)

urīṣum: he-goat

ūrum: pudenda

utullum: chief herdsman (Ú.TÚL)

uznum: ear

uṣurtum: plan, drawing, design

ûm/u’um: barley, grain (ŠE)


W


wabālum a/i: to carry, bring

waklum: overseer (UGULA)

walādum a/i: to bear, give birth, beget

warādum a/i: to go down, descent

warāqum i: to be yellow/green

wardatum: girl

wardum: slave (IR[11])

warḫišam: monthly

warḫum: month (ITI 52)

warka: adv. later, afterwards

warki: prep. after

warkītum: future

warkûm: later, future (< warkī’um)

warkānum: adv. later, afterwards

warkatum: backside, rear part; s. parāsum

warûm u: to lead, guide

wârum a G: to go off

            D: to send (off), command, instruct

wasāmum i: to be fitting, appropriate

waṣûm i G: to go out, depart

            Š: to bing out

wašārum( G: to be free)

D: to release, let go

Dt: to go free, be released

wašābum a/i: to sit (down), dwell

wašāpum D: to exorcise (G not attested)

wašārum D: to release

wāšibum: inhabitant, resident

wāšipum: exorcist

waš(i)bum: inhabited, present; resident

watārum i: to be excessive, extra

wat(i)rum: extra, surpassing, superfluous

wildum: offspring, young

wīṣum: (too) small, little, few

wu’’urtum: commission, command

            Y


-ya: s. –ī

yâšim: dat. in ana yašim: to me

yâti: me (genit/acc.)


Z


zabālum i: to carry, deliver

zabbilum: bearer

zabbīlum: basket

zakārum a/u Gt: to speak, name, swear;

 nīš ilim z. to swear an oath by the/a

 god

zakûm u: to be clean, free (of claims) zamārum u: to sing

zammārum: singer, musician

zanānum u: to rain

zaqāpum a/u: to erect, plant

zaqīpum: stake

zâqum i: to blow

zâzum u: to divide, share

zērum: seed (NUMUN)

zêrum e: to hate

zibbatum: tail

zikarum: man, male (NÍTA)

zikrum: word, command

zīqīqum: wind, breeze, phantom, dream

ziqnum: beard

ziqziqqum: gale, storm wind

ziqpum: shoot, sapling

zittum: part, share

zumārum: refrain (of a song)

zumrum: body

zunnum: rain


Nominal Suffixes


-ī-  derives adjectives from substantives (often geographical names): aššurûm (< aššur-ī-um), f.
aššurītum “assyrian”; warkum “back side”, warkûm (< wark-ī-um) “what belongs to the backside,
future”, warkītum: subst. “future”; šaggāšûm “murderous”.


-ūt- derives abstracts (f.) from substantivized adjectives and nouns: qardūtum “heroism”,
qarrādūtum “heroism”, šarrūtum “kingship”.


-ān- individualizing suffix: šarrāqum “thief”, šarrāqānum “this particular thief”. Other usages are
less easily defined: qaqqadum “head”, qaqqadānûm (-ān-ī-um) “someone having a head, prominent”,
muballiṭānum ”someone who keeps alive, maintainer”.


Adverbial Endings


-um: Locative-Adverbial, not identical with the nom. ending. Old postposition, later replaced by
ina. Can be combined with genit. suffix pronouns, whereby the m of the ending is assimilated to the
consonant of the suffix:  qerbum “in the centre”, qerbuyya (< qerbum-ya) “in my centre”, qerbukka
(< qerbum-ka) “in your centre”.


-ānum ( –ān+um.). Used for adverbs: warkānum “later, afterwards”, šaplānum “beneath”.


-iš: Terminative-Adverbial. Old postposition, later replaced by ana: dāriš “for ever”. Sometimes
combined with ina or other prep.: ana/ina dāriš ūmī “for ever”, ištu labīriš “for a long time”. Can
be combined with suffix pronouns: rigmiška “on your call”, puḫriššunu “in their assembly”.


-(an)iš (-ān+iš) “in the manner of, like”: iliš “like a god”, rīmāniš “like a wild bull”.


-iš(am): anniš(am) “hither”, ulliš(am) “thither”, ayyiš(am) “whither?”. Distribitives: ūmišam
“daily”, warḫišam “monthly”, šattišam “yearly”.


-am: sometimes the acc. ending –am is used for adverbs: šumēlam “left”, imittam “right”.


The adverbs (–um, -ānum, -iš) that are combined with nouns or pronouns in the genitive function as
preposition (qerbuššu “in his centre”).





Abbreviations


acc.: accusative

adj.: adjective

adv.: adverb

encl.: enclitic

f.: feminine

gen.: genitive

intrans.: intransitive

m.: masculin

neg.: negation

nom.: nominative

p.:  person

part.: particle

pl.: plural

pl. t.: plurale tantum

prep.: preposition (with genitive)

pron.: pronoun

rel.: relativum, relative

s.: see

sg.: singular

subj.: subjunction (with subjunctive),

 subjunctive

trans.: transitive


Contents:


Grammar; CH §§ 1-25, 229-233; Borsippa and Sippar inscriptions of Hammu-rabi;

VAS I 33 (Samsu-iluna RIME 4 3.7.5);

UET 6/2 402 (letter to Nanna);

AbB 4 no. 13 (letter to Šamaš-ḫazir);

Numbered  logograms: determinatives