horizon.png Artemidė Motekaitytė DRUGS horizon.png EVEN ANIMALS DO DRUGS • horizon.png WHAT WE SHOULD CALL „ADDICTION“? •After one try with friends? •After two tries or three? horizon.png EXPERIMENTAL TRY •Short period of time (just to try) •Usually in a group activity •It depends on: •How easily you can get it •Your friends opinion about it •Your subculture •Is it stylish to use drugs? • • horizon.png ENTERTAINING USE •Regular use •The aim of using is to seek pleasure •Person usually thinks that he is able to control it •No addiction • • horizon.png horizon.png horizon.png PHYSICAL ADDICTION •It comes after psychological addiction •It becomes nesessery to keep biological and chemical balance in organism • horizon.png WHY YOU FEEL PHYSICAL ADDICTION • horizon.png •WHICH ONE? • •Experimental try? •Enternaining use? •Addiction? • • horizon.png PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS •Drugs that influence a person’s emotions, perceptions, and behavior (Feldman, 2010). • •Have you ever tried it? horizon.png • horizon.png ADDICTIVE DRUGS •Drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user so that withdrawal from them leads to a craving for the drug that, in some cases, may be nearly irresistible (Feldman, 2010). horizon.png STIMULANTS: DRUGS HIGHS http://zenithtaciaibanez.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/original.jpg horizon.png ANOTHER COMMON STIMULANT : NICOTINE •Nicotine activates neural mechanisms similar to those activated by cocaine. • • horizon.png AMPHETAMINES / METHAMPHETAMINE •Amphetamines such as dexedrine and benzedrine, popularly known as speed, are strong stimulants •Methamphetamine is a white, crystalline drug that U.S. police now say is the most dangerous street drug, usually known as “Meth”. horizon.png COCAINE •Cocaine is inhaled or “snorted” through the nose, smoked, or injected directly into the bloodstream. It is rapidly absorbed into the body and takes effect almost immediately. (Feldman, 2010). •In extreme cases, cocaine can cause hallucinations—a common one is of insects crawling over one’s body. horizon.png EFFECTS OF STIMULANTS •Increased confidence, •mood elevation, •sense of energy and alertness, •decreased appetite, •anxiety, •irritability, •insomnia, •transient drowsiness, •delayed orgasm. horizon.png WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS OF STIMULANTS horizon.png ADVERSE/OVERDOSE REACTIONS OF STIMULANTS •Elevated blood pressure, •increase in body temperature, •face picking, •suspiciousness, •bizarre and repetitious behavior, •vivid hallucinations, •convulsions, •possible death horizon.png DEPRESSANTS: DRUG LOWS •The effect of depressants is to impede the nervous system by causing neurons to fire more slowly (Feldman, 2008). horizon.png ALCHOHOL •Women are more susceptible to the effects of alcohol, and alcohol abuse may harm the brains of women more than men (Wuethrich, 2001; Mann et al., 2005; Mancinelli, Binetti, & Ceccanti, 2007). horizon.png ALCOHOLICS, PEOPLE WITH ALCOHOL-ABUSE PROBLEMS •Drink progressively more •People must drink constantly in order to feel well enough to function in their daily lives •It is not clear why certain people become alcoholics and develop a tolerance for alcohol, whereas others do not. There may be a genetic cause • horizon.png BARBITURATES •Barbiturates, which include drugs such as Nembutal, Seconal, and phenobarbital, are another form of depressant. •Induce sleep •Reduce stress •Produce a sense of relaxation •Combined with alcohol, can be deadly. • horizon.png ROHYPNOL •Rohypnol is sometimes called the “date rape drug,” because when it is mixed with alcohol, it can prevent victims from resisting sexual assault. •Sometimes people who are unknowingly given the drug are so incapacitated that they have no memory of the assault. horizon.png EFFECTS OF DEPRESANTS •Anxiety reduction •Impulsiveness •Dramatic mood swings •Bizarre thoughts •Suicidal behavior •Slurred speech •Disorientation •Slowed mental and physical functioning •Limited attention span •Muscle relaxation •Amnesia •Sleep horizon.png WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSANTS •Weakness •Restlessness •Nausea and vomiting •Headaches •Nightmares •Irritability •Depression •Acute anxiety •Hallucinations •Possible death •Seizures horizon.png REACTIONS OF DEPRESSANTS •Confusion •Decreased response to pain •Shallow respiration •Dilated pupils •Weak and rapid pulse •Coma •Possible death horizon.png NARCOTICS: RELIEVING PAIN AND ANXIETY •Narcotics are drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety. •Two of the most powerful narcotics: morphine and heroin. • • horizon.png HEROIN •The immediate effect has been described as a “rush” of positive feeling, similar in some respects to a sexual orgasm—and just as difficult to describe. horizon.png EFFECTS OF NARCOTICS •Anxiety and pain reduction •Apathy •Difficulty in concentration •Slowed speech •Decreased physical activity •Drooling, •Itching, •Euphoria •Nausea horizon.png WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS OF NARCOTICS horizon.png ADVERSE/OVERDOSE REACTIONS OF NARCOTICS •Depressed levels of consciousness •Low blood pressure •Rapid heart rate •Shallow breathing •Convulsions •Coma •Possible death horizon.png HALLUCINOGENS: PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS •A drug that is capable of producing hallucinations, or changes in the perceptual process (Feldman, 2010). horizon.png MARIJUANA •Cannabis •Marijuana •Hashish •Hash oil horizon.png EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA •Euphoria •Relaxed inhibitions •Increased appetite •Disoriented behavior horizon.png WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS OF MARIJUANA •Hyperactivity •Insomnia •Decreased appetite •Anxiety horizon.png ADVERSE/OVERDOSE REACTIONS OF MARIJUANA •Severe reactions rare but include panic, paranoia, fatigue, bizarre and dangerous behavior •Decreased testosterone over long-term •Immune system effects •Increase in body temperature •Memory difficulties horizon.png MDMA (ECSTASY) AND LSD •Both drugs affect the operation of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain, causing an alteration in brain-cell activity and perception. horizon.png MDMA EFFECTS WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS ADVERSE/OVERDOSE REACTIONS Heightened sense of Oneself and insight Depression Severe reactions rare but include panic, paranoia, fatigue, bizarre and dangerous behavior. Feelings of peace Anxiety Increase in body temperature Energy Sleeplessness Memory difficulties Empathy horizon.png LSD EFFECTS ADVERSE/OVERDOSE REACTIONS Heightened aesthetic responses Nausea and chills Vision and depth distortion Increased pulse, temperature, and blood pressure Heightened sensitivity to faces and gestures Slow, deep breathing Magnifi ed feelings Loss of appetite Paranoia Insomnia Panic Bizarre Euphoria Dangerous behavior horizon.png STEROIDS EFFECTS WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS ADVERSE/OVERDOSE REACTIONS Aggression Symptoms can mimic other Medical problems and Include: Can lead to swelling and weight gain Depression Weakness Acne Fatigue Mood swings Decreased appetite Masculine traits in women and feminine traits in men Weight loss Women may note menstrual changes horizon.png WHAT WOULD HELP FOR A PERSON, WHO IS ADDICTED TO DRUGS? • horizon.png TYPES OF DRUGS REHABILITATION •Multidimensional family therapy •Cognitive behavioral therapy •Motivational incentives •Motivational interviewing horizon.png IN OUR COUNTRY (LITHUANIA) •Detoxification •Psychosocial treatment •Methadone maintenance therapy horizon.png MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING •https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZ-IH-V7oJ4 •It was first described by Miller (1983): • “Motivational interviewing is a collaborative, person-centered form of guiding to elicit and strengthen motivation for change” horizon.png LITERATURE •Arnold J., Randall R. Et all. (2010). Work Psychology Understanding Human Behaviour in the Workplace. 5th edition. Italy: Pearson. •Feldman. R. S. (2008). Essentials of understanding psychology. Eight edition. USA: McGraw-Hill. •Feldman. R. S. (2010). Understanding psychology. Tenth edition. USA: McGraw-Hill. •Kazlauskaite R. Narkomanija ir terapine kultura. (2011) Šiaures atenai. http://www.satenai.lt/2011/08/12/narkomanija-ir-terapine-kultura/ [2014.11.09]. •Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. [2014.11.09] •National institute on drug abuse (2014). Drugs, brains, and behavior: the science of addiction. Nida drugpubs. http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/drugs-brain [2014.11.08]. •Oxford dictionaries http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ [2014.11.09]. •Reeve J. (2001). Understanding motivation and emotion. USA: Harcourt college publishers •Vilniaus priklausomybės ligų centras. Lietuva: Vilnius. http://www.vplc.lt/kas_yra_priklausomybe [2014.11.08]. •Sciacca K. (2009). Motivational interviewing – MI, glossary and fact sheet. MIDAA •The natural history of drug abuse(literature : Pihl R.O.. (1999).Substance abuse. Etiological considerations. Millon T., Blaney P. H., Davis R. D. (1999). Oxford textbook of psychopathology (p. 249-276). New York, Oxford: Oxford university press.) horizon.png •