the$novella$(1886)$
Novella:$$
narrative$structure$
!  Chinese'boxes:'Stories'inside'stories''
!  Third1person'narratives'containing'first1person'
narratives''
!  Texts'inside'texts'(envelopes'with'enclosures)''
' ' ' ' ' ' ''
Table$of$contents$
!  Chapters'118:'Third1person'omniscient'narrator'
!  Chapters'9110:'first1person'narratives'by'Lanyon'and'
Jekyll'
!  Chapter'1'contains'Enfield’s'narrative'to'Utterson'of'
the'trampling'of'the'girl'
!  Chapter'2:'Utterson'reads'Jekyll’s'will'
!  Chapter'5:'Utterson'reads'Hyde’s'letter'
!  Chapter'6:'Lanyon’s'letter'is'delivered'to'Utterson'
!  Chapter'8:'the'prescription'
Novella:$$
narrative$structure$
!  Physical'spaces'framing'and'containing'seen'narratives:''
!  windows'(‘Incident'at'the'Window’)''
!  doors'(‘Story'of'the'Door’)'
!  the'cheval'mirror'
!  cabinets,'drawers,'safes'
!  Chapter'2:'‘He'opened'his'safe,'took'from'the'most'
private'part'of'it'a'document'endorsed'on'the'envelope'
as'Dr.'Jekyll’s'Will,'and'sat'down'with'a'clouded'brow'to'
study'its'contents.’'
' ' ' ' ' ' ''
Novella:$$
narrative$structure$
!  narratives'inside'persons'cf.'other'selves'inside'
oneself'
' ' ' ' ' ' ''
Interplay$between$text$
and$images$in$the$novella$$
!  Chapters'with'written'texts'alternate'with'chapters'
re.'seeing'
!  Adaptation'from'word'to'image'inside'chapters'e.g.'
Chapter'2:'‘Mr'Enfield’s'tale'went'by'before'his'mind'
in'a'scroll'of'lighted'pictures'…’—words'inspire'
images'
!  Jekyll’s'reputable'name'and'distinguished'letters'
after'his'name'versus'the'compelling,'repelling'face'
of'Hyde'
partnerships$between$words$
and$images$
!  Chapter'2:'Words'complete'images'
'If'he'could'but'once'set'eyes'on'him,'he'thought'the'
mystery'would'lighten'and'perhaps'roll'altogether'
away,'as'was'the'habit'of'mysterious'things'when'
well'examined.'He'might'see'a'reason'for'his'friend’s'
strange'preference'or'bondage'…'
!  Empiricism'and'the'word'made'flesh'
Problems$of$reading$
!  texts'within'texts;'new'information'changing'the'
interpretation'of'the'whole'
!  Written'sequels'and'adaptations'e.g.'The$Untold$
Sequel$to$the$Strange$Case$of$Dr$Jekyll$and$Mr$Hyde,$$
(Dover,'NH,'1890)'
Problems$of$seeing$
!  Enfield:'‘he'gave'the'impression'of'deformity'
without'any'namable'malformation...'There'must'be'
something'else…'There'is'something'more,'if'I'could'
find'a'name'for'it.’''
!  Seeing'is'not'believing:'Lanyon:'‘I'saw'what'I'saw,'I'
heard'what'I'heard,'and'my'soul'sickened'at'it;'and'
yet'now'when'that'sight'has'faded'from'my'eyes,'I'
ask'myself'if'I'believe'it,'and'I'cannot'answer.’'
Worded$films$
!  Silent'films'and'title'cards'
!  Texts'as'objects'in'films'
!  Credits'and'subtitles'
!  Dialogue'in'sound'film'
IS'THERE'A'DIFFERENCE'BETWEEN'WORDS'AN'
IMAGES'IN'BOOKS'AND'WORDS'AND'IMAGES'IN'
FILMS?'HOW'DOES'THIS'AFFECT'ADAPTATION?'
Adapting$the$novella’s$
narrative$structure$
!  Films'accentuate'doors,'windows,'spaces,'keys,'
locks,'enclosures'by'visualizing'them'
!  Performative'conventions'of'theatre'and'film'lead'to'
added'characters,'more'bodies,'more'body'contact'
in'the'form'of'erotic'and'violent'engagements'
!  Absence'of'extended'dialogue'and'first1person'
verbal'narration'in'silent'film'leads'to'more'chase'
sequences'and'histrionic'acting'
Tensions$between$words$and$
images$in$silent$films$
!  silent'filmed'scenes'vs.'narrative'intertitles'
!  interpretive'titles'vs.'narrative'titles'
!  texts'in'films'as'objects'manipulated'by'bodies'
!  illustrated'title'cards'
texts$in$the$1912$film$
dir.'Lucius'Henderson,'perf.'James'Cruze,'8'mins.'
theory$and$practice$
Jekyll$and$texts$
Hyde$and$texts$
PreKfilm$adaptations$
photography$and$
special$effects$
theatrical$
adaptations$
Early$theatre$adaptations$
!  1887'play'by'T.'R.'Sullivan,'starring'Richard'
Mansfield,'performed'in'US'and'Britain'
!  domestic'melodrama'introducing'women'and'love'
interest'
!  1888'Jack'the'Ripper;'Mansfield'a'suspect'
Stevenson$on$stage$
adaptation,$1887$
!  Hyde'is'no'‘mere'voluptuary’.'‘The'harm'was'in'Jekyll'
because'he'was'a'hypocrite.'The'hypocrite'let'out'the'
beast'of'Hyde—who'is'no'more'sexual'than'another,'but'
who'is'the'essence'of'cruelty'and'malice'and'selfishness'
and'cowardice,'and'these'are'the'diabolic'in'man—not'
this'poor'wish'to'love'a'woman,'that'they'make'such'a'cry'
about.'I'know'and'dare'to'say…that'bad'and'good'even'
to'human'eyes'has'no'more'connection'with'what'is'
called'dissipation'than'it'has'with'flying'kites.'But'the'
sexual'field'and'the'business'field'are'the'two'best'fitted'
for'the'display'of'cruelty'and'cowardice'and'selfishness.’'
'…all'human'beings,'as'we'meet'
them,'are'commingled'out'of'
good'and'evil;'and'Edward'Hyde,'
alone,'in'the'ranks'of'mankind,'
was'pure'evil.'
Words$describing$Hyde$
(evil)$in$the$novella$
!  physical'deformity'(dwarfish,'deformed,'abnormal,'
misbegotten)'
!  disease'(cancer,'mental'illness)'
!  religious'language'of'evil'(damnable,'fiendish,'Satanic,'
child'of'hell)'
!  humanist'language'of'evil'(villainous,'full'of'causeless'
hatreds,'without'mercy,'malign,'relentless)'
!  animal'imagery'(apelike,'bestial,'savage)'
!  social'categories'(white,'male,'lower'class'than'Jekyll,'
younger'than'Jekyll)'
Classical$dualism$
"  '‘those'provinces'of'good'and'ill'which'divide'and'
compound'man’s'dual'nature’''
"  '''‘the'animal'within'me'licking'the'chops'of'
memory;'the'spiritual'side'a'little'drowsed,'
promising'subsequent'penitence'but'not'yet'
moved'enough'to'begin’'
Applications$of$Victorian$dualism$
"  'the'double'standard'
"  'hypocrisy'
"  'public/private'dichotomy'
"  'social'binarisms'e.g.'gender'(male1'
female),'class'(upper,'lower),'etc.'
Late$Victorian$breakdown$of$
dualism$
"  'Jekyll:'‘I'recognised'my'natural'body'for'the'mere'
aura'and'effulgence'of'certain'of'the'powers'that'
made'up'my'spirit.''
"  '''Utterson're.'Hyde:'‘a'foul'soul'that'thus'
transpires'through,'and'transfigures'its'clay'
continent''
"  '''science'vs.'religion:'doctor'vs.'priest'
Hyde’s'blasphemies'in'the'margins'of'sacred'books'
Lower$soul$=$lower$
classes$
" '''Jekyll're.'Hyde:'He'‘bore'the'stamp'of'lower'
elements'in'my'soul.’'
" Hyde:'Soho;'Jekyll:'upmarket'London'
contexts:'
" '''1884'Reform'Act'
" ''''Irish'Home'Rule'movement'
" '''social'unrest,'trades'unions,'immigration'
Stephen$Arata$on$Hyde$as$middleK
class$savage$in$Stevenson’s$novella$
"  '''Hyde'is'a'middle1class'gentleman.'
"  '''Hyde’s'crimes'are'against'the'lower'
and'upper'classes.'
"  '''‘The'real'horror'is'not'that'a'gentleman'
can'regress'to'be'a'savage'but'that'a'
savage'can'pass'for'a'gentleman.’'
"  'Other'middle1class'men'rally'to'support'
and'protect'him'from'the'consequences'
of'his'actions.'
1912$Thanhouser$(12$mins.)$
dir.$Lucius$Henderson,$perf.$James$Cruze$$
added$narratives$of$evil$$
in$the$1912$film$
!  Jekyll'is'blonde'and'tall;'
Hyde'is'hunched'and'dark.'
!  Hyde'cannot'enter'the'
church'and'shakes'his'fist'
at'it.'
!  Hyde'assaults'Jekyll’s'
fiancée'and'kills'her'father,'
a'minister,'when'he'tries'to'
intervene.'
images$of$evil$
John$Tenniel,$Punch,$1881$ Punch,$1888$
1913$IMP$(26$mins.)$
dir.$Herbert$Brenon,$perf.$King$Baggot$
Hyde$ Jekyll$
1920$Famous$Players$Lasky$(75$mins.)$
dir.$John$S.$Robertson,$perf.$John$Barrymore$
William$Blake,$‘The$Two$Songs’$
I'HEARD'an'angel'singing''
When'the'day'was'springing:''
‘Mercy,'pity,'and'peace,''
Are'the'world's'release.’''
…'
I'heard'a'devil'curse''
Over'the'heath'and'the'furse:''
‘Mercy'would'be'no'more''
If'there'were'nobody'poor,''
And'pity'no'more'could'be''
If'all'were'happy'as'ye:''
And'mutual'fear'brings'peace,''
Misery's'increase''
Are'mercy,'pity,'and'peace.’''
females$in$the$novella$
"  '''the'8110'year1old'girl'Hyde'tramples'
"  '''‘...we'were'keeping'the'women'off'as'best'we'
could,'for'they'were'as'wild'as'harpies'[vultures'
with'the'head'and'breasts'of'women].'I'never'saw'
such'a'circle'of'hateful'faces...’'
"  '''the'maid'servant'who'witnesses'the'murder'while'
she'is'having'romantic'reveries'
"  '''‘many'women'of'many'different'nationalities'
passing'out,'key'in'hand,'to'have'a'morning'
glass’'(poor'immigrants)'
"  '''Hyde’s'landlady:'‘An'ivory1faced'and'silvery1haired'
old'woman'opened'the'door.'She'had'an'evil'face,'
smoothed'by'hypocrisy;'but'her'manners'were'
excellent.’'
"  '''Jekyll’s'housemaid'and'cook'
"  '''Hyde'hits'a'woman'who'offers'him'a'box'of'lights'
(a'prostitute).'
female$duality$
"  '''Duplicitous'males'need'two'women—a'
partner'for'each'self.'
"  '''Millicent:'upper1class,'virginal,'socially'
sanctioned'desire'
"  '''Gina:'lower1class,'low'morals,'low'neckline,'
low'ethnic'status,'socially'unsanctioned''desire'
"  '''Millicent'neglected;'Gina'abused'
deconstructing$the$duality$
!  Both'women'are'performers'who'dress'up'and'
entertain'men.'
!  Both'women'are'possessed'by'Carew'and'offered'to'
Jekyll.'
!  Jekyll'neglects'Millicent;'Hyde'abandons'Gina.'
!  Both'women'are'attracted'to'Jekyll'and'feel'a'
mixture'of'horror'and'desire'for'Hyde.'
!  The'third'woman'(clip)'
men$in$the$novella$
Male'pairs'displace'traditional'heterosexual'
relationships.''
Friendship,'rivalries,'professional'bonds,'etc.'
The'Jekyll'and'Hyde'pair'
Hyde'‘weeping'like'a'woman'or'a'lost'soul’'
J'&'H'knit'‘closer'than'a'wife’'
twins'(‘wresting'in'the'womb'of'consciousness’)'
father'and'son''
feminine$Jekyll$
hyperKphallic$Hyde$
1920$Pioneer$(40$mins.)$
$dir.$Charles$S.$Haydon,$perf.$Sheldon$Lewis$
1925$Dr(Pyckle(and(Mr(Pride$
dir.$Percy$Pembroke,$perf.$Stan$Laurel,$Pathé$