382 NOTES
Thomas Sowell, The Eeonomies and Poli/ies of Raee (New York: William Morrow,
1983). Most nf these critics have corne frorn the political right, but I have argued
for more radical 'afřirmatíve action' based on socio-economic criteria, not race or
ethnicity.
Extract JO
J O S H U A FI S H MA N: Ethnicity as Bťing, Doing, and Knowing
I. Joshua A. Fishman, 'Language, Ethnicity and Racisrn', Georgetown Roundtable on
Languages and Linguisties (Washington, DC: Sehool of Languages and Linguistics,
Georgetown University, 1977).
2. Joshua A. Fishman and Bernard Spolsky, 'The Whorfian Hypothesis in [975: A
Socio-Linguistic Re-Evaluatíon', in Haywood Fisher and Rogelio Diaz-Gucreso
(eds.), Language and Logie in Personality and Society (New York: Academic Press,
[977).
3· Ernest Gellner, Thought and Change (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1964).
4· Joshua A. Fishman, 'The Role of Ethnicity in Language Maintenance and
Language Shifr', Harvard Encyclopedia of Amrnean Ethnie Groups.
5· Jacob L. Talmon, The Rise ofTotalitarian Democraey (Boston: Beacon, [952).
Extract II
W ALKER CONNOR: Beyond Reason: The Nature ofthe Ethnonational Bond
I. Valentine Moroz, Report from the Brna Reserve (Chicago, 1974), 54.
2. The quotation inter-utilizes translated extracts in Leon Poloakov, The Aryan
Myth (London, [974), 287, and the more clumsy translation in Tht Standard Bdition
ofthe Complete Psyehologieal Worb ofSigmund Freud, Vol. 20 (1925-6) (London, 1959),
273-4·
3· Carlton Hayes, A Generation of Materialism, 1871-1900 (New York, 194[), 258.
4· Frank Dikotrer, 'Group Definition and the Idea of"Race" in Modem China ([793-
1949)', Ethnie and Racial Studies, 13 (July 1990), 427.
5· Walker Connor, "The Impact ofHomelands upon Diasporas', in Modern Diasporas
in International Polities, ed. Gabriel Sheffer (London, 1985).
6. Cited in Walter Sulzbach, National Consciousnw (Washington, DC, 1943), 62.
Extract 12
FR E o R I K BAR T H: Ethnic Groups and Boundaries
I. e.g. R. Narroll, 'Ethnic unit classification', CUrTentAnthropology. 5: 4 (1964).
2. W. Bogoras, The Chuekehu (Ameriean Museum of Natural History, New York,
1904-9), vol. i.
3· G. Gjessing, Changing Lapps: A Study in Culture Rdations in Northernmost Norway,
LSE Monographs on Social Anthropology, no. 13 (London, 1954).
4· Cf F. Barth, Models of Social Organization, Royal Anthropological Institute of
Great Britain and lreland, Occasional Papers, no. 23 (1966), for my argumentation
on this point.
5· E. Goffinan, The Prmntation of Stlf in Everyday Lifo (New York, 1959).
6. J. S. Furnivall, Netherlands India: A Study in Plural Eeonomy (Cambridge, [944).
NOTES 383
Extract 13
ABNER COHE~: Ethnicity and Po/ilics
I. M. Gluckman, Analysis of a Social Situa/ion in Modem Zululand (Rhodes Livingstone
Insritute, Manchester, 1955: first pub. [940-2).
2. F. G. Bailey, 'Parapolitical systerns', in M. Swartz (ed.), Loeal Level Polities (Chicago,
1968).
3. E. R. Wolf, 'Kinship, friendship, and patron-client relarionships', in M. Banton
(ed.), The Social Anthropology ofComplex Societies (London, 1966).
Extract 14
P A UL R. BR A S S: Ethnic Groups and Ethnic Identity Formation
I. Even where it is possible to do 50, argues Barth, rhe use of cultural attributes to
identify ethnic boundaries may be superficial, confusing form with content:
Frederik Barth, 'Introduction' and 'Pathan Identity and its Maintenance', in
Fredrik Barth (ed.), Ethnie Groups and Boundari!s: The Social Organization ofCultural
Differenee (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969), 15, 131-2.
2. Barth, 'Introduction,' op. cit., and Harald Eidheim, 'When Ethnic Identity is a
Social Stigma,' in Barth, Ethnie Groups and Boundaries, op. cit., [5 and 3!r57.
J. George de Vos, 'Ethnic Pluralisrn' in George de Vos and Lola Rornanucci-Ross
(eds.), Ethnic Identity: Cultural Continuities and Change (Palo Alto, Calif.: Mayfield
Publishing Co., 1975), 16.
4. Cf Joan Vincent, 'The Structuring of Ethnicity,' Human Organization, 33: 4 (Winter,
1974),376-7. The same remarks apply to the concept of nationality or nation
as used here; cf Benjamin Akzin, Stale and Nation (London: Hutchinson University
Library, 1964),36 and Karl M. Deutsch, Nationalism and Social Communieation:
An Inquiry into the Foundations ofNationality, znd edn. (Cambridge, Mass: MIT
Press, 1966), 23.
5. This point has been made by Nathan Glazer and Daniel P. Moynihan, 'Introduction',
in Nathan Glazer and Daniel P. Moynihan (eds.), Ethnicity: Theory and
Experiencc (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975), 7-10, but they
over-generalize their argument to other societies where ethnicity is more than
merely interest, and may be a stage on the way to a claim to national status.
6. Cf Akzin, suu« and Nation, op. cit., 10, 12, 29, 31-4, 46, 81, 133, 143·
7. Since the nation is defined here as a type of ethnic group and ethnic groups have
been defined without reference to any specific attributes or set of attributes, it
follows that the nation (or nationality) also is not to be defined by any particular
attributes such as language, religion, territory, or any others. Cf. Anthony D.
Smith, Theories of Nationalism (New York: Harper & Row, 197[), 18, 147-50, 181-5;
Dankwart A. Rustow, A World of Na/ions: Problerns of Poli/ical Modernization
(Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1967), 47-8; Rupert Ernerson, From
Empire to Nation: The Rise to SelfA.!.!ertion of Asian and Afiiean Peoples (Boston:
Beacon Press, 196o), 102-87. For contrary views that see a close cormecrion
between language and nation or nationality, see Munro Chadwick, The Nationalities
of Europe and the Growth of Na/ional Ideologie.! (New York: Cooper Square
Publishers, [973; reprint of 1945 edition); Car! J. Friedrich, 'Corporate Federalism
and Linguistic Politi es,' unpublished paper presented at the International Political