nail. Ohayoo. Good morning. Ohayoo gozaimasu. Good morning, (polite) Konnichiwa. Good afternoon. Konbanwa. Good evening. Sayoonara. Good-bye. Oyasuminasai. Good nighi. Arigatoo. Thank you. Arigatoo gozaimasu. Thank you. (polite) Sumimasen. Excuse me.; I'm sorry. lie. No.: Not al all. Ittekimasu. I'll go and come back. Itterasshai. Please go and come back, Tadaima. I'm home. Okaerinasai. Welcome home. Iladakimasu. Thank you for the meal. (before eating) Cochisoosama. Thank you for the meal. (after rating) Hajimemashite. How do yon do? if i I 9 L <, Doozo yoroshiku. Nice to meet you. ©I ms—s Expression Notes <$5[£ot5/o5D#£3^ Ohayoo is used between friends and family members, while ohayoo gozabnasu is used between less intimate acquaintances, similarly with arigatoo and arigatoo gozabnasu. The rule of thumb is: if you are on a first-name basis with someone, go for the shorter versions. If you would address someone as Mr. or Ms., use the longer versions. To give a concrete example, the social expectation is such that students are to use the longer variants when they speak with a professor. £oto&t>^ There are several good-bye expressions in Japanese, the choice among which depends on the degree of separation. Saymniara indicates that the speaker does not expect to see the person spoken to before she "turns a page in her life"; not until a new day arrives, or until fate brings the two together again, or until they meet again in the other world. U^-fe, £fc0 Jaa, mata. (between friends, expecting to see each other again fairly soon) Lo^lt* L J: Shitsureeshimasu. (taking leave from a professor's office, for example) l»otiitt Ittekimasu. (leaving home) "3~3*$t*/u► Staniiiiasen means CI) "Excuse me,'1 to get another person's attention. VI) "I'm sorry," to apologize for the trouble you have caused, or (3) "Thank you," to show appreciation for what someone has done for you. IM^ifc^ lie is primarily "No," a negative reply to a question. In the dialogue, it is used to express the English phrase "Don't mention it." or "You're welcome," with which ynu point out that one is not required to feel obliged for what you have done for them. and ittcrasshai is a common exchange used at home when a family member leaves. The person who leaves says ittekimasu, which literally means "I will go and come back." And the family members respond with itterasshai, which means "Please go and come back." Tadaima and akaeri are used when a person comes home. The person who arrives home says tadaima (I am home right now) to the family members, and they respond with okaerinasai (Welcome home). tl/ul^-S Practice Act out the following situations with your classmates. 1. You meet your host family for ihe first time. Greet them. 2. It is one o'clock in the afternoon. You see your neighbor Mr. Yamada. 3. You come to class in the morning. Greet your teacher. Greet your friends. 4. On a crowded train, you stepped on someone's foot. 5. You dropped your book. Someone picked it up for you. 6. It is eight o'clock at night. You happen to meet your teacher at the convenience store. 7. You are watching TV with your host family. It is time to go to sleep. 8. You are leaving home. 9. You have come back home. 10. You are going to start eating. 11. You have finished eating. M2£hl\tttc£ New Friends frUfo Dialogue Mary, an international student who just arrived in Japan, talks to a Japanese student. © 1 / T 'j - : Mearii 2 I it L : Takeshi »Als- Mearii 4 §*$ L : Takes hi Sumimasen. Ima nanji desu ka. Juuniji han desu, Arigatoo gozaimasu. © © 1 /--Hl: Takeshi 2 / 7 'J -Mearii Takeshi »Ali-4 $#f~ Mearii Aino, ryuugakusee desu ka. Ee. Arizona daigaku no gakusee dcsu. •e-7*c-r^0 $&&&4£ t&irt'f*. Son dpsu ka. Senmon \va nan dcsu ka. Nihongo desu. Ima ninensep desu. © Mary: Excuse me. What time is it now? Takeshi: It's half past twelve. Mary: Thank you. Takeshi: You're welcome. f Takeshi: Urn . . . are you an international student? Man.-: Yes. I am a student at the University of Arizona. Takeshi: I see. What is your major? Mary: Japanese. 1 am a sophomore now. 0 * &cr> S 1 - -? g im* to * It A, 1»£ L ano ima eego ee gakusee ... go kookoo g°g° gozen . . . sai . . . sari . . . jin sensee scnmon soo desu daigaku denwa tomodachi namae nan/nani Nihon . . . nensee hai han bangoo ryuugakuscc watashi urn . . . now English (language) yes student language ex. I-IU- (nihon-go) Japanese language high school P.M. A.W. . . . years ukl Mr./Ms. . . . o'clock ex. ^t? L* (ichiji) one o'clock people ex. I - (2 ^ L* ^ (nihoii-jit}) Japanese people teacher; Professor . . . major That's right. college: university telephone friend name what Japan . . . year student ex. v ^ fj, ^ (icJiiitensee) first-year student yes half ex. \-\2[$.L{nijihu>t) half past two number international student I * Words that appear in the dialogue ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY Countries T * fM * « i *- « n -r e r »p Majors i t *> =r>h" Occupations Amerika Igirisu Oosutoraria Kankoku Sueeden Chuugoku kagaku ajiakenkyuu keezai kokusaikankee konpyuutaa jinruigaku bijinesu bungaku rekishi U.S.A. Britain Australia Korea Sweden China science Asian studies economics international relations computer anthropology politics business literature history L Z'K shigoto job; work: occupation ^ L * isha doctor kaishain office worker kookoosee high school student L # Jt» shufu housewife daigakuinsee graduate student daigakusee college student bengoshi lawyer a m i 1 y ■ okaasan mother f&t otoosan father oneesan older sister onii5an older brother imooto younger sister otooto younger brother 0 /3\/ulS-5 Grammar MM xiävrt "It is 12:30." "I am a student." "My major is the .Japanese language." These sentences w ill all be translated into Japanese using an appropriate noun and the word desu. // is \2m i fciroX-^fi luuniji han desu. Gakusee desu Nihongo desu. /.s- half past tn-cltc. (I) am a student. (My major) is the Japanese language. Note that none of these sentences has a "subject." like the "it." "I," and "my major" found in their Knglish counterparts. Sentences without subjects are very common in Japanese; Japanese speakers actually tend to omit subjects whenever they think it is clear to the listener what or who they are referring to. What are we to do, then, when it is not clear what is being talked about? To make explicit what we are talking about, we can say: _(i U(5/C w"C~f c___is the Japanese language. wa nihongo desu. Where_ stands for the thing that is talked about, or the "topic." which is later in the sentence identified as nihongo. For example. -£A,&yvii I'll A, 3*"C"f 0 (My) major is the Japanese language. Senmon wa nihongo desu. Similarly, one can use the pattern X wa Y desu to identify a person or a thing X as item Y. | X ft Y VTo X is Y. As for X, it is Y. fofzlii X—*^A~CT= / am Sue Kim. Watashi wa Suu Kimu desu. I /e o'clock. Cn> 1 * » ^ ?v^ffa Juukyuusai desu. Aw nineteen years old. Ninensec desu. /';« ň sophomore. _lpW7343-C'1-0 Ichi hachi roku no nana san yon san desu. // ts 186-7343. noting noun. Aro is a particle that connects two nouns. The phrase Toozai daigaku no gakusee means "(a) student at Tozai University," The second noun gakusee provides the main idea3 (being a student) and the first one Toozai daigaku makes it more specific (not a high school, but a college student). No is very versatile. In the first example below, it acts like the possessive ("x's") in English, but that is not the only role no can play. See how it connects two nouns in the following examples. Takeshi san no denvva bangoo daigaku no sensee nihongo no gakuseo Takeshi's phone number a college professor a student of the Japanese language a* college in Japan nihon no daigaku Observe that in the first two examples, the English and Japanese words are arranged in the same order, while in the last two. they are in the opposite order. Japanese seems to be more consistent in arranging ideas here: Ihe main idea always comes at the end, with any further description placed before it. 3IIere is what we mean by the "main idea." In the phrase Takeshi san no den/ra bangoo (Takeshi's phone number), the noun denna bangoo (phone number) is the main idea, in the sense that if something is Takeshi's phone number, it is a phone number. The other noun Takeshi san is not the main idea, because Takeshi's phone number is not Takeshi. IMAM noun, © nounz t main idea further restriction A phrase of the form "noun? no nomV acts more or less like one big noun. You can put it wherever you can put a noun, as in the following example: Takeshi san no okaasan wa kookoo no sensee desu, Takeshi's mother is a high school teacher. faOyt- Aho indicates that you have some reservations about saying what you are going to say next. You may be worried about interrupting something someone is currently doing, or sounding rude and impolite for asking persona) questions, for example. filV^X.^ Both hai and ee mean "yes" in response to yes-no questions. Compared to hai, ee is more conversational and relaxed. In more informal situations, un is used. Hat is also used to respond to a knock at the door or to the calling of one's name, meaning "Here," as follows. {Ee cannot be replaced in this case.) Teacher: X^XH I SumiSii san? Student: Hai Mr. Smith? Here. -£"5Soo desu ka acknowledges that you have understood what was just said. "Is that so?" or "[ sec." Pronunciation of (£► The particle \% is pronounced "wa" not "ha" It should he written with it. All other instances of "wa" are written with io. jíte htc L(D X'KiAlK r i]i 37-8667X'?a Wdlaslii no denwa bangoo wa san nana no hachi roku roku nana desu. My telephone number is 37-8667. There are a few exceptions, such as konnichiwa (good afternoon) and konbamva (good evening). They are usually written with £ AJ3*>jat and £ Numbers ► Many number words have more than one pronunciation. Refer to the table at the end of this book for a general picture. « *> I) -tf o and ilV > are both commonly used. 1 but pronounced as in 2iA, (one minute) and t>-33 11 (one-year old). 2 [I all the time. When you are reading out each digit separately, as when you give your phone number, it may be pronounced with a long vowel, as S£*'*i 3 £/v all the time. The part Lhat follows it may change shape, as in $As^zA., instead of *As^>A,. 4 £ /v is the most basic, but fourth-year student is <£&A,-£U and four o'clock is £ V. In some combinations that we will later learn, it is read as L (as in L#fo, April). The part that follows this number may change shape too. as in rfc A,*t*Aj. 5 all the rime. When read out separately, it may be pronounced with a long vowel, as - '). 6 h <, but pronounced as &>a in ?>r>&A. 7 is the most basic, but seven o'clock is L*j U. 8 (i*=>, but usually pronounced as lio in \£i~£A. and J£o3v>. 9 £ i* 5 is the most basic, but nine o'clock is < U. 10 U «> "5, but pronounced as d»o in C » J5A. and U «> r> 3 Giving one's telephone number ► The particle no is usually placed in between the local exchange code and the last four digits. Therefore, the number 012-315-6789 is zero ichi tit, san yon go no. roku nana hachi kyiat. ithMl^ The word sensee is usually reserved for describing somebody else's occupation. Watashi ua sensee desu makes sense, but may sound slightly arrogant, because the word sensee actually means an "honorable master." If you (or a member of your family) are a teacher, and if you want to be really modest, you can use the word kyooshi instead. £A/^ San is placed after a name as a generic title. It goes both with a given name and a family name. Children are referred to as chan (and boys in particular as kun). rather than as san. Professors and doctors are usually referred to with the title sensee. San and other title words are never used in reference to oneself. Referring to the person you are talking to ► The word for "you." nnata. is not very commonly used in Japanese. Instead, we use the name and a title like san and sensee to refer to the person you are talking to. Therefore, a sentence like "Ms. Hart, are you Swedish?" should be: I* A i ~t £ ATA 7,^i-r> \SA,X~iJ)\ Haato san wa sueedenjin desu ka. instead of A-f x^x--f> BArtHNtei Haato san. anata wa sueedenjin desu ka. Japanese names ► When Japanese give their name, they say their family name first and given name last. Usually, they don't have middle names. When they introduce themselves, they often say only their family name. Here are some typical Japanese names. Family name Given name Men Women Satoo Hiroshi Yu u ko Suzuki Ichiroo Megumi < frZ Takahashi Kenji Kumiko Tanaka Yuuki Naomi $Jt f s Itoo Masahiro Kyooko tl/uU^*5 Practice ®1"5LJ (Numbers) zero ree 1 II 30 * a, i; n> t ichi juuichi sanjuu 2 *t 12 L'rt»ii: 40 J: ^ £n> t nl juuni yonjuu 3 13 50 san juusari gojuu 4 14 I* i j | /v/L* 60 3 < Urn i yon shi (yo) juuyon juushi rokujuu 5 15 y * I s? 70 % & IT P "9 juugo nanajuu 6 < 16 l* r)> T ^» < 80 (i £ U" # "9 roku juuroku harhijuu 7 17 i* * frfc/L* miU 90 5s w 1 (I *Hi nana shichi juunana juushichi kyuujuu 8 18 100 < hRrhi juuhachi hyaku 9 * * i / < 19 kyuu ku juukyuu juuku 10 l* $ 1 20 juu nijuu A. Read the following numbers, [till (a; 5 (bl 9 {O 7 Id) I (f) 8 m 2 (h) 6 (i) 4 iei 10 (j) 3 B. Read the following numbers. £S (a) 45 (b) 83 (ci 19 (d) 76 (e) 52 (ft 100 (8) 38 (h) 61 (i) 24 ffl 97 C. What are the answers? [*£J 7 IS juuji A. Look at the following pictures and answer the questions, g| Example: Q : %SW*^&k Kx- I ma nanji dcsu ka. A : ^t'Ji/l-e-t-o Ichiji han desu. (1) 0 01) (5) (6) B. Answer the questions. Example: Q J g 7 * I I Ü Tookyoo wa ima nanji desu ka. Cozen sanji desu. "C7i/fo(S/u2"5 (Telephone Numbers) A. Read the following people's telephone numbers. [^\ Example: f £ L tz 283-9547 -* J -5 A,*) | *p f Yamashita ni hachi san no kyuu go yon nana 1. /f1)- 951-0326 Mearii 2. tz 11 I 362-4519 Takeshi 3. X- 691-4236 4. o/V- h 852-1032 Rohaato B. Pair Work—Read the dialogue below with your partner, (jjjjp A : -C^ ^ JiVu r t (i Qe /v ~C fÄ\ Denwa bangoo wa nan desu ka. B : 283-9547-t'to Ni hachi san no kyuu go yon nana desu. Nil IN a : 283-9547-Ci-fco Ni hachi san no kyuu go yon nana desu ne. B : &v\ | t t'1"c Hai, soo desu. C. Group Work—Use the dialogue above and ask three classmates their telephone numbers. name ( c ) ( ( telephone number ) ) ) ®EBA/Z© #<1±l\ Translate the following phrases into Japanese using CD (no),[^ Example: student of the Japanese language 1. my teacher 3. my name 5. Mary's friend 7. teacher of the Japanese language nihongo no gakusee 2. my telephone number 4. Takeshi's major 6. student of the University of London 8. high school teacher to 35 0 U 35 » 0 * . Look at the chart on the next page and describe each person using the cues in (a) through (e). M 1. fe%l%fe Takeshi san 2. X-^/v 5uu san Robaato san 4. L/i-tf-zC-tf^ Yamashita sensee (a) nationality Example: Mearii san (b) year in school Example: /f')-^/v Mearii san Mearii san wa amerikajin desu. Mearii san wa ninensee desu. (c) age Example: ^T'J-U ^T'J-Hli Dn^n^tt Mearii san Mearii san wa juukyuu sai desu. (d) school Example: Mearii san ft M i .. * I * fe Mearii san wa Arizona daigaku no gakusec desu. (e) major Example: Mearii san Mearii san no senrnon wa nihongo desu. Hart, Mary Kimura Takeshi Kim, Sue Smith, Robert Yamashita sensee Nationality American Japanese Korean (ft'LZ < L'jO kankokujin British igifisujin Japanese Year 2nd year 4th year 3rd year 4th year Age 19 22 20 22 47 School U- of Arizona Tozai Univ. Seoul Univ. U. of London Tozai Univ. Major Japanese history (ft* L) rekishi computer (3 konpyuutaa business (tri?ii) bijinesu (Japanese teacher) B. Pair Work—Ask and answer questions using the given cues. Example 1: J T [J - * L/T / 'J # L" L Mearii san amerikajin Q : /TV-^Lil T 3 V I LVv #$fe§> Mearii san wa amerikajin desu ka. A : 4 X, t "? Ti~c Ee, soo desu. Example 2: 5 T W*-QJfy/%.&MäM%* Mearii san sannensee Mearii san \va sannensee desu ka. A : !ř.vy>ág* í-fr/Há-^-fl",, lie, ninensee desu. Mearii san Arizona daigaku no gakusee Mearii san ichinensee Takeshi san nihonjin 4. tzii i 5 x, / u u /v v < t L Suü san sueedenjin 7. X-^<7) I VN(economics) Suu san no senmon keezai Rnhaato san no senmon bijinesu 9. o/V- b ^^/J;^l^-tí■^ Robaato san yonensee liobaato san nijuuissai 11. f*i LŤz+tL+k^/KllLMA; Yamashita sensee nihonjin Yamashita sensee Hawai daigaku no sensee A. Look at the chart below and describe each person with regard to (a) and (b). £ 1. &A*h$A, 2. kC^e^ 3. ^t.^ okaasan oniisan imoolo (a) occupation/school Example: N E t ^ /u -* $ —#*&i£l $ &&&aH*t ^^fih, otoosan Mearii san no otoosan vva kaishain desu. (b) age Example: - jNr&-$JP> W£$^4M M^^^^$^tf% otoosan Mearii san no otoosan wa yonjuuhassai desu. Mary's host family otoosan (father) A, okaasan (mother) oniisan (elder brother) imooto (younger sister) Occupation/ School kaishain (works for a company) L *P ->» shufu (housewife) dai"akuinsee (graduate student) :*) i n # ji - i kookoosee (high school student) Age 48 45 23 16 B. Answer the questions using the chart above. Otoosan wa kaishain desu ka. Otoosan wa nansai desu ka. Okaasan wa sensee desu ka. 4. j^fe^/vli t^^^-C'T^c Okaasan wa nansai desu ka. Oniisan wa kaishain desu ka. Oniisan wa nansai desu ka. Imooto wa daigakusee desu ka. Imooto wa nansai desu ka. 9M vn ^£#)5 (Review Exercises) A. Class Activity—Ask five classmates questions and fill in the chart below. Example questions: • £ ft £ X- li ? (What is your name?) Onamae wa? • g? 3 b ^ J L 7c£*= (Where do you come from?) Doko kara kimashita ka. • LC £ (occupation) 12 ft/L^i~*% Shigoto wa nan desu ka. Nannensee desu ka. Nansai desu ka. • i£4iK&!Jp ft/v*ei~*\. Senmort wa nan desu ka. 0 Name Nationality Occupauon/ School Age Major, etc. B, Self-introduction—introduce yourself to the class. Example: s- ih #> *! i • li * C Hajimemashite. Mcarii Haato desu. Arizona daigaku nu gakusce dfsu. Ima ntnensee desu, Senmon wa nihongo rinsu. L*h)i^t^ if t ^ j: £ L < 0 Juukvuusai desu. Doozo voroshiku. C. Class Activity—Ask your classmates what their majors are, and find someone who has the following major Example: Q : tfft^^fl^ Senmon wa nan dcsu ka. a : ui2A,r-ei-0 Nihongo desu. name - 1. Japanese__ 2. economics _ 3. English _ 4. history ______._____ 5. business ® T i m e / A g e Time hours minutes 1 i II IS ft ň ^oi^ ichiji ippun juuippun 2 !- Ľ 2 (- ,í»/í. 12 Ľ # T niji nifun lULinitun 3 3 13 sanji sanpun juusanpun 4 «fc Ľ 4 /L í /v 14 i: ft i X yoji yonpun juuyonpun 5 r ľ 5 — -i»/v 15 goji * got u n juugofun 6 i < Ľ 6 o Aŕ 16 rokuj roppurt juuroppun 7 L *> Ľ 7 17 Ľ * i i shirhiji nanafun juunanafun 8 íi*>Ľ S iio-i^/tife-i^ 18 Ľ ft | IÍo Jľ/l/ hachiji happun hachifun juuhappun 9 < Ľ 9 kuji kyuufun iuuhathifun 10 Ľ É -9 Ľ 10 Ľ ft o 19 Ľ «> n b ft ô iuufi juppun juukyuufun 11 20 juuichiji nijuppun 12 30 juunijt sanjuppun Age (How old are you?) Nansai desu ka. Oikutsu dcsu ka. The counter suffix # V* is used to indicate " -years old." 1 V ^ ^ M 5 9 b ft 1 í o issai t^osai kyuusai 2 \Z 0 Vi 6 h < í ^ 10 6 fti m nisai fokusai jussai 3 7 stá s e* II ĽHi^^Ž^ sansai nanasai juuissai 4 8 20 l±tz%* yonsai hassai hatachi *For 20 years old, UŤzt> Utaiaclii) is usually used. although UL'moíw {nijussai) can be used.