©I S S 0 Making a Date N IS Dialogue 15 Mary and Takeshi are talking. 2 /r'j-: tz^x^i *>-e&& L | -To fib 4 fcftL : 5 / t ]) — 6 frJi L : 7 /r1)- On Sunday morning, at Mary's host family's. i y r 'J - 5 / 7"; - 6 Takeshi: Man', what do you usually do on the weekend? Mary: Lets see. 1 usually study at home- But I sometimes see movies. Takeshi: I see . . . then, would you like to see a movie on Saturday? Mary: Saturday is not a good day. (lit, Saturday is a little bit Linconvenient] . . . ) Takeshi: Then, how about Sunday? Mary: That's fine. Mary: Good morning. Host mother. Good morning. You are early, aren't you? Mary: Yes. I'm going to Kyoto today. 1 will see a movie in Kyoio. Host mother: Good. Amund what time will you come back? Mary: Around nine. Host mother: How about dinner? Mary: 1 will not eat. Host mother: I see. Well, have a nice day. Mary: Good-bye. IF e Nouns EntertainmenT and Sports &9 L Foods nnd Drinks Sg%.$ 3-t- Places LL lime £^ • | X •) • L i | 1 o • if J: *) If ^*B BIB movie music-magazine sports date (romantic, not calendar) tennis TV video tape; VCR breakfast sake; alcohol green tea coffee dinner hamburger lunch water home: house home; house; my place language lab school morning tomorrow when today at about tonight weekend Saturday Sunday * Words that appear in the dialogue every day even- night (/-verbs * Igi-t 5 < ft < ■3 ffu-verbs IS* i * Irregular < I * #i Adjectives * Mt Verbs Adverbs h £ 0 + negative ■f negative J < Expressions * £ "7 -C + ft to go (destination t-/"s«0 to go back: to return {destination I - /^ J to listen: to hear (~ *:) to drink to speak: to talk (language &/"C") to read ) to gel up to eat (~~ £) to sleep; to go to sleep to see; to look at: to watch to come (destination (-/" to do (■"*"£) to study (~ £ ) good early not much not at all usually a little sometimes often: much That's right.: Let me see. but I low about . . , ?; How is . X Grammar Ml Verb Conjugation Verbs in Japanese conjugate, or take various shapes. In this lesson, we learn three forms: (1) the "dictionary forms," (2) the present tense affirmative forms, and (3) the present tense negative forms.' There are two kinds of verbs that follow regular conjugation patterns, and an example of each is below. ru-verb u-verb verb bases tabe ik dictionary forms MKZ) (to eat) fr< (to go) present, affirmative present, negative £ h stems fc Li ft** £ belongs to the group of verbs called the "rw-verbs." /?«-verbs arc so called, because you add the suffix ru to the verb base {tube, in the above example) to form the dictionary form. For the two long forms we learn in this lesson, you simply add the suffixes masit and masen, instead of ru, to the bases. We learn four >-«-verbs in this lesson: fi ft' It' A ft ft u A Another major group of verbs is called the "//-verbs." The dictionary form of an «-verb like Vf < can be broken down into the base (i/c in the above example) and the suffix //. The long forms like rT ^ £ *f and *f 5 3c-t£X, then, are formed with the base plus suffixes hnasu and imasen. You may find the «-verb conjugations slightly more difficult than the rw-verb conjugations, because of the extra vowel /. We learn six //-verbs in this lesson: p& mm pf h< e< $t tfc^JE-t i&^-f MJit Jf^St 'J**) St 1The use of the term "dictionary forms" is by no means restricted to listings in a dictionary. They also appear in various constructions in actual sentences. We will learn their uses in later chapters. Don't be misled by the names given Lo the long forms too; the "present rense" in Japanese can indicate both the "present" and the "future." We will return to this issue in Section 2 below. For the moment, we will concentrate on the forms, not the meaning of these verbs. ® In luler lessons, we will have many opportunities to refer to the parts like ft:^ and W&i which come before t "f and £ ■>& A, in the long forms. For the sake of ease of reference, we will call these parts (same as bases with rw-verbs, and bases plus i with //-verbs) "stems." In addition to ru-verbs and //-verbs, there are two "irregular verbs." Note that the vowels in their bases are different in the short (dictionary) forms and the long forms. irregular verbs dictionary forms itM (to do) < § (to come) present, affirmative present, negative stems These two verbs are also used to form compound verbs. In this lesson, we learn the verb %?!~t&. which conjugates just like the verb It is important to remember which verb belongs to which conjugation class. It is a good idea, therefore, to memorize each verb as a set: instead of memorizing just the dictionary form, try to memorize the dictionary form and the present tense affirmative, like if <, — ' f) $ "to / will return home. 3In spoken Ianj^uaye. particles are often "dropped." We will learn mure about such cases in Lesson 15. *In later lessons, we will be introduced to verbs thai require particles other than ~'~ to express location. SI3 3M I® (2) time BBfEjifc^tZfTSii": / will go to Kyoto on Sunday. -f"—b| U% i i~- 7 «77/ #0 /o ffi&HBG (Some time words stand alone, without ihe particle I- tagging along, which will be discussed in Section 4 below.) Approximate time references can be made by substituting Z'h or - hi- for \~-. Thus, -\—Mr r' <^ i::: 5 -r | «•/// #w to bed at about eleven. fS, The particle *N too. indicates the goal of movement. The sentences in (1) above therefore can be rewritten using instead of Xole that this particle is pronounced "e." f£ 134- a ^ftM? $ £-&A^ I n'ill nut go to school today. &*Mt§-fJ # "t* I '('ill return Iwme. Xote that may replace the particle I' only in the goal-of-movement sense. The particle (■£ for lime references arid other uses, which we will learn about in later lessons, cannot be so replaced. ^ The particle % indicates "direct objects." the kind of things that are directly involved in. or affected by, the event. Xote that this particle is pronounced "o." pi - h - £ |fc A ±-f0 I drink coffee. T — y'^f^b^.'t, I listen to tapes. fb t*£JL£i% I natch TV. Time Reference You need Ihe particle ! - with (1) the days of the week like "on Sunday." and (2) numerical time expressions, like "at 10:42," and "in September.*1 BJtf BAZ'n $ ac ~f c I ivill go on Sunday. ±^V3±Z^J1^ % £ -f 0 I get up at 10:42. JlH Kffi 1 It, / will go back in September. You Ho not use the particle lz with {1) time expressions defined relative to the present moment, such as "today" and "tomorrow," (2) expressions describing regular intervals, audi as "even* day," and (3) the word for "when." $b L tz £ ~i~e ■ I will came tomorrow. -3tB&T V fcf £ Mj £ i~o / watch TV every evening. v^-Q^t £ When will you go? You normally do not use t- with (1) the parts of a day, like "in the morning" and "at night." and (2) the word for "weekend." Unlike words like h L tz and $91 above, however, these words are sometimes followed by U, depending on styles, emphases, and personal preferences. ^flU-Hftljfl £ 1$L& £ ~i~0 I read the newspaper in the morning. "ST LA.!:/!, 1 i§3M l-)^ £ L JcfK What will you do on weekends? You can use £ *£/i>&' (= the present tense negative verb, plus the question particle) to extend an invitation. It should be noted that its affirmative counterpart, £ cannot be so used. Thus a sentence like SrZ'iiA, £ -f£^<£ can only be construed as a question, not as an invitation. fh^lSAs&fZ^t&Asfr* What do von say to having lunch with me? t/« g m «1 *C 1* 0 Sounds great T ~ X £ L J: -£ /v A\ 117// yo« p/nry tew«?s with me? T — A,, tj:f.'w, /f's slightly (inconvenient for me at this moment). Mil Word Order Japanese sentences are fairly flexible in the arrangement of elements that appear in them. Generally, sentences are made up of several noun-particle sequences followed by a verb or an adjective, which in turn is often followed by a sentence-final particle such as iJK &t or X. Among the noun-particle sequences, their relative orders are to a large extent free. 3gH (t&) A typical sentence, therefore, looks like the following, but several other arrangements of noun-particle sequences are also possible. top it* time place object verb / wilt study Japanese in the library today. topic frequency time noal verb 1 often go back home at around seven. WfM Frequency Adverbs You can add a frequency adverb such as (everyday), 1 < (often), and H^-i-b (sometimes) lo a sentence to describe how often you do something. f£!i£^if^^^-/£Uff^j;1"c I sometimes go to a coffee shop. In this lesson, we also learn two adverbs which describe how infrequent an activity or an event is; -tfVu-tfL (never; not at all) and £3 1 (not often: not very much). These adverbs anticipate the negative at the end of the sentence. If you use L^L or *), in other words, you need to conclude the sentence with i-fcr/C. tt-tfX^*A, f U £ i &1 -fr /Lo I tfo Wt wafcA TF a/ all ft-:. - "----~~ M L 5 ^ (i&_2 0 L 3 -tt A, Takeshi does not study much. tfa The Topic Particle It As we saw in Lesson 1. the particle ii presents the topic of one's utterance ("As for item X, it is such that..."). It puts forward the item that you want to talk about and comment on. You may have noted thai the topic phrases in sentences such as t T ]J — 5 ^ *C*f (Mary is a third-year student), and ■fAJ^F'Hi 0 ^i&X'l' (My major is .Japanese language), are the subjects of those sentences. A topic phrase, however, need not be the subject of a sentence. We see three sentences in the dialogue of this lesson where nonsubjeci phrases are made topics with the help of the particle (i. /I/my, u7(af rfo you usually do on the weekend? @ ?! i /Ii i ^ going to Kyoto today. In the above two examples, Ei promotes time expressions as the topic of each sentence. Its effects can be paraphrased like these: "Let's talk about weekends; what do you do on weekends?" "Let me say what I will do today; I will go to Kyoto." How about dinner? I will not eat. In this example, ti is used in directing the listener's attention and thereby inviting a comment or completion of a sentence. You may also note that the broached topic, fy.z*t& •it. b, does not stand in subject relation to the verb, but is rather its direct object. ?U5 \Sh, J Expression Notes (J) hX/Sfc-Si* When you move to a place where (he hearer is. vou sav "I'm coming." in English. However in the same situation. %l£TJ& £Tig used in Japanese. is a niovement toward the place where the speaker is. \\ i is a movement in a direction away from the speaker. $£.ko£ literally means "a little," "a bit," "a small amount," as in % a -j t < £rSt> (Please give me a little) and |y**s fejflhtf*£ < £$V* (Please wait for a moment). It is commonly used for a polite refusal. In this case, it means "inconvenient," "impossible," and so on. Japanese people don't normally reject requests, suggestions, or invitations with iHij£ (.No), because it sounds too direct. B : husnti, jot. Will you see a movie on Saturday? Saturday is no! convenient, (lit., Saturday is a little bit.) ® $3t v "J P r a c t i c e £ l <£ s'/u isa; j: A. Change the following verbs into —and ---^■ri'/u. Example: 4. -fl 1. íOÍ; 2. J < 3. 6. P < 7. < £ 8. 9. 11. £ 5 3 12. ^^iŤtl 5. láfc-t 10. it B. Look at the pictures below and make sentences using the cues. |j| (a) Add the appropriate verbs to the following direct objects. Example: JiH - *ÍÉÍ* ž &*& á f* V,k. mm Q) "f -7 (2) x-X (3) ^ y-9 Ĺ library/2:00 L.L./4:30 school/Saturday McDonalďs/5:00 (4) 3 - b - (5) f |« ť (6) S i- Hi coffee shop/3:00 home/tonighi college/every day (b) Add the place to the above sentences. Example: library - EI£$fi 1* C. Look at the pictures below and make sentences using the cues. Example: go to the post office -* fif&ti iZtf J I 1~Q Ex. go to the post office (1) go to the library (2) come to school 1:00 (3) come to the coffee shop (4) return home Sunday / 8:30 (.1) return Lo the U. S. 5:30 tomorrow D. Pair Work—Make questions, using verbs we have learned in this lesson. Example: A : i f Hit e-A. y r. V i ^2 3 ^ 2 E. Pair Work—Guessing game Ask questions and find out the items your partner has chosen. [i i i - i - . . .__■ i i n Hi i ■__■ ■ * in i . - - . f i nil in j iin --------.... ■ ■ - - - w- B_ - . • *ti • . - . -----------"--.*»**--»• — - - . . . - - * ! ! 1. Before you start, both of you will choose one item in each row- of the table ; and mark it. 2. In each row, using the verb and one of the four items, make a yes-or-no-question sentence and find out which item your partner has chosen, 3. You can ask at most two questions with one verb. If you have guessed correctly the kern your partner has chosen, you score a point. Your partner will not give away the right answer when you ask a wrong question. 4. "When you have asked questions about all the verbs in the table, switch roles with your partner and answer their questions. 5. Tabulate the score. You win the game if you have scored higher than your | partner. j KxampJe: a \ $ffc&&if 11*4& a : WM fte B : £dU\ "Jf ^ £ i"D (A guessed what B marked, therefore A won.) -uff * a-r post office school coffee shop library - k 1 % t TY movie video cartoon( £ A-£f) sake green tea water coffee book newspaper magazine Japanese book date study telephone tennis A. Look at Mary's schedule and answer the following questions, (^i). Mary's Schedule 7:30 am get up | 1- ^'J-^liMCfe^tK •1. si T 'J -^(ifW::3-t-&tfcAj-i-a\, 7. £:r?^&^^K ~ ^ i Z [U # St T£ tk & i. o:uu etiT DreamasT 8:30 go to school 12:00 eat lunch 3:00 pw. drink coffee 4:00 play tennis 5:00 go home 6:30 eat dinner 7:00 watch TV 8:00 study 11:30 go to bed 313 ISM A. Make suggestions using the cues below. Example: drink coffee — 3 - t — £ tfcA £-fr/ia»0 1. see a movie 2. come to my house 3. play tennis 4. cat dinner 5. study in the library h\ talk at a coffee shop 7. drink tea at home 8. listen to the music B. Pair Work—Ask your friend out for the activities in the pictures. Example: A : b^® £ JL I -£ & B :^^-t't^0/iU, ......0 Ex. (1) (2) (3) TO *u b3 15.'--' cfc How often do you do the following activities? Answer the questions using the expressions below. Example: Q it* A as ft | < > -It v £