01
(m(ym 11     e     s     s     o n..............................
py\;—KcS/uCT)—E3 A Day in Robert's Life
£ IS   D i a
o g  u e
In the class.
2 U/< — r-6 a/<— r
tfAtfi. »• Li *>t
W#*#-3-CM <     ****** 4a^^t*^.
0
I[ j After class.
1 x  - :
2 0/> — I-
3 x  - :
4 U/<— h
7 I  - :
8 a/<— h
0
]y On the bus.
Prof. Yaniashita: Robert, pWase read the next page. Robert: . ..
Prof. Yamashita: Robert, please wake up. You cannot sleep in the class. Robert: Mr. Yamashita. I forgot to bring the textbook. Prof. Yamashita: Please briiiK your textbook with you. We use it everyday. Robert: I understand. I'm sorry.
®
Sue: Robert, you had a hard time today.
Robert: Yes. May I borrow your notebook later. Sue?
Sue: Yes.
Robert: Thank you. I'll return it soon. Sue: Robert, we will have a test tomorrow. Robert: Really?
Sue: Yes. You were absent from the class last Friday. (That's why you didn't know about it.) Robert: Well then, I'll go home and study today.
®
Old woman: Excuse me. Does this bus go to the city hospital? Robert: Yes, it does. Take this seat, ma'am. Old woman: No. thank you. I'll get off soon. Robert: Is that so? Then, shall 1 carry your bag? Old woman: Thank you.
PQ ^
u        a r
money
grandmother; old woman bath
kanji; Chinese character textbook this week ffrl^^l%        Municipal Hospital #t next
video game 1£ 51 electricity fj|$ train $f$? baggage page
^ window night next week next year
^-adjective
* tz^^^L(fJi) tough (situation) U - v e r b s
£> ij$JS |§js to play: to spend time pleasantly
v     <* & <* to hurry
to take a bath
* i'Xt to return (things)
(person I- thing £ )
<fti~ to turn off; to erase
Life ^£,^3 to die
* "f   5 to sit down     (seat i-) tz~o to stand up tzlSZZ-fi            tztfZ£*&7   to smoke
* flt^ to use X^fzl to help     (personItask £)
___________
- Words that appear in the dialogue
0
im
R u - v e r b s
* ^') i
L 401» Irregular
to enter ti)
to carry: to hold    (~£ )
(1) to be absent (from . . . )
(2) to rest
Hi?
to open (something) to teach; to instruct
(person \t tiling £) to get off    (~ &) to borrow    {person I- thing £) to close (something) to turn on     (""- *) IttBtft'J^*^ 1  to make a phone call (person (-)
to forget: to leave behind
Mr)
1*0 h ft') 5 Mil
SSM
Verbs
to bring (a person) (~ S) lo bring (a thing)     (~ £)
Adverbs    and    Other Expressions
• ff
* g&gl-ei***
tfcl£ later on
3l < (do something) late
because . . .
UNI "C*i"        That would be fine.; That wouldn't
be necessary.
right away ^"CT^ Really?
slowly; leisurely; unhurriedly
©
£ Grammar
Te-form
The main topic of this lesson is a new conjugation of verbs called the "te-form." Te-forms are a very important part of Japanese grammar. In this lesson, we will learn, among their various uses, to use them in:
• making requests (". . . , please.")
* giving and asking for permission ("You may . . ./May I ♦ . ,")
* stating that something is forbidden ("You must not . . .")
• forming a sentence that describes two events or activities. ("I did this and did that.")
The conjugation paradigm of te-forms is fairly complex, as we need to learn separate rules for ru-, «-, and irregular verbs. Furthermore, the rule for w-verbs is divided into five subrules.
First, with j*k-verbs, the rule is very simple: Take -5 off and add X.
£/-verbs come in several groups, based on the final syllable of their dictionary forms.
u-verbs with final o>     and -5
»-
* — *-
'As we. discussed in Lesson 3, some verbs thai end with the hiragamt 5 are /7/-verbs and some others are
it- verbs. The rule of thumb for determining which verb is which is to examine the vowel before the final
S syllable. If the vowel is a, a. or ?/, the verb, without any exceptions, is an //-verb. If the vowel is either
i or e, the verb can be either an w-verb or a rw-verb. Statistically speak ins, there are many mote
fK-verbs, than //-verbs in the int and ertt camp, but there are many important verbs in the minority,
such asXJ (to enter), and #6 (to return).
/. . . aru i .
. . . orit ■ = always //-verbs *" "       = often, but not always, ru-verbs
t.. . em 1
1. . . uni'
■ as te-forms are concerned, we observe that it-verbs that end with £ will have a small -o, n/-verbs end with 5 do not.
g
u-verbs with final £», iS\ and 55
i ■
9
u-verbs with final <
* — ft-
There is an important exception in this class:
l\ -—
u-verbs with final C
u-
Hi.—
u-verbs with final IT
is or
B5
The irregular verbs 1~5 and < 3, and compound verbs built with them, conjugate as follows.
irregular verbs
<3     -> £r
Note that te-forms and stems (the forms you find before £ i~) are totally different constructs in the w-verb camp. A common mistake is to assume that the simple paradigm provided by the rw-verbs dc<X and $:-<i ~t) covers the «-verbs also, thus coming up with unwarranted forms such as x *X (see 3 #) and xik&X (see I i"). It is probably easier, at this stage of learning, to memorize each verb as a set, as in H" < — "0
*■ 9
5 | i"—$ than to apply the conjugation rules on the spot. Refer to the verb conjugation table at the end of this volume.
Use a verbal te-form together with < /?5vv to make a polite request to another person "please do . .. for me. "
Please listen to the tape that goes with the textbook.
Excuse me. Please (each me a little. (> Tell me, I need your advice.)
CH ~rfciuvw/~rttui«i*>u
A verbal te-form plus & wv,fC"-f means "you may do . . . which describes an activity that is permitted. To ask for permission, you can turn it into a question sentence, **HE t
ffc£r# & JL "C fe ^ u Ik^fft vl/ffy / w ffte textbook?
JlXi\^^X'tXa Yes, von tuav.
To deny somebody permission to do something, you can use the te-torm plus (Jt^lt i -tr A..
V>**st. Htli^lti^0    A'<* .w« may not see the textbook.
^1   Describing Two Activities
You can use a /e-form if you want to combine two or more verbs, as in describing a sequence of events or actions ("I did this and then I did that"). In other words, the fe-form does the work of ''and" with verbs. (Note that two verbs cannot be joined by £, which only connects nouns.)
y- h iff1) *C, 3 t"-LS1\
/ will borrow her notebook and xerox it
2If you art.- talking to a very close friend or a member of your family, a te-torm, by itself, can be used as a request.
M k ffl tt X ■ Open the window, will you?
Today I got up at six and studied.
Let's go to the cafeteria and have lunch.
The fe-form of a verb can also be used to connect a verb more "loosely" with the rest of a sentence. In the first example below, the verb in the re-form describes the manner in which the action described by the second verb is performed. In the second example, the te-form describes the situation for which the apology is made.
/ go to ivork by bus. (I take a bus to work.)
/ am sorry for not bringing in the textbook. (I left the book at home, and I am sorry.)
4Ü ~#t>
A sentence that ends with A*^ (because) explains the reason or the cause of a siLuation, a proposal, and so forth.
(situation); (explanation) A%60
I will study this evening. (Because) we will have an exam tomorrow. Let's go by bus. (Because) taxis are expensive.
In Lesson o we learned K x T    meaning "let's____" $ L i •? A1 is also used in the sense
of "let me do ...," in offering assistance. If you see somebody having a hard time opening the lid of a bottle, for example, you can offer help by saying:
fiHn**, /'// do it.
'The explanation clause may also precede the situation clause. Thus the first example above can also be paraphrased a* :
We will discuss this further in Lesson 9.
Or to a person who is carrying a heavy bag:
Lni'o Shall I carry your bag?
-
mm J—h
Expression Notes
JK/ilU^ Although both ill* and < mean "late." thev have different usages, since i§t> is an adjective and < is an adverb. JSl1 modifies nouns or works as a predicate, and JS < modifies verbs.
A: £ © 9 - -Bff 1335^ Ir tz„ I went to bed at one o'clock yesterday. B: mettle * It's late.
6>;/ weekends, I get up around 10:00 and eat late, breakfast.
£(Do, M<&£Ltz0 I tvent to bed late vesterdav.
is* 4a
You can also apply this rule to P < /V-V*.
£o=fc> £91 is normally used with $>*)&t 5, as in £3<j*9#fc5 (Thank you very much), or with i~fr£-\tA,t as in if^ (I am
very sorry/Thank you very much). When used alone, it is an abbreviation of if o h 9 $0 i "5 or if -5 1» ~f & £ A,. Therefore, when you want to show your gratitude or regret, you can just say if 3 $> instead of saying a long sentence, if"? & functions in many ways, depending on the situation. Some people use if -5 fc as "hello" or "good-bye."
35 ► Many w ords that begins with J3 can also be used without it. & in such words simply adds smoothness and nuance of social refinement, without changing the meaning of the words.
Example
P r a c t
L/tp-5
c e
A. Change the following verbs into te-forms. (^[ Example:   & ^ •& —*   & 5 "C
1. 2. $*9        3. Xtl       4. ^<        5.  < i        6. Jco
7. §#Ji    8. ft £        U ff      10. forSfcf   11. 0 < 12. 13. 1*0      14. \±tiiT 15.
B. Let's sing a te-form song!  (Battle Hymn of the Republic)^
&/v£.'   //-verb /f-form (repeat twice)
i"   L ~t   //-verb re-form
C. What will you say when you want someone to do the following things? N
Example:   to speak slowly
i- to call you tomorrow 3. to open the window 5. lo teach you kanji 7. to wait for you 9. to go Lo a hospital 11. to bring a friend
m
2. to write a letter 4. to drink tea 6. to bring a drink 8. to come with you
10. to return your book
12. to stand up
D. What would you say in the following situations?
Example:   & ttlBt? X < t£ $ v %
E. Pair Work—Make your own request, such as "Please stand up" and "Please take a picture," and ask your partner to act it out.
Example:   A : 3 — h — £ tfc/C*C < /= * v-*   B pretends to drink coffee.
0 t1 u tf mm z % i\i \ nvt1 u i *§ r (11* h-s it &
A. You are staying with a host family. Ask your host family for permission to do the following things.
Example:   fUh'U5   *•   t V t' | |,t %
B. What would you say in the following situations? Make sentences with
1. You are in class. You realize you need to so to the bathroom as soon as possible.
2. You are in class. You feel sick and want to return home.
3. You have forgotten to do the homework. You are sure you can bring it in tomorrow.
4. You want to ask your teacher something, but you cannot phrase it in Japanese. You want to smoke in a coffee shop, and there is someone sitting nearby.
6. You are at a friend's house, and suddenly remember that you need to make a phone call.
7. You have run into a celebrity. Conveniently, you have a camera with you.
8. You have arrived at a classroom. The air is stuffy.
9. You and your friend are in a dark room, and you feel somewhat uncomfortable.
C. You are a strict parent. Tell your child not to do the following things using the cues in A. \<\  
D. Tell the class what we can and can't do at school and at a host family's house.
Example: .£ WW&^W^&fcfa*
^X^ri'J - (host family) ^nt*ffi^R5i:X-3"rii u ^1"«,
Example: rVh'H'j
A. Look at the pictures below and combine the pictures using te-forms. (jip
Example: 3 - h - £      $. f 0
B. Change the following into fe-forms and make the rest of the sentences. Example:  §§& * £ §!§ $ X, *rM & KM i 1\
1. &£:fe£>i feU *f <       2. Tfe 3. f^#|N *
ei i" *•* taw K
- r- a »£»   A        lit- J*":V'jj« \" **■
A. Add reasons to the following sentences.
Example:   ^'X|:tUto     -   '<X U * 1 |       BfNI       f) £ fe,
5. (name of a friend) *■*      £ "C"f~e
B. Pair Work—Ask each other why you think the following-Example: fnzrltA,&■fc^<Ř^t^„
B : fi lXX*-rt>„
A : M 0 p^*FJ& 9 B I /l ti?
1. ^ítii^ť-r,
2. kltzltViX-l-*
3. iS.^, (name of a movie) Ě&iTo
4. ^(On^ (name of a restaurant) l-ft$Řlfza
ii'Aii     i: ISA S ntíCÍrí
7. ifeiS, (name of a place) (-ÍŤ ^ Í 1"„ It
Pair Work—Propose to do the following things, using žťtfcpAvQ Example: fl/ťř;|t
A : xVťííBLá L I t**0
4. $fc£i:W!< 5. 5 6.
7. KJM»-:É#'«X < I     8. €?Uí3t 9.
OO^itoCDIiSS (Review Exercises)
A. Role Play—Play the roles of A and B with your partner.
Example:
Exampie-A
You are short of money and want to borrow some money from your friend.
Example-B
You are going on a trip tomorrow. You don't have money to lend to your friend.
B : ¥n IX0
Mb
1-A
You have a date tomorrow and want to borrow a car from your friend.
1-B
You just bought a brand-new car and don't want anyone to use it.
You lost your Japanese textbook, but you need to study for a test tomorrow.
2-B
You have a big test in Japanese and need your textbook to prepare for the test.
3-A
You are asked to return your friend's video today, but you forgot to bring it. You want to return it tomorrow.
3-B
You asked your friend to return your video today. You need it today because you want to watch it together with another friend.
B 6 IM
(4)_
4-A
You are now in your friend's house. You see a cake that looks very delicious. You love cakes.
4-B
You just baked a cake for your mother's birthday. Your friend is in your house now.
B. Answer the following questions.
1. ^m.COm.^, HHJtK       (Answer with
2. f#*&% i(HHiL/:*1,      (Answer with "~t,~o")
6. i < it*'.
10. U#lt-C*J: < i#S 0
e Li*/. ha, *•
11. J: < 77X4fUlt^
Useful Expressions
(go straight)
AJ' 1
(turn right)
C/A*! i
(turn left)
AS
(turn right at the first signal)
(turn left at the second comer)
f
f
(cross the street)
(left side of the street)   (right side of the street)
Directions
it
(north)
A
s
(west)
(east)
(south)