Tahtarja Magna
Studia Turcica Moncolica Tibetica Manchurica Sibirica Russica et cetera
2/2013
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Tartarja Magna
STUDIA TURKJCA MONGOLICA TlBETICA MANCHURICA SlBIRICA RjJSSICA ET CETERA
2 / 20I3
Maps in Action
Images of Space and Geographic Reality
A Human Mapping
Tartar.!a Magna
STUDIA TUR.KJCA MONGOLICA TlBETICA MANCHURICA SlBIRICA RUSSICA ET CETERA
2 / 2013
KAPTbl B /JEHCTBHH
OBPA3H nPOCTPAHCTBA H TEOrPAOHHECKAH PEAJIbHOCTb
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Tartarja Magna
Studia Turkica Mongol ica Tibet ica M anchur ica Sibirica Russica et cetera
flOEPO IIOHCAJIOBATb B TARTARIA MAGNA!
BBK 63.3(0)
y/iK 94(1-11)
IlOJIHaH SJieKTpOHHaH BepCHH
>KypHajia flocTyriHa Ha caftTe www.Tartaria-Magna.ru
issn 2224-9559
© KojuieKTHB aBTopoB, 2013
©HMET CO PAH, 2013
© ByPHAfl-MOHrOJI HOM, 2013
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hhh Me>KflyHapoflHbix HccjieflOBaTejien b pyccKHX nepeBOflax. #
0   KOHIlEnqHH   5K y P H A JI A
Tartar.!a Magna
STUDIA TUR.KJCA MONGOLICA TlBETICA MANCHUR.ICA SIBIR.ICA RUSSICA ET CETERA
Pe/iaktopei a.c. bpecjiabckhh
n.K. BAPHABCKHH h.b. qblPEMni^OB
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Editors
anatoly breslavsky nikolay tsyrempilov pavel varnavsky
Editorial Board darima amogolonova vsevolod bashkuev bair nanzatov
Editorial Council boris bazarov corresponding member o/ras, Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan studies of Siberian Branch o/ras
vladimir bobrovnikov
Institute of Oriental studies o/ras
caroline humphrey
Cambridge University
lilia kalmina
Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan studies of Siberian Branch o/ras
karenina ko l l m a r-pau l e n z
Bern University
alexandre morrison
Nazarbayev University
irina oktyabrskaya
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of Siberian Branch o/ras
tatyana skrynnikova
Institute of Oriental Manuscripts o/ras
Tartarja Magna
STUDIA TUR.KJCA MONGOLICA TlBETICA MANCHUR.ICA SIBIR.ICA RUSSICA ET CETERA
2 / 20I3 TEMA BbinycKA:
KAPTbl b flEHCTBHH. OEPA3M ITPOCTPAHCTBA H TEOrPAOHHECKAJä PEAHbHOCTb
Cjioeo pedaKuuu
TeMamuuecKue uccjiedoeamm
12      KoHCTpynpyH KapTy TpaHcnopTHoro coo6nieHHH «CaHHCKoro nepeicpecTKa» Mapping Transport Connections in the "Sayan crossroads"
b e PA KYKJIHHA, l|bIPEH)KAn ^AIIinHJIOB   |  VERA KUKLINA, TSYRENZHAP DASHPILOV
MccnedoeaHUR
70     CycJ)H3M, naHHCJiaMH3M h HH(j)opMaLiHOHHaH naHHKa:
Hhji CepreeBHH JIhkoluhh h nocjieflCTBHH aHflH>KaHCKoro BoccTaHHH Sufism, pan-Islamism and Information Panic: Nil Sergeevich Lykoshin and the Aftermath of the Andijan Uprising
AIEKCAH/1P MOPPHCOH   I  ALEXANDER MORRISON
Tahtarja Magna
Studia Turkica Mongolica Tibet ica M anchur ica Sibirica Russica et cetera
2 / 2013
theme of the issue! maps in action. images of space and geographic reality
IlPE/liHC^OBHE K BbinyCKY
Cjiobo pedaxuuu
3tot BbinycK npoflOJDKaeT KaK 3aflaHHyio b stom rofly TeMa-THKy «TyMaHumapHaR Kapmozpa<puR», TaK h TeMy nponuioro BbinycKa «KapmhL e deucmeuu. 06pa3hL npocmpaHcmea u zeo-zpatpimecKdR peajihHocmh». IIpeflCTaBJieHHaH b ochobhom SjioKe CTaTbH B. KymiuHou h If. flamnmioea nocBHineHa npo6jieMe BepHaKyjrapHOH reorpa(J)HH b Boctohhoh Cu6upu. Ha npHMepe He-oc^HUHajibHO cyinecTByioiHero «CaHHCKoro nepeKpecTKa», KOTopbifl «HapyinaeT» oc^HiniajibHoe aflMHHHCTpaTHBHoe pa3Me>KeBaHHe pern-OHa Me>Kfly Pecny6jiHKOH TbiBa, Pecny6jiHKOH EypHTHH h HpKyrcKOH o6jiacTH, aBTopbi noKa3HBaioT, KaK noflo6Hbie paftoHbi Moryr fleMOH-CTpnpoBaTb SKOHOMHHecKyio, KyjibTypHyio h npHpoflHyio 6hthh-HOCTb h cocTOHTejibHOCTb. Hcnojib3yH b KanecTBe MeTOflOJiorHH Teo-pmo aKTop-ceTeBoro aHajiH3a B. JIaTypa, B. KyKJiHHa h U,. /JaiiniHJioB Ha MHoroHHCJieHHbix npHMepax npocjie>KHBaioT, KaK CKJiaflbmaioiHHe-ch b ceTH MHoroHHCJieHHbie h pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie CBH3H, 06'beKTHBHO cy-inecTByioiHHe b pernoHe, (JiopMHpyioT cboio co6cTBeHHyio reorpa(J)H-necKyio jiorHKy.
B pa3flejie «HccjiedoeamiR» hsmh noMeineHa CTaTbH Ajiexcandpa MoppucoHa, nocBHin;eHHaH oco6eHHOCTHM KOJioHHajibHoro ynpaBJie-
HHH B POCCHHCKOH HMnepHH B HaHajieXX BeKa H pOJIH aflMHHHCTpa-TOpOB B (J)OpMHpOBaHHH HMTiepCKOH nOJIHTHKH no OTHOIIieHHK) K LTOfl-
HHHeHHbiM HapoflaM h KyjibTypaM. Abtop noKa3HBaeT, KaK fla>Ke CTOJib ocBeflOMJieHHbie h nporpeccHBHbie hhhobhhkh, KaKHM 6bui H.c. JIh-kohihh, 6biJiH noflBep>KeHbi TeM >Ke CTepeoTHnaM b BocnpHHTHH ncna-Ma h cpeflHea3HaTCKHX MycyjibMaH, hto h HMnepcKaH aflMHHHCTpauHH Boo6ine. CTpaxn hhhobhhkob nepefl HJUiK>3opHbiM 3aroBopoM h nofl-roTOBKOH HOBoro BoccTaHHH 3acTaBJiHJiH hx BnycTyio paCXOflOBaTb HH-TenjieKTyajibHbie pecypcbi.
Mbi npnrjiainaeM HccjieflOBaTejieft k coTpyflHHHecTBy c >KypHajioM KaK b paMKax o6o3HaHeHHOH roflOBOH TeMaTHKH «ryMaHumapHaR Kapmozpa<fiuR», TaK h no KOHueiiTyajibHOMy HanpaBJieHHio >KypHajia. #
A Human Mapping. Theme of the issue 2/2013: Maps in action. Images of space and geographic reality
riPEflHCJIOBHE   TARTARIA   MAGNA l'20I3
9
TeMATHHECKHE HCCJIEflOBAHHH
B. KyKJiima, If. flamnujioe
KOHCTPYHPyfl RAPTY TPAHCnOPTHOrO COOBIĽÍEHHH «CAHHCKOrO
nEPEKPECTKA»
Tartaria  Magna 2'2oi3
Mapping Transport Connections in the "Sayan crossroads"
The article explores the "Sayan crossroads" ethno-natural region that is promoted by ethnic leaders and ecologists. The authors focus on the material base for construction of the region as a whole entity using "actor-network theory" developed particularly by B. Latour. The analysis is based on field studies in Tozha kozhuun ofPerublic of Tyva, and Nizhneudinskii raion oflrkut-skaia oblast in 2013, and in Okinskii raion of Republic ofBuryatia in 2012. The article consists of three main parts: administrative relations, transport communication, and touristic ties. To explore the ways of communication map of transport communication was constructed on a base ofMapInfo.
12
f McaiedoeaHue eunojiHeHO npu c/iuHaHcoeou noddepiiace PrH0 e paMKax npoeiana npo-sedeHUM Hayuubix ucoiedoea-huu «nojieeue uccjiedoeamiR s mpydHodocmynHMX pauouax ceeepa EauKcuibCKOzo pezuoua», npoeicmNs 13-03-18017
TEMATHHECKHE HCCJIEflOBAHHS
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B. KyKJiuna, II. flauinujioe
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Hbie HfleHTHHHOCTH CTpOHJIHCb Ha OCHOBe aflMHHHCTpaTHBHO-TeppH-
TopHajibHoro fleneHHH (2001). B HacTOHiijee BpeMH cbh3hm Me:>Kfly pa3-jihhhhmh pernoHaMH h pairaHaMH HeT aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbix 6apbepoB, oflHaKO B03HHKaeT Bonpoc—cymecTByeT jih noTpe6HOCTb b sthx cbh-3hx? 3KOJioraMH npoflBHraeTCH Hflea co3flaHHH 06'beKTa BceMHpHoro npHpoflHO-KyjibTypHoro HacjieflHH «CaHHCKHH nepeKpecTOK», ocho-
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HccjieflOBaTejiHMH flaBHO OTMenajiocb STHOKynbTypHoe cxoflCTBO jKHTejieft CanHCKoro nepeKpecTKa h eflHHCTBO npnpoflHbix ycjio-bhh, flaiomnx ocHOBaHHe fljiH BbifleneHHH 3THO-npHpoflHoro paftoHa2. Ilo MHeHHio reorpacJ)OB, pa3fleneHHe HXHa OCHOBe aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbix rpaHHU, h nocjieflOBaBinee 3a sthm BbifleneHHe OTflejibHbix STHHHecKHX o6m;HOCTeH 6bmo HCKyccTBeHHbiM3. B KanecTBe o6ocHOBaHHH flaHHoro pernoHa Hcnojib3yioTCH HccjieflOBaHHH B.3.IleTpH, pyKOBOflHBinero
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Tartaria  Magna 2'2oi3
KajiuxMaH, KajiuxMdH 2007
' Heauoe u dp., 2008
1 KcuiuxMan, KcuiuxMan 2007
13
MejibHUKoea, 1994
1978, c. 10
Thrift, 1996
Thrift, Bingham, 2000
5 Latour, 2005
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Hameů 3adaneů 6biJio ebiRCHumb, na kclkoů ocHoee KOHcmpyupyemcR o6w,Hocmb jKumejieü «Cclrhckozo nepercpecmrca» e HacmoRW,ee epeMR?
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CBH3H C Ij;aaTaHaMH B MoHrOJIHH, XOra MX STHOKyjIbTypHaH 6jIH30CTb
k >KHTejiHM CaHHCKoro nepeKpecTKa oneBHflHa fljiH 3THorpa(J)OB3 h reo- 3 Donahoe, 2006
rpa(J)OB4. HeoÖXOflHMH flOnOJIHHTeJIbHbie HCTOpHHeCKHe HCCJieflOBaHHH,   4 KajiuxMan, 2009 flJIH TOTO htoöh npOCJieflHTb HCTOpHK) (J)OpMHpOBaHHH TocyflapcTBeH-HHX H aflMHHHCTpaTHBHHX rpaHHij H HX BJIHHHHH Ha X03HHCTBeHHbie CBH3H. B HaCTOHinHÖ MOMeHT MH MOľJIH 3a(J)HKCHpOBaTb TOJIbKO COXpa-
HHioinyiocH b Tofl>Ke naMHTb o no3flHeM npncoeflHHeHHH Thbh k Pocchh (b 1944 rofly). B noBceflHeBHoň penn HeoflHOKpaTHO BCTpenajiocb «noexaTb b Pocchio», T.e. BbiexaTb 3a npeflenn pecnyöJiHKH b flpyrne pernoHH, «noexaTb b TyBy», T.e. BbiexaTb 3a npeflenn KO>KyyHa. To(J)a-
14
TeMATHHECKHE HCCJIEflOBAHHa
Tartaria  Magna 2'2oi3
15
Oco6o oxpanmeMhie npMpoflnbie TeppnTopnn
3anoBeflHiiK A^ac ílDHpouMbin nap k LUyuiaK
3aK33HMKM
1
2
Tocpa/iapcKHM
XyTMHCKUft
YcnoBHbie o6o3HaHeHHii:
----BbioHHwe w KOHHbie Tponbi
rioneBbie, necHbie floporw no 6onoTHCTOM w nepeceneHHoň wecTHOCTM rpyhTOBbte n pocenou h hie floporu 6e3 noKpbiTnfi m ynyMLueHHbie rpyrnoabie no nepeceMeHHoii MecTHoc™ ABTOMCröwnbHbte floporn 6ea nopbiTvm (ynymiieHHbie rpyHTOBbie)
ABTOMOöwnbHbie floporw c noKpbuneM ricicaAOHHhie nnoLnaflKH
I    I I
BpeMennaíi t pane no pTH an floerynnoerb paňoHHbix L^empoB
1    2    3     4    5    6    e    10   12   18   24   36   46   72   S6 lOOwSonee Ľ
Ty pwcTvnec Kwe flocTon pwMe^aTen b h octw Mhh. HCT04HMKM HoňraH (KoňraH)
MUH, MCT04HMKW XoflTO-ron
oneHeBOflHecKařt 6aaa BepxHíiH XyHra 6aaa TocpanapcKHň kodaoh
MecTopoMífleHHa none3Hbix wconaewbix
q 30HOTO q   L4MHK. CBMHeg
q peflKwe MBTannw
Puc. 1. Kapma mpaHcnopmHoů docmynHocmu CaxHCKOzo nepeicpecmica
i6
TeMATHHECKHE HCCJIEflOBAHHS
Tartaria  Magna 2'2oi3
17
KoHcmpyupyR Kapmy mpaHcnopmHozo coo6w,emiR «Cclrhckozo nepexpecmKa»
i8
jiapHH jiHiiiHJiacb CTaTyca OTflejibHoro paňoHa eine b 1950 rofly h 6biJia npHcoeflHHeHa k HH>KHeyflHHCKOMy paöoHy, oflHaKO h ceňnac b paö-
OHHOH aflMHHHCTpaUHH OÖH3aHHOCTbIO OflHOľO H3 3aMecTHTejieň Mapa
HBJíHeTCH KypnpoBaHHe paöoTbi no TocJiajiapHH, a rjiaBa TO(J)ajiapcKOH aflMHHHCTpaij;HH ynacTByeT bo Bcex o6cy>KfleHHHX npo6jieM TpyflHOflo-CTynHbix paňoHOB b HpKyTCKe HapaBHe c flpyrHMH rjiaBaMH paňoHOB. Okhhckhh >Ke paöoH, HaoöopoT, b 1940 rofly nojiynmi CTaTyc caMO-CTOHTejibHoro o6pa30BaHHH, OTflejiHBiiiHCb OT TyHKHHCKoro paňoHa.
AflMHHHCTpaTHBHbie CBH3H noflflep>KHBaioTCH npH noMoinH 6yMar, nyTemecTByioiHHX H3 noceneHHÖ b paňoHHbie, pernoHajibHbie h 4>e-flepajibHbie neHTpbi h oöparao. B öyjviarax (jjHKCHpyíoTCH po>KfleHHe, co3flaHHe ceMbH, CMepTb, h fljiH 4>HKcaij;HH Ka>Kfloro H3 sthx co6h-THH HeoöxoflHMO npHcyTCTBHe npeflCTaBHTejieň BJiacra. /Jjih SToro
jiuôo npeflCTaBHTejIH BJiaCTH flOJI>KHbI HMeTb B03MO>KHOCTb (|)HKCanHH
Ha MecTe, jiuôo caMH ynacTHHKH npoHcxoflHínero flOJi>KHbi npnöbiTb k npeflCTaBHTejiHM BJiacTH. B cjiynae TocJiajiapHH name npoHcxoflHT no-cjieflHee. Ecjih Tejio nornöinero He oÖHapysceHO, ero hmh npoflOJi>KaeT coxpaHHTbCH b cnHCKax jkhbhx. KojiHHecTBO floöbiToro 3BepH Bcerfla
paBHO KOJIHHeCTBy JIHUeH3HH, KOJIHHeCTBO 3aBe3eHHbIX npOflyKTOB —
KOJiHHecTBy HeoöxoflHMbix, KOJiHHecTBO ToiuiHBa, noTpeöJiHeMoro Ha flH3ejibHoň 3JieKTpocTaHi^HH,—KOJiHHecTBy 3aBe3eHHoro.
B KanecTBe npeflCTaBHTejieň rocyflapcTBa BbicTynaioT h Hccjieflo-BaTejiH, KOTopbie Hcnojib3yioT oc|3HnHajibHbie STHHHecKHe KaTeropHH fljiH HccjieflOBaHHÖ KOHKpeTHbix STHHHecKHX rpynn. HeCMOTpH Ha HC-He3HOBeHHe rpa(J)bi «HannoHajibHOCTb» h3 nacnopTa, npHHafljie>K-HOCTb k npeflCTaBHTejiHM KopeHHbix MajioHHCJieHHbix HapoflOB CeBepa, Ch6hph h /JajibHero BocTOKa coxpaHHeT CBoe 3HaneHHe. Ejiaroflapa
AÔMUHUcmparnuenbLe ceR3u noddepjKueaiomcR npu noMow,u ôyMaz, nymewecmeyiow,ux U3 nocejienuů e paůoHHhie, pezuonajibHbie u (pedepajibHbLe i^enmpbL u oôpamno
3TOMy >KeHiHHHbi BbixoflHT Ha neHCHK) b 50 jieT, a MyscHHHbi—b 55. Ha TeppHTopHH PecnyöJiHKH EypHTHH fleňcTByeT jibroTHoe nocTyiuie-
HHe B BY3bl. /JjIH OÖOCHOBaHHH COÖCTBeHHOÖ STHHHeCKOH npHHafl-
jie^KHOCTH npeflCTaBHTejIH CTapniHX noKOJieHHÖ MoryT Hcnojib30BaTb CBHfleTejibCTBO o po>KfleHHH, a poflHBinHecH nocjie 2000 rofla—CBHfle-TejibCTBa o po>KfleHHH poflHTejieň. IlpmeM ysce HecKOJibKO noKOJieHHH 3anHCbiBajiHCb to(j)ajiapaMH, ecjiH xoth 6h oahh H3 poflHTejieň ohm TO(J)ajiapoM.
TeMATHHECKHE HCCJIEflOBAHHÍI
/Jpyrne npeflCTaBHTejIH rocyflapcTBa BCTynaioT bo B3aHMOfleňcTBHe c MecTHbiMH >KHTejiHMH fljiH npoBefleHHH nepennceň HaceneHHH, pe-3yjibTaTbi KOTopbix noTOM npHBOflHT b HefloyMeHHe (Ta6jiuu,a 1). ßjm Toro HTo6bi noHHTb, KaK HMeHHO BejicH yneT npeflCTaBHTejieň Ka>KflOH 3THHHecKOH rpynnbi, HeoöxoflHMO 6buio 6bi npocjieflOBaTb c caMHMH nepenncHHKaMH b nyHKTbi c6opa nepenncHbix jihctob h noynacTBO-BaTb b Hx noflcneTe.
Ta6jiuu,a 1.
HHCJieHHOCTL	HHCJieHHOCTL
jihľ,, yKa3aBinHX	nvas,, yKa3aBinHX
COOTBeTCTByiOmyK)	COOTBeTCTByiOmyK)
HaiJ,HOHajIbHyK)	HaiJHOHa/IbHyK)
npHHaflJie>KHOCTb,	npHHaflJie>KHOCTb,
2002	2010
	ľopodcKoe u cejibCKoe Hacejienue	ľopodcKoe HacejieHue	CejibCKoe HacejieHue	ľopodcKoe u cejibCKoe HacejieHue	ľopodcKoe HacejieHue	CejibCKoe HacejieHue
CoňoTbi	2769	252	2517	3608	255	3353
TyBHHI^bl-TOfl^KHHI^bl	4442	7	4435	1858	4	1854
Tocjjajiapbi	837	138	699	762	98	664
Kapmu
s deucmeuu.
06pa3u
npocmpancmea
u zeozpacßimecKaR
peajibHocmb
Okhhckhh paöoH PecnyöJiHKH BypHTHH, A3accKHÖ, Höckhö, Ch-CTbir-XeMCKHÖ h Ha3biJiapcKHH cyMOHbi (cenbCKHe noceneHHH) MyHH-Li;HnajibHoro paňoHa (Ky>KyyHa) Tofl>KHHCKoro KO>KyyHa, MyHHi^nnajib-Hbie o6pa30BaHHH BepxHeryTapcKoe, HepxHHCKoe h TocJiajiapcKoe Hn>KHeyflHHCKoro paňoHa BKJiioHeHbi b riepeneHb MecT TpaflHUHOHHO-
rO npO>KHBaHHH H TpaflHI^HOHHOH X03HÖCTBeHHOH fleHTejIbHOCTH KO-
peHHbix MajioHHCJieHHbix HapoflOB CeBepa, CnönpH h ^ajibHero Boc-TOKa PoccHÖCKOö <Eeflepan;HH. Ohh HMeioT npaBO Ha orpaHHHeHHoe
KOJIHHeCTBO ÖeCnjiaTHblX JIHI^eH3HH flJIH OXOTbl H pblÖOJIOBCTBa H C03-
flaHHe coceflCKO-TeppHTopHajibHbix h ceMeÖHO-KJiaHOBbix o6ili;hh. Ofl-HaKO h b Tofl>Ke, h b To(J)ajiapHH 3aperHCTpHpoBaHbi o6m;HHbi, rjiaBbi huh npeflCTaBHTejIH KOTopbix npo^KHBaioT b pernoHajibHbix neHTpax. TaKHM o6pa30M, TpaflHí^HOHHoe npHpoflonojib30BaHHe oöihhhh ocy-mecTBJíHeTCH Hepe3 ropofl, rfle BefleTCH flOKyMeHTai^HH, cflaioTCH Ha-jioroBbie h npoHHe othcth, ecTb B03MO>KHOCTb yqacTBOBaTb b nepe-roBopax c npeflCTaBHTejiHMH BJiacTH, npHHHMaiomHMH peineHHH no yflajieHHHM paöoHaM, a TaioKe noKynaTb HeoöxoflHMyio TexHHKy, opy>KHe, jieKapcTBa h nponne MaTepnajibi fljiH ocymecTBJíeHHH oxothh-Hbeň HJiH ojieHeBOflHecKoň fleHTejibHOCTH.
CyinecTBOBaHHe rpynnbi KopeHHbix MajioHHCJieHHbix HapoflOB no-3BOJiHeT TaioKe TpyflHOflocTynHbiM paöoHaM npeTeHflOBaTb Ha 6ojib-inee (JjHHaHcnpoBaHHe no cpaBHeHHio c flpyrHMH paňoHaMH b cxo>KeM
Tartaria  Magna 2'2oi3
I9
1 /JOJlZOCpOUHOM, 2013
'■ Fjiaea BepxHe-rymapacozo MO, 6.08.13
nojic»KeHHH. Ha TeppHTopHH HpicyTCKOH o6jiacTH b paMKax flojiro-cpoHHoň nporpaMMbi noflflep>KKH KopeHHbix MajioHHCJieHHbix Hapo-flOB Ha TeppHTopHH TocJjajiapHH o6ecneHHBaioTCH CTpoHTenbCTBO >kh-jihn fljiH MajioHMyniHX (KOTopbie c 6ojibineň BepoHTHOCTbio hbjihkdtch TO(J)ajiapaMH), KpyrjioroflHHHbie aBHanepeB03KH nacca>KHpoB h to-
BapOB nepBOH HeOĎXOflHMOCTH, paĎOTa flH3ejIbHbTX SJíeKTpOCTaHUHH
h ToruiHBO fljiH hhx, ynacrae b 3THOKyjibTypHbix 4>ecTHBajiHX, npne3fl BpaneH-cneLiHajiHCTOB1. B paMKax noflflep>KKH TOfl>KHHneB ocyniecT-BJiHeTCH 3aB03 npoflyKTOB h ToiuiHBa, a TaioKe pa6oTa flH3ejibHbix
3JieKTpOCTaHLIHH B Tofl^Ke.
C pa3BajIOM npOMX030B H COBX030B KOHTpOJIb 3a SKOHOMHHeCKOH
fleHTejibHOCTbio orpaHHHeH, b paňoHax bhcok ypoBeHb 6e3pa6oTHUbi, a MacniTa6bi HecJiopMajibHOH skohomhkh He HccjieflyioTCH. KoHTpojib
Hafl OXOTHHHbeH fleHTejIbHOCTbK), HBJIHKDIIieHCH OCHOBHOH flJLH >KHTe-
jieň To(J)ajiapHH h Tofl>KH, ocyniecTBjraeTCH nocpeflCTBOM oxoTHafl3opa
H BblflaHH JIHLieH3HH Ha OXOTy H OpySCHH. /JjIH 6opb6bi c 6paKOHbep-
ctbom TpaHcnopTHaH nojiHLiHH npoBepHeT BeniH nacca>KHpoB BepTOJie-Ta h b 3HMHee BpeMH Ha 3HMHHKe H3 TocJjajiapHH ycTaHaBJíHBaeT nocT
IlOMHMO LUKOJIbl H aflMHHHCTpaUHH 6lOfl>KeTHbIMH yqpe>KfleHHHMH
hbjihiotch noHTOBbie OTflejieHHH, 6ojibHHLibi h (J)ejibfliiiepcKO-aKyiiiep-CKHe nyHKTbi. IlocjieflHHe BbiTecHHJiH TpaflHUHOHHbie cnoco6bi Jiene-hhh b TocJjajiapHH: ceňnac ysce TaM HeT inaMaHOB, peflKO Hcnojib3yioTCH ^eKapcTBeHHbie pacTeHHH. OflHaKO, npnyHHB MecTHbix k Hcnojib30Ba-hhk) Ta6jieTOK BMecTO TpaB, MecTHaH anTeKa 3aKpbiJiacb no npHHHHe OTcyTCTBHH cepTH(J)HLiHpoBaHHoro 4>apManeBTa.
BbinyCKHHKH  LUKOJI  OĎynaiOTCH  B  OCHOBHOM  B perHOHajibHbix
LieHTpax, OflHaKO HepeflKO BCTpenaioT cjiynan yne6bi TyBHHneB h TO(J)a-jiapoB b YnaH-yfl3 (BocTOHHO-CHĎnpcKaH rocyflapcTBeHHaH aKafleMHH KyjibTypbi h HCKyccTB), >KHTejieH OKHHCKoro paňoHa h Toa>kh—b Hp-KyTCKe (HpKyTCKan rocyflapcTBeHHaH cejibCKOxo3HHCTBeHHaH aKafle-mhh h eflHHHHHO—b flpyrax By3 ax), a TaKsce b CaHKT-E[eTep6ypre (b HHCTHTyTe TexHOJiorHH h flH3aňHa, b CBH3H c imaHaMH no CTpOH-TejibCTBy nexa no noniHBy HanHOHajibHbix cyBeHHpoB b TocJjajiapHH, h b HHCTHTyTe HapoflOB CeBepa no KBOTaM).
H3-3a cyniecTByioiiiHX npo6jieM c TpaHcnoprapoBKoň b TocJjajiapHH ocTaeTCH mhoto HenpHBaTH3HpoBaHHbix flOMOB. HanpHMep, b 3eMenb-hom KaflacTpe o(J)opMJieHHe 3eMenb 3aHHJio y oflHoro ryTapna nHTb jieT.
HaflO npOHTH MHO>KeCTBO HHCTaHUHH, HTO OHeHb HenpHBbIHHO flJLH ne-
jioBeKa, peflKO Bbie3>Kaioiiiero H3 CBoero flOMa. HeKOTopbie He Bbie3>Ka-
JIH H3 TO(J)ajiapHH no HeCKOJIbKO JieT, He BHflH B 3T0M HeOĎXOflHMOCTH.
no cjioBaM rjiaBbi OflHoro H3 nocejieHHH, HeflaBHO bhlujio nocTaHOB-
JieHHe O TOM, HTO npOnHCKa B03MO>KHa TOJIbKO B npHBaTH3HpOBaHHbIX
flOMax, KOTopoe 3acTaBHT Tex, kto enie He npHBaTH3HpoBaji flOMa, cfle-
JiaTb STO2.
Bcero b cejie okojio CTa MystHHH hmoot oxoTHHHbH ůvuieihi, oflHa-ko He Bce H3 hhx HMeioT pa3peineHHe Ha opyscne h xoponiHe oxothh-HbH HaBbiKH. Enie b nponmoM rofly b cejie 6bui no on —npoMbicjio-BO-noTpe6HTejibCKHH KoonepaTHB, co3flaHHbiň Ha 6a3e jiecnpoMX03a. B stom rofly ero jihluhjih jiHn;eH3HH. PaHbine HMeHHO oh BbiflaBaji opy>KHe h Ďoenpnnacbi, Tenepb npocTO nojiynaeT jiHneH3HH h CKynaeT nyniHHHy. no MHeHHio rjiaBbi aflMHHHCTpai^HH, HacejieHHe coxpaHHJio rcscflHBeHHecKHe HacTpoeHHH, Korfla oxothhk npnxoflHJi «Ha Bce toto-Boe». J\a h neHbi Ha npneM nyniHHHbi OTJimajiHCb: ecjiH b HpKyTCKe npHHHMajiH no 2000 py6. 3a niKypKy co6ojih, to b no on n;eHbi motjih CHH^KaTb flo 1200 py6. Tenepb oxothhkh caMH flOJi>KHbi o(J)opMJiHTb pa3peineHHe Ha HoineHHe py>KbH; xoth sto h xjionoTHO, ho 3aTO no-HBJíHeTCH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a co6cTBeHHoe opy>KHe, «CTajiH npnflep->KHBaTbCH paMOK». Te, kto «cepbe3HO 3aHHMaeTCH oxotoh», yace Bce flOKyMeHTbi cflenajiH. no cjioBaM rjiaBbi aflMHHHCTpanHH, «6oM>KeBa-thx» okojio 3-4%, ocTajibHbie y>Ke 3aflyMbiBaioTCH o npHo6peTeHHH opysoiH. «KanHTajiH3M Be3fle yace npoineji, a mh TOJibKO floroHHeM)*1.
B HaCTOHUiee BpeMH COĎHpaiOTCH 3aHBJieHHH Ha JIHUeH3HH, HO CKOJIbKO
hx flaflyT—enie HeH3BecTHO.
Ceňnac 3aMeTHO, KaK B03BpaniaeTCH H3 Hn>KHeyflHHCKa, HpKyTCKa, KpacHOHpcKa MOJiofle>Kb, KOTopan TaM yHHJiacb hjih pa6oTajia, oco6eH-ho Ha (J)OHe toto, hto H3 flpyrnx flepeBeHb toto >Ke Hn>KHeyflHHCKoro paňoHa MOJiofle>Kb nepee3>KaeT b ropofla.
/ípyrne KaHajibi MOĎHJibHOCTH ynoMHHajiHCb My>KHHHaMH, OTCJiy-
JKHBIHHMH B apMHH. KaK H BO MHOTHX flpyTHX flepeBHHX, HHOTfla 3T0
Sbiji eflHHCTBeHHbiň maHC no6biBaTb rfle-TO 3a npeflenaMH CBoero paň-OHa. ApMeňcKHe cocny>KHBi];bi npne3>KaioT b tocth, HHorfla caMH MecT-Hbie eflyT k hhm b tocth.
Kapmu
e deůcmeuu.
06pa3u
npocmpaHcmea
u zeozpatfiímecicafi
peajibHocmb
1 rjiaea ToipcuiapcKozo MO
nyn COOBIIIEHHÍI
Pa3fleneHHe Me>Kfly BHflaMH nyTeň flOBOJibHO ycjioBHo: floporn c ac-(J>ajibTOBbiM noKpbiTHeM 4>eflepajibHoro 3HaneHHH OTJiHHaioTCH ot Tex, hto HMeioT perHOHajibHoe hjih MecTHoe 3HaneHHe. ^oporn c rpyHTO-bhm noKpbiTHeM, Beflynine k fleňcTByioniHM ropHHM pa3pa6oTKaM, MoryT no KanecTBy He ycTynaTb perHOHajibHHM TpaccaM. J\jiíí kohhhx
Tpon H Tpon flHKHX 5KHBOTHHX Ba^KHyK) pOJIb HTpaiOT npOBOflHHKH-
MecTHbie >KHTejiH, xopomo 3HaKOMbie c sthmh TponaMH. B CTaTbe He paccMaTpHBaioTCH TypncTHHecKHe Tponbi, noTOMy hto ohh oc^huh-ajibHO He cyniecTByioT. H3HaHajibHO TypncTbi nepeflBHrajiHCb no koh-hhm TponaM h TponaM ahkhx jkhbothhx; no Mepe yBejiHHeHHH hx KOJiHHecTBa Tponbi CTajiH 6ojiee «npoTopeHHHMH», h Tenepb yciiyrn npoBOflHHKOB Ha hhx He Bcerfla aKTyajibHbi. TeopeTHHecKH TypncTbi MoryT npoflBHraTbCH h 6e3 HajiHHHH HbHX-jiH6o cjieflOB, cjieflyH Mexa-
20
TEMATHHECKHE HCCJIEflOBAHHS
Tartaria   MAGNA 2'20I3
21
KoHcmpyupyR Kapmy mpaHcnopmHozo coo6w,eHUR «CasmcKozo nepexpecrmca»
«Cpedu MHOzouucjieHHMX Ha-podoe, Hacejuuow,wc Cuôupb, UMeemcM dea ueôojibuiux ruieMeuu, npedcmaejuuow,ux kük 6hi pejiuKmoeym Kyjibmy-py—srno Kapazacbí u okuh-CKue coůombí. OicpyjiceHHbte CKomoeoduecKUMU u 3eMJie-dejibuecKUMU uapodaMU nod 52-53° ceeepuoů mupomu, Ha ypoeue Kueea, Bapuiaeu, Eepjiuua u Houdoua, onu co CBOUMU nojwpHbtMU npupy-HeHHbLMU ojieHMMU icaiicymcsi maKUMU 3ice omnpucKOMU Kyjibmypu npunojiapnux 06-jiacmeů, kuk u oicpyiiccmuiuů ux jiaHÔmatpm: eucoKozop-HOR myudpa c xapaianepHoů nojwpHoů (pjiopoů u (payHoů, npimmuewasi ua cclmux eep-muHax CaxH, euiue jiuhuu cueza nod eeuubíMU cueza-Mu — ux Jiemuue Koueebsi; zopuasi maůza c uepubtMU ice-dpoeuuKaMU, c yzuemeHHbíM jiecoM 3aMiuejibíx depeebee, c KUMeHUCmbíMU poccbinMMU u ôojiomucmbíMU dojiuuaMU zopubíx peueK—ux 3UMHue u jiemuue Koueebsi. Ojieneeodu no cnocoby nepedeunce-HUR, oxomuuKU no (popme xo3xůcmea...» (ľlempuB.3. Couomacax 3iccneduuusi, opzaHU3oeaHHasi MpxymcKUM MecmubíM KoMumemoM Ceeepa // SnmozpatfiunecKue uccjiedoeaHUM cpedu Majibix Hapodoe e BocmoHHbix Camiax (IlpedeapumejibHbte daHHbte). —HpKymcK, 1927. C.3) Lfum. H3: Heauoe u dp., 2008, c. 47.
HHHeCKHM npOBOflHHKaM-KOMIiaCy H KapTaM, OflHaKO BpeMH, KOTO-
poe MO>KeT 6biTb b HTore 3aTpaneHO Ha npeoflOJieHHe epHHKOB hjih Ka-MeHHbix poccbineň, CTHpaeT >KejiaHHe coKparaTb flHCTaHUHio.
/JaHHan KapTa noKa3biBaeT, hto bch TeppHTopHH paccMaTpHBae-Moro pernoHa HaxoflHTCH b 30He flocTynHOCTH, xoth b HeKOTopbix ero nacTHX 3TOT flocTyn HecKOJibKO orpaHHHeH. B KanecTBe ToneK OTcneTa öbiJiH BbiöpaHbi paňoHHbie ueHTpbi, xoth b cjiynae TocJiajiapHH 6ojiee jiorHHHHM 6biJio 6bi OTCHHTbiBaTb paccTOHHHH OT caMHX MecTHbix no-ceneHHH. PacneT CKopocra npoH3BOflHJicH no ma6jiuu,e 2.
HanpHMep, Hepxa pacnojio>KeHa b 40 km nyra ot AjibirfljKepa, ho HTo6bi Tyfla floöpaTbCH, Hy^KHO nepecenb flBe peKH: >KyrjibiM h Ypy,
KOTOpbie BO BpeMH fl05Kfleň CTaHOBHTCH nOJIHOBOflHHMH. Elo MejIKOBO-flbK) Ha KOHHX JIIOflH npOXOflHT 3TO paCCTOHHHe 3a OflHH fleHb. Ot HepxH
flo AjibiiypKepa 15 mhh Ha BepTOJieTe, hjih okojio naca nyra no 3hmhh-Ky. BepxHHH TyTapa pacnojio>KeHa b 120-130 km ot AjibiiypKepa, Kyfla M05KHO floöpaTbCH Ha Be3flexofle nepe3 >KyrjibiM h IIoKpoBCK, ho fljra 3Toro Hy^KHO nepecenb 6ojioTa h ropbi. B BepxHioio TyTapy—no flBa flHH nyTH BepxoM H3 Hn>KHeyflHHCKa.
roPHHE TPonbi
KojIHHeCTBO H nOJIO>KeHHe rOpHbIX Tpon MO>KeT 6bITb H3BeCTHO TOJIbKO
BJiaflenbuy ojieHbHX nacTÖHiu; hjih oxoTHHHbHX ynacTKOB. TopHbie Tpo-
nbl flHKHX 5KHBOTHHX HBJIHIOTCH OCHOBOH flJIH BblOHHbIX Tpon, KOTOpbie
oöijeflHHHioT aHajiH3HpyeMbie paňoHbi. Ilpn KapTorpa(J)HpoBaHHH mh paccMaTpHBajiH bck> TeppHTopnio KaK flocTynHyio, OflHaKO BpeMH, 3a-TpaHHBaeMoe fljiH flocTyna k BepniHHaM OTflejibHbix ropHbix xpeÖTOB,
MO>KeT flOCTHraTb HeCKOJIbKHX CyTOK. ßflH. rOpHbIX TypHCTOB yCJIOBHO
npHHHTO flocTaTOHHHM npeoflOJieBaTb BbicoTy 1000 m b fleHb. HcxoflH
H3 3THX paCHeTOB, B COOTBeTCTBHH C pejIbe(J)OM H HeOÖXOflHMOCTbK)
peHHbix nepenpaB 6buiH BbiflejieHbi apeajibi b npeflejiax TpexflHeBHofl flocTynHOCTH h Bbiine.
Ha KapTy HaHeceHbi jiHiiib BbioHHbie Tponbi, KOTOpbie OTMenajiHCb b reoHH(|)opManHOHHOH 6a3e flaHHbix, Te >Ke Tponbi o6o3HaHajiHCb Ha KapTax rocreoHafl3opa (CxeMaTHHecKaH KapTa, 1987). BbioHHbie Tponbi Hcnojib3yioTCH fljiH nepeflBH>KeHHH Ha ojieHHX h Ha kohhx.
B paöoTax B. 3. IleTpH o6m;HOCTb coöotob h KaparacoB (tocJjob)
OÖOCHOBblBajiaCb    OnnCaHHHMH   HX   X03HHCTBGHH0H fleHTejIbHOCTH
h OKpyscaioíHHM jiaHflina(J)TOM: b OTJiHHHe ot flpyrnx pernoHOB, b Ca-HHCKOM nepeKpecTKe ojieHb npHMeHHeTca TOJibKO KaK BbioHHoe >khbot-Hoe h fljiH BepxoBoň e3flbi, Torfla KaK TyHflpoBbiň ojieHb Hcnojib3yeTcsi npeHMymecTBeHHO fljiH ynpH^KKH1. MeHbine Bcero 3Ta npaKTHKa co-xpaHHJiacb b Okhhckom paňoHe, rfle ojieHH 6buiH yHHHTO>KeHbi b 1960-X roflax, h jiHinb b 2000-x BoccTaHOBJíeHbi h flOBefleHbi flo 40 rojioB.
Ta6jiuu,a 2.
FlyTH	TpaHcnopTHwe cpeflCTBa	CKOpOCTb, km/hüc
Tponbl flHKHX 5KHBOTHHX (Hcnojib3yeMbie TypncTaMH) no nepeceneHHOH MecTHOCTH (yKJioH 6ojiee 25%)	TleuiKOM	0,2-2
BbioHHbie h KOHHbie Tponbi (yKJioH MeHee 25%)	Jlowadu, oněmi, ee3dexodu	5
riojieBbie, jiecHbie floporn no 60JIOTHCTOÖ h nepeceneHHOH MeCTHOCTH	ľpy3oebLe u aemoMoôujiu noebLiueHHOu npoxoduMocmu	5-20
TpyHTOBbie npocejioHHbie floporn 6e3 noKpbiTHH h yjiynineHHbie rpyHTOBbie no nepeceneHHOH MeCTHOCTH	ľpy3oebLe u aemoMoôujiu noebLiueHHOu npoxoduMocmu	30
AßTOMOÖHJibHbie floporn 6e3 nOKpblTHH (yjiyHineHHbie rpyHTOBbie)	JIwôbLe aemoMoôujiu	40
AßTOMOÖHJibHbie floporn c nOKpbITHeM	JIwôbLe aemoMoôiuiu	80
PeKH, npnroflHbie fljiH cruiaBa	MomopHbLe jioôku	2-6
3HMHHKH	ľpy3oebLe u aemoMoôiuiu noebLiueHHOu npoxoduMocmu	5-40
ABHaMapinpyTbi	Bepmojiembi u MajiozaôapumHbie caMOJiemu	250
22
TeMATHHECKHE HCCJIEflOBAHHS
Tartaria  Magna 2'2oi3
23
KoHcmpyupyR Kapmy mpaHcnopniHozo cooovuenuR
«CdRHCKOZO
nepexpecmKa»
B To(J)ajiapHH ojieHbH crafla coxpamuiHCb nocjie pa3Bajia jiecnpoMxo-30B, h b HacTOHinee BpeMH cymecTByeT flBa crafla—okojio 200 rojioB b AjibiiypKepe h CTOJibKO >Ke b BepxHeö TyTape. HaHÖojibiiiee norojio-Bbe ojieHeö coxpaHHJiocb b Toa^khhckom ko>KyyHe, iyie no oneHKaM aflMHHHCTpauHH Hx oöinee hhcjio flocraraeT 2000, h noflflep>KHBaeTai HJieHaMH neTbipex poflOBbix oöihhh h m y n «YflsreH». B paMKax oÖMe-Ha norojioBbeM okojio CTa 6biKOB-npoH3BOflHTeneH 6buio OTnpaBJieHO
b 3BeHKHK> H CTOJibKO >Ke npHBe3JIH OTTyfla.
XopouiuMU oxomHUKaMU cv.um.awm mex,
Kmo ôojiee enuMamejien, cnocoÖHbix «ycmcLHoeumb cjied» 3eepn, eocnumamb xopomyio oxomHUHbw coôarcy u no3a6omumbCR o neu, docmamoHHO ducuunjiuHupoeaHHbix, nmoöbi ecmaeamb pannuM ympoM
B To(J)ajiapHH fljiH nepeflBH>KeHHH ojieHH Hcnojib3yioTCH 3hmoö.
ßflfl e3flbl «BepXOM» BblÖHpaiOT B3pOCJIbIX, 4-5 JieTHHX ÖbIKOB, KOTOpbie
CBo6oflHO Bbiflep>KHBaioT nenoBeKa flo 70 Kr BecoM. TaKHM o6pa30M, KpynHbie, name Bcero pyccKOH3biHHbie, oxothhkh He HMeioT bo3mo>k-hocth Hcnojib30BaTb ojieHeö fljiH BepxoBoö e3flbi, 3aTO Hcnojib3yioT
HX flJIH BblOHHOÖ. OcOÖeHHOCTbK) AjIbirflJKepa HBJIHeTCH coflep>KaHHe
Bcero CTafla coBMecTHO. 3to oöocHOBHBaeTCH TeM, hto ojieHH—CTafl-Hbie >KHBOTHbie. B nepHOfl oxoth Ka>KflbiH 3a6npaeT cbohx ojieHeö, b ocTajibHoe BpeMH npHCMaTpHBaioT 3a hhmh noonepeflHO hjih no pa3-
HblM HeOÖXOflHMbIM Hy>KflaM. Elo CJIOBaM MecTHoro CTapo>KHJia, OKOJIO
48 oxoTHHKOB flo npoiiuioro rofla nepnoflHHecKH 6biJiH 3aHHTbi b yxo-fle 3a norojioBbeM ojieHeö: ohh npHB03HJiH npoflyKTbi, cojib, npncMa-TpHBajiH 3a 5KHBOTHHMH bo BpeMH OTejia, orpaHHHHBajiH norojioBbe XHiuHHKOB BOKpyr ojieHbHX nacTÖHin. B stom rofly, no CJIOBaM rjiaBbi aflMHHHCTpai^HH, öbijio BbiflejieHO cnennajibHoe (|)HHaHCHpoBaHHe
flJIH nOflflep>KKH OJieHeBOflCTBa, no KOTOpOMy y HHX eCTb B03MO>KHOCTb
BbinjiaHHBaTb 3apa6oTHyio iuiaTy nacTyxaM, h HaHHMaTb hx Ha no-
CTOHHHOÖ OCHOBe. ÜOflOÖHaH CHTyaiJHfl He BbI3bIBaeT KaKHX-JIHÖO B03-
pa^KeHHH co CTopoHbi flpyrnx oxothhkob, noTOMy hto ojieHeBOflCTBO
CHHTaeTCH TiDKejIOH paÖOTOÖ, OT KOTOpOÖ OHH ßyzryT paflbi OCB060-flHTbCH.
Bojiee pacnpocTpaHeHHHM TpaHcnopTHbiM cpeflCTBOM hbjihkdtcji jioinaflH. TpeneTHoe OTHomeHHe k jioinaflHM b TocJiajiapHH npoHBJiH-
eTCH B TOM, HTO MeCTHbie >KHTejIH He eflHT KOHHHy H 3aÖHBaiOT Jioinaflb
jiHinb b caMbix KpaÖHHX cjiynaHX. Ha jioinaflHX OTnpaBJiHioTCH Ha oxo-
Ty H flJTH CÖOpa HľOfl. OcHOBHHM OÖteKTOM OXOTHHHbeľO BHHMaHHJI HBJIHeTCH COÖOJIb, KOJIHHeCTBO flOÖbIHH KOTOpOľO peflKO 03ByqHBaK>T.
Kto-to MO^KeT floöbiTb 30 niKypoK, kto-to—100. B OTJimne ot Tpa-
flHUHOHHblX OÖlHeCTB, ypOBeHb OJiaľOCOCTOHHHH TeCHO CBH3bIBaeTCJI He CTOJibKO C OXOTOÖ, CKOJIbKO C MHpOBbIMH UeHaMH Ha MeX H B03M05K-HOCTbK) BbIXOfla Ha pbIHOK: eCJIH OXOTHHK MO^KeT peajIH30BaTb flOÖbl-Tbie 30 COÖOJieÖ C MHHHMyMOM nOCpeflHHKOB, B03M05KHO, OH nojiyHHT
3a HHX CTOJibKO >Ke, CKOJIbKO 3a 60 coöojieö npH MaKCHMyMe nocpefl-
HHKOB.
ripHMeHaTejIbHO, HTO XOpOniHMH OXOTHHKaMH CHHTaiOT Tex, KTO
öojiee BHHMaTejieH, cnocoÖHbix «ycmaHoeumb cjied» 3Bepn, BocnHTaTb
XOpOinyiO OXOTHHHbK) COÖaKy H n03a6oTHTbCH O Heft, flOCTaTOHHO flHC-
i^HnjiHHHpoBaHHbix, HTo6bi BCTaBaTb paHHHM yTpoM. XoTH cyniecTBy-eT h flpyroH cnocoö floöbiHH coöojih—ycTaHOBKa KanKaHOB Ha nyTH ero cjieflOBaHHH, oflHaKO stot cnocoö Bbi3biBaeT CHHCxoflHTejibHoe npe3peHHe y «HacTOHiHHX» oxothhkob. CyinecTByioT h BHeniHHe 06-CTOHTejibCTBa: Hajimne oxoTHHHbHX yroflHÖ b MecTe c flocTaTOHHofl KopMOBOH 6a30Ö fljiH C060JIH, TpaHcnopTHaH flocTynHOCTb yroflHÖ fljiH ÖJiaronojiyHHOH flocTaBKH noÖMaHHOH floöbiHH flo noKynaTejiH. B flo-CTaBKe npoflOBOJibCTBHH b HacTOHinee BpeMH KOHKypnpyioT Me>Kfly co-60Ö CHeroxoflbi h ojieHH, noKa ojieHH BbinrpbiBaioT, noTOMy hto He 3a-
BHCHT OT TOnjIHBa, KOTOpOe TpeÖyeTCH B ÖOJIbinOM KOJIHHeCTBe flJTfl
3anpaBKH CHeroxoflOB. OflHaKO b KOHKypeHUHH Me>Kfly flepeBHHHbiMH H36yniKaMH, najiaTKaMH h nyviaMH nocjieflHHe cflaioT cboh no3HUHH. JiHinb b oceHHee BpeMH, Korfla y>Ke xojioflHO cnaTb b najiaTKax, b To(J)a-jiapHH Hcnojib3yioTCH nojiynyMbi1, KOTopbie 3am;HiLi;aioT ot flo>KflH h Be-Tpa h no3BOJiHK)T corpeBaTbCH c noMoinbio KOCTpa 6e3 pncKa cropeTb b najiaTKe. B HacTOHinee BpeMH npaKTHHecKH Ka>KflbiH oxothhk CTpoHT
CBOK) OXOTHHHbK) H36yniKy, a HHOľfla H HeCKOJIbKO.
KpoMe toto, cjieflyeT OTMeTHTb noKOJieHHecKHe pa3JiHHHH b ocBoe-HHH oxoTHHHbHX yroflHÖ: no CJIOBaM rjiaBbi aflMHHHCTpai^HH, b 1990-e roflbi Bbipocjio noKOJieHHe, He npncnocoöJieHHoe k flHCUHiuiHHe. Ha-CTO ohh öpocajiH yneöy b niKOJie h yxoflHJiH oxoTHTbCH, ho xoponiHX
OXOTHHKOB H3 HHX TaK H He nOJiyHHJIOCb, nOTOMy HTO flJIH 3TOTO TaioKe
HeoöxoflHMO paHO npocbinaTbCH h TpaTHTb mhoto ycHJiHÖ Ha floöbiny:
BOCnHTaTb XOpOIUyiO OXOTHHHblO COÖaKy, 3a6oTHTbCH O Heft, XOflHTb
c Heft Ha oxoTy, a He «npocTO CTaBHTb KanKaHbi» Ha He3HaHHTejibHOM paflHyce. KpoMe hhx npoMbinuiHioT oflHoö ycTaHOBKoft KanKaHOB CTapHKH, He cnocoÖHbie nepeflBHraTbCH Ha 3HaHHTejibHbie paccTOH-HHH. TaKHM o6pa30M, öojiee ycneniHbie oxothhkh, cnocoÖHbie nepe-flBHraTbCH Ha oojibinne paccTOHHHH, sto 40-50-jieTHHe h oxothhkh MJiafline 30 (c 16 jieT CTpoHT coöcTBeHHbie H36yniKH h oxothtch caMO-
CTOHTejIbHO). riOMHMO OXOTH c coöaKoö Ha C060JIH HepeflKO OHH 3a-HHMaiOTCH npOMHCJIOM Ha H3K)6pH B JieTHee BpeMH H pblÖHOÖ JIOBJieÖ.
ripHHeM fljiH pbiöojioBCTBa öojiee npHBJieKaTejibHbie MecTa—b Thbc
Kapmu
s deůcmeuu.
06pa3bL
npocmpaHcmea
u zeozpa<fiuHecKCLR
peajibHocmb
PaccaduH, 2006
24
TeMATHHECKHE HCCJIEflOBAHHa
Tartaria  Magna 2'2oi3
25
KoHcmpyupyR Kapmy mpaHcnopmHozo coo6w,eHUR «CasmcKozo nepexpecmKa»
CeR3u TodjKa-Toifiajiapusi: EjiH^KaftmaH k HaceneHHbiM nyHKTaM rpa-HHua pacnojio>KeHa b 50 km ot AjibirfljKepa h 150 km ot Ha3buiapa. Ho h50kho npeoflOJieTb CaHHCKHe nepeßajibi rfle oöhhho eflyT no flOJiH-HaM peK Kapa-BypeHb, Koflpoc, HHra-3aM b TbiBe h /JoflOT, ho mo>kho cpa3y no Kapa-BypeHH flo /JoflOTa. TypncTbi cruiaBJiHJiHCb no /JoflOTy b XaM-Cbipy. Ha Koflpoce pacnojio>KeHO CTOHÖHine XaM-CbipHHCKHX ojieHeBOflOB. HeKOTopbie oxothhkh h3 TocJiajiapHH e3flHT Tyfla pbi-öaHHTb Ha kohhx. CeÖHac BeflyTCH neperoBopbi c rjiaBoö oöihhhh C. /JěMKHHoří b Tofl>Ke no Bonpocy oÖMeHa ojieHHMH. KpoMe Toro, KaK-To MecTHbie B03HJIH HccjieflOBaTejieö H3 TyTapbi flo XaM-Cbipbi, rfle C. /JeMKHHa Hx BCTpeTHJia Ha ojieHHX h yBe3Jia flajibine. ÜJiaHHpyeT-CH, HTO ojieHeBOflbí noeflyr CHanajia k hhm, noTOM ojieHeBOflbí OTTyfla npneflyT ciofla fljiH oÖMeHa onbiTOM. PaHbine TyBHHUbi npne3>KajiH name. B 1950-x npnexajio HecKOJibKO ceMeň, cnacaBiiiHXCH ot pacKy-
JiaHHBaHHH. üpO>KHB KaKOe-TO BpeMH, OHH yeXajIH, HO COXpaHHJIHCb pOflCTBeHHbie  CBH3H,  OCOÖeHHO y AkOBCKOTO pOfla. üepHOflHHeCKH
OHH npne3>KajiH KapaBaHaMH Ha ojieHHX h kohhx nojiHbiMH ceMbHMH co CTapHKaMH h fleTbMH. B 1990-X TyBHHi^bi CTajiH yroHHTb Jioinafleň, a oflHa>Kflbi nbHHbie 3acTpejiHJiH oflHoro napHH npHMO b flepeBHe h yr-HajiH 180 rojioB. ßfioe pyccKHX BbícneflHJiH hx, florciajiH h 3acTpejiHJiH nHTepbix. üocne 3Toro cbh3h noHTH npeKpaTHJiHCb, xoth b stom rofly k oflHoň ceMbe npne3>KajiH poflCTBeHHHKH. OflHaKO fljiH TpaHcnopra-
pOBKH OHH BOCnOJIb30BajIHCb MOTOpHbIMH JIOflKaMH, TeiIJIOXOflOM, peft-
coBHMH aBTOöycaMH, noe3flaMH h BepTOJieTaMH.
Cesi3u TocßajiapuR — Okü: üocejieHHH b TocJjajiapHH h b Okhhckom paňoHe pa3flejiHK)T 150-170 km. BiiH^KaöniHMH k OKHHCKOMy paňoHy b To(J)ajiapHH HBJíHioTCH cena Hepxa h AjibiiypKep, b Okhhckom no ot-HoineHHK) k To(J)ajiapHH—ceno XyscHp. MecTHbie >kht&7ih h3 OpjiH-Ka npnroHHJiH KOHeň fljiH CMeineHHH c ajibiiypKepcKHM norojioBbeM, a TaioKe yB03HJiH k ce6e ojieHeň. Ha TeppHTopHH TocJjajiapHH b Bep-
XOBbHX Hh OXOTHTCH CeMbH, y KOTOpOH eCTb poflCTBeHHHKH b OKe. Ph-flOM C OXOTHHK3MH OKHHUbl-CTapHKH naCJIH CKOT, npHXOflHJIH B ľOCTH.
OflHaKO ysce jieT 10-15 hhkoto HeT—bo3mo>kho, npe>KHHe nacTyxH ysce cocTapHJiHCb, a HOBbie He noHBHJiHCb. Cbh3h Me>Kfly yKa3aHHbiMH nocejieHHHMH noflflep>KHBaioTCH Ha ypoBHe MecTHbix aflMHHHCTpauHH. B nacTHOCTH, fljiH BoccTaHOBJíeHHH HHCTeHHOCTH ojieHeň b Okhhckhh paňoH b 1992 rofly 6buia 3aBe3eHa onbiTHaa napTHH ojieHeň H3 To-4>ajiapHH (60 tojiob). OflHaKO OKa3ajiocb, hto TpaflHUHH pa3BefleHHH ojieHeň ôhuiu yTpaneHbi. 3a nHTb JieT norojioBbe ojieHeň yBejiHHHJiocb
Ha l6 TOJIOB, XOTH Ka>KflbIH rOfl npHIUIOfl COCTaBJIHJI 30-40 OJieHHT. nOHTH BeCb MOJIOflHHK nOľHOajI B nepBbie MeCHUbl. ÜO MHeHHK) >KH-
Tejieň To(J)ajiapHH, npHHHHoň TOMy 6biJiH He TOJibKO bojikh h 6ojie3HH,
HO H OTCyTCTBHe yCTOHHHBOH KOpMOBOH 6a3bl-HľejIH. B 2000 TOfly
b CTafle ocTajiocb Bcero 12 ojieHeň h Torfla ohh 6buiH nepeflaHbi b Coň-
OTCKHÖ coMOH, b ceno CopoK ceMbe MecTHoro 300TexHHKa. Ha ceroflHH HHCJieHHOCTb ojieHeň b ocTaBineňcH rpynne cocTaBJíneT okojio 40 >kh-
BOTHblX.
Cesi3u OKa-ToÔ3Ka: Yío croBaM CTapo>KHJioB (h c TyBHHCKoň, h c 6y-
pHTCKOH CTOpOHbl), OjieHeBOflbí H OXOTHHKH OCTaHaBJIHBajIHCb Ha HC-
TOHHHKax HoňraH, pacnojio>KeHHbix Ha rpaHHue flByx paňoHOB, Me>Kfly CBOHMH KoneBKaMH. B HacTOHmee BpeMH b Tofl>Ke BeflyTCH paöoTbi no npHflaHHio HCTOHHHKaM CTaiyca OC060 oxpaHHeMoö npnpoflHOH TeppHTopHH. Xypaji KO>KyyHa y>Ke Bbmec peineHHe no ee co3flaHHio. >KHTejiH cena Aflbip-Ke>KHr oöxoflHT cymecTByiomHO A3accKHÖ 3ano-BeflHHK c lora, hto6h floöpaTbCH flo hctohhhkob BepxoM Ha kohhx hjih KOHyH c ojieHHMH. EcjiH nepeflBHraTbCH BepxoM, nyTb 3aHHMaeT okojio flByx Heflejib.Co CTaflOM ojieHeň KoneBKa ajihtch okojio MecHu;a. >KHTe-
JIH Cejia Ha3bIJiap HMeiOT B03MO>KHOCTb nOflHHTbCH Ha MOTOpHblX JlOfl-
Kax no peKe XaM-Cbipa h flajiee neniKOM. OflHaKO, no mhchhio pyccKHX, TpaflHí^HOHHO Hcnojib3yioTCH jioinaflH, h flopora 3aHHMaeT TaK^Ke okojio HeflejiH. upnexaB b ^CoňraH, ohh cnycKaioTCH Ha jioinaflHX fljiH 3a-KynKH npoflyKTOB b Mara3HHax b OpjíHKe.
Kapmu
s deucmeuu.
06pa3u
npocmpancmea
u zeozpacßimecKaR
peajibHocmb
ABTOMOEHJIbHOE COOEIH,EHHE
CTpOHTejlbCTBO H nOflflep>KaHHe aBTOMOÖHJIbHblX flopor o6hHHO CBH3a-
Hbi c HanajioM ropHOfloobiBaiomHX paöoT: rpyHTOBan flopora b Okhhckom paňoHe 6biJia npojio>KeHa b 1970-x rr.1, b Toa>khhckom KO>KyyHe — okojio 6 JieT Ha3afl. KaK h b öojibiiiHHCTBe TpyflHOflocTynHbix paňoHOB Pocchh, 3flecb coxpaHHJiHCb 6oraTbie 3anacbi nojie3Hbix HCKonaeMbix, KOTopbie no Mepe HcnepnaHHH 6ojiee flocTynHbix pecypcoB h pa3BHTHH
TeXHOJIOTHH flOÖbIHH CTaHOBHTCH BCe ÖOJiee npHBJíeKaTejIbHbIMH flJIH
pa3pa6oTKH. Bce HccjieflyeMbie paňoHbi hbjihiotch 30jiotohochhmh. npHHCK noKpoBCKHÖ b To(J)ajiapHH cymecTByeT yace c 1780 r. Okojio 5000 HejioBeK paöoTajiH 3flecb b roflbí BTopoň MHpoBoň bohhh Bpyn-Hyio. Ceönac TaKoö noTpeÖHOCTH b jiioflHX HeT—hx 3aMeHHJiH 6yjib-fl03epbi. /]|oporH, npojio>KeHHbie ra^Kejioň TexHHKoň, CTajiH ochoboh, no KOTopoö flo noKpoBCKoro MoryT floöpaTbCH rpy30Bbie aBTOMOÖHJiH
H aBTOMOÖHJIH BbICOKOH npOXOflHMOCTH.
rioMHMO 30Ji0Ta, ropHbie nenn CaHH xpaHHT MHO^KecTBO flpyrnx MeTajiJiHHecKHX pyfl, reojiorHHecKaH pa3BeflKa KOTopbix eine He 3aBep-ineHa. B Okhhckom paňoHe y>Ke HecKOJibKO flecHTHJieTHÖ npoH3BOflHT-
CH flOÖbIHa 30JIOTa Ha MeCTOpO>KfleHHH «XojlÖHHCKOe». B Tofl>KHHCKOM
KO>KyyHe Ha Kbi3biJi-TaniTbircKOM MecTopo>KfleHHH nojiHMeTajuinne-
CKHX  pyfl  CTpOHTCH  rOpHO-o6oraTHTejIbHHH  KOMÖHHaT KHTaÖCKOH
KOMnaHHH «JlyHCHH». KpoMe Toro, floobiBaiomne KOMnaHHH 06513y-10TCH oöecneHHBaTb 3aHHTOCTb MecTHbix 5KHTejieň h cou;HajibHyio nofl-
YIo aioeaM Mecmnozo 3Kumejm, MpK., 73 zoda
26
TeMATHHECKHE HCCJIEflOBAHHS
Tartaria  Magna 2'2oi3
27
1 Flo MamepuajioM Mecmuoů npeccbt: «^iucjieHHOcmb pa6omamw,ux e OOO «Jlyu-cuH» Ha 1 umná 2013 zoda cocmaeujia 1412 uejioeeK. Cpedu Hux poccuůcKux zptmc-dan, iicumejieů Tyeu — 677, s moM uucjie 75 uejioeeK — jicumemi Todiicu<...> c Hauajia nojiyuemix kom-naHueů npuôbuiu (mo ecmb c MOMeuma Bbixoda FOKa na npoeKmuym Mow,Hocmb) KOMtiaHUR «JlyHCUH» 6ydem yuacmeoeamb e dojieeoM cmpoumejibcmee ua meppu-mopuu TodiicuHCKOzo paůoua Mocma uepe3 peicu Topa-XeM u Euuceů, demcKozo cada 8 pam^emnpe ua 250 Mecm u HauajibHoů o6pa3oea-mejibHoů uiKOJibí, a mate nee s ocHaw,eHuu paůoHHOů ôojibHuiibí HoeeůiuiiM Medu-iijUHCKUM ooopydoeaHueM» (Byôymee co3ÔaemcR cezodna, 2013, C.A16).
'■ B daHHOM aiyuae ucnojib-3yemcR pa3Jiuuemie Meiicôy noHamiiHMii «neputpepun» u «npoeuHiiusi», yica3aHHoe B. KazaucKUM: neputpe-puM — srno «coeoKyriHoanb omdejibHbíx uecaModocma-mouHbíx Mecm, cea.3aHHbix uaououumejibHO c i^eumpoM; s npocmpa.Hcm.ee neputpepuu peuiamm ceou 3adauu, ne co-omueceHHbte co cneinufiiiKoů mecm, uubíe eneurnue meppu-mopuu; neputpepuR ycueem ne dusí ceÔR» (KazaucKuň, 2006).
flep^KKy1. /JeHbľH, BbiflejraeMbie KOMnaHHeň aflMHHHCTpauHH KO>KyyHa, Hflyr Ha coflep>KaHHe 3HMHHKa h napoMHyio nepenpaßy aBTOMOÖHJiefi Hepe3 EHHceň.
HepeflKO paöoHbi, nofloÖHbie paccMaTpHBaeMbiM, othocht k Tep-
pHTOpHHM   «HOBOrO   OCBOeHHH»,   nOflpa3yMeBaH   nOfl   3THM HOBblfi
BciuiecK floobiBaiomeH npoMbinuieHHOCTH, h, TaKHM o6pa30M, othoch hx k nepH(J)epHH, H3 KOTopoň npeflnojiaraeTCH H3BJieneHHe pecypcoB2. h b caMOM flene, b TcxjjajiapHH Ha 3Tane reojioropa3BeflKH HaxoflHTca 3aniHXHHCKoe MecTopo>KfleHHe, Ha 3Tane CTpoHTejibCTBa KOMÖHHaTa— Kbi3bui-TaniTbircKoe, a b Okhhckom paöoHe, iiomhmo Hanarax eine b KOHue 1990-X, pa3pa6aTHBaioTCH HOBbie MecTopo>KfleHHH. Ilpn stom
pOCT TeXHOJIOľHHeCKHX B03MO>KHOCTeH npOHCXOflHT He TOJIbKO flJIfl
floöbiBaroiHeö npoMbinuieHHOCTH, ho h fljra TypncTOB, h fljra MecTHbix jKHTejieň. OflHaKO 3flecb pa3JiHHaeTCH coneTaHHe npnpoflHbrx h TexHO-
JIOTHHeCKHX KOMIIOHeHTOB. y KOMnaHHÖ HeT B03M05KHOCTH CTpOHTb
flopoTH no npHMoň jihhhh, ohh BbiHy>KfleHbi cjieflOBaTb oporpa(J)HHe-
CKHM yCJIOBHHM, npOKJiaflblBaTb flOpOTH B flOJIHHaX, npH 3TOM HaCTHH-
Ho BbipaBHHBaH pycjia peK, CTpoH mocth, BbipyöaH flepeBbH h 3acbinaji flopoTH rpaBHeM. y >KHTejieH Okhhckoto paňoHa TecHbie cbh3h nofl-
flep>KHBaiOTCa TOJIbKO C TyHKHHCKHM paÖOHOM, Hepe3 KOTOpblH HfleT
aBTOMOÖHJibHaH Tpacca. HeM öojibine y MecTHbix >KHTejieH Hcnojib3y-eTCH aBTOMOÖHJib, TeM pe>Ke ohh e3flHT Ha kohhx, nopoň nojiHOCTbio
TepHH HaBblKH BepXOBOH e3flbl.
HepeÔKO paůoHbL, nodoÖHbie paccMampueaeMbLM, oiriHOCRm k meppumopuRM «noeozo oeeoenun», nodpcL3yMeecLR nod amuM HoebLŮ ecnjiecK do6bieamiu,eů npoMbLuiJieHHOcmu, u, marcuM o6pcL30M, omHOCR ux k Tiepucßepuu, U3 Komopoú npednojiazaemcR U3ejienemie pecypcoe
3aniHXHHCKoe MecTopo>KfleHHe peflK03eMenbHbix MeTajuioB (t3h-Taji h hhoöhö) pacnojio>KeHO b TocJjajiapHH b 60-65 km ot AjibiiypKe-pa no KOHHbiM TponaM. TeojiorHHecKHe oöcjieflOBaHHH npoBOflHJiHCb 3flecb c 1970-X roflOB. Ilo npojio>KeHHbiM reojiormecKHMH napTHHMH floporaM CTajio paöoTaTb h Hbme fleöcTByiomee 3AO «TexHOHHBecT
AilbHHC». OflHaKO B HaCTOHmee BpeMH 3aB03 TeXHHKH ocymecTBJíHeT-
ch co CTopoHbi TyjiyHCKoro paňoHa, a ot 6jiH>KaHinero HacejieHHoro nyHKTa—cena Ajibiiypicep, MecTopo>KfleHHe OTpe3aHO flByMH ropHbiMH peKaMH h ropHHM nepeBajioM, 3aTpyflHHiomHM npoe3fl fla>Ke Be3fle-
XOflHOH TeXHHKH.
/JpyraH OTpacjib npoMbiniJieHHOCTH, KOTopan pa3BHBaeTCH napaji-
^ejIbHO-JieCHaH. OxOTHHKaM TO(J)ajiapHH, HbH «TaÖrH» (oXOTHHHbH
ynacTKH) pacnojio>KeHbi Ha rpaHHu;e c TyjiyHCKHM paňoHOM hjih b 6hb-uihx jieconpoMbicjioBbix naerax Hn>KHeyflHHCKoro paňoHa, npom;e bh-exaTb H3 To(J)ajiapHH h 3aexaTb Ha oxoTHHHbH yroflbH no öhbihhm Jie-COB03HHM floporaM. KpoMe toto, c TaKHX yroflHÖ yfloÖHee 3aHHMaTbca cöopoM KeflpoBbix opexoB, KOTopbie ohh MoryT BbiBe3TH Ha «ypajiax» h «3n;iax». BjiaroflapH yflajieHHOCTH paňoHOB, jiecHbie pecypcbi noKa He npHBJíeKaioT BHHMaHHe jiecopyöoB, ho Hcnojib3yioTCH fljiH CTpoH-TejibCTBa flOMOB 3flecb >Ke. IlocKOJibKy 3flecb HeT BHeniHHX CTpoHTejib-Hbix öpnrafl, to ce6e CTpoHT flOMa caMH—aflMHHHCTpai^HH BbiflejiHeT jiec Ha CTpoHTejibCTBO MecTHbiM >KHTejiHM, pa3peinaeT hm nojib30BaTb-ch nnjiopaMOH, (jjyHKnHOHHpyíoiHeH npn aflMHHHCTpai^HH, caMHM H3-roTaBJíHBaTb aockh h 6pyc
Kapmu
s deucmeuu.
06pa3u
npocmpancmea
u zeozpacßimecKaR
peajibHocmb
P E K H H 3HMHHKH
PeKH b paccMaTpHBaeMOM pernoHe TpaflHí^HOHHO Hcnojib30BajiHCb
MajIO. y MeCTHblX >KHTejieH He CJIO>KHJIOCb yCTOHHHBHX HaBblKOB pblÖOJIOBCTBa, HeCMOTpH Ha ÖOraTCTBO MeCTHblX peK H 03ep pbi6oö.
Ilo MaTepnajiaM h. b. PaccaflHHa, y TO(J)ajiapoB 6biJiH iuioth h jioakh-
flOJlÖJieHKH (2009). CbH3H Me>Kfly OkHHCKHM, TyHKHHCKHM paňoHaMH
BypHTHH, AjiapcKHM h HyKyTCKHM paňoHaMH HpKyTCKoň o6jiacTH o6e-cneHHBajiHCb b 3HMHee BpeMH no apTepHHM peK HpKyr h OKa, b HacTO-am;ee BpeMH npHBJíeKaiomHM BHHMaHHe jnoÖHTejieö BOflHoro TypH3Ma.
ECJIH B3TJIHHyTb Ha KapTy, TO ÖJIHJKaÖniHM K HCTOHHHKaM TOpOflOM
OKa3biBaeTCH 3HMa, pacnojio>KeHHaH npHMepHO b 200 km no npHMofl jihhhh. b HacTOHmee BpeMH BOflHHKH MoryT flocTHHb ee no peKe OKa, OflHaKO caMH MecTHbie >KHTejiH nofloÖHbie noe3flKH He coBepinaioT.
b ToflJKHHCKOM KO>KyyHe ÖOJIbniHHCTBO TypHCTOB yCTpeMJIfleTCfl
k peKaM, H3o6HJiyioiii;HM pbiöoö, Ha coöcTBeHHbix fl>KHnax c najiaTKa-MH h MOTopHbiMH jioflKaMH. Te, kto efleT H3flajieKa, oöbiHHO pbiöanaT fljra yflOBOJibCTBHH, MecTHbie >Ke floöbiBaioT pbiöy Ha npofla>Ky. ByKa-
TOpCKHÖ 33TOH-MeCTO, Tfle pblÖaKH OCTaBJIHIOT MaHIHHbl H CTUiaBJIH-
K3TCH no BepXHeMy EHHCeiO pblÖaHHTb. Ilo HaÖJIIOfleHHHM >KHTejIbHH-
u;bi cena Ha3buiap, no peKe XaM-cbipa b npoiiuioM rofly nponuio okojio 600 KaTaMapaHOB. Oöhhho ohh fla>Ke He 3axoflHT b cejio1.
b To(J)ajiapHH TypncTOB-BOflHHKOB 3a6pacbiBaioT b BepxoBbH peK Ha BepTOJieTax hjih Ha jioinaflHX. Ohh floe3>KaioT Ha ManiHHax flo Ilo-KpoBCKoro, TaM nepeca>KHBaioTCH Ha Jioinafleö, nojib3yHCb ycjiyraMH npoBOflHHKOB oxoTHHKOB H3 BepxHeö TyTapbi. HHorfla ohh ocTaHaB-jiHBaioTCH b flepeBHHX KynHTb b Mara3HHe npoflyKTOB. b 2008 rofly nponjibiBajio okojio CTa hjih öojiee TypHCTOB, ho noTOM, bhahmo,
B CBH3H C KpH3HCOM, HX KOJIHHeCTBO yMeHbIHHJIOCb. b CpeflHeM B TOfl
Men. 27.06.13
28
TeMATHHECKHE HCCJIEflOBAHHa
Tartaria  Magna 2'2oi3
29
KoHcmpyupyR Kapmy mpaHcnopmHozo coo6w,emiR
«CdRHCKOZO
nepexpecmKa»
npoiiJibiBaioT OKOJio 50-60 TypncTOB—cnycKaioTCH c BepxoBbeB Yflbi, Kbi3bipa, Bnpiocbi h no XařuiaMe. OflHO BpeMH fla>Ke Jiarepb ycTpan-BajiH Ha 6epery, ho H3-3a HecKOJibKHX cjiynaeB MejiKoö Kpa>KH 6buio peineHO, hto ocTaHaBJiHBaTbCH TyT Henb3H. üo oneHKaM aflMHHHCTpa-uhh, b cene AjibiiypKep ecTb flecHTb jioflOK c MOTopHbiMH flBHraTejiHMH, KOTopbie npeHMymecTBeHHO Hcnojib3yioTCH fljiH noe3flOK Ha ceHOKOcbi. HaHÖojiee aKTHBHO peKH Hcnojib3yioTCH 3hmoh, npeBpainaHCb
B TpaCCbl flJIH aBTOMOOHJieft H CHerOXOflOB. OcHOBHbIM BHflOM 3aB03a
HBJiHioTCH npoflyKTbi fljiHTejibHoro xpaHeHHH h TonjiHBO, KOTopoe HC-nojib3yeTCH fljiH flH3ejibHbix sjieKTpocTaHUHH, oöecneHHBaioiHHX 3JieK-TpHHecTBOM noceneHHH To(J)ajiapHH h OTflejibHbie nocejieHHH Tofl>KH. 04>HLi;HajibHO 3aB03 npoHcxoflHT nočné 20 HHBapn h flo KOHua MapTa. Oh ocymecTBJiHeTCH TeM, kto BbinrpaeT TeHflep: oöhhho sto oahh
H TOT >Ke HHflHBHflyajIbHblÖ npeflnpHHHMaTejIb, KOTOpbffl npHÖJIH^KeH
k aflMHHHCTpan;HH. Ha npoKJiaflKy 3HMHHKa h flocTaBKy TonjiHBa h npoflyKTOB nHTaHHH BblflejIHIOTCH CpeflCTBa H3 perHOHajIbHHX 6lOfl>KeTOB.
B cejie Ha3biJiap 3aB030M npoflyKTOB 3aHHMaeTCH chh rjiaBbi afl-MHHHCTpai^HH, KOTopbiö MeHHeT npoflyKTbi HanpHMyio Ha cooojiefl h pbi6y. PaHbine neHa cocTaBJiHJia 300-600 py6. 3a coöojih, h TOJibKO b stom rofly noflHHJiacb flo 4000. Ho npoKOHTpojinpoBaTb, KaKan HMeH-Ho neHa ycTaHaBJiHBaeTca Ha npoflyKTbi, npaKTmecKH HeB03MO>KHO. B Ajibirfl>Kepe neHbi Ha npoflyKTbi no ycjioBHHM npeflocTaBJieHHH cy6-CHflHÖ He flOJi>KHbi npeBbiiiiaTb 30%. B cjiynae, ecjiH HaflöaBKa öojibine,
HeKOTOpbie MeCTHbie HflyT >KajIOBaTbCH B aflMHHHCTpaUHK). B OTBeT
npne3>KaeT npeflCTaBHTenb paöoHHOH aflMHHHCTpauHH, k npnöbiTHio KOToporo neHbi CHH^KaioT, jih6o npeflnpHHHMaTejIb 3aKpbiBaeT Mara-3HH h yxoflHT b Taöry. B nocjieflHee BpeMH npeflCTaBHTejiHM MecTHbix
aflMHHHCTpai^HH flajiH B03MO>KHOCTb C3MHM flejiaTb npoBepKH neH-
pa3 b HeflejiK) ohh BeflyT yneT neH.
Hauôojiee arcmueHO percu ucnojib3yiomcR 3umoů, npeepaw,CLRCb e mpaccbi ôjir aemoMoôujieu u cnezoxodoe
3HMHHKH HCnOJIb3yiOTCH MeCTHblMH >KHTejIHMH TO(J)ajiapHH flJIH
npne3fla b Hn>KHeyflHHCK 3a npoMTOBapaMH, bh3ht3 k poflCTBeHHH-KaM h fljiH MHO^KecTBa HHbix nejieft. 06hhho ohh apeHflyioT ManiHHy 3a 25 Tbic. py6. HJiH cöpacbiBaioTCH Ha toiijihbo c tcmh, y Koro ecTb ManiHHbi. B CBH3H c počtom neHbi Ha C060JIH MHorne MecTHbie 3aKynn-jiH pa3JiHHHyio TexHHKy, npoe3>KaioT no 3HMHHKy fla>Ke Ha jierKOBbix
aBTOMOÖHJIHX. Ot HH>KHeyflHHCKa flO YcTb-ArHHTa OKOJIO IOO KM mo)k-
Ho exaTb no CTapbiM jiecoB03HbiM floporaM, ocTajibHbie 160 km HyscHO
npeoflOJieTb no Jibfly, a npoflOJi>KHTejibHOCTb noe3flKH 3aBHCHT ot Ka-necTBa Jibfla. B Mopo3Hbie ahh, Korfla Jiefl rjiaflKHÖ, mo>kho floexaTb 3a 6-7 nacoB fla>Ke Ha jierKOBOM aBTOMOÖHJie. B cjiynae, Korfla peKa nepeMep3aeT h HacTynaeT OTTenejib, o6pa3yioTCH HajieflH, KOTopbie noKpbiBaioTCH tohkoh KopoHKOH Jibfla. HHorfla 3Ty KopoHKy pa3ÖHBa-k)t 6yjibfl03epoM, ho HHorfla rpy30Bbie ManiHHbi eflyT 6e3 6yjibfl03epa, a Jiefl pa3ÖHBaeTCH jionaTaMH h TonopaMH. Ecjih ManiHHa nepeBopa-HHBaeTCH c rpy30M, to nepeB03HHK flOJi>KeH KOMneHcnpoBaTb noHe-ceHHbie yöbiTKH npeflnpHHHMaTejiH, t3khm o6pa30M HepeflKO paöoTaa ce6e b yöbiTOK. B t3khx cjiynaax noe3flKa MO^KeT pacrarHBaTbCH Ha Tpn flHH. 06efl oöbiHHO ycTpaHBaioT b XaflaMe—MeTeopojiornnecKOH CTaH-u;hh b 60 km ot YcTb-ArHHTa. Ot XaflaMbi flo HepxH—65 km, flo Ajibir-fl>Kepa—100 km.
Kapmu
s deůcmeuu.
06pa3bL
npocmpancmea
u zeozpa<fiuHecKCLR
peajibHocmb
ABHACOOEmEHHE
Bo Bcex paccMaTpHBaeMbix paöoHax coxpaHHJiacb naMHTb o fleineBOM h peryjiHpHOM aBHacoo6m;eHHH b cobctckhö nepnofl. B Okhhckom paöoHe BepTOJieTbi Hcnojib3yioTCH fljiH 3a6pocKH TypncTOB Ha IHyMaK-CKHe MHHepajibHbie hctohhhkh, b Toa^khhckom ko>KyyHe BepTOJieT H3 Kbi3buia npHJieTaeT TOJibKO no npeflBapHTejibHbiM 3aHBKaM, b cjiy-nae, ecjiH HaönpaeTCH flocTaTOHHoe KOJinnecTBO nacca>KHpoB. CaMH >Ke MecTHbie >KHTejiH He noMHHT, Korfla b nocjieflHHÖ pa3 sto npoHcxoflH-jio. EflHHCTBeHHbiM MecTOM, Tfle aBHacoo6m;eHHe coxpaHHeTCH Ha pe-ryjiHpHoö ocHOBe, HBjraeTCH TocJjajiapHH. Bcero b Hn>KHeyflHHCKe flBa BepTOJieTa: oflHH y mhc h flpyroö—pencoBbiö, KOTopbiö TaioKe hc-nojib3yeTCH fljiH caHaBHai^HH. B nocjieflHeM cjiynae peöcbi otmchhiotcji
HJIH OTKJiaflblBaiOTCH.
H3 o6jiacTH aflMHHHCTpai^HH Hn>KHeyflHHCKoro paöoHa nojiynaeT 6e3B03Me3flHbie cyöcHflHH TpyflHOflocTynHbiM paöoHaM, 3a cneT nero ocyinecTBJiHioTCH aBHapeöcbi. Bcero peineHO b 2013 rofly ocymecT-BJiHTb b Mecflu, 5 peöcoB b TyTapy h 7—b Ajibirfl>Kep. H3 hhx o4>hij;h-ajibHbix nacca^KHpcKHX—no Tpn, ocTajibHbie njiaHHpyioTCH fljiH 3aB03a npoflyKTOB, oflHaKO h ohh 6epyT jnofleö. Ham;e Bcero Ka>KflbiH aBHa-peöc coneTaeT b ce6e Bce B03M0>KHbie u;ejiH: 3aB03 npoflyKTOB, noHTbi, nacca>KHpoB, caHaBHai^Hio, Tejia nornöninx1. Paci^eHKH Ha nepeB03KH
yTBep>KflaiOTCH paÖOHHOÖ flyMOÖ, B KOTOpOÖ HeT HH OflHOrO TKWiejlSl
To(J)ajiapHH. CorjiacHO hx peineHHio, ÖHJieT no MapinpyTy Hn>KHey-flHHCK-Ajibirfl>Kep ctoht 7000 py6., MecTHbie onjiaHHBaioT 20% ot cto-
HMOCTH-I45O py6., 10% OT CTOHMOCTH (75O py6.) OIIJiaHHBaiOT fleTH
c 5 flo 12 jieT h CTyfleHTbi, cneflyiomne k MecTy yneöbi hjih Ha KaHHKy-jibi. BecnjiaTHbiH npoe3fl oöecneHHBaeTCH fleraM flo 5 JieT, BeTepaHaM bob, paöoTHHKaM MyHHu;HnajibHbix opraHOB BJiacra, HanpaBJiHio-mHXCH no KOMaHflHpoBKe, MeflpaöoTHHKaM, cjieflyiomHM b 6ojibHHLi;y no HanpaBJieHHK).
1 3üm. M3pa HujKHeyduHCKOzo paüoHa
30
TeMATHHECKHE HCCJIEflOBAHHa
Tartaria  Magna 2'2oi3
31
KoHcmpyupyR Kapmy mpaHcnopniHozo cooovuenuR
«CdRHCKOZO
nepexpecmKa»
1 ľjiaea BepxHe-ľymapcKozo MO, 6.08.13
KojiHHecTBO >KejiaioiiiHX ocyniecTBHTb nepeneT iiohth Bcerfla 6ojib-ine KOJiHHecTBa MecT b BepTOJieTe (ero BMecTHMOCTb c yneTOM rpy3a— He öojiee 12 nenoBeK). B onepeflH Ha nocaflKy npnopHTeT OTflaeTca HeMecTHbiM, KOTopbie oiuiaHHBaioT nojiHyio CTOHMOCTb ÖHJieTa, 3a-TeM—HMeioniHM npaBO Ha öecrmaTHbiö npoe3fl, h b nocneflHíoio one-peflb—MecTHbiM. B anpene h OKraöpe-HOHÖpe caMoe cjio>KHoe BpeMH fljiH >KHTejieH To(J)ajiapHH, Korfla BepTOJieTbi He jieTaioT, noTOMy hto 60HTCH oöJiefleHeHHH Kopnyca, a 3hmhhkh eine He Hcnojib3yioTCH. B CBH3H c orpoMHHM 3HaHeHHeM MeTeoycjioBHH fljiH aBHanepeB030K b paňoHe coxpaHHKDTCH MeTeocTaHLiHH b MecTHOCTHX XaflaMa h Hepoň. B HHX >KHByT no HeTbipe nejioBeKa, KOTopbie oueHHBaioT MeTeoycjioBHH fljiH nepeneTOB. TaKsce rocyflapcTBOM coflep>KaTCH MeTeocTaHUHH b BepxHeň Tyrape h AjibirfljKepe.
Kojiunecmeo yicejiawmux ocymecmeumb nepejiem nonmu ecezda ôojibiue KOJiunecmea Mecm e eepmojieme (ezo eMecmuMocmb c ynemoM zpy3a — ne ôojiee 12 nejioeerc)
ABHapeňcbi 3flecb TO>Ke Hcnojib30BajiHCb TypncTaMH b cobctckhh nepHOfl. B HacTOHUiee BpeMH KOJinnecTBO TypncTOB yMeHbniHJiocb: «coBeTCKHe» cocTapHJiHCb, a MOJiofle>KH sto HeHHTepecHO. Ohh Bbl-ÖHpaioT öojiee npHBJíeKaTejibHbie MapnipyTbi no toh >Ke ijeHe (Hanpn-
Mep, B KHTaft). Ilo BOCIIOMHHaHHHM CTapO>KHJIOB, B COBeTCKOe BpeMH
BOKpyr asponopTa ctohjih Kynn najiaTOK c TypncTaMH. IlepeneT cto-hji 2 py6., a M05KHO 6buio enie 3aica3aTb BepTOJieT 3a 120 py6. b oflHy CTopoHy. HHorfla oxothhkh CKHflbiBajiHCb h npHJieTajiH 3a cirapTHbiM. Ceňnac apeHfla BepTOJieTa—108 thc py6., a apeHfla caMOJieTa AH-2— OT 50 flo 70 thc py6. B nocejiKax h b Hn>KHeyflHHCKe fljiH hhx coxpaHH-jiHCb B3JieTHO-nocaflOHHbie nojiocbi. OflHaKO ryöepHaTop b nocjieflHee BpeMH HecKOJibKO pa3 3aHBJiHJi MecTHbiM o njiaHax no noKynice enie ofl-Horo caMOJieTa AH-3, hjih ji-410 (30-MecTHbiö)1. B TocJjajiapHH oxot-
HHKOB, y KOTOpblX «TaÖTH» HaXOflHTCH flajieKO (OKOJIO I50 KM), HHOTfla
3a6pacbiBaioT Ha BepTOJieTe «ot con;3aniHTbi» oflHOBpeMeHHO c flocraB-koh npoflyKTOB. /Jjih 3TOTO HeoöxoflHMO 3apaHee noflaTb 3aHBKH, ho He Bcerfla TaKan 3a6pocKa oöecneHHBaeTCH.
CKopaH MeflHí^HHCKan noMonib npn HecnacTHbix cjiynaHX bo3mo>k-Ha TOJibKO nocpeflCTBOM caHHTapHOH aBHai^HH. BjiH^KaňniHe asponop-Tbi HaxoflHTCH b ropoflax hh>KHeyflHHCK h Kbi3biji, OTKyfla öpnraflbi caHaBHai^HH TeopeTHHecKH MoryT flOJieTeTb 3a 1-2 naca, ho npaKTme-CKH Bbmy>KfleHbi >KflaTb ÖJiaronpHHTHbix MeTeoycjioBHH.
HHTEPHET H T E Jl E <ř O H H O E COOEIIIEHHE
(EeflepajibHbiö 6iofl>KeT oöecneHHBaeT uikojih h aflMHHHCTpauHH cnyr-
HHKOBOÖ CBH3bK> H HHTepHeTOM, OflHaKO COÖCTBeHHblH CaÖT H3 paC-
CMaTpHBaeMbix paöoHOB ecTb TOJibKO y Okhhckoto paöoHa. Hanöojiee
Tejie(J)OHH3HpOBaH H HHTepHeTH3HpOBaH OkHHCKHÖ paÖOH, B KOTOpOM
Tene(J)OHbi h HHTepHeT-flocTyn oöecneneHbi bo mhothx jkhjihx flOMax. 3flecb h b Toopa-XeMe (n;eHTp Tofl>KHHCKoro KO>KyyHa) ycTaHOBJíeHa coTOBaH CBH3b. B BepxHeň TyTape cnyTHHKOBbie Tejie(J)OHbi ycTaHOB-jieHbi b niKOJie, 4>ejibflniepcKO-aKyniepcKOM nyHKTe h aflMHHHCTpauHH. ßjifi HacejieHHH ecTb flBa cnyTHHKOBbix TaKCO(J)OHa, ycjiyra KOTopbix cocTaBJíneT 3 py6. 3a MHHyTy. CnyTHHKOBbiň HHTepHeT npoBefleH TOJib-Ko b niKOJiy. B Ajibirfl>Kepe CKa3biBaeTCH 6biJiaH «CTOJiHHHOCTb», Bcerfla
K HeMy ÖOJIbine BHHMaHHH, fla>Ke B KOMMyHHKai^HHX—HHTepHeT ecTb
He TOJibKO b niKOJie, ho h b aflMHHHCTpai^HH, h Ha noHTe. B Ajibirfl>Kepe CTai^HOHapHbiH cnyTHHKOBHH Tejie(J)OH npoBefleH noHTH bo Bce flOMa: 3BOHOK no HpKyTCKoň o6jiacTH ctoht 3,6 py6., b MocKBy—9,6 py6. Ilo 4>eflepajibHOH nporpaMMe cnyTHHKOBoe TejieBHfleHHe Ha 11 KaHa-JIOB h Tene(J)OHbi flOJi>KHbi 6biTb 6ecnjiaTHbiMH. Ho noKa TejieBHfleHHe He ycTaHOBHJiH, Ka>KflbiH nojib3yeTCH cbohmh cnyTHHKOBbiMH TapejiKa-MH, oöbiHHO sto «H t b-njiioc». B cene Ha3buiap ecTb TaKCO(J)OH <ďjio-6aji-TejienopT», 3a oönieHHe no KOTopoMy MecTHbie >KHTejiH ruiaraT 4,2 py6jiH b MHHyTy. B TocJiajiapHH HeKOTopbie H3 oxothhkob b Taňre ycTaHaBJíHBaioT cnyTHHKOBbie TapejiKH, TejieBH3opbi, oöecneHHBaH hx 3JieKTpHHecTBOM npH noMoníH flH3ejibHoro flBHraTejiH, h Hcnojib3yioT
paUHH flJIH OÖlIieHHH C flOMOM.
Kapmu
s deucmeuu.
06pa3u
npocmpaHcmea
u zeozpacßimecKaR
peajibHocmb
TyPICTHIECKIE CBA3H
B ycjioBHHX pacTymeň nonyjinpHOCTH SKCTpeMajibHbix bhaob TypH3Ma flaHHbie paňoHbi bhtjihaht BecbMa npHBJíeKaTejibHbiMH. npefljio^KeHHH
3KOJIOTOB C03flaTb 3THO-npHpOflHyK) OXpaHHeMyK) TeppHTOpHK) HTHO-
pnpyíoTCH, OflHaKO Ha TeppHTopHH Ka>Kfloro paňoHa opraHH3yioTCH cboh oxpaHHeMbie TeppHTopHH. B Tofl>Ke sto A3accKHÖ 3anoBeflHHK 4>eflepajibHoro 3HaneHHH, flocTyn b KOTopbiň B03MO>KeH TOJibKO b npo-nycKHOM pe^KHMe, b OKe—3aKa3HHK «LUyMaK» pernoHajibHoro 3Hane-HHH, b To(J)ajiapHH—3aKa3HHK «A3accKHÖ» 4>eflepajibHoro SHaneHHH1. B reHepajibHOM iuiaHe npeflnojiaraeTCH TaioKe co3flaHHe 3aKa3HHKa b BepxoBbHX peKH Yflbí fljiH 3ani;HTbi CHe^KHoro 6apca. Bce sth MecTa
OTJIHHaiOTCH npHpOflHOH }KHBOIIHCHOCTbK) H IipHBJíeKaiOT TypHCTOB.
OflHaKO orpaHHHeHHaH TpaHcnopTHan flocTynHOCTb Bce eni;e hbjih-eTCH ochobhhm öapbepoM, ocoöeHHO b flejie oöecneneHHH 6e3onac-HOCTH TypHCTOB. KapTbi TypHCTHHecKHX MapnipyTOB npaKTHHeCKH He cyinecTByeT, ochobhoh hctohhhk HH(J)opMai];HH—TypncTHHecKHe
KajiuxMaH u dp., 2012
32
TeMATHHECKHE HCCJIEflOBAHHS
Tartaria  Magna 2'2oi3
33
KoHcmpyupyR Kapmy mpaHcnopniHozo cooovuenuR
«CdRHCKOZO
nepexpecmKa»
(J)OpyMbI, Ha KOTOpblX JIIOÖHTejIH CaMOCTOHTejIbHO BblKJiaflblBaiOT GPS-
TpeKH MapinpyTOB b jiynineM cjiynae hjih npocTO cjioBecHbie oiracaHHH c noflöopKaMH 4>OTorpa(J)HH. B KanecTBe TypHcranecKHX flocTonpn-MeHaTejibHOCTeö Ha KapTe mh o6o3HaHHJiH HeKOTopbie nyHKTbi, o(j)H-nnajibHO He cyinecTByioiHHe, ho Ha npaKTHKe aKTHBHO ocBaHBaeMbie
TypHCTaMH.
Tpanui^bi MejKdy MecmnbLMU jKumejiRMU u mypucmaMU nocmenenno pa3MbieammcR: u me, u dpyzue Mozym ucnojib3oeamb zpy306bie MCLUiuHbi ujiu nepedeuzambCR na KOHRX, 3CLHUMambCR ôpaKOHbepcmeoM
UJIU nOÔKOpMKOU duKUX JKlieOiriHbLX
ľocTHHHHHbiH cepBHC npeflocTaBJiHeTCH jiHiiib b OpjiHKe, b Okhh-ckom paftoHe. B mčcthocth Xohto-Foji TaKsce 6biJi nocTpoeH Jieneö-
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fljiH TypHCTOB, KOTopbie MoryT floöpaTbca ciofla Ha rpy30Bbix aBTO-
MOÖHJIHX. B TO(J)ajiapHH H Tofl>Ke TypHCTHHeCKHH CepBHC HaXOflHTCH B 3aHaTOHHOM COCTOHHHH H npeflOCTaBJIHeTCH BHeniHHMH TypHCTHHe-CKHMH OpraHH3aU;HHMH H OTflejIbHbIMH npeflnpHHHMaTejIHMH, KOTO-pbie, OflHaKO, BbIHy>KfleHbI COTpyflHHHaTb C MeCTHblMH JKHTejIHMH flJIJI HX HaHMa B KaneCTBe npOBOflHHKOB HJIH HCnOJIb30BaHHH BbKDHHOrO
TpaHcnopTa. B Okhhckom paftoHe TaKan npaKTHKa TO>Ke cyinecTByeT, ho k BbioHHOMy npnoaBjraeTCH eine h rpy30BOH TpaHcnopT.
PaccTOHHHe Me>Kfly cenoM OpjiHK h noflHO>KbeM 6jiH>KaHiiiero k MHHepajibHbiM HCTOHHHKaM nepeBajia HoftraH cocTaBjraeT ot 70 flo 100 km h npeoflOJieBaeTCH >kht&tihmh OKHHCKoro paftoHa Ha rpy-
30BHX ManiHHaX. Pa3JIHHHH B OUeHKaX paCCTOHHHH CBH3aHbI c ocoöeH-
HOCTHMH MapinpyTa: okojio 10 km npoxoflHT nepe3 60JIOTO, 3aTpaTbi BpeMeHH Ha nepeceneHHe KOToporo 3aBHCHT ot MHO>KecTBa 4>aKTopoB. B cpeflHeM 3aTpaHHBaeTCH okojio 10 nacoB, ho MO>KeT 6biTb h HecKOJib-Ko flHeft, ecjiH MaiiiHHa yBH3HeT. y noflHO>KbH nepeBajia pacnojio>Ke-Ho 3HMOBbe, pa3pocineecH flo 6a3bi, Ha KOTopoft OTflbixaioT MecTHbie )KHTejiH, npefljiararoinne cbohx KOHeň fljiH nepeB030K TypHCTOB h hx rpy30B. Ot noflHO>KbH nepeBajia flo hctohhhkob—8 km, KOTopbie npe-oflOJieBaioTCH Ha kohhx 3a 2 naca hjih neniKOM 3a 3-5 nacoB, b 3aBHCH-
mocth OT (J)H3HHeCKOH nOflľOTOBKH nyTHHKOB.
}KHTejIH Tofl>KH TaK >Ke MOryT BOOIOJIb30BaTbCH aBTOMOÖHJIbHbIM TpaHCnOpTOM flJIH TOTO, HTOÖbl flOÖpaTbCH flO MHHepajIbHblX HCTOHHH-
kob: H3 Kbi3buia Ha aBTOMOÖHJiHX nepe3 A6aKaH h flajiee no mockob-
CKOMy TpaKTy flo KyjiTyKa, 3aTeM—MoHfl h OpjiHKa. üpoBeflH b nyra okojio neTbipex flHeft h npoexaB 2500 km, ohh skohomht BpeMH.
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Ha TeppHTopHH TyjiyHCKoro paftoHa pacnojio>KeHa 6a3a oxothh-
KOB H pblÖOJIOBOB «TO(J)ajiapCKHH KOpflOH», 0(|)HnHajIbHbIH CaÖT KO-
TopoH BefleT OTcneT paccTOHHHH flo 6a3bi H3 TyjiyHa, rfle npo^KHBaioT ee BJiaflejibu;bi h coTpyflHHKH. Ha3BaHHe oöycjioBJieHO TeM, hto 6a3a npefljiaraeT Typbi b TocJiajiapHio, Kyfla ecTb B03MO>KHOCTb npoe3fla no jiecHHM floporaM. Ha TeppHTopHH caMOH TocJiajiapHH nocTpoeHa c nepcneKTHBOH pa3BHTHH 3THOTypH3Ma ojieHeBOflHecKaH 6a3a «Bepx-HHH XyHra», OflHaKO o(J)Hi];HajibHO OHa em;e He cflaHa b 3KcnjiyaTau;Hio. TaK>Ke Ha TeppHTopHH TocJiajiapHH pacnojio>KeH TocJiajiapcKHH 3aKa3-HHK, rfle ecTb >KHBonHCHoe 03epo AryjibCKoe, KOTopoe nocemaeTCH npeHMymecTBeHHO TypHCTaMH H3 KpacHOHpcKoro Kpan.
LTOMHMO OnHCaHHOH TypHCTHHeCKOH HHiJjpaCTpyKTypbl, TypHCTH-
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BOflHbiM TypH3MOM. EcTb em;e h neniHe TypncTbi, ocHOBHan 3aflana ko-Topbix HcnbiTaTb coöcTBeHHbie CHJibi. BcTpenaHCb c hhmh, MecTHbie no-jiynaioT npeflCTaBJieHHe o coBpeMeHHbix TexHOJiorHHX h Bemax, noTeH-u;HajibHO npnroflHbix fljiH hx oxoTHHHbHX MapinpyTOB: cneu;HajibHbie ropHbie 60THHKH, jierKHe BOflOHenpoHHu;aeMbie HaKHflKH, cneu;Hajib-Ho o6pa6oTaHHbie npoflyKTbi nHTaHHH, ra30Bbie ropejiKH. HeKOTopbie H3 TaKHX Bemeö b flajibHeöineM npnoöpeTaioTCH h mccthmmh >KHTejiH-
MH, HeKOTopbie >Ke He npOXOflHT TeCT B MeCTHblX yCJIOBHHX: HaKHflKH
pByTCH npH BepxoBOH e3fle CKB03b KycTapHHKH, fla>Ke Heöojibinoö Bee ra30Bbix ropejioK He flenaeT hx npHBJieKaTenbHbiMH, noTOMy hto co-
XpaHHJIHCb HaBbIKH pa3BefleHHH KOCTpa 3a KOpOTKOe BpeMH. HaBbIKH H3rOTOBJieHHH nOCyflbl H3 MeCTHOrO CbipbH COXpaHHJIHCb, OflHaKO Bpe-
MH, 3aTpaHHBaeMoe Ha sto, npeBbiinaeT ee npHBJieKaTenbHOCTb, h npo-me npHHecTH c coöoh y>Ke roTOByio nocyfly. TpaHHUbi Me>Kfly MecTHbi-MH >KHTejiHMH h TypHCTaMH nocTeneHHO pa3MHBaioTCH: h Te, h flpyrne MoryT Hcnojib30BaTb rpy30Bbie ManiHHbi hjih nepeflBHraTbCH Ha kohhx,
3aHHMaTbCH ÖpaKOHbepCTBOM HJIH nOflKOpMKOH flHKHX 5KHBOTHHX.
EcTb TypHCTbi, KOTopbie npne3>KaioT b TocJiajiapHio peryjiHpHO, He oflHH pa3. üocKOJibKy flocTynHOCTb paftoHa orpaHmeHa, no3BO-
JIHTb Ce6e 3TO MOryT JIIOflH C flOBOJIbHO BblCOKHM ypOBHeM flOXOfla.
B 2013 rofly 6buiH 3aMeneHbi Jinnib flBe rpynnbi «boahhkob» h oflHa rpynna oxothhkob. üopoH TaKHe TypHCTbi nojib3yioTCH ycjiyraMH
MeCTHblX >KHTejieH. ECJIH flJIH BOflHHKOB flOCTaTOHHO COnpOBO^KfleHHH
oflHoro-flByx MecTHbix >KHTejieH, KOTopbie npeflocTaBJiHioT b apeH-
Kapmu
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34
TeMATHHECKHE HCCJIEflOBAHHS
Tartaria  Magna 2'2oi3
35
KoHcmpyupyR Kapmy mpaHcnopmHozo coo6w,emiR
«CdRHCKOZO
nepexpecrmca»
1 ľjiaea ToipcuiapcKozo MO, 9.08.13
fly jioinafleH fljra flocTaBKH rpy3a k MecTy cruiaBa, to fljiH oxothhkob KOJiHHecTBO conpoBO>KflaioiHHX öojibine. HanpHMep, b 2013 rofly fljra conpoBO>i(fleHHH fleBHTH oxothhkob 6buio npHBJieneHO HeTBepo MeCT-Hbix >KHTejieH, npeflocTaBJiHBinHX cbohx Jioinafleö h cboh oxoTHHHbH yroflbH. MecTHbie oxothhkh nojiynajiH npoflOBOJibCTBHe 3a cneT kjih-eHTa: ot 1500 flo 3000 pyöjieö b fleHb 3a ycnyrn conpoBO>KfleHHH, ruiioc 25000 pyöjieö—npH floöbine Tpoc^eÖHoro ojieHH. KpoMe toto, hm ocTaBajiocb mhco floöbiToro 3BepH.
C 2014 rofla iuiaHHpyeTCH ynacrae TocJiajiapcKoro MyHHnnnajib-Horo o6pa30BaHHH b IlporpaMMe pa3BHTHH CnönpH h /JajibHero Boc-
TOKa B COTpyflHHHeCTBe C TypHCTHHeCKOÖ KOMnaHHeÖ «A6cOJIK)THaH
CnÖHpb», KOTopaH opneHTHpyeTCH b ochobhom Ha HHOCTpaHHbix Ty-pHCTOB h paöoTaeT Ha TeppHTopHH Bcero «CaHHCKoro nepeKpecTKa». CoBMecTHO OHH pa3pa6aTbiBaK>T nporpaMMy CTpoHTejibCTBa bh3htho-HH(J)opMai];HOHHoro neHTpa h rocTHHHUH Ha 1 o MecT c Hcnojib30BaHH-eM ajibTepHaTHBHbix hctohhhkob SHeprHH, a TaioKe iuiamipyioT CTpo-HTejibCTBO SKOJiorHHecKHX Tpon1.
3nH30flHHecKH cjiyqaioTCH fl>KHn-noe3flKH, HanpHMep, no kohckhm TponaM ot Hn>KHeyflHHCKa b Ajibirfl>Kep, OTTyfla—Ha 3aiiiHXHHCKoe MecTopo>KfleHHe h b TyjiyH. B 2011 rofly b BepxHioio Tyrapy npne3>Kajia rpynna H3 6-7 rpy30Bbix Be3flexoflHbix ManiHH Mercedes-Benz Unimog, cnennajibHO oöopyflOBaHHbix fljiH ycjioBHÖ 6e3flopo>KbH. MapinpyT hx cjieflOBaji nepe3 bcio TeppHTopnio TocJiajiapHH b Tofl>Ky. CnenH(|)HKa nofloÖHbix noe3flOK—hx nojmaH aBTOHOMHOCTb ot MecTHbix ycjioBHÖ: c C060Ö Be3eTCH npoflOBOJibCTBHe, ropioHee, 3JieKTpocTaHUHH Ha cny-Haö noTpeÖHOCTH b aBTOCBapKe. OflHaKO fla>Ke npn TaKOM ypoBHe nofl-roTOBKH noe3flKa 3aHHJia öojibine BpeMeHH, neM noHafloÖHJiocb 6bi npH KOHHOM nepexofle: okojio flBaflnara flHeft BMecTO flecHTH. Phckh nofloÖHoro Hcnojib30BaHHH rpy30Bbix aBTOMOÖHJieö 3aKJiioHaioTCH b HapyineHHH npnpoflHoro jiaHflina(J)Ta, KOTopbiö b ropHbix paftoHax flOBOJibHO xpynoK: 6ojioTHbie h TyHflpoBbie SKOCHCTeMbi jierKO pa3py-
UiaiOTCH H MeflJieHHO BOCCTaHaBJIHBaiOTCH. /JjIH MeCTHblX >Ke >KHTejieH,
Hcnojib3yioiHHX Jioinafleö h ojieHeö, npoe3fl TJDKejioö tcxhhkh Hapy-inaeT KOHHbie Tponbi.
TaKsce oneHb 3h6koh HBjraeTCH rpaHb Me>Kfly pbiöojioBaMH h 6pa-KOHbepaMH. OHa oneBHflHa b ce30H HepecTa, ho b flpyroe BpeMH orpa-HHHeHHH Ha BbuioB ueHHbix nopofl pbi6 npeflCTaBHTejiHM pbiÖHafl3opa TpyflHO npoKOHTpojiHpoBaTb. B To(J)ajiapHio MoryT 3aexaTb 6paKOHbe-pbi H3 coceflHHX TyjiyHCKoro, TaftineTCKoro h caMoro Hn>KHeyflHHCKO-ro paňoHOB, Hcnojib3yH CTapbie jiecHbie floporn h Be3flexoflbi. B Tofl>Ke
flOBOJibHO HaCTO M05KHO BHfleTb aBTOMOÖHJIH C KeMepOBCKHMH H KpaC-HOHpCKHMH HOMepaMH, B ÜKe-aBTOMOÖHJIH C HpKyTCKHMH HOMepa-
MH. Hto6h orpaflHTb ot hhx To(J)ajiapHio nocjie pa3Bajia jiecnpoMX030B MecTHbie >KHTejiH oöpaTHJiHCb b paňoHHbiH oxoTHafl3op fljiH 3aKpenjie-
HHH OXOTHHHbHX yľOflHH 3a MeCTHbIMH aflMHHHCTpaUHHMH. CHTyaUHfl
OCJIO>KHHeTCH TeM, HTO ÖpaKOHbepbl, CnOCOÖHbie flOÖpaTbCH B CTOJIb
OTflajieHHbie yrojiKH, name Bcero o6jiaflaioT 3HaHHTejibHoň aflMHHH-CTpaTHBHoň BJiacTbK), nepefl KOTopbiMH npeflCTaBHTejiH MecTHbix oxoT- h pbi6-Hafl3opoB h 0C060 oxpamieMbix npnpoflHbix TeppHTopHH
He HMeiOT flOCTaTOHHHX nOJIHOMOHHH.
3AKJHOHEHHE
B nepHOfl njiaHOBoň neHTpajiH30BaHHoří skohomhkh b npHMbix cbh3hx Me>Kfly paňoHaMH, paccMOTpeHHbiMH b flaHHoň CTaTbe, He 6biJio Heo6-
XOflHMOCTH, fla H B HaCTOHIHee BpeMH B aflMHHHCTpaTHBHOM OTHOIIieHHH CBH3H yCTaHaBJIHBaiOTCH TOJIbKO Ha CaMOM HH30BOM MyHHUHnajIbHOM ypOBHe. A npH BHHMaTejIbHOM B3ľJIHfle Ha aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbie CBH3H
Mbi HaHHHaeM pa3JiHHaTb BMeinaTejibCTBO hhhx chji—Ha hhx bjihhct öojibinoe KOJiHHecTBO 4>aKTopoB, HaHHHaH ot ceTeň HecJiopMajibHoro B3aHMOfleňcTBHH BnjioTb flo ecTecTBeHHbix, npnpoflHbix orpaHHHHTe-jieň, TaKHX, HanpHMep, KaK npoMep3aHHe peK h MeTeoycjioBHH.
/Jjih HccjieflOBaTeneň HecJiopMajibHOH skohomhkh orpoMHbiň hh-Tepec npeflCTaBHJio 6bi öojiee noflpoÖHoe paccMOTpeHHe fleHe>KHoro Bbipa>KeHHH pa3JiHHHÖ Me>Kfly 4>aKTHHecKHMH TpaH3aKu;HHMH h cyme-CTByioiHHMH Ha 6yMare, OflHaKO Hainen 3aflaHeň 6biJio 3acJ)HKCHpoBaTb HanpaBJíeHHe sthx noTOKOB h 3acJ)HKCHpoBaTb cneKTp nocjieflCTBHH
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jKHTejieň. TaKHM o6pa30M, MaTepHajiH3au;HH Hflen «CaHHCKoro nepe-
KpeCTKa» 3a npeflejiaMH eflHHHHHblX yCHJIHÖ OTflejIbHblX HHflHBHflOB
noKa ocTaeTCH HepeajiH30BaHH0Ö. OflHaKO fla>Ke oöbiHHoe 3THorpa(J)H-necKoe Ha6jiK)fleHHe flOKa3biBaeT HeoöxoflHMOCTb ero cymecTBOBaHHH
Kapmu
s deucmeuu.
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Mamepuajiu3av,UR udeu «Cclrhckozo nepercpecmrca» 3a npedejicLMU edunuHHbLX ycujiuů omdejibHbLX undueudoe noKa ocmaemcR Hepeajiu3oeaHHOú
KaK eflHHoro npocTpaHCTBa fljiH ropHoro ojieHeBOflCTBa. HecMOTpa
Ha TO, HTO 3THOrpa(J)bI H HCTOpHKHXX BeKa CHHTajIH OJieHeBOflCTBO
onpeflejieHHHM STanoM cou;HajibHO-3KOHOMHHecKoro pa3BHTHH stho-
COB, Mbl BHflHM erO >KHByHeCTb H aflanTaUHK) K pa3JIHHHbIM skohomh-KO-nOJIHTHHeCKHM H npHpOflHHM yCJIOBHHM.
ripHBJíeKaH MeTOflbí aKTop-ceTeBoro noflxofla, mh npocjieflHJiH npo-
HHKHOBeHHe COBpeMeHHblX TeXHOJIOrHH B npOneCC (JíOpMHpOBaHHJI CBH3eÖ H KOMMyHHKai^HH. }KHByHeCTb OjieHeBOflCTBa H KOHeBOflCTBa
36
TeMATHHECKHE HCCJIEflOBAHHS
Tartaria  Magna 2'2oi3
37
KoHcmpyupyR Kapmy mpancnopiriHozo cooovuenuR
«CdRHCKOZO
nepexpecmKa»
nponie oöijHCHHTb, cpaBHHBaH TpaHcnopTHyio flocTynHOCTb pernoHa fljiH BOflHTejieft Be3flexoflOB h fljra Hae3flHHKOB. OflHaKO BnojiHe Bepo-
HTHO, HTO npH COBpeMeHHOH CKOpOCTH pa3BHTHH TeXHOJIOTHH OJieHH
h jioinaflH 6yflyT nocTeneHHO Hcne3aTb b KanecTBe 3BeHbeB KOMMyHH-KauHH, ho MoryT coxpaHHTbCH b KanecTBe CHMBOJinnecKoro pecypca npH flajibHeöineH nojiHTHKe cyöcHflnpoBaHHH TpaflHUHOHHoro npnpo-
flOnOJIb30BaHHH.
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HacejieHHe, 3KOHOMHKa. XaHTbi-MaHCHHCK—MocKBa: IlpaBHTejibCTBO XaHTbi-MaHCHHCKoro oxpyra—lOrpbi, reorpacjjHHecKHH cjjaKyjibTeT MTY, 2006.
ByflyniEE co3flaeTCH ceroflHH // PoccHHCKaa ra3eTa, 28 hiohh 2013 neTBepr Ns— (57—).C.Ai6-Ai7
flojirocpOHHAH neneBaa nporpaMMa «OpraHH3aHHH h oöecne^eHHe 3ainHTbi
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MajioHHCJieHHbix HapoflOB b HpKyTCKoři oöjiacTH Ha 2013-2015 roflbi», yTBepjKfleHHaa nocTaHOBJieHHeM IlpaBHTejibCTBa HpKyTCKoři oöjiacTH OT i anpejiü 2013 rofla Ns 106-nn. http://irkobl.ru/sites/economy/targeted/ organam-ispolnitelnoy-vlasti/index.php/indigenous-peoples/ (flocTyn 21 aBrycTa 2013 r.)
Hbahob A. A., KajiHXMaH A./t., KajiHXMaH T.n. E.3. IleTpH b HCTopHH CaüHCKoro nepexpecTKa. HpKyTCK: H3fl-BO «Otthck», 2008.— 260 c.
H c t o p h h . 3AO «TexHOHHBecT AnbHHC». http://colum.bite. ru/?page_id =4 (flocTyn 22 aBrycTa 2013)
Hni m y pat o b B. m. TeppnTopnajiH3annH oöinecTBeHHO-HCTopH^ecKHX
npoueccoB KaK oöteKT reorpacjjHHecKHX nccjieflOBaHnň // ľeorpacjjHHecKHe
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b ripeflöariKajibe: C6. ct.—HpKyTCK: HHCTHTyr reorpacjjHH Cn6npn h /TajibHero BocTOKa, 1978.—C. 5-16.
Katahckuh B. Kak ycTpoeHa Pocchh? riopTpeT KyjibTypHoro jiaHflinacjjTa. http://www.strelka.com/blog_ru/kak-ustroena-rossiia/ (flocTyn 20 hiojiü 2013 r.)
Katahckuh B. KyjibTypHbiň jiaHflinacjjT h coBeTCKoe oÖHTaeMoe npocTpaHCTBO.—M.: HoBoe jimepaTypHoe o6o3peHHe, 2001.
Katahckhö B. Jl. Pocchh. ripoBHHiiHH. JlaHflinacjjT // OTe^ecTBeHHbie 3anHCKH,
N9 32 (5), 2006. (AHaTOMHH npOBHHIIHH), C. 244-257.
Kajihxm ah A. j\., KajiHXMaH T.n. ITpoeKTHpoBaHHe TpaHcrpaHHHHoň 3tho-npHpoflHoŕi oxpaHHeMoň TeppHTopHH «CaaHCKHH nepeKpecTOK». HpKyTCK: H3fl-BO HpKyTCKoro roc. Tex. yHTa, 2009.
Kajihxmah T. n., BorflaHOB B.H., OropoflHHKOBa Jl.K). Oco6o oxpaHHeMbie npwpoflHbie TeppHTopHH CwÖHpcKoro cjjeflepajibHoro OKpyra. ATJiac.— HpKyrcK: H3fl-BO «Otthck», 2012.— 384 c.
KyKJIHHA B. B. TypHCTbl H OTflblXaiOniHe Ha MHHepajIbHblX HCTOHHHKaX
/KoňraH / MoňraH: coiiHajibHbie cbh3h, y3Jibi, ceTH h rpaHHiibi // KyjibTypHaa n ryMaHHTapHaa reorpacjjHH. Tom i, JV-2 (2012)—c. 180-190 http://gumgeo.ru/ index.php/gumgeo/article/view/s5
JlATyp B. HoBOro BpeMeHH He 6buio. 3cce no CHMMeTpHHHoň amponojioraH / riep. c cjjp. /T.H. KajiyrHHa. Cn6.: H3fl-BO EY Cn6, 2006.
MEJIbHHKOBA Jl. B. Tocjjbi. HCTOpHKO-STHOrpaCJjHHeCKHH o^epK. HpKyTCK: BocTOHHO-CHÖHpcKoe KHHJKHoe H3flaTenbCTBO, 1994.— 304 c.
Paccaahh H. B. MaTepHajibHaa h flyxoBHaa KyjibTypa TocjjajiapoB / KyjibTypHoe HacjieflHe HapoflOB IleHTpajibHoŕi A3hh. IlojieBbie HccneflOBaHHH-2008: c6.ct.— yjiaH-Yfl3: H3fl-BO BHII CO PAH, 2009.— 112 c.
Cxem athheckau KapTa TocjjajiapcKOH TTn HpKyTCKoři oöjiacTH. MacniTaô 1:1000000.
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39
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Anderson D. Entitlements, Identity, and Time: Addressing Aboriginal Rights and Nature Protection in Siberia's New Resource Colonies. In: People and the Land. Pathways to Reform in Post-Soviet Siberia. Ed. by Erich Kasten,. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 2002.—pp. 99-123.
Bingham N., Thrift N. Some New Instructions for Travellers. The geography of Bruno Latour and Michel Serres. In: Thinking Space. Ed. by M. Crang, N. Thrift. London and New York: Routledge, 2000.—pp. 281-301
Donahoe, B. Who Owns the Taiga? Inclusive vs. Exclusive Senses of Property among the Tozhu and Tofa of Southern Siberia // Sibirica, Vol. 5, N., 2006.— pp. 87-116
Latour B. Reassembling the Social. An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory. Oxford: Oxfor University Press, 2005.
Thrift N. Spatial Formations. London: Sage, 1996.
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sufism, pan-islamism and Information Panic: Nil Sergeevich Lykoshin and the Aftermath
OF THE AnDIJAN UPRISING
This article explores a hitherto unknown incident in the region between Aulie-Ata and Chimkent in the eighteen months following the Andijan Uprising against Russian rule in Central Asia in 1898. The late Tsarist Orientalist-Administrator Nil Sergeevich Lykoshin found himself called upon to uproot an imaginary conspiracy, and the investigation he led proved highly revealing of the relationship between local society in Turkestan and the Russian colonial administration. The article uses this episode to explore late Russian imperial attitudes to Islam, demonstrating that despite his unusual knowledge of Central Asian culture and society, Lykoshin's attitudes were in many ways highly typical of Russian officialdom in this period.
44
f MccjiedoeaHue, pe3yjibmamoM Komopozo cmajia dayman cma-mhR, 6huio npotpuHancupoeaHO KojuiediiceM Warden and Fellows of All Souls OKapopdcKozo yHueepcumema u EpumaucKou aKadeMueii. H 6jiazodapm Cepzen A6auiuua, Baxmuxpa Ba6adnca-Hoea, Yjibpuxa Xotpmeucmepa, KuMypy Camopy, Mupa AxMeda Mupxajidapoea, Beampuue Lleuamu, Oiccauy LlyzoeKU-Hy, BeHedemmy Poccu, Llaojio Capmopu, CuMady Cudsyo, Cuom AKUtfiyMU, YxMy Tomoxuko u ToMa Bejiapopda 3a noMow,b, coeemu u npedjioncemia.. Mue moioice xomejiocb 6u no6jiazo-dapumb JIx33am CyjieuMaHoeuy AKmaeey u HuKOJian Llempoeuua KponuBHUUKOzo U3 U,emnpajib-hozo apxuea Pecny6jiuKU Ka3ax-cmau 3a coznacue ony6jiuKoeamb Konum «A(pzaHCKOzo nua>Ma».
n CmanibR enepeue 6buia onyöjiu-Koeaua ua auzjiuücKOM x3MKe 8 iicypuajie Past and Present, no. 214 (Feb. 2012). P. 255-304.
Aemop u pedaKU.ua iicypuajia Tartaria Magna öjiazodapam H3damejibcmeo OKapopdcKozo yHueepcumema 3a mo6e3Hoe pa3-peuieuue onyöjiuKoeamb pycacuü nepeeod dauHoü cmambu.
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1 n.r.rajiy30, Boopyotcenue pyccKux nepecejieHU.ee e Cpedneü A3uu (TauiKeum, 1926), 24.
'■ MapKO BymmuHO, Peeojuouun Haoöopom: Cpedusw A3UR Meiicdy nadeuueM u,apacoü UMnepuu u o6pa3oeauueM CCCP (MocKea, 2008), 70-5; Jörn Happel, Nomadische Lebenswelten und zarische Politik: der Aufstand in Zentralasien, 1916 (Stuttgart, 2010), 103-60, 196-203, 246-9.
45
1 n. r. rcuiy30, Typicecman — Kojiohux: ouepK ucmopuu Typicecmaua om 3aeoeeaHusi pyccKUMU do peBomouuu 1917(Moacea, 1929).
2 «AHduxcaHacoe soccmanue 1898 z.», nodped. E. IHmeuH-6epza, KpacHhiu apxue, xci (1938), 123-8.
3 Lowell Tillett, The Great Friendship: Soviet Historians on the Non-Russian Nationalities (Chapel Hill, 1969), 174-5. BamoM oniHouieHuu uau6ojiee noKa3amejibHou mjinemcR cmanihR Bo6od3icana Fatftypoea «Andu3icaHCKoe
"eoccmamie" 1898 zoda» // Bonpocu ucmopuu, Ne 2, (1953), C. 50-61 (eupamaw 6jiazodapuocmb Baxmuxpy Ba6adiicaHoey).
4 Fazilbek Atabek oghli, Dukchi Ishan Vaqeasi (Farghanada istibdad jalladlari) (CaMapicaud u TauiKeum, 1927); Moe onucauue ezo mpyda B3amo U3 Komatsu Hisao, 'The Andijan Uprising Reconsidered', in Sato Tsugitaka (ed.), Symbiosis and Conflict in Muslim Societies: Historical and Comparative Aspects (London, 2004), 30, 56 n. 8.
5 3ma pa6oma do cux nop He ony6jiuKOBaua: Konua pyKonuceii xpauumcx e Hh-cmumyme eocmoKoeedemiR um. Bupyuu AicadeMuu HayK Y36eKucmaHa e TauiKeume (IVANRUz, PyK.1725).
6 MauaKu6-u /fyicuu Huiau: Ahohum ncumuR /fyicuu Huiaua — npedeodumejw AudujicaHacozo eoccmauux 1898 zoda, A. (fion Kmzejibzeu (ped.), nep. B.A. Ba6adncaH0-ea (AjiMamu, 2004).
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B coeemcKyw anoxy pyccKOR3bLHHue ucmopuKU (paranimecKU ne nbimajiucb ycmanoeumb
zjiy6uHHbLe MomuGbL u npunuHbi AndujKaHCKOzo BoccmamiR, npednomimaR mojiKoeanuR e dyxe npeo6jiadaiow,eu na mom MOMenm ucmopuozpa0UHecKou udeojiozuu
HecoMHeHHO, pejiHrH03Horo h HpaBCTBeHHoro ruiaHa, to HeKOTopbie H3 ero cnoflBH>KHHKOB motjih npecjieflOBaTb nojiHTHHecKHe h skoho-MHHecKHe n;ejiH.6 Xncao KoMan;y noflnepKHBaeT, hto /lyKHH HmaH
BHflejI CBOK) MHCCHK) B OHHU^eHHH MyCyjIbMaHCKOTO o6ineCTBa, H HTO
k 1895-96 rr. oh npnuien k mhcjih o Heo6xoflHMOCTH fl>KHxafla npoTHB
pyCCKHX, HTo6bI 3am;HTHTb H o6HOBHTb pejIHTHK) H nOJIO>KHTb KOHeL(
TOMy, hto oh BocnpHHHMaji KaK MopajibHoe pa3Jio>KeHHe, o6ycjioBJieH-
HOe pOCCHHCKHM BJiaflblHeCTBOM.7
1 Komatsu, Andijan Uprising Reconsidered', 30-7.
2 Babadzhanov, 'Dukchi Ishan und derAufstand von Andijan', 185-6; Mup3a A6daji>a3UM CaMU, Ta'pux-u Cajiamuu-u Mauzumuua: HcmopuR Manzhimaaix zocydapeii, npaeueuiux e cmojiuu,e, 6nazo-poduou Byxape, ped. u nep.
JI. M. Enutpanoeou, (Moacea, 1962), nepcudcKuii meiccm ji. 121b-122a, nep. 123^4; Atpmanduii 3pKuuoe manyice npodeMOHcmpupoeaji, umo noumu ece cmuxu, uanucaHHue TypKecmaucKUMU uumejuieK-myajiaMU 06 AnduncaHCKOM Boccmauuu, ocyncdaiom uuiaua ujiu dayice uaMeKamm ua mo, umo oh no npoucxoiicdemao — upaHCKuii uiuum-epemuK: 3pKUH0B, «AHdu3icaHCKoe eoc-cmanue».
3 Hisao Komatsu, 'Dar al-Islam under Russian Rule as Understood by Turkestani Muslim Intellectuals', in Tomohiko Uyama (ed.), Empire, Islam, and Politics in Central Eurasia (Sapporo, 2007), 10-17; Bakhtiyar Babadzhanov, 'Russian Colonial Power in Central Asia as Seen by Local Muslim Intellectuals', in Beate Eschment and Hans (n. 15 cont.) Harder (eds.), Looking at the Coloniser: Cross-Cultural Perceptions in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Bengal, and Related Areas (Wiirzburg, 2004).
4 Ba6adncaH08, «Andu3icaH-CKoe Boccmanue 1898 zoda u «MycyjihMaHCKUu Bonpoc» 8 TypKecmane», 177-8.
5 Beatrice Forbes Manz, 'Central Asian Uprisings in the Nineteenth Century: Ferghana under the Russians', Russian Review, xlvi (1987), 269-71.
6 Babadzhanov, 'Dukchi Ishan und derAufstand von Andijan', 183; Ba6adncaH08, «/{yKuu Huiau u AudujicaHacoe Boccma-Hue», 263.
7 Komatsu, 'Dar al-Islam under Russian Rule' 13-14.
46
AilEKCAHflP MOPPHCOH
HCGIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA 2'20I3
47
1 CajibKoe, «Audu3KaHCKoe BoccmaHue», 39; smo 6hma peaKuun ua eo3po3icdenue A6dyji-XaMudoM IIxamitpama u ezo caicpajibHozo cmamyca KaK cpedomouux uaiaMa, KaK ua enympeHHeM, mate
u na MeyicdynapodnoM ypoene, ho 6oM3Hb pacKOJia e Mycyjib-MancKOM Mupe ompayicena s omHoiueHuu ocMaucKou npa-esuueu 3Jiumbi k cynuumaM nod poccuiicKUM npaBJienueM: Selim Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909 (London, 1999), 46-7, 54-5.
2 C. M. JlyxoecKou, «Bcenodda-Heuiuuu dotaiad Typicecmau-ckozo zeHepaji-zy6epHamopa zeuepajia om uwfiaumepuu JTyxoBCKOzo «HcjiaM b Typice-cmaue». (TauiKeum, 1899), ony6. 8 HMnepamopcKOR Poccux u MycyjibMaucKuii Mup, nod ped. fl.K). Apanoea (Moacea, 2006), 142-63; Komatsu, 'Andijan Uprising Reconsidered', 47-8.
3 Ba6adncaHoe e ceoeii pa6ome «Audu3KaHCKoe eoccmamie 1898 zoda u «MycyjibMaucKuu 8onpoc» e Typicecmaue, 166-77, 3ampazueaem neKomopue
U3 pumopuuecKux omtaiuKoe Ha co6umua e Anduoicane, ho He ux npaicmuuecicue nocjiedcmeuR dim Mecmnou adMunucmpauuu. Ejiena K3Mn6eji cocpedoma-nueaem emiMamie na o6cync-demiu cumyauuu na euco-kom ypoene e TIemep6ypze u ue paccMampueaem no3uuuu BoeHHMX, Komopue, e cyiu-Hocmu, ynpaejuuiu 6ojibiueu tacmbKi MycyjibMan e Poc-cuuckou HMnepuu: cm. Elena Campbell, "The Muslim Question in Late Imperial Russia', in Jane Burbank, Mark von Hagen and Anatolyi Remnev (eds.), Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700-1930 (Bloomington, 2007), 325-6.
' 3mo mepMUH eboeas mhozo cnopoe; KoueeuuKU ucnojib3oea-jiu ezo dim o6o3HaueHUM oced-Mbix KpecmbMH ujiu zopodcKux jicumejieu: cm. V. V. Barthold,
'Sart', Ency. of Islam, iv, S-Z (Leiden & London, 1934), 175-6.
Xoth HacTOHniaH CTaTbH BHeceT, MCOKeT 6biTb, cbok) jienTy b Heyra-xaioiHHH cnop o cyinHocra AHflH>KaHCKoro BoccTaHHH, Jiynine Bcero
OCTaBHTb 3TOT BOIipOC yHeHHM, BJiafleiOIHHM H3bIKaMH CpeflHeH A3HH.
Moh 3aflana Ha caMOM flene 6jiH>Ke k toh, KOTopyio npecjieflOBaji Ta-Jiy30 b 1926 rofly, nojib3yHCb TeMH >Ke HCTOHHHKaMH, coctohihhmh
rjiaBHHM 06pa30M h3 OcJjHnHajIbHblX flOKyMeHTOB pOCCHHCKOH aflMH-HHCTpaUHH. HHTepeCHO, HTO B paHHeM OnHCaHHH AHflH>KaHCKOrO BOC-
CTaHHH rajiy30 3aocTpneT BHHMaHHe Ha nocjieflCTBHHX stoto co6hthh, nopoflHBinero napaHOHio cpeflH KOJioHHajibHbix BJiacTen, KaK CBHfle-TejibCTByioT apxHBbi KaHuejrapHH reHepaji-ry6epHaTopa TypKecTaHa, Ha KOTopbie oh onnpajicH. B to BpeMH AHflH>KaHCKHe co6hthh, Ka3a-jiocb, noflTBepflHJiH npeflCTaBJieHHH pyccKHX o npncynieM TypKecTaH-ckhm MycyjibMaHaM npnpoflHOM «4>aHaTH3Me» h BbiTeKaionieH OTCiofla yrpo3e HCJiaMCKoro MHTe>Ka h cbhihchhoh bohhh (za3aeama). MHorne npeflCTaBHTejiH BJiacTen TaKsce yTBep>KflajiH, hto sto BoccTaHHe cbh-fleTejibCTBOBajio o hoboh, naHHCJiaMCKOH yrpo3e, ccbuiaHCb Ha fljiH-TejibHOCTb npe6biBaHHH /lyKHH HinaHa b MeKKe h MeflHHe bo BpeMH ero najioMHHHecTBa h, xysce toto, Ha B03MO>KHOCTb npHMbix CHOine-hhh ero c ocMaHCKHM cyjiTaHOM A6flyji-XaMHflOM II hjih c TypeuKHMH h acJiraHCKHMH areHTaMH.1 AHflH>KaHCKHe co6hthh nocTaBHJiH nofl co-
MHeHHe nOJIHTHKy «HrHOpHpOBaHHH» HCJiaMa, KOTOpyK) pOCCHHCKOe
npaBHTejibCTBO npoBOflmio b TypKecTaHe c 1867 rofla, c MOMeHTa Ha-3HaneHHH KoHCTaHTHHa IleTpoBHHa (Jjoh KaycJiMaHa nepBHM reHepaji-ry6epHaTopoM OKpyra. B pe3yjibTaTe CM. ^yxoBCKOH, 3aHHMaBniHH flOJi>KHOCTb reHepaji-ry6epHaTopa Ha momcht BoccTaHHH, npH3Baji k 6ojiee aKTHBHOH nojiHTHKe b OTHOineHHH HCJiaMa, hto b flOJirocpoH-hoh nepcneKTHBe HMejio cepbe3Hbie nocjieflCTBHH fljiH KOJioHHajibHoro npaBJieHHH b TypKecTaHe.2
Ecjih oc^HUHajibHaH peaKi^HH Ha AHflH>KaHCKoe BoccTaHHe H3yne-Ha Ha ypoBHe B3aHMOOTHOineHHH Me>Kfly TaniKeHTOM h E[eTep6yproM, to ero B03fleHCTBHe Ha KOJioHHajibHyio aflMHHHCTpau;Hio Ha MecTax nocjie KopoTKoro onncaHHH Tajiy30 noHTH He paccMaTpHBajiocb.3 Ha-CTOHinaH CTaTbH npecjieflyeT u;ejib ocBeTHTb stot acneKT nyTeM aHa-jiH3a flocejie HeH3BecTHoro HHu;HfleHTa, pa3BopaHHBaBinerocH Ha npo-ra>KeHHH nojiyTopa jieT h nojiyHHBinero Hanajio nepe3 HecKOJibKO MecHi^eB nocjie AHflH>KaHCKoro BoccTaHHH. MecTO flencTBHH—paftoH Me>Kfly ropoflaMH Hhmkcht h Ayjine-ATa (coBpeMeHHbie LUbiMKeHT
H Tapa3) B COTHHX KHJIOMeTpOB OT AHflH>KaHa, Ha K)>KHOH OKpan-
He CTenn, KOTopan ceroflHH HaxoflHTCH Ha TeppHTopHH Ka3axcTaHa, a Torfla Ha3biBajiacb CbipflapbHHCKOH o6jiacTbio (cm. Puc. i). 3to 6biJia norpaHHHHaH 30Ha, rfle nepeceKajincb ocefljibie ropo>KaHe (capTbi),4 CTenHbie KoneBHHKH-Ka3axH h ropu;bi-KHprH3bi; 3flecb nacT6Hnia ko-
HeBHHKOB  COCeflCTBOBajIH  C  OpOHiaeMblM CejIbCKOX03HHCTBeHHbIMH
yroflbHMH (Ha 6eperax Cbip-^apbH h p. Apbic) h ropHHMH xpe6TaMH (KapaTay h Bypajiflan). c Hanajiaxix BeKa h BiuioTb flo pocchhcko-
CbipdapbX
np>KeBa^bCK ^ /
.___'
/'
Y BOCTOHHWH TYPKECTAH
CAMAPKAHfl
TypKecTaH b 1898-99 rr.
Mhjih
I 100 mi_I
I 200 km I
KmiOMeTpbi
Puc. 1. Kapma
pOCCUUCKOZO
Typicecmaua e 1898-1899 zz. Aemop cmambu u pedaicuux iicypuajia 6jiazodapam Jlyusy Byzjiacc 3a pa6omy no cocmaejieHum Kapmu u pa3peuieuue ua ee ny6jiuKauwo.
to 3aBoeBaHHH b 1864 r. stot paftoH 6bm nacTbio KoKaHflCKoro xaH-CTBa, caMoro MOJiofloro H3 cpeflHea3HaTCKHX rocyflapcTB, KOTopoe onnpajiocb Ha <DepraHCKyio flOJiHHy, ho CTpeMHJiocb pacnpocTpaHHTb CBoe BJiHHHHe flajieKO b CTenb.1 Ilocjie 3aBoeBaHHH, KaK h ocTajibHOH pyccKHH TypKecTaH, 3Ta TeppHTopHH OKa3ajiacb nofl innpoKO pacce-hhhhm BoeHHHM ynpaBJieHHeM, onnpaBinHMCH b 3HaHHTejibHOH CTe-neHH Ha MecTHbix nocpeflHHKOB—b nepByio onepeflb Ha bojiocthhx ynpaBHTejien (TiopK. MUHz6amu) h Ka3HeB.2 K 1890 r. sto 6biJi oflHH H3 HeMHornx panoHOB TypKecTaHa c cyniecTBeHHHM kojikhcctbom pyccKHX KpecTbHH-nepecejieHueB, hto enie 6ojibine ocjio>khhjio H3Ha-najibHO HenpocTOH cocTaB MecTHoro o6inecTBa. 3Ta hctophh onnpa-eTCH rjiaBHHM o6pa30M Ha oflHO flejio H3 L^eHTpajibHoro rocyflapcTBeH-Horo apxHBa pecny6jiHKH Ka3axcTaH b AjiMaTbi, npeflCTaBJiHioniee co6oh OTHeT MecTHOH aflMHHHCTpai^HH HHMKeHTa 1898-1900 rr. Oh
HHTepeCeH He TOJIbKO JIK)6onbITHbIMH co6hthhmh, KOTOpbie B HeM OnHCaHbl, HO H JIHHHOCTbK) HX OCHOBHOTO COCTaBHTejIH H npOTarOHH-
CTa—KanHTaHa apTHJiJiepHH Hnjia CepreeBHHa JlbiKoniHHa, KOTopbiH
CJiy>KHJI B TO BpeMH nOMOIIi;HHKOM BOeHHOTO HaHajIbHHKa HHMKeHTCKO-
ro ye3fla. JlbiKoniHH (1860-1922) 6biJi noTOMCTBeHHHM ltckobckhm
flBOpHHHHOM,  yHHJICH  B  3JIHTHOM IlaBJIOBCKOM  BOeHHOM yHHJIHIHe,
6bui onpeflejieH b apTHJiJiepHHCKHe BOHCKa, ho b 6oeBbix flencTBHHX hh pa3y He ynacTBOBaji. Bmccto stoto oh nocTynnji Ha cjiy>K6y b Cpefl-Hea3HaTCKoe BoeHHO-HapoflHoe ynpaBJieHHe b KanecTBe npncTaBa b MajieHbKOM ropoflKe Ypa-Tene b 1889 r., a 3aTeM 6biJi Ha3HaHeH 3a-BeflyioiHHM «a3HaTCKOH» nacTbio TaniKeHTa. Ha3HaHeHHe b Hhmkcht
HuMKenm HaxodujicR nod ejiacmbio KoKauda c 1810 z., aAyjiue-Ama c 1826 no 1864, Kozda 06a zopoda 6buiu B3amu pyccKUMU. Xaucmeo 6bmo OKomamejibHO aHHeiccu-poeauo e 1875-6 zz. O nod%eMe KoKaudcKozo xaucmea e cepedu-He XVIII e., cm. Scott C. Levi, "The Ferghana Valley at the Crossroads of World History: The Rise of Khoqand, 1709-1822', Journal of Global History, ii (2007). O KoKaudacoM npaejieuuu e moicnbix cmenax, cm. T. K. BeuceM6uee, «BucwaR adMunucmpauuR TauiKeuma u mza Ka3axcmaHa e nepuod Koicaud-ckozo Xaucmea: 1809-1865 zz.», s M. K. A6yceumoea u C. A6dyjuio (ped.), HcmopuKO-KyjibmypHbie 83auM0CBR3u Hpaua u flawm-u Kunuaica e XIII-XVIII ee. (AjiMamu, 2004). Opauueu ucmopuu Aujiue-Ama u HuMKenma cm. A. H. /Jo6po-MbLoioe, Topoda Cbip-Jlapbunacou o6jiacmu: Ka3ajiuHCK, HepoecK, Typicecmau, Ayjiue-Ama u *1um-Keum (CaHKm-nemep6ypz, 1912), 159-66, 182-90.
'■ O cucmeMe adMumicmpauuu s Typicecmaue (u3eecmuou KaK «eoeHHO-HapoduoeynpaejieHue»), cm. A. S. Morrison, Russian Rule in Samarkand, 1868-1910: A Comparison with British India (Oxford, 2008), chs. 4-5.
48
AilEKCAHflP MOPPHCOH
HCGIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA 2'20I3
49
1 M. K. Bacxanoe, PyccKue BoeHHbie eocmoKoeedbi
do 1917z.: 6uo6u6jiuozpa-cßuueacuü aioeapb (Moacea, 2005), 145-7.
2 H. C. JIbLKOUlUH, «IlUCbMa
U3 my3eMHOzo TauuceHma», TypicecmaHCKue eedoMocmu, Ns .10-12, 12-15 (pee. 1894.
3 «Ada6-yjib-CajiuxuH: KodeKC npujiuuuü na eocmoKe», nep. H. C. JlbiKouiuHa, e C6opuuKe Mamepuajioe no Mycyjib-Maucmey, ii, ped. B. n. Ha-jiubkuh (TauiKeHm, 1900);
H. C. JIbLKOUlUH, «XopOUlUÜ
moH» na eocmoKe (Cawan-Ilemep6ypz,1915). Hnmepec-ho omMemumb, umo aemo-zpatpu na ecex SKseMxuwpax ezo pa6om e 6u6jiuomeice HHcmumyma eocmoKO-eedenusi e C.-Ilemep6ypze zoeopam om moM, umo ohu 6bmu nodapenu aemopoM B. B. Bapmojibdy.
4 Hcmopux Byxapu Myxameda Hapuiaxu, ped. B. B. Bap-mojibd, nep. H. C. JImkouiuh (TauiKenm, 1897); H. C. JIu-KouiuH, /Jueana-u-Mauipa6: jicu3neonucanue nonyjiapneü-uiezo npedcmaeumejui mu-cmuuu3Ma e TypicecmanacoM Kpae (CaMapicand, 1911); H.JI. JImkouiuh, MypadöeK
u 0amuMa (xueuncKoe npe-danue) (TauiKenm, 1896).
5 H. C. JImkouiuh, O zadanuu y cpednea3uamcKux my3eM-ifee (CaMapKand, 1908).
6 H. C. JImkouiuh, Pesyjibmamu c6jiu3iceHUR pyccKux c my3eM-[jojwu ([TauiKenm?], 1903); H. C. JImkouiuh, HanKyjuiyK-CKOR eojiocmb XodiicemncKozo ye3da CaMapKandcKou oöjiacmu (CaMapKand, 1905).
7 Alexander Morrison, ' "Applied Orientalism" in British India and Tsarist Turkestan', Comparative Studies in Society and History, li (2009).
3 C.A. Bayly, Empire and Information: Intelligence-Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge, 1996), 149, 171-3.
(iyre oh ocTaHeTCH flo 1902 r.) nocjiysouio HanajioM ÖJiecraiiieH Kapbe-pbi. c 1905 no 1912 r. oh cjiy>KHJi HanajibHHKOM Xofl>KeHTCKoro ye3fla, c 1912 no 1913—rjiaBOH AMyflapbHHCKoro OTflejia, h 3aKOHHHJi cboko Kapbepy reHepaji-MairapoM h ryöepHaTopoM CaMapKaHflCKOH oojiacra c 1914 no 1917 r.1 JlbiKoniHH BnepBbie npoHBHJi cboh flapoBaHHH KaK aBTop cepHH CTaTeö fljiH «TypKecTaHCKHX BeflOMOCTeö» (npaBHTejib-CTBeHHOH ra3eTbi), nocBHineHHbix >kh3hh b «Ty3eMHOH» nacTH Taiii-KeHTa.2 BnocjieflCTBHH oh nepeBeji öyxapcKoro HCTopHKa HapinaxH
C nepCHflCKOrO Ha pyCCKHH B COTpyflHHHeCTBe C BejIHKHM pyCCKHM BOC-
TOKOBeflOM BacHJineM BapTOJibflOM, a 3aTeM b3hjich 3a nepeBOfl «Ko-fleKca npHJiHHHH Ha BocTOKe» MyxaMMafla CaflHKa Kainrapn (BnepBbie onyöJiHKOBaHHbiH b cocTaBe pyKOBOflCTBa no HCJiaMy fljra aflMHHHcrpa-Topoß), Ha ocHOBe KOToporo oh no3flHee Hanncaji nocoöne o HpaBax h oöbinaHX MycyjibMaH fljiH cbohx MeHee HCKyineHHbix cooTenecTBeH-HHKOB.3 Ero Tpyflbi npeflCTaBJiHioT co6oh CMecb TpaflHUHOHHoro boc-TOKOBefleHHH (KaK, HanpHMep, ero nepeBOflbi HapinaxH h cycJiHHCKoro nosTa xviii b. Mainpaöa)4, nojiysTHorpacJjHHecKHX pa6oT5H 3anncoK
O 3aCejieHHH 3eMejIb, (JjyHKUHOHHpOBaHHH «Ty3eMHOH» aflMHHHCTpa-
uhh h nporpecce «UHBHJiH3anHH» cpeflH Ty3eMneB.6 EIomhmo nojmo-neHHbix MOHorpacJiHH, oh Hanncaji mho^kcctbo CTaTeö 06 HCTopHH,
H3bIKe H 3THOrpa(J)HH L^eHTpajIbHOH A3HH flJTH ra3eTbi «TypKecTaHCKHe
BeflOMOCTH» H ee HeocJjHnHajibHbix aHajioroB—«PyccKoro TypKecTaHa» H «TypKecTaHCKoro Kypbepa», h fla>Ke, b TeneHHe KopoTKoro BpeMeHH nocne peBOJiionHH 1905 r., fljiH connajiHCTHHecKOH ra3eTbi «CaMap-KaHfl». JlbiKoniHH, no>KajiyH, npeflCTaBjrneT co6oh Hanöojiee Bbiflaio-
IHHHCH npHMep OÖbIHHOH flJTH pOCCHHCKHX KOJIOHHH (J)HrypbI BOCTOKO-
Befla-aflMHHHCTpaTopa.7 /Jo chx nop o ero HayHHOH Kapbepe HaM 6biJio
H3BeCTHO ÖOJIbine, HeM 06 aflMHHHCTpaTHBHOH, H OflHa H3 3aflan flaH-HOH CTaTbH-flOnOJIHHTb ÖHOrpacJjHK) OflHOrO H3 Ba>KHeHHIHX fleHTe-
jieö flopeBOJiioi];HOHHoro TypKecTaHa. Ero peaKUHH Ha AHflH>KaHCKoe BoccTaHHe h Ha HCTopHK), KOTopyio eMy caMOMy flOBenocb paccjieflo-BaTb Ha BBepeHHOH eMy TeppHTopHH, flaeT HaM yHHKajibHyio bo3mo>k-
HOCTb H3yHHTb B3aHMOCBH3b Me>Kfly BOCTOKOBeflHbIMH 3H3HHHMH H KO-JIOHHajIbHOH BJiaCTbK) Ha MeCTHOM ypoBHe.
PoccHÖCKaH peaKi^HH Ha AHflH>KaHCKHe coöbiTHH—npeKpacHbiH npHMep Toro, hto C.A. Beit/in Ha3Baji «HH(J)opMai];HOHHOH naHHKOH», Korfla 3a HeHMeHHeM flocTOBepHbix CBefleHHH KOJioHHajibHbie hhhob-
HHKH H3 KO>KH BOH Jie3JIH B nOTOHe 3a 6jiy>KflaiOIHHMH OTOHbKaMH OpHeHTajIH3Ma, KOTOpbie B 3HaHHTejIbHOH CTeneHH HBJIHJIHCb njIOflOM
hx coöcTBeHHoro npefly6e>KfleHHH npoTHB noflBJiacTHoro hm Hace-jieHHH.8 B HHflHH HaHÖojiee H3BecTHbiH nofloÖHbiH cjiynaH—sto, Ha-BepHoe, Tyrn, npeflnojiaraeMaH o6m;eHHflHHCKaH ceKTa yÖHHu;, «pac-
KpblTaH» H «yHHHTO^KeHHafl» BHJIbHMOM CjIHMaHOM, CaMOCTOHTejIbHO
CBH3aBiiiHM peajibHbie, ho pa3po3HeHHbie ciiynan 6aHflHTH3Ma h rpaöe->Ka Ha floporax neHTpajibHOH Hhahh b eflHHHH, cbh3hhh pejiHrH03HbiH
saroBop.1 B stom cjiynae nepBOHaHajibHbiH CTpax h napaHOHH ycTynH-jih MecTO caMOflOBOJibCTBy BJiacTeo, yBepeHHbix, hto ohh otjihhho no-paöoTajiH. PacTyinne pacoBbie h KyjibTypHbie npefly6e>KfleHHH 6pHTaH-u;eB npoTHB hhahhckoto HaceneHHH b 1830-x h 1840-x roflax npHBejiH
K npeHe6pe>KeHHIO CTapblMH Ty3eMHbIMH HCTOHHHKaMH HH(J)OpMai];HH,
h b pe3yjibTaTe o6pa30BaBinerocH p,e^uu,wia HH(J)opMai];HH otkphthh MHTe>K 1857 rofla 3acTaji 6pHTaHu;eB npaKTHHecKH Bpaciurox.2 ÜHTb-flecHT jieT cnycTH, b 1907 r., BcnbiniKa TeppopH3Ma b EeHrajie TaioKe Bbi3biBajia napaHOHK) h HeBpo3 cpeflH KOJioHHajibHbix BJiacTeo Hhahh: nojiHUHH MepernHJiHCb 3aroBopbi h yrpo3bi b Ka>KflOM CTyfleHHecKOM coöpaHHH, b nepeBOflax Ha MecTHbiö H3HK CTaTeö H3 6pHTaHCKHX ra3eT, KpHTHKyrornHX npaBHTejibCTBO Hhahh, fla>Ke b nHTHax rpH3H Ha MaH-roBbix flepeBbHx; oflHaKO H3 1038 apecTOBaHHbix no nofl03peHHio b noflCTpeKaTejibCTBe k MHTe>Ky jiHinb BocbMHflecHTH neTbipeM 6biJio npeflijHBJieHO oÖBHHeHHe.3 Ecjih fljiH OTflenbHbix jnoflen TaKHe npncTy-nbi naHHKH MorjiH HMeTb BecbMa nenajibHbie nocjieflCTBHH, to b nejioM ohh HCToniajiH pecypcbi KOJioHHajibHoro rocyflapcTBa, OTBJieKan no-jihu;hio h pa3BeflbiBaTejibHbie cjiyacöbi ot öojiee Ba>KHbix h onacHbix
BOnpOCOB H OTHHMaH OrpOMHOe KOJIHHeCTBO BpeMeHH y aflMHHHCTpa-
uhh. Ohh HHTepecHH He TOJibKO caMH no ce6e, ho h KaK OTpa>KeHHe noflcnyflHbix TpeBor h CTpaxoB KOJioHHajibHbix npaBHTejieo, a TaioKe npeflenoB hx BJiacTH Hafl noKopeHHbiM HacejieHHeM.
Yrpo>Kaion];He hjih TpeBO>KHbie cjiyxn Bcerfla oöJiaflajiH cnocoÖHO-CTbK) nopo>KflaTb rnnepTpocJjHpoBaHHyio h oiiihöohho HanpaBJieHHyio peaKu;Hio rocyflapcTBa, ho, KaK noKa3ajia 3hh CTOJiep, stot scJxJieKT
MHOrOKpaTHO yCHJIHBaeTCH B KOJIOHHajIbHOM KOHTeKCTe, rfle aflMH-
HHCTpanHH HcnbiTbiBaeT fle(J)Hi];HT nepcoHajia h njioxo pa3ÖHpaeTCH b o6m;ecTBe, KOTopoe OHa nbiTaeTCH KOHTpojinpoBaTb. 3aTpyflHeHHH KOJioHHajibHoro rocyflapcTBa pa3flejraeT h hctophk, H3yHaioii];HH ero
apXHBbl, TaK HTO Hpe3BbIHaHHO CJIO>KHO nOJiyHHTb HCHyiO KapTHHy
1 Kim A. Wagner, Thuggee: Banditry and the British in Early Nineteenth-Century India (Basingstoke, 2007), 1-12, 217-26.
' Bayly, Empire and Information, 365-76.
3 D. K. Lahiri Choudhury, 'Sinews of Panic and the Nerves of Empire: The Imagined State's Entanglement with Information Panic. India, c.1880-1912', Modern Asian Studies, xxxviii (2004), 978-82, 997.
yzpoytcamiuue ujiu mpeeojKHbLe cjiyxu ecezda oöjiadajiu cnocoÖHOcmbio nopojKÖamb
zunepmpocßupoeaHHyio u ouiuöohho HanpaejieHHyio peaKU.1110 zocydapcmea
Ha ocHOBaHHH TaKHX KOJioHHajibHbix HCTOHHHKOB, Ha KOTopbie onHpa-eTCH flaHHaH CTaTbH. Cjiyxn, npefly6e>KfleHHH h HeBe^KecTBO o6pa3yioT rycTOH TyMaH, nepe3 KOTopbiH TpyflHO, noHTH HeB03MO>KHO pa3rjiHfleTb npoiiuibie coöhthh.4 B HaineM cjiyqae, rojioca HepyccKHX ynacTHHKOB 3TOH HCTopHH flOHOCHTCH K HaM Hepe3 npH3My npoineHHH, aflpecoßaH-
HblX BJiaCTHM, hjih nOKa3aHHH CBHfleTejieH, COÖpaHHblX pOCCHHCKHMH
4 Ann Laura Stoler, ' "In Cold Blood": Hierarchies of Credibility and the Politics of Colonial Narratives', Representations, xxxvii (1992), 179-82.
50
AilEKCAHflP MOPPHCOH
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA 2'20I3
51
1 IJeHHOcmb manozo nodxoda djw noHUMüHim HapodHoü vyjib-mypu KüK oua ecmb 6huia, kük u3eecmH0, npodeMOHcmpupoeaua 3MMamo3JieM Jlepya Jlndypu, Bocnojib3oeaeiuezocM apxueaMU uhkbu3uuuu b Emmanuel LeRoy Ladurie, Montaillou: Cathars and Catholics in a French Village, 1294-1324, trans. Barbara Bray (London, 1978), u Kapjio ruH36ypzoM b Carlo Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller, trans. John and Anne Tedeschi (Baltimore, 1980). Xan-nejih 8 Nomadische Lebenswelten, 16-17, npueodum yöedumejibHbie doBodbi 8 nojihsy npuejieueuusi npomoKOJioB donpoca Oxpau-hozo omdejieuuM npu usynemiu BoccmauuR 1916 z. PasyMeemcR, nodoÖHoe ucnojib3oeauue donpo-cob conpsaiceno c onpedejieuubLMU mpyduocmxMU, ho uuozda ohu RBJisuomcR eduHcmBeuHbLM douieduiuM do uac sxom, nycmb daiice cjiaöbiM u uacancemibiM, zo-jiocoB ueKomopbix noduuueHHbix ßuzyp. Cm. manyice David Arnold,
'Rebellious Hillmen: The Gudem-Rampa Risings, 839-1924', in Ranajit Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies I: Writings on South Asian History and Society (Delhi, 1982), zdeycneuiHO 3auoeo ornKpueaem-cr ucmopuR aumuKOJioHuajibHozo conpomuBJieuuM noduuueHHbix zpynn na ocnoBanuu noumu
UCKJimUUmejlbHO KOJlOHUOJlbHblX UCmOUHUKOB.
2 B XIX 8. 8 Poccuu Ka3axoe
HeU3MeHH0 Ha3bL80JlU KUpZU-
3aMU, umo6u He nymamb ux c Ka3aKaMU. Te, kozo cezoÖHR UMeuymm Kupzu3aMU, ua3biea-jiucb «Kapa-Kupzu3bi». B daHHOü cmambe r coxpaHmo opuzuuajib-uym mepMUHOJiozuio e uumamax, ho nojibsymcb npaeujibUMMU mepMUHOMU b meKcme.
3 «FIpomoKOJi», 17 aBzycma 1898: [leHmpajibHbLÜ Tocydapcmeeu-Hbiü ApxuB PecnyöjiuKU Ka3ax-cman (donee LfTAPKa3), ß. 124, «HuMKernncKoe ye3Öuoe ynpae-jienue», on. 1, d. 7, «Mamepuajiu do3HaHun no Bonpocy mauHozo CHaöiicemiR opyiicueM uacejiemiR uuianoM X. A6dypaxMaH0BbiM, ji. 24-25o6.
' Ü3 3icajio6bi MaMÖema Kajuca-6eK0Ba BoeHHOMy zy6epuamopy CbipdapbUHCKOü oöjiacmu, 15 uwHM 1899 z.: LfTAPKas, 0.124, on.l, d.7,Ji. 8.
cjiy>KaiHHMH—nacTO c noMoiHbio nepeBOflHHKa. OflHaKO sth 3anncH h cjiyxH, KOTopbie b hhx OTpa>KeHbi, caMH no ce6e 3acjiy>KHBaioT bhh-MaHHH. OTHacTH OTToro, HTO CTpax H Hepa36epnxa TaK HaCTO OKa3bIBa-jiHCb b ocHOBe Mbicneö h neHCTBHH BJiacTeo, ho h noTOMy, hto sth hc-tohhhkh, HecMOTpH Ha Bee Hx HeflocTaTKH, MoryT HeMajio paccKa3aTb HaM o BocnpHHTHH /lyKHH HinaHa h ero HacjieflHH cpenn MecTHoro Ha-
CejieHHH H CO CTOpOHbl pyCCKHX. BblBOflbl, CflejiaHHbie Ha OCHOBaHHH T3KHX MaTepHajIOB, OCTaiOTCH, KOHeHHO, yM03pHTejIbHbIMH, HO HHOrfla
fla>Ke «penpeccHBHaH» flOKyMeHTauHH—npnpocbi, no3HaHHH, CBHfle-
TejIbCKHe nOKa3aHHH-MO>KeT nOMOHb HaM BOCCTaHOBHTb OTflejIbHbie
3JieMeHTbI HCTOpHH CHH3y.J
i. h iii a H 5kib
17 aBrycTa 1898 r., nepe3 Tpn Meoin,a nocjie Toro, KaK /TyKHH HinaH no-Beji cbohx nocjieflOBaTejieH b oöpeneHHyio aTaKy Ha pyccKHÖ rapHH30H AHflH>KaHa, HeKHH «KHprH3» (T.e. Ka3ax)2 no hmchh MaMÖeT KajiKaöe-kob H3 ayjia Nq .11 KyioKCKOH bojiocth b Ayjine-ATHHCKOM ye3fle Cbip-
flapbHHCKOH OÖJiaCTH paCCKa3ajI CTaTCKOMy COBeTHHKy A. HilbHHCKO-
My, HaxoflHBineMycH TaM c HHcneKn,HeH, CTpaHHyio HCTopnio, cjiobho HapoHHO npeflHa3HaHeHHyio fljra Toro, htoöh nepenojioniHTb kojiohh-ajibHyio aflMHHHCTpauHio.3
KajiKaöeKOB yrBep^Kflaji, hto /TyKHH HinaH pa3flaji HaceneHHio Ay-jine-ATHHCKoro ye3fla He MeHee TpexcoT pysceö fljiH nonroTOBKH hobo-to BoccTaHHH; rofl cnycra oh Bee eme ctohji Ha CBoeM. K TOMy BpeMeHH, ero paccKa3 yace noBepr aflMHHHCTpauHio b H3pHflHoe CMHTemie: «He B3HpaH Ha cnpaBefljiHBbie BpeMeHa TocyflapH HMnepaTopa, 6e3yMHbie KHprH3H oönpaioTCH, h6o BepHT, hto HinaH, KaK nOCJiaHHHK Eo>khh,
)KHB».4
MyxaMMafl Ajih Ca6np 6bui Ka3HeH KOJioHHajibHbiMH BJiacraMH 12 HioHH, nocjie ynpomeHHoro cyflonpoH3BOflCTBa, ho B03rjiaBJieHHoe
HM BOCCTaHHe OCTaBHJIO TJiyOOKHH CJiefl B naMHTH pOCCHHCKOH aflMH-
HHCTpai^HH. B aTMOccJiepe noBbiineHHOH napaHoira CTpaHHan hctophh Ka3axcKoro ocBeflOMHTejiH Ka3ajiacb BnojiHe npaBflonofloÖHOH. Kaji-KaöeKOB nepe3 nepeBOflHHKa coo6ili;hji HjibHHCKOMy, hto ero TecTb, SoraTbiH HejioBeK no hmchh AßajiöeK THJieyjineB YMapKyji, HBJineTCH
OflHHM H3 rjiaBHHX KOHCnHpaTOpOB!
Tofla neTLipe TOMy Ha3afl oh nojiyHHJi OTKyfla-TO flBa pymba h CTan yHHTbca CTpenHTb. >KeHa ero TojiKyH nacTO CMeanacb Hafl hhm h roBopmia eMy: «th c yMa conie/i, pfla Hero th y^Hinbca CTpe/iHTb Ha CTapocTH jieT»; Ha 3to oh OTBenan: <oto xopoinee fle/io, TaK npHKa3an HinaH, npncjiaBinHH MHe 3th py>KbH». H He 3Ha/i h He paccnpaniHBan, ot KaKoro HMeHHO HinaHa h pfla iero hm nojiyneHO flBa pymba. OceHbio nponmoro rofla AyjiböeK CTan pac-CKa3biBaTb b CBoefl ceMbe, rfle h h npncyTCTBOBan, hto b AHflH>KaHCKOM
ye3fle, Ha MecTHOCTH MnHt-Tiooe, npo>KHBaeT flyBaHa-HinaH MyxaMefl Ajih CaöbipoB, HejioBeK cbhtoh, KOTopoMy ynajia c He6a KaKaa-TO CBHTaa khh-ra; hto oh flenaeT nyfleca, HanpHMep, BapHT 6e3 orra nnmy b Ka3aHe, hto b KHHre toh, HanncaHO, hto ecjiH kto 6yfleT noMoraTb HinaHy b ero flejiax CBHTbix, to tot 6yfleT orpa>KfleH ot Mena, ca6jiH, h bchkoto HecnacTba; npn 3TOM AyjiböeK HHorfla h MHe coBeTOBan noyiHTbca CTpejiHTb.1
KajiKaöeKOB coo6tu;hji TaioKe, hto hckhh Tyryjioao, «HeH3BecTHbiH, 6e3nacnopTHbiH, Ty3eMeu;, capT jih, KHprH3 jih, He 3Haio», >khji y ABaji-6eKa, h hto CTapHK nacTO nocbuiaji ero b AHflH>KaH k ßyK^u HinaHy. KaK yTBep>Kflaji KajiKaöeKOB, AsajioeK TOJibKO noTOMy He npHHHJi yna-cthh b BoccTaHHH, HTO ero pyscbe B3opBajiocb Ha oxoTe h noBpeflHJio eMy rjia3, ho oh, hkoöh, yroBapHBaji KajiKaöeKOBa BMecTO Hero npn-coeflHHHTbCH k noBCTaHi^aM HinaHa. KajiKaöeKOB, no ero coöcTBeHHbiM
CJIOBaM, OTKa3ajICH, OTBeTHB, «HTO npH KoKaHflCKOM BJiaflblHeCTBe HaM
Sbuio TH>Kejiee, a Tenepb no/j; BJiacTb pyccKoro Ll^apH HaM >KHBeTCH xopo-nio cnoKOHHO». OflHa^Kflbi HOHbio HeTbipbMH MecHi^aMH paHbnie, npo-flOJi>Kaji KajiKaöeKOB cboh paccKa3, Tyryjioan npncKaKaji H3 AHflH>KaHa h, flyMaH, hto KajiKaöeKOB cnHT, cooöthhji AßajiöeKy, hto HinaH nocbi-jiaeT opyacne nepe3 ropHbie nepeBajibi H3 <DepraHCKOH flOJiHHbi, htoöh ero He oÖHapysauiH, fljiH pa3flaHH ^KejiaioinHM. KajiKaöeKOB yTBep^K-flaji, hto BHflen opy>KHe coöcTBeHHbiMH rjia3aMH: niecTb öojibniHX rpyfl, 3aBepHyTbix b bohjiok, no MeHbrneö Mepe no nHTbflecHT, a to h no cto py>KeH b Ka>KflOH. HaKOHen;, Korfla AsajioeK yBHflen, hto He MO^KeT y6e-flHTb KajiKaöeKOBa nocjieflOBaTb 3a nniaHOM, oh pa303JiHJicH, BbirHaji 3hth H3 flOMy H 3a6paji y Hero >KeHy h TpexjieTHero cbma, npeflocTaBHB KajiKaöeKOBy 3a6oTHTbCH o ero BTopoM, roflOBajioM cbme b oflHHOHec-TBe.2 Oh CKa3aji HjibHHCKOMy:
Ecjih 6yfleTe cnpaniHBaTb 06 3tom flejie KHprH30B, to Bee ohh, kohchho, noKa>KyT, hto a flypaK h 3aaBHJi HenpaBfly.    flo cero BpeMeHH 6ohjich 3a-
HBJIHTb 06 3TOM HaiajIbHHKy ye3fla, 60HJICH, HTO OH 3aKpHHHT Ha MeHH,
nporoHHT, a 3aTeM nonuieT aäkthtob cnpocHTb BOJiocTHbix ynpaBHTejien, npaBfly jih h CKa3aji, h oh noKajKyr npoTHB Mem. Y3HaB, hto Bh nocjiaHH ciofla BbicniHM HaiajibCTBOM, a nocneniHJi k BaM, htoöh 3aaBHTb o BbiineH3-
JIOJKeHHOM. H OHeHb 6oK)Cb, HTOÖbl MeHH He yÖHJIH KHpTH3bI KyiOKOBCKOH
bojiocth 3a cflejiaHHoe mhob cooömeHHe.3
1 «FIpomoKOJi», 17 aßzycma : LfLAPKa3, iß. 124, on. 1, d. 7, ji. 24; napajuiejiu ucmopuRM 0 uydecax uuiana mojicho Haümu 8 ManaKu6-u /fyicuu Huiau, A. ßou Kmzejibzeu (ped.), nep. B.A. Baöaducanoe, 163-4.
2 «FIpomoKOJi», 18 aezycma 1898: LTrAPKas, 0.124, on.l, d. 7, Ji. 24o6-25.
Tom oice, ji. 25.
Oh nonpocHJi, htoöh ero OTnpaBHJiH k poflCTBeHHHKaM b Konajib-ckhh ye3fl, flajieKO Ha ceBepo-3anafl CeMHpenbH. HjibHHCKHH Bocnpn-HHJi sth noKa3aHHH coBepuieHHO cepbe3HO. no ero croBaM: «MaMÖeT KajiKaöeKOB flaBaji noKa3aHHH tojikobo: Ha Bee Bonpocbi OTBenaji 6bi-CTpo, 6e3 bchkhx 3anHHOK. 3to npoH3Beno TaKoe BnenaTJieHHe, hto oh noKa3aji npaBfly, a He jio>k. IloKa3aHHe ero noBHflHMOMy, coBepuieHHO npaBflHBoe».4 nojiHij;eHCKHH npncTaB, nocraHHHH fljra paccreflOBa-hhh b ayji AßajiöeKa, yTBep>Kflaji, hto MecTHbie Ka3axn Ha ero Bonpo-cbi OTBenajiH yKJioHHHBO h OTKa3biBajiHCb yKa3aTb 5KHJiHine ABajiöeKa.
TaM lice, ji. 25o6.
52
AilEKCAHflP MOPPHCOH
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA 2'20I3
53
Cycßu3M, nanucjiaMU3M u UH<popMauuoHHasi nanuKa
1 «ßo3na.Hue», 19 aez. 1898: maM 3ice, ji. 26o6.
«Panopm», 20 aez. 1898: maM 3ice, ji. 28.
'• ye3ÖHbLÜ HauajibHUK Ayjiue-AmuHCKOzo ye3Öa (dajiee YH) mauiKeHmcKOMy npoKypopy, 24 Wöhr 1899: maM nee, ji. 14-14o6.
Korfla >Ke oh, HaKOHeu,, OTbicKaji ero, to oÖHapysaui, hto CTapHK fleö-
CTBHTejIbHO Jie>KHT B IIOCTejIH c TJia3HOH TpaBMOH, nojiyneHHOH H3-3a
B3opBaBinerocH pyscbH. AßajiöeK yTBepacflaji, hto oh HHKorfla He cjih-inaji o /JyKHH HniaHe h He 3HaeT, KaK ero 30bvt h rfle oh >KHBeT. Tyr >Ke b flOMe npHCTaB Hanieji h flOHb AsajiöeKa, >KeHy MaMÖeTa KajiKaöeKO-Ba, KOTopaH flajia cjieflyioinHe o6i>flCHeHHfl:
Mysc ea, MaMÖeT, b noc/ieflHee BpeMH 6pocHJi paöoTy h CTaji 3aHHMaTbCfl
Kpa>KaMH. >KhJIH ohm B OTflejIbHOH lOpTe. HtoÖH flOCTaTb MOJIOKa fl/ih CBOHX
fleTen, OHa npHHy>KfleHa 6bi/ia 6eraTb no coceflHM, t.k. ee Mysc nponaflaj] no ne/ibiM flHAM coBepineHHO He 3a6oTHCb o nponHTaHHH CBoen ceMbH. HaKOHeu, OHa peiHHJiacb 6pocHTb Mysca h yHTH k CBoeMy OTiry, Ha hto oneHb cepflHJica MaMÖeT h fla>Ke rpo3H/i yÖHTb ee, ec/iH OHa He BepHeTca k HeMy.1
riocjie 3Toro npncTaB npHKa3aji oöbicKaTb Bce lopTbi ayjia, b pe3ynb-TaTe nero 6buiH HaöfleHbi h KOHCpHCKOBaHbi HecKOJibKO pjreceö h 3anac nopoxa, xoth BJiaflejibnbi opyscHH HacTaHBajiH, hto Hcnojib30BajiH ero TOJibKO fljiH oxoTbi. Otmcthb, HTO ceMbH AsajiöeKa npH3HBajia npoKJiH-thh Ha rojioßy MaMÖeTa KajiKaöeKOBa 3a to, hto oh HaTpaBHJi Ha hhx pyccKHX, nojiHijeHCKHH peniHJi:
HeT coMHeHHH, hto noKa3aHHe MaMÖeTa ecTb pe3y/ibTaT ero OTHOineHHH k CBoeMy TecTio, ho no cöhbhhbocth onpaniHBaeMbix jihd, h no BbiineH3Jio->KeHHbiM flaHHHM MOJKHO flyMaTb, HTO b noKa3aHHH MaMÖeTa ecTb npaBfla, TeM 6ojiee, hto TpyflHO fla>Ke npnflyMaTb nofloÖHoe 3aaBJieHHe He Hinea
K TOMy HHKaKHX flaHHbIX.2
rioflnojiKOBHHK YcoB, HanajibHHK AyjiHe-ATHHCKoro ye3fla, cooö-ihhji 06 stoh hctophh b TaniKeHT, h npoKypop TaniKeHTCKoro OKpysc-Horo cyfla H. H. MmypHH noTpeöoBaji flajibHeHiiiero paccjieflOBaHHH. Oh Beneji YcoBy nponecaTb ropHyro nacTb AyjiHe-ATHHCKoro ye3fla b noHCKax opy>KHH; nepe3 rofl Ycob cooöihhji, hto y Ka3axoB oÖHapy->KeHO 6biJio 6o pysceö, ho Bce BJiaflejibnbi HacTaHBajiH Ha tom, hto opy-TKue hmh KyruieHO hjih nojiyneHO no HacjieflCTBy, a He ot HinaHa, h hc-nojib3yeTCH fljra oxoth h caM03ain,HTbi. ye3flHbm HanajibHHK OTMeTHJi,
HTO nOHCKH BejIHCb ÖblBIHHMH HJieHaMH Ty3eMHOH aflMHHHCTpaUHH
c noMoiHbio cnennajibHO HaHHTbix Ka3axoB h Bbipa3HJi coMHeHHe b hx
flOÖpOCOBeCTHOCTH, yHHTHBaH «B BHfly UpHH3 OT BCeX 3THX Ty3eMij;eB K CBOHM eflHHOBepnaM H OTCyTCTBHH CpeflH KOHeBHHKOB flOCTaTOHHO
6jiaroHafle>KHbix jihtj;», He roßopH y>Ke o tom, hto y Hero npocTO He flo-CTaBajio pecypcoB fljiH Toro, htoöh oöbicKaTb Ka>KflbiH flOM b ye3fle c Ha-ceneHHeM b 280 000 flyui.3 ßpyraa. nacTb paccneflOBaHHH 3aKJHOHajiacb b cöope fl03HaHHH 3aMeniaHHbix jihtj;. Ha sto yiiuio HeMajio BpeMeHH, nocKOJibKy KajiKaöeKOB He CHflen cno:>Ka pyKH: b nepnofl c 22 aßrycTa no 4 fleKaöpH 1898 r. oh BoceMb pa3 oöpainajicH k AyjiHe-ATHHCKOMy ye3flHOMy HanajibHHKy, h Ka>KflbiH pa3 c HecKOJibKO hhoh hjih BOBce HOBOH BepcHeö nepBOHanajibHoro paccKa3a, oöbhhhh flpyrnx Ka3axoB
b cbh3hx c /lyKHH HmaHOM hjih ynacTHH b HCJiaMCKOM 3aroBope. nocjie 3Toro ye3flHbrä HanajibHHK onpaBJiHJicH b ayjibi oÖBHHHeMbix, htoöh
flOnpOCHTb HX, HO BCe OHH HeH3MeHHO OTBeHajIH, hto 06 HmaHe HH-KOrfla He cjibimajiH h b «SepraHCKOH flOJiHHe He 6biBajiH. 25 aßrycTa KajiKaöeKOB 3aHBHJi, hto b ayjie MeKe-KaMaji, b coceflHeM Hhmkcht-ckom ye3fle, CTapbrä Ka3ax no hmchh /jHKaMÖaü BaTOB HBJiHeTca npn-Bep>KeHn;eM HinaHa h hto flBoe ero cbiHOBeö, MaMbip h LUyKyp, e3flH-jih k HeMy b «SepraHy h BepHyjiHCb c opy^KHeM. BpaTbH Bce OTpHn;ajiH h oöbicK ayjia Hmero He flaji. MecTHbie hhhobhhkh (BKJHOHan XaHa Xofl>Ky TypryHÖaeBa, MecTHoro öhh)1 Ha paccnpocbi OTBenajiH, hto hh tot, hh flpyroH Becb rofl He noKHflajiH ayjia. B cbok> onepeflb, ohh oöbhhhjih KajiKaöeKOBa b tom, hto oh BbiflyMaji bck> 3Ty HCTopnio,
HTOÖbl OTBJieHb BHHMaHHe OT Kpa>KH CKOTa, COBepUieHHOH HM B cocefl-
HeM pyccKOM cejie BbicoKoe.2 3to oÖBHHeHHe ocTajiocb 6e3 BHHMaHHH,
HeCMOTpH Ha TO (HJIH, MO^KeT 6bITb, ÖJiarOflapH TOMy), HTO OHO HCXOflH-
jio ot npeflCTaBHTejien «Ty3eMHOH aflMHHHCTpai^HH» KOJioHHajibHoro pe^KHMa, h KajiKaöeKOB npoflOJi>Kaji o6pam;aTbCH k ye3flHHM BJiacraM
C HOBbIMH HCTOpHHMH npHMepHO Ka>Kflbie flBe HeflejIH, H no Ka>KflOH
H3 hhx npoBOflHJiocb paccjieflOBaHHe. BpeMH ot BpeMeHH ero flOHOCH npHBOflHJiH k KOH(J)HCKan;HH HecKOJibKHX HejiHneH3HpoBaHHbix py>KeH, a HHorfla KajiKaöeKOB caM npHHOCHJi hx, yTBep>KflaH, hto OTo6paji y BJiaflejibu;eB.3 Bo3mo>kho, oh CTaji nojie3HHM ocßeflOMHTejieM, ho hh oflHO H3 fljiHTejibHbix paccjieflOBaHHH no ero 3aHBJieHHHM o ninpoKO pacnpocTpaHeHHOM HCJiaMCKOM 3aroBope He oÖHapy>KHJio KaKHX 6bi to hh 6biJio flOKa3aTejibCTB ero npaBOTbi.
nocjie flecaTH MecHi^eB öeciuioflHbix paccjieflOBaHHH 5 Man 1899 rofla KajiKaöeKOB oöpaTHJicH k noMom,HHKy HanajibHHKa Hhm-KeHTCKoro ye3fla, KanHTaHy apTHJUiepHH Hnjiy CepreeBHHy JIhko-uiHHy c npocböoH BTaÖHe neperoßopHTb c hhm. Oh CHOBa yTBep>Kflaji, hto /lyKHH HmaH npHCJiaji TpncTa py^Keö b Ayjine-ATHHCKHH ye3fl, h Ha 3tot pa3 3aHBHJi, HTO 29 H3 hhx HaxoflflTCH b lopTe Ka3axa no HMe-hh KeMÖaö TypaKHJiflneB. Korfla JIhkouihh npefljio>KHJi KajiKaöeKOBy
npHCOeflHHHTbCH K KOHCpHCKaUHOHHOH 3KCneflHI^HH, TOT BHe3anHO H3-
MeHHJi cboh paccKa3 h CKa3aji, hto opy>KHH TaM y>Ke HeT. Oh yMOJiHJi JlbiKoniHHa OTnycTHTb ero h flaTb eMy OTKpbiTKy c ero aflpecoM, htoöh oh Mor npHCJiaTb öojiee TOHHyio HH(J)opMan;Hio o MecTOHaxo>KfleHHH opy>KHH, He noKHflaH CBoero ayjia. JIhkouihh corjiacnjicH h flaji eMy ot-KpbiTKy; nocjie 3Toro, KaK oh Bbipa3HJicH, «6e3 bchkoto noBOfla c Moefl CTopoHbi» KajiKaöeKOB npHHHJicH yTBep>KflaTb, hto iiomhmo TaÖHHKa c opy^KHeM eMy TaioKe H3BecTHO MecTOHaxo>KfleHHe nocjiaHLi;a ot acj)-raHCKoro 3MHpa b TaniKeHTCKOM ye3fle. JlbiKoniHH nonpocnji ero 3ann-caTb Bce, hto eMy H3BecTHO, h OTnpaBHTb 3Ty HH(J)opMan;Hio BoeHHOMy ryöepHaTopy CbipflapbHHCKOH o6jiacTH, hto KajiKaöeKOB h cflejiaji: oh Hcnncaji CTpaHHi^y Ha H3biKe TiopKH, rfle coo6m;ajiocb, hto acpraHCKHH 3MHp HanpaBHJi neTbipex nocjiaHLi;eB nofl npeflBOflHTejibCTBOM HeKO-
1 Buü — cydbtt, pyKOBodcmeymmuüca nojioiiceHUXMU Ka3axocozo o6bLUHOzo npaea miu «adam».
1 «YIpomoKOJi», 25 aez. 1898: UrAPKas, 0.124, on.l, d. 7, ji. 29; BucoKoe, ocHoeaHHoe 8 1889 z., 6bmo oöhum U3 cma-peüiuux pyccKux nocejieHuü 8 pezuoue u oöhum U3 caMbix npoiieemammux: yuce e 1893 oho HacuumbLBOJio 130 do-M08, paarwHyeuiuxcx ua 4 sepcmbi edojib noumoeozo mpaKma Meyicdy HuMKZHmoM u Ayjiue-Amoü. Cm. H. Feüep, Ylo pyccKUM cejieuuMM Cupda-pbUHCKOü oöjiacmu (nucbMa cdopozu), ^iuMKeumcKuü ye3Ö (TaiuKenm, 1893), 132-3.
! «üpomoKOJi», 24 ceum. 1898, 15 OKm. 1898, 26 01cm. 1898, 30 OKm. 1898, 15 hom6. 1898, 4 deic. 1898: IjrAPKas, 0.124, on.l, 0.7, ji. 30-2.
54
AilEKCAHflP MOPPHCOH
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA 2'20I3
55
MaMÖem Kajucaöeicoe BoeHHOMy zyöepnamopy Cup-dapbuucKoü oöjiacmu, 5 Man 1899: maM 3Ke, ji. 21-21o6.
«üpomoKOJi», 7 Man 1899: maM 3ice, ji. 22-22o6.
'• Ilepeeod nemimuu MaMÖeica KajucaöeKoea eoeHHOMy zy-6epuamopy Chipdaphimacoü o6jiacmu, 15 wonn 1899: mam 3ice, ji. 7-8; oduaico nepeeoduuK cdejiaji noMemicy om moM, umo ueKomopue nacmii opuzimajia nemvaifm, HanucauHoü ua rrmpicu (ji. 9-1106 (fiaüjia), oa uexcHO-cmbK) u MajiozpaMomHocmu KajucaöeKoea ue mozjiu 6um nepeeedeHhi>.
4 Tom oice, ji. 2-4; «IJpomo-koji», 3 wojir 1899: maM nee, ji. 40o6.
' Tom oice, ji. 41-4106.
ero MyjiJibi Typaöa, h hto oh, KajiKaöeKOB, ysce yBeflOMHJi 06 stom HecKOJibKHX npeflCTaBHTejieH Ty3eMHOH aflMHHHCTpanHH, ho OTBeTa He nojiyHHJi.1 TJpnpocHB ero eine pa3, JlbiKoniHH flaji KajiKaöeKOBy 25 KoneeK h OTnycTHJi. B otjihhhc ot Bcex ocTajibHbix hhhobhhkob, flo chx nop HMeBiiiHX fleno c KajiKaöeKOBbiM, JlbiKoniHH BecbMa CKenranecKH OTHecca k ero paccKa3y:
3aflep>KaB MaMÖeTa, a aojiojkhji F. HanajibHHKy ye3fla, hto nojiyHHJi TaKoe 3aaBJieHHe ot ne/ioBeKa noBHflHMOMy He BnojiHe HopMa/ibHoro, TaK KaK MaMÖeT roBopHT He CBeTHO, He o6cTOHTe/ibHO oÖMCHyeT pa3 CKa3aHHoe no OTflejibHbiM BonpocaM h caM 3aaBJiaeT, hto KnprH3bi CHHTaioT ero no-MeinaHHbiM.2
B03M05KHO,  HMeHHO C03HaHHe TOrO,  HTO JlblKOIHHH He npHHHJI
ero Bcepbe3, 3acTaBHJio KajiKaöeKOBa HanncaTb eine oflHy fljiHHHyio neTHUHK» (coöcTBeHHHM pa3ManiHCTHM nonepKOM) ryöepHaTopy
CbipflapbHHCKOH OÖJiaCTH 15 HKDHH 1899 T., rfle OH nOBTOpHJI MHOrHe H3 CBOHX npeflblflyiHHX 3aHBJieHHH O TOM, HTO MHorne Ka3aXH ÖyflTO 6bl
yßepeHbi, hto HinaH >khb h totobht HOBoe BoccTaHHe npoTHB pyccKHX, floöaBHB oÖBHHeHHe b HanafleHHH Ha aflMHHHCTpaTopa MaÖJiHKeHT-
CKOH BOJIOCTH. JIlOÖOnblTHO, HTO 3fleCb OH He CTajI nOBTOpHTb 3aHBJie-
hhh o nocjiaHuax acjjraHCKoro 3MHpa.3
ii. i1ph3PAK nAHHCJIAMH3MA
Ben 3to hctophh 3anyTajiacb eine öojibine, Korfla 3 hkdjih 1899 r. JlbiKoniHH h npoKypop TaniKeHTCKoro o6jiacTHoro cyfla H.H. MnnypHH OTnpaBHJiHCb b pyccKoe ceno BbicoKoe nofl Hhmkchtom (rfle KajiKaöe-kob npeflnojio>KHTejibHO BopoBaji ckot), htoöh paccjieflOBaTb HaöfleH-Hoe TaM TaHHCTBeHHoe nncbMO. CTapocTa JleB TepexoB cooöihhji hm,
HTO flBOe KpeCTbHH nO HMeHH AKHM CojIOBbHHOB H MaKCHM EajianKHH
noniJiH b coceflHee Ka3axcKoe cejieHHe HaKnaK (ayji, rfle npo>KHBaji TecTb KajiKaöeKOBa, AßajiöeK THJieyjiHeB) KynHTb KyMbic h yBHflejiH Ka3axcKoro MajibHHKa, xoflHBinero ot ropTbi k ropTe c kjiohkom 6yMa-rn. Ohh b3hjih y Hero 6yMa>KKy Ha caMOKpyTKH, ho yBHfleB, hto TaM hto-to HanncaHO h ctoht nenaTb, peniHJiH, hto OHa MO^KeT 6biTb cbh-3aHa co cjiyxaMH o Ka3axcKOM MHTe>Ke.4 üo flopore oöparao b flepeB-hk> ohh BCTpeTHJiH Be3flecyniero MaMÖeTa KajiKaöeKOBa, KOTopoMy ohh noKa3ajiH nncbMO, nocKOJibKy oh 6bui rpaMOTeH, h oh CKa3aji hm (no-pyccKH, no hx cjioßaM), hto <oto KHprH3bi coönpaioTCH pe3aTb Bac, pyccKHX, a nepBbrä AßBajiböeK». üocjie stoto KajiKaöeKOB cooöihhji oflHOMy h3 hhx, hto Ka3axH nojiyHHJiH öojibine thchhh py>KeH. CTapo-CTa HeMefljieHHO OTnpaBHJi fljiHHHHH othct ye3flHHM BJiacraM, 3aneM h noc/ieflOBaji BH3HT JlbiKoniHHa c npoKypopoM.5 Ha npHMbie paccnpo-cbi oflHH h3 KpecTbHH, npoTHBopena paccKa3y CTapocTbi, OTBenaji, hto
nncbMO k hhm nonajio He ot Ka3axcKoro MajibHHKa, a ot caMoro Kaji-KaöeKOBa. OflHaKO no BepcHH BToporo KpecTbHHHHa, b ayjie k hhm no-flornen Ka3axcKHÖ MajibHHniKa h, Korfla ero cnyTHHK cnpocnji «Kara3 6ap?» («öyMara ecTb?»), flaji hm nncbMo; oh TaKsce noKa3aji, hto Kaji-KaöeKOB npoHHTaji hm nncbMO Bc^yx «no-capTOBCKH», ho He nepeßeji, a npocTO Bejieji othccth ero CTapocTe.1 HenocneflOBaTejibHOCTb b sthx paccKa3ax npoHCHHJiacb, Korfla BocbMHJieTHHH flOHb CTapocTbi AHHa JlbBOBHa TepexoBa flajia Ha yflHBJieHHe CBH3Hbie noKa3aHHH, KOTopbie, flOJi>KHO 6biTb, HeMajio CMyTHJiH ee poflHTejien:
Tom Jice, ji. 44o6, 45o6.
3Toro MaMÖeTa h 3Haio b jihij,o, oh H3peflKa 6biBan y Hac b tocthx, ho ot otd,a h He cnbixana, 6biBan-jiH oh b tocthx y MaMÖeTa. üpn nepeflane 3a-nncKH Akhm o6t>hchhji, hto b HeM CKa3aHO o HaMepeHHH KHprH3 pe3aTb pyccKHX. MaTb h h KaK ycnbixann 3th cnoBa, HcnyranHCb h 3apeBejiH. B tot-me fleHb nocnann 3a MaMÖeTOM, oh npHexan h npn MHe, OTiie, MaTepH h 6a6yniKe co3Hanca, hto oh nepeflan 3anHCKy AraiMy h npocnji HHKOMy He CKa3biBaTb, hto 3anHCKa nojiyneHa ot Hero, a CKa3aTb hto nojiyHHJiH ot KHprH3CKHX ManbHHKOB. EIpH 3tom MaMÖeT nepeflan otd,y MHoro 6y-Ma>KHbrx fleHer, 3th fleHbrn pa3flejiHJiH Me>Kfly coöoh OTeii, Akhm Cojio-BbHHOB, MaKCHM Banaij,KHH, nncapb /(aHHHJi Be3fleTKOB h BenepoM y Hac b flOMe BOflKy MHoro Hapofla BOflKy hochjih OTKyfla-TO.
nbiTaHCb cnacTH nojio>KeHHe, MaTb fleBOHKH 3aHBHJia, hto «ÜOKa-3aHHe Moeö flonepn Ahhh coBeprneHHO HeBepHO, BepoHTHO, no Majio-jieTCTBy OHa Hcnyrajiacb h HaroBopHJia B3flopa».
CaMa AHHa, OHeBHflHO, noc^e cooTBeTCTByioiHero pa3roßopa c Ma-Tepbio, «flonojiHHTejibHO noKa3HBajia: no fleny HHHero He 3Haio, nep-Boe noKa3aHHe flajia, c ncnyry». Xoth ee OTen, h KpecTbHHe TaioKe nbi-TajiHCb onpoBeprHyrb ee cjioBa, ohh flenajiH sto c hbhhm CMymeHHeM h HeyBepeHHOCTbio.2 TaÜHoe CTajio hbhhm h, KaK hcho bhaho H3 ot-neTa JlbiKoniHHa, oh y>Ke Torfla peniHJi, hto nncbMO HanncaHO caMHM KajiKaöeKOBbiM.3
CooTBeTCTBeHHO, oh HeMefljieHHO OTnpaBHJich b ayji KajiKaöeKOBa b KyioKCKOH bojiocth, ho nTHHKa ycnejia ynopxHyTb. MaTb MaMÖe-Ta, CbiMÖaT KajiKaöeKOBa, Tenepb y>Ke btophhho 3aMy>KeM, 3aHBHJia, hto flaBHO He BHflejia cbma: b Mae, floöaBHJia OHa, «HapoflHbiü cyflbH» (to ecTb 6hh) bojiocth, XaH Xofl>Ka TypryHÖaeB, hbhjich k hhm b co-
npOBO^KfleHHH nHTH pyCCKHX KpeCTbHH H3 BblCOKOTO, BKJIIOHaH CTapo-
CTy, KOTopbrä npHHHJicH ÖHTb KajiKaöeKOBa 3a to, hto oh CKa3aji hm, SyflTO TypryHÖaeB 3HaeT, rfle HaxoflHTCH TbicHHa py^Keö, cnpHTaHHbix ye3flHHMH Ka3axaMH. OHa flajia hm 8 pyöjieö, htoöh ohh nepecTajiH ÖHTb ero, nocjie nero KajiKaöeKOB yexaji b Ayjine-ATy h c Tex nop OHa ero He BHflejia. üocjie 3Toro JlbiKoniHH flonpocnji 6hh TypryHÖaeBa,
KOTOpblH 3aHBHJI, HTO CTapOCTa BblCOKOTO OÖpaTHJICH K HeMy b CBH3H
c TeM, hto, no cjioßaM KajiKaöeKOBa, oh CKpbiBaji HajiHHHe opy^KHH b ye3fle. Bhh OTpHn;aji sto oÖBHHeHHe h npefljio>KHJi BMecTe OTnpa-
1 Tom Jice, ji. 46-47o6; 5 umjin 1899: maM nee, ji. 6O06.
! H. C. JlbLKOlUUH,
«nocmaHOßjiemie Ne 2»,
4 wojui 1899: maM nee, ji. 48.
56
AilEKCAHflP MOPPHCOH
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA 2'20I3
57
1 «ripomoKOJi Ns 2»; u «Tlpomo-KOJi ocMompa», 4 mojm 1899: maM 3ice, ji. 49-52o6.
2 Tym ueKomopasi nymauu-ija: e nio epeMM 3MupoM A0zauucmaua 6bui 'A6d ajib-PaxMciH XaH, yMepuiuů e 1901 z. Xaôuôyjuia — srno ezo CMH, ho A6d ajib-PaxMaH Xau e noaiednue zodu 3icu3HU nacrno ôojieji u Xaôuôyjuia, BuduMO, UHOzda eunojiHsui KaKue-mo 0ynKuuu npaejie-
HUR.
3 «Cymmu» (eo3Hazpa3icdeHue) daemcx morny, lano npuôbteaem k adpecamy c xopouieů eecmbK) (nucbMOM). To ecmb, e dannoM cjiyuae, Hazpady nojiyuiui AxMad.
4 PyccKoe npou3HouieHue UMeuu KaK «Aeeaji-6eK» HemouHoe.
5 LTTAPKas, 0. 124, on. 1,
d. 7, ji. 4-4o6. H ôjiazodapm KuMypy Camopy u Baxmuxpa BaôadiicaHoea 3a smom nepe-Bod c opuzuHajia, Komopuu HecKOJibKO omjiuuaemcsi om pyccKozo nepeeoda e apxue-HOM dejie.
6 HbíKouiuH CaMapicaudacoMy YH, 26 aez. 1899: UTAPKas, 0. 124, on. 1, d. 7, ji. 142-142o6; CaMapicandoaiů YH HbíKouiuny, 20 OKm. 1899 z.: mam 3ice, ji. 127-127o6.
1 TauiKenmcKuů YH, 30 horô. 1898: mam líce, ji. 35-6.
! TejiezpaMMa om HuKOJibCKO-zo (?), TauiKeum, JIuKoumny, 8 mojm 1899 z.: maM líce, ji. 74.
' «/Jo3Hamie Ns 7», 5 umjm 1899 z.: maM nee, ji. 6I-6I06.
BHTbCH K KajIKaÖeKOBy H BblflCHHTb, HTO OH HMejI B BHfly. ÜBHBIIIHCb
b ayji, pyccKHe nocejieHUbi fleocTBHTejibHO HaöpocmiHCb Ha KajiKaöe-KOBa h He npeKpaniajiH ero ÖHTb, noxa hm He 3aiuiaTHJiH (xoth 6hö yT-Bep>Kflaji, hto sto oh flaji hm Te caMbie 8 pyöjieö). JIhkoiiihh oöbicKaji K)pTy KajiKaöeKOBa, ho HHHero He Hainen.1
3aTeM JlbiKoniHH 3aHJUicH 3araflOHHbiM nncbMOM, KOTopoe CTajio npeflMeTOM npHCTajibHoro H3yneHHH (cm. Puc. 2). Oho öbiJio HanncaHO
Ha H3bIKe, KOTOpblÖ pyCCKHe Ha3bIBajIH «Ty3eMHbIM»-flOBOJIbHO mn-
poKO pacnpocTpaHeHHOM cpeflHea3HaTCKOM BapnaHTe TiopKH, ot HMe-HH acJ)raHCKoro 3MHpa; noflnncb 3MHpa (jjHrypHpoBajia b KOHue TeKCTa (KaK «XaÖHÖyjiJia CyjiTaH») h Ha nenara, Ha oöopoTe jiHCTa (KaK «Xa-ÖHÖyjiJia A6fl ajib-PaxMaH-xaH») ?
Oh (A/i/iax)—TBopeii! >KHTejiHM ÄBJíHÍia-aTa Mmmkchtckoh [bq/iocth] Abvji-öhk CLiH TmiaBa, /J>KaH3aK Cy(|>H clih Ey/pKaKa (h) 'Ann Xo/pKa Hnia-Hy: nocbuiaio BaM BecTOHKy (naííaM-HaMa). B03HarpaflHJi (cvhvhhh)3 npHineflinero ot Bac AxMafla CLma H/iryHa, nepeflaBinero ot Bac npHBeT-CTBeHHoe nncbMO (ca/iaM-HaMa) h oraacHBinero ero. no3HaKOMHJi neT-BepLix ne/ioBeK nofl Hana/ioM Myjina Typaöa c ojhhm ne/ioBeKOM, KOTopLiŕl 6lui H3 Jiiofleŕi npn AByji-ÖHKe4 h npHKa3a/i hm: «Bli nepeflaflHTe noc/iaH-HLie HaMH py>KbH h caöJiH TeM, kto npocHJi Hx fljiH CBflmeHHoií BoíÍHLi (ra-3aT)». Moe c/ioBO (cy3yM)—'Aöflaraax CyjiTaH.5
Bce npeflnpHHHTbie b nocjieflyioinHe MecHu;bi nonbiTKH BbmcHHTb, kto TaKOH MyjiJia Typaö h rfle oh >KHBeT, hh k neMy He npHBejiH. Ilpo-meji cjiyx, hto oh b CaMapKaHfle, h JlbiKoniHH nocjiaji 3anpoc ye3flHO-My HanajibHHKy CaMapKaHfla—6e3pe3yjibTaTHo.6 AxMafl HjiryH orjibi (HjibryHOB) OKa3ajicH Ka3axoM H3 TaniKeHTCKoro ye3fla, npocHfleBniHM
HeKOTOpOe BpeMH B TIOpbMe, H KTO-TO (ßepOHTHO, MHHypHH) OTbICKajI
ero CTapyio neTHi^Hio h 5KejrqHyio 3anncKy TaniKeHTCKoro ye3flHoro Ha-najibHHKa, rfle AxMafl npeflCTaBJieH KaK
HejioBeK b BLicineH CTeneHH HpaBCTBeHHO HcnopneHHHH h, KaK 3HaiomHH pyccKHÍí H3LIK nHCbMeHHO, npHHafljie)KHT k HHcny caMLix BpeflHLix Jirofleii Sna HacejieHHH BBepeHHoro MHe ye3fla, HCKnioHHTejibHoe ero 3aHHTHe co-CTaBJiaeT nncaHHe npoineHHH K/iay3Horo xapaKTepa.7
CnpaBKH, HaBefleHHbie BnocjieflCTBHH JlbiKoniHHbiM, noKa3ajiH, hto
oh HaXOflHTCH b CMHpHe, b OCMaHCKOH AH3TOJIHH, HTO BnOJIHe MOrjIO
pa3flyTb onaceHHH naHHCJiaMCKoro 3aroBopa.8 OcTajibHbie Tpoe öbiJiH Ka3axaMH HHMKeHTCKoro ye3fla, h JlbiKoniHH He npeMHHyji flonpo-CHTb hx, HanaB flßyMH ahhmh no3>Ke c Tecra KajiKaöeKOBa, AßajiöeKa,
KOTOpblÖ JIHnib nOBTOpHJI TO, HTO oh CaM h erO flOHb CO061HHJIH Ha-
najibHHKy nojiHLi;hh rofl TOMy Ha3afl: hto KajiKaöeKOB 3aTaHJi Ha Hero 3Jio6y H3-3a pa3BajiHBinerocH 6paKa h cnopa no noBOfly KajibiMa, h no-jKajioBajicH Ha to, hto sth paccnpocbi no3opHT ero h ero flOHb.9 One-
Uralte irřVSl^ k*
Kapmu
s deucmeuu.
06pa3u
npocmpaHcmea
u zeozpacßimecKaR
peajibHocmb
Puc. 2. TIpednojiazaeMoe acßzauacoe nucbMO u ommucK neuamu, mkoôu npuHadjieiicaeuieů Xaôuôyjuie A6d ajib-PaxMau-xauy. IleHmpajibHbíů zocydapcmeeHHbíů apxue PecnyôjiuKU Ka3axcmau (ĹTTAPKas), 0. 124, on. 1, d. 7, ji. 4-4o6. TlyôjiuKyemcR
c O0UUUOJlbHOZO
pa3peuieHUR IleHmpajibHozo zocydapcmeeuHozo apxuea PecnyôjiuKU Ka3axcmau.
58
AjIEKCAHflP MOPPHCOH
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA 2'20I3
59
1 H. C. JIbiKoiuuH, «IlocmaHOB-jienue Ns .4», 5 umjw 1899: moM nee, ji. 61o6-64.
2 JIbiKoiuuH enocjiedcmeuu nucaji, umo dance ecjiu pyccKue uuhobhuku BJiadejiu MecmubiMU uapeuuRMU, nepeeoduuKU 6buiu ocoóeuHO nojie3Hbi npu npoeedeuuu donpocoe, nocKOJibKy ohu mozjiu 3adaeamb 3apauee nodzomoejieuHbie eonpocu na mmpKCKOM, a uuhobhuk npu 3moM cam nepeeoduji omeembi u 3anucbieaji ux no-pyccKU. 3mo npojiueaem donojiHumejibHbiů ceem
Ha mo, KaK coóupajiucb maKue noKa3auusi. H. JImko-uiuh, «0 3Hanuu my3eMHbix Hapeuuů», e H. Jl. Hzejuio (ped.), CóopnuK MamepuajioB no eonpocy 06 usyuenuu my-
3eMHblX M3MK0B CJiy3ICaW,UMU
no BoeHHO-HapoduoMy ynpaB-jieHuio TypKecmaucKozo Kpasi, (TauiKeHm, 1905), 92-3.
3 /Jadxa — 6yKBajibH0, npo-cmw,uu cnpaBedjiuBocmu, ho 8 daHHOM aiyuae — npo-cmo cpeduuii panz b cyde6uou uepapxuu, cm. The Life of 'Alimqul: A Native Chronicle of Nineteenth-Century Central Asia, ed. and trans. Timur K. Beisembiev (London, 2003), 18 n. 9.
4 «FIpomoKOJi Ns 5», 8 umjm 1899 z.: LTTAPKas, <f>. 124, on. 1, d. 7, ji. 64o6 — 66.
60
BHflHO, flBoe flpyrnx TaKsce 6buiH H3BecTHbi JIbiKoniHHy: oflHH, >KaH3aK EyscaKOB, 6bui cyflbeň b coceflHeň EypajiflaeBCKoň bojiocth; BTopoň, KOToporo JIbiKoniHH Ha3biBaji «A(J)axofl>KHHOB», ynoMHHyT b neTHn,HH KajiKa6eKOBa ot 15 hkdhh KaK tot, kto BMecre c 6paTOM Xaji-Xofl>Koň A(J)axofl>KHHOBbiM 3HaeT, rfle cnpHTaHO opyscne, nocjiaHHoe HinaHOM. Bee Tpoe, KaK nncaji JIbiKoniHH, npo>KHBajiH b o^hom paňoHe Me>Kfly EypajiflaňcKHMH ropaMH h peKoň Apbic. Hto6h 3acraTb hx Bpacruiox, oh npoflenaji Becb nyTb Tyfla b HOHb c 5 Ha 6 hkwih fljiH npoBefleHHJi paccjieflOBaHHH, ho o6hck iopT HHHero He flaji.1 Hepe3 flBa ahh Bee Tpoe SbiJiH flonporneHbi b KaĎHHeTe JIbiKoniHHa b HHMKeHTe b npncyTCTBHH caMoro JIbiKoniHHa, MnnypHHa h nepeBOflHHKa.2 IHecTHflecHTHOflHO-jieTHHH >KaH3aK EyscaKOB, cjiyscHBniHň aflMHHHcrpaTopoM b Eypaji-flaeBCKoň bojiocth npe>Kfle, neM CTaTb cyflbeň, 3aHBHJi, hto He y3Ha-eT nenara h hto hh c MyjiJioň Typa6oM, hh c AxMaflOM HjibryHOBbiM, hh c ABaji6eKOM oh He3HaKOM. Oh Bbipa3HJi yBepeHHOCTb, hto 3Ta KJie-BeTa—flejio pyK ero BJiHHTejibHoro Bpara, 6biBinero aflMHHHCTpaTopa coceflHeň MarnaTCKoň bojiocth, Hch EaTbip6eKOBa, cbraa EaTbip6eKa /Jaflxa,3 3aHHMaBinero BbicoKoe nojio>KeHHe npn KoKaHflCKOM npaB-jieHHH flo poccnňcKoro 3aBoeBaHHH. EyacaKOB yTBep>Kflaji, hto nocjie yBOJibHeHHH 3a Koppynn,Hio b 1887 r. Hca BMecTe c chhom 3aHHMajicsi Kpa>Keň CKOTa h npaKTHHecKH tioctohhho npo>KHBaji He b CBoeM ayjie, a b HHMKeHTe h b 6jiH3Jie>KaineM CBHineHHOM ropoflKe CaňpaMe. Ilpn 3TOM oh flo6aBHJi:
B HHMKeHTe h CaiipaMe ecTb TaKHe MacTepa, KOTopbie MoryT noflflejibiBaTb nenaTH h, no cjiyxaM, Xanxo/pKa A(|>axofl>KHHOB Tome 3aHHMaeTca c Hch
3THMH flejiaMH.4
He3aBHCHMO ot npo6jieMbi «acJ)raHCKoro nncbMa», 3Ta HH(J)opMa-tj;hh HMejia HecoMHeHHbiň KpHMHHajibHbiň HHTepec, nocKOJibKy nofl-flejibHbie nenara dhbiuhx BJiacTHTejieň h Ka3HeB Hcnojib30BajiHCb fljiH (J)ajibCH(J)HKarj;HH aKTOB o codctbchhocth Ha 3eMJiio h BaKy(J)OB, flara-poBaHHbix flo poccnňcKoro 3aBoeBaHHH; hmchho stot acneKT noKa3a-HHň >KaH3aKa EyscaHOBa oco6eHHO 3aHHTepecoBaji JIbiKoniHHa. Ylsi-THflecHTHJieTHHň AjiH Xofl>Ka A(J)axofl>KHHOB, npo^KHBaBmnn b tom >Ke ayjie, noflflep>Kaji oĎBHHeHHH EyscaKOBa b aflpec Hch EaTbip6eKOBa, flo6aBHB, hto ero MJiaflirmn 6paT, Xaji-Xofl>Ka, CBH3ajicH c nocjieflHHM, HecMOTpH Ha Bee nonbiTKH OTroBopHTb ero, b pe3yjibTaTe Hero 6paTbH CTajiH BparaMH. CopoKanHTHJieTHHň Xaji-Xofl>Ka A(J)axofl>KHHOB, npo-BeflniHň HeKOTopoe BpeMH b TiopbMe, coo6thhji, hto flByMH MecHrj;aMH paHbine k HeMy hbhjich MaMĎeT KajiKa6eKOB h 3aHBHJi, hto ero nocjia-
Jia pOCCHňCKaH aflMHHHCTpaUHH flJIH nOHCKa H H3T>HTHH opysoiH. Hh-
nero He HaňflH b ero ropTe, oh yrnen h, no cjioBaM Xaji-Xofl>KH, 6ojibme He noHBJiHJicH. Ha Bonpoc, kto mot HanncaTb nncbMO hjih CKpenHTb ero nenaTbio, oh otbcthji:
A^EKCAHflP MOPPHCOH
Hca BaTbip6eKOB paHbine 3aHHMajica nofloĎHHMH flejiaMH h 3aKa3biBaji noflnojKHaa nenaTH y Myjma Ma- [MyxaMMafl] tOcyc^a, >KHBymaro b cen. CaiipaM, 6jih3 mghgth xKapoji-BaiisaBH)).1
JIbiKoniHH HeMefljieHHO OTnpaBHJi CBoero cocjiy>KHBi];a, niTa6c-KanHTaHa PyKHHa, o6bicKaTb ropTy Hch EaTbip6eKOBa, a caM nocne-niHJi b CaňpaM, nofl Hhmkcht. TaM oh CHanajia neperoBopHJi c bojioct-hhm aflMHHHCTpaTopoM, KOTopbiň coo6m;HJi, hto Hca EaTbip6eKOB h Xaji-Xofl>Ka A(J)axofl>KHHOB HeflaBHO BMecTe no6biBajiH b CaňpaMe h paccnpaniHBajiH, rfle mo>kho HaňTH pe3HHKa nenaTeň Myjuiy MyxaM-Mafla K)cy4>a MyxaMMafla LUyKypoBa.2 B flOMe nocneflHero, KOTopbiň TaioKe HBJiHJicH HMaMOM 6jiH3Jie>Kani;eň Menera Ka3HH Eaň3aBH, JIbiKoniHH Haineji, HaKOHen;, Koe-KaKHe yjiHKH: LUyKypoB noKa3aji eMy ot-nenaTKH Bcex Bbipe3aHHbix hm nenaTeň, CTpeMHCb flOKa3aTb, hto hh-Korfla He flejiaji Hmero noxo>Kero Ha npeflnojiaraeMyio nenaTb 'A6fl ajib-PaxMaHa XaHa; ho JIbiKoniHH 3aMeTHJi oflHy KopoĎKy, KOTopyio LUyKypoB nbiTajicH CKpbiTb: b Heň, Ha noBepKy, OKa3ajiHCb nenaTH «6biBniHX MycyjibMaHCKHX BJiacTHTeneň». Ee OTBe3JiH b Hhmkcht fljia paccjieflOBaHHH. Ha flonpoce pe3HHK nenaTeň >KajioBajicH, hto flejia nonuiH ruioxo nocjie toto, KaK pyccKHe BBejiH h HaBH3ajiH cpeflH Ka3H-eB h 6neB TypKecTaHa Hcnojib30BaHHe nenaTeň rocyflapcTBeHHoro H3-roTOBJieHHH.3 nosTOMy, HecMOTpH Ha to, hto noHanajiy oh OTKa3biBaji-ch Bbipe3aTb fljiH Hch EaTbip6eKOBa nenaTb XyflOHp XaHa, nocneflHero npaBHTejiH KoKaHfla, npefljio>KeHHaH n;eHa b 5 py6jieň cepe6poM OKa-3ajiacb cjihuikom co6jia3HHTejibHoň. OflHaKO LUyKypoB KaTeropmecKH OTpHu;aji KaKoe-jiH6o OTHomeHHe k noflflejiKe nenaTH A6fl ajib-PaxMaH XaHa, h 3aHBHJi, hto nenaTH, o6Hapy>KeHHbie JIbiKoniHHOM b KopoĎKe,
He HMeiOT HHKaKOň Ba^KHOCTH.4
Me>Kfly TeM, o6hck ropTbi Hch EaTbip6eKOBa HHHero He flaji, a caM oh KaK b BOfly KaHyji. EaTbip6eKOB h3jio>khji cbok> Bepcnio co6biTHň jiHnib 4 aBrycTa, Korfla oh npncjiaji BJiacraM neTHn,Hio (HanenaTaH-Hyio Ha ManiHHKe, npmeM no-pyccKH, h TOJibKO noflnncb ero b koh-u;e nncbMa 6buia cflejiaHa apa6cKoň BH3bio, hto noKa3HBaeT, hto oh HMeji onpeflejieHHbiň onbiT b TaKHX flejiax). B neTHn,HH EaTbip6eKOB yKa3HBaji, hto oh 25 jieT npocjiyacnji aflMHHHCTpaTopoM MamaTCKoň bojiocth, nojiyqnji MHoroHHCJieHHbie MeflajiH h Harpaflbi (oh oco6eHHO o6pam;aji BHHMaHHe Ha to, hto oflHa H3 TaKHX Harpafl nojiyneHa hm He-nocpeflCTBeHHO ot n,apH),5 h ropbKO >KajioBajicH Ha o6hck ropTbi b ero OTcyrcTBHe, hto ono3opHJio ero b rjia3ax cocefleň h poccnňcKoň aflMH-HHCTpanHH. KaK h cjieflOBajio o>KHflaTb, oh yTBep>Kflaji, hto c MaM6e-tom KajiKa6eKOBbiM He3HaKOM, h hto ero hmh npnnjiejiH k 3TOMy fleny ero nojiHTHHecKHe Bparn b cbh3h c TeM, hto oh Ha3biBaji «napTHňHoň poflOBoň Bpa>Kfloň»—o6biHHoe HBJieHHe cpeflH Ka3axoB.6 JIhkouihh c npoKypopoM cmotjih flonpocHTb EaTbip6eKOBa Jinnib 4 ceHra6pH: oh npoflOJi>Kaji Bee OTpHn,aTb h CKa3aji, hto Xaji-Xofl>Ka AcjjaxofljKHHOB cjiy-
1 Tom nee, ji. 66-67o6; na comom dejie, 8 smoM doKymenme Meuemb ouiuóouho Ha3eaua «Kapoji BaŮ3aeu», ho b noica3a-husix LUypyKOBa ona o6o3Ha-ueua npaBUJibuo KaK Meuemb <Ka3uů BaŮ3aBu'. Meuemb 6buia pa3pyuieua b CoBemcKuů nepuod u cmosim,ee ua ee Mecme 3dauue (u3Becmuoe KaK Meuemb LOcyifia CaupaMu) 6buio nocmpoeuo nocjie 1991 z. Oho Haxodumcsi B03Jie MaB30Jien Ka3un BaŮ3aBU, Komopozo Mup AxMad MupxajidapoB, asmop CaůpaM Tapuxu (HuMKenm, 1991) — nocjied-
HeŮ KOMnUJUlUUU CBMW,eHHOŮ
ucmopuu CaůpoMa na y3-6eKCK0M R3blKe, 8 pa3zo8ope co mhou oxapaKmepu3oeaji KaK nojiyjiezeudapuozo npaeumejm pezuoua 8 cpedueM meueuuu Cbip-/Japbu eXeeKe — 803-m03kh0, smo oh ynoMUHaemai nod UMeneM Mayjiana Kym6 Ajib-JLuH 'AjuiaMa BaŮ3aeu 8 Devin DeWeese, 'Sacred History for a Central Asian Town: Saints, Shrines, and Legends of Origin in Histories of Sayram,18'h-19h Centuries', Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, lxxxix-xc (2000), http:/'/remmm.revues. org/283, xl 17. Xpauumejib-Huu,a Mae30Jiesi CKa30Jia, umo ezo maioice omooicdecmejisuom c 31CU8UIUM 8 XIX eeice KosueM (ona ucnojib3oeajia otpuuu-OJlbHblU pyccKuu mepMuu «HapodHbiů cydbR»), Komopuu, cydsi no eceMy, 6bui ueueu-u,eM, nonaewuM e CaůpaM uepe3 Xopacau. H 6jiazodapm Mupa AxMada Mupxajidapoea, o6%sicHUBUiezo Mue cjioycnym ucmopuio smozo 3dauusi, u Beampuue Henamu, pac-enpocuemym no Moeů npocbóe xpauumejibHuuy Mae30Jiesi, Komopasi zoeopujia mojibKO no-y36eKCKU.
' «npomoKOJi N- 6», 8 umjm 1899 z.: UTAPKas, 0. 124, on. 1, d. 7, ji. 69-70.
HcCÍIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA 2'20I3
6l
Cytpu3M, namicjiaMU3M u UH<popMauuoHHasi nanuKa
1 «ripomoKOJi Ns 9», 4 cenm. 1899: mou otce, ji. 98.
'■ Bo3mo3kho, smo mom caMbiů «CyjimaH AxMad Xau *1um-KaudjiuK», Komopuu e 1911 z. onyójiuKoeaji cepim cmuxoe, KpumuKymuaix /fyicuu Hiua-Ha, e 82 Bhinyace otpuuuajib-hoů mmpK0M3bíUH0Ů za3emu TypKucmau BuxasimuHUHZ za3emu, Bocnpou3BedeHHbte Ha caůme http://zerrspiegel. orientphil.uni-halle.de/t470. html; srno oduu U3 meiccmoB, paccMampuBaeMbix b Erkinov, Andijan Uprising of 1898, 36.
«npomoicoji», 11 cenm. 1899 z.: IjrAPKas, (p. 124, on. 1, d.7,Ji. 106-106 06.
' Ayjiue-AmuHCKUů YHJIu-KoiuuHy, 12 wojw 1899 z.: mam nee, ji. 8I-8I06.
tkuji y Hero ceKpeTapeM, ho nepeineji Ha CTopoHy «k Bpa>Kfle6HOH MHe napTHH, h h ero yBOJiHJi». Oh yTBep>Kflaji, hto MyxaMMafl KDcycJ) TaK-yue npHHafljie>KHT k HHCJiy ero BparoB h HecKOJibKHMH roflaMH paHb-ine noflflejiaji ero, BaTbip6eKOBa, nenaTb b xofle onepeflHOH «Me>Knap-thhhoh» ycoĎHUbi, h HTO oh He 6bui y Hero ysce mhoto jieT. Korfla >Ke eMy npeflijHBHJiH noKa3aHHH MyxaMMafla K)cy4>a h Xaji-Xofl>KH, oh H3MeHHJi CBOK) BepcHio h npH3Haji, HTO b KaMnaHHH nocjieflHero OH fleňcTBHTejibHO no6biBaji b flOMe MyxaMMafla K)cy4>a HecKOJibKO He-flejib TOMy Ha3afl, ycTynHB ero HacroHHHHM npHHTH Ha naň, ho yineji npe>Kfle, neM HanajiHCb KaKHe-jin6o pa3roBopbi o flejiax, ocTaBHB TaM Xaji-Xofl>Ky. /Jonpoc 3aKOHHHJicH Ha jno6onbiTHOH, ho HeonpeflejieH-hoh HOTe: Ha Bonpoc, He 6buio jih c hhm fl>KHrHTa (T.e. TejioxpaHHTena hjih nocbuibHoro), BaTbip6eKOB otbcthji, hto ero fleňcTBHTejibHO co-npoBO>Kflaji fl^KHrHT.
Ha Bonpoc, «He MaM6eT-jiH?», CBHfleTejib paccMea/ica, noTOM CKa3a/i, hto «He MaM6eT», h He oďmchhji, npHHHHH noneMy ynoMHHaHHe o MaMĎeTe BbI3Ba/io B HeM CMex.1
Bojibine HHHero floĎHTbca He yflajiocb—hh ot hhx, hh ot Ka3axoB BypajiflaeBCKOH bojiocth, KOTopbie b otbct Ha paccnpocbi JlbiKoniHHa Bee OTpnijajiH, a flajibHeňiiiHH o6hck b jkhjihihc BaTbip6eKOBa TaK^Ke OKa3ajicH 6e3pe3yjibTaTHbiM.
HaKOHeu;, 11 ceHra6pH 1899 r. JIbiKoniHHCo6pajirpynny3KcnepTOB fljiH oneHKH nofljiHHHOCTH «ac|3raHCKoro» nncbMa: b Hee boiiijih Myjuia Baxaflyp IlaflHa Ba6axaHOB (Ka3HH HHMKeHTa), CyjiTaH AxMafl Xofl>Ka CyjiTaH CaHfl Xo>khhob (Myflapnc, hjih yHHTejib b Meflpece),2 A6flyn-jia Xofl>Ka HniaH-XofljKHHOB h Myjuia XnflaHTyjiJia Xofl>Ka Ea6axofl>Ka HinaH (06a MycJ)THH) h 'YMap XaH 'A6fl yji-ra(J)apoB (yHHTejib b pyccKO-Ty3eMHOH niKOJie). Ohh eflHHorjiacHO o6t>hbhjih nncbMO noflflejiKOH, yKa3HBaH Ha to, hto oho (i) HairacaHO Ha 6yMare poccHHCKoro npoH3-BOflCTBa; (2) HanncaHO rpy6biM HacTajiHKOM—hh oahh oc|3HnHajibHbiH nncapb TaKHM nonepKOM iracaTb He CTaHeT; (3) b HeM Macca rpaMMa-THHecKHX ohih6ok; (4) b HeM Hcnojib3yioTCH THnHHHO Ka3axcKHe 060-poTbi TiopKH; (5) npeflnojiaraeMaH KopojieBCKaa nenaTb Ha o6opoTe HH3Koro KanecTBa h coflep>KHT MHoroHHCJieHHbie oihh6kh, b tom hhc-jie HenpaBHJibHO HanncaHHoe hmh Ajuiaxa b «Xa6H6yjuia» h jihhihhh ajiH(J) b «PaxMaH». 3KcnepTbi npHimiH k BbiBOfly, hto «nncbMO nncaHO h nenaTb pe3aHa KHprH3aMH fljiH cbohx nejieří», He yTOHHHH npn stom, b neM 3th nejiH MorjiH 3aKJiK)HaTbCH.3 Me>Kfly TeM, caM KajiKa6eKOB nponaji H3 BHfly. B cepeflHHe hkdjih, He3aflOJiro flo flonpoca pyccKHX jKHTejieň BbicoKoro, noMomHHK Ayjine-ATHHCKoro ye3flHoro Hanajib-HHKa coo6itj;hji JlbiKoniHHy, hto KajiKa6eKOB Hcne3 H3 CBoero ayjia b KyioKCKOH bojiocth h Bee flajibHeňniHe nonbiTKH ycTaHOBHTb ero Me-CTOHaxo>KfleHHe hh k neMy He npHBenn.4 B KOHue kohu;ob, 12 aBrycTa
1899 r. HanajibHHK KonajibCKoro ye3fla, flajieKO Ha ceBepe CeMHpenbH (rfle, KaK KajiKa6eKOB KaK-TO o6mojibhjich, y Hero 6biJiH poflCTBeHHH-kh), Hanncaji, hto noHMaji ero h nocaflHJi b KonajibCKyio TiopbMy.1 JIh-KoiHHH npe>Kfle Bcero noHHTepecoBajicH, He 6biJio jih y Hero npn ce6e KaKOH-HH6yflb nenaTH (KaK h cneflOBajio o>KHflaTb, He 6biJio), a 3aTeM, 22 aBrycTa, Hanncaji enie oflHO nncbMO c npocb6oH 3aflaTb KajiKa6eKO-By pHfl BonpocoB o npoHcxo^KfleHHH «acJ)raHCKoro» nncbMa.2 K co>Kajie-
HHK), TaniKeHTCKHH npOKypOp MHHypHH, OHeBHflHO, IIHTaBIIIHH 6ojib-
ine flOBepHH k KajiKa6eKOBy, neM JlbiKoniHH, flHeM paHbine OTnpaBHJi b Konaji TenerpaMMy c npocb6oH OTnycTHTb 3aflep>KaHHoro.3
JlbiKoniHH, no-BHflHMOMy, CMHpnjicH c HeH36e>KHbiM, ho nonpo-chji KonajibCKoro ye3flHoro HanajibHHKa flaTb KajiKa6eKOBy cpeflCTBa Ha flopory o6paTHO b Aynne-ATy, hto6h oh cmot flonpocHTb ero jihhho. Ilocjie 3Toro KajiKa6eKOB HeHaflOJiro iiohbhjich b BepHOM, rfle ero ape-CTOBajiH h npaKTHHecKH Tyr >Ke OTnycTHJiH. 3aTeM oh, cyflH no BceMy, Hcne3 OKOHHaTenbHO.4 KaK He 6e3 ropenn otmcthji JlbiKoniHH b 3aKJiio-neHHH no flejiy:
1) ocHOBbiBaacb Ha noKa3aHHH KpecTbHH cejieHHH BbicoKaro, cneflyeT npn-3HaTb, hto nocnyacHBinee noBOflOM k npoH3BOflCTBy fl03HaHHH nncbMO Ha Ty3eMHOM HapeHHH nepeflaHO KpecraHaM KHprH30M n2 .11 ayjia Ky-iokobckoh Bojiocth AyjineaTHHCKoro ye3fla MaM6eTOM KanKa6eKOBbiM,
KOTOpblH, He CMOTpH Ha TmaTejIbHee p03bICKH, OCTajICH Hep03bICKaHHbIM H no HeKOTOpbIM nOKa3aHHHM CHHTaeTCH nCHXHHeCKH-6ojIbHbIM. 2) HTO
no coflep>KaHHK) CBoeMy nncbMO 3a nenaTbio Xa6H6yjuia A6flypaxMaHOBa momo cnyacHTb MaM6eTy KanKa6eKOBy cpeflCTBOM pjm onoponeHHH b ot-
HOineHHH nOJIHTHHeCKOH He6jiarOHafle>KHOCTH KHprH3, K KOTOpbIM oh, Ka/i-
Ka6eKOB h ero 3HaKOMbiH Hca BaTbip6eKOB HMejiH Bpa>Kfly.5
KoHeHHO, BnojiHe BepoHTHO, hto KajiKa6eKOB BbiflyMaji bcto hcto-pmo c HaMepeHHeM /lyKHH HniaHa pa3flaTb opy>KHe b OTflajieHHbix yes-flax HHMKeHTa h Ayjine-ATbi, hto6h OTOMCTHTb 6pocHBineH ero >KeHe
H TeCTK), a 3aOflHO H BCeM OCTajIbHbIM, Ha KOTOpblX oh 3aTaHJi o6nfly.
Bo bchkom cjiynae, oh Bocnojib30BajicH y>Ke cyniecTByiomHMH cjiyxaMH
flJIH TOrO, HTo6bI HX flHCKpeflHTHpOBaTb. HecoMHeHHO, y mhothx Ka3a-XOB B 3THX KpaHX 6bIJIH py>KbH, KOTOpbie OHH CKpblBajIH OT pOCCHHCKHX
BJiacTen, h BnojiHe bo3mo>kho, hto CKa3aHHH o /lyKHH HniaHe h TBopn-mhx hm nyflecax 6biJiH ninpoKO H3BecTHbi (AHKe (Jjoh KiorejibreH fla>Ke npeflnojio>KHJia, hto hmchho nosTOMy 6bm HanncaH «MaHaKn6-H JJyK-hh HniaH»), ho paccKa3bi 06 opysara, hko6h TaHHO nepenpaBJieHHOM nepe3 ropHbie nepeBajibi H3 $epraHbi, KOTopbie HanuiH TaKHX 6jiaro-flapHbix cjiyrnaTejieH b jiHu;e aflMHHHCTpaTopa Ayjine-ATbi h TaniKeHT-CKoro npoKypopa Ha npora>KeHHH 6ojiee neM 10 Mecni^eB, 6buiH non-
TH HaBepHHKa HHCTbIM BblMblCJIOM.6 ByflyHH rpaMOTHHM, KajiKa6eKOB,
BecbMa BepoHTHO, noflflejiaji nncbMO ot A6fl ajib-PaxMaH XaHa. Tpyfl-Hee CKa3aTb, 6biJi jih oh npn stom b croBope c 6biBniHM bojiocthhm afl-
1 KonajibCKuň YH JlbiKomuny, 12 aBZ. 1899: mam nee, ji. 86.
■ JlbticouiuH KonajibCKOMy YH, 22 aaz. 1899 z.: main nee,
A. 8
' TejiezpaMMa om Muuypuna JlbticouiuHy, c cooóiueuueM 0 npou30iuediueM, 21 aaz. 1899, nojiyueHa 22 aaz. 1899: mam nee, ji. 90.
HcnojiHsmiuuů o6si3aHHOcmu HauajibHUKa nomiuuu Bepuozo Ayjiue-AmuHCKOMy YH, 1 cenm. 1899 z.: mam nee, ji. 113.
' H. C. JlblKOUlUH,
«IlocmaHOBJieHue Ne 10», 21 deic. 1899 z.: mam nee, ji. 78-78o6.
6 MauaKu6-u /fyicuu Huiau, ped. (fioH Kmzejibzeu, nep. BaúadíícauoB, 29-35 (npeducjioBue pedaicmopa).
62
AilEKCAHflP MOPPHCOH
HcCilEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA 2'20I3
63
TKajioôa om Xaji-Xodxcu Atfiaxodiicimoea HbíKouiuny, 20 cenm. 1899 z.: LtľAPKas, tô. 124, on. 1, d.7,Ji. 126.
'■ Ayjiue-AmuHCKUů YH KonajibCKOMy YH, 7 aez. 1899 z.: mam uče, ji. 95-95o6.
'' MaMÔem KajucaôeKOB BoeHHOMy zyôepuamopy Cup-dapbUHCKoň oôjiacmu, 5 mor 1899: mam uče, ji. 21.
4 H. JlbiKoimm, «/JozaÖKa
o npouuioM Omapa», Typice-cmaucKue eedoMocmu, Ne 94, 2 deic. 1899 z.; H. JIukouiuh, «npeMydpocmb Xa3pam Cyjimaua AtfiupuH-Xodiica AxMada Hcaeu», CôopmiK Ma-mepuajioe dusí cmamucmwcu Cbíp-/JapbUHCKoň oôjiacmu, ix, 2 (TauiKeum, 1901).
5 Ecjiu, KoueuHO, ue cuumamb
KOCeeHHOŮ CCbUlKOŮ
Ha Hezo oduH naccaiic e ezo peu.eH3uu na dee ôpouuopu H. B. AmiuKoea o ica3axacux oôuuasix, onyôjiuKoeaHHOu
3a HeCKOJlbKO dneů
do côopa noica3aHuů e BbícoKOM, zde oh zoeopum o HecnocoÔHOcmu Ka3axoe zoBopumb npaedy b pycaaix cydax b cbr3u c Bpaiicdoů, Bcezda cymecmBOBaBiueů Meoicby omdejibHbtMU napmusiMu: H. JIukouiuh, «BuojiuozpatfiunecKaR 3aMeniKa», TypKecmancKue sedoMocmu, Ne 50, 1 mojm 1899 z.
MHHHCTpaTopoM Hcoö BaTbipöeKOBbiM (hjih fla>Ke fleňcTBOBaji no ero HaynieHHio) • Ilocjie toto, KaK JIhkouihh flonpocHJi hx, EarapoeKOB h Xaji-Xofl>Ka A(J)axofl>KHHOB npncjiajiH Ka^KflbiH no ajihhhoh neTHijHH, oöJiHHaH flpyr flpyra. B neTHijHH Xaji-Xofl>KH coflep>Kajiocb He MeHee nHTHafln;aTH pa3JiHHHbix oÖBHHeHHÖ b aflpec EarapoeKOBa, jiHiiib oflHO H3 KOTopbix HMejio OTHOineHHe k fleny: oh yTBep^Kflaji, hto Hca 3HaKOM c a(J)raHLi;eM, y KOToporo ohm otthck c nenara cbma 'A6fl ajib-PaxMaH XaHa, h HTO oh nonpocHJi HHMKeHTCKoro pe3HHKa nenaTeň H3roTO-BHTb fljiH Hero KonHio.1 JIhkouihh CKopee Bcero nocTynmi pa3yMHO, peniHB He CBH3biBaTbCH c paccjieflOBaHHeM no STOMy flOHOcy. Xoth oh no-npe>KHeMy othochjich k EarapöeKOBy c öojibuiHM nofl03peHHeM, y Hero hbho He XBaTajio yjiHK fljiH toto, hto6h OTKpbiTb Ha Hero flejio. TaKHM o6pa30M, XHTpoyMHbiň 3aroBop, Ha paccjieflOBaHHe KOTopo-ro pyccKHe noTpaTHJiH öojibine rofla, coöpaB npn stom 120 CTpaHHU, CBHfleTejibCKHX noKa3aHHH, no Bceň BepoHTHOCTH cymecTBOBaji Jinnib b Boo6pa>KeHHH Ka3axa, KOToporo JIhkouihh npn nepBoň >Ke BCTpene oxapaKTepH30Baji KaK «He BnojiHe HopMajibHoro».
III. BOCTOKOBE/J, n P O T H B KA3AXA
K co>KajieHHio, TaKoň hctohhhk oneHb Majio cooömaeT HaM o rjiaB-HOM fleňcTByioineM jiHn,e— 3araflOHHOM h HeyjioBHMOM MaMÖeTe KajiKaöeKOBe. AyjiHe-ATHHCKHÖ ye3flHbiö HanajibHHK b nncbMe CBoe-My KonajibCKOMy Kojuiere c npocböoö o npoBefleHHH oöbicKa onncaji ero cjieflyioinHM o6pa30M: «Bbinie cpeflHero pocTa, xyflomaBbio, c He-öojibinoH öopofloö h ycaMH nepHoro CBeTa, rjia3a öojibume nepHbie, roBopHT HeMHoro no-pyccKH, no KHprH3CKH rpaMOTHbiö».2 B nncbMe, aflpecoBaHHOM JlbiKoniHHy, oh npeflCTaBHJica «MyjiJioö», yKa3HBaH, BepoHTHO, Ha nojiyneHHoe hm pejiHrH03Hoe o6pa30BaHHe.3 Mh 3Ha-eM, HTO ero MaTepn 6hjio nHTbflecHT jieT, h hto nocjie CMepTH OTn,a MaMÖeTa hjih pa3BOfla c hhm OHa 6biJia flocTaTOHHO MOJiofla, htoöh CHOBa BHÖTH 3aMy>K; 3HaeM, hto ynoMHHaHHe KajiKaöeKOBa BH3Bajio CMex y Hch BaTbipöeKOBa. KpoMe 3Toro, TpyflHO CKa3aTb hto-to onpe-flejieHHoe o nejioBeKe, KOToporo pyccKHe (h jiHHHbie Bparn) Ha3HBajiH «HeHopMajibHHM», ho KOTopbiö cyMeji noflepraTb 3a Hy>KHbie CTpyHH,
HTOÖH flOÖHTbCH 0(|)Hn,HajIbHOrO OTBeTa CO CTOpOHH BJiacTeö. B3aMeH
mh Bbmy>KfleHH oöpaTHTbCH k ero rjiaBHOMy onnoHeHTy. YnacTHe b stom flejie Ha npora>KeHHH BTopoö nojioBHHbi 1899 r. He noMenia-jio JlbiKoniHHy onyöJiHKOBaTb CTaTbio 06 HCTopHH OTpapa b fleKaöpe Toro rofla hjih oahh H3 nepBbix nepeBOflOB H3 CTHXOTBopHoro c6op-HHKa TJJHBaH-H-XHKMeT, npHnHCHBaeMoro Xofl>Ke AxMafly HcaBH,4 ofl-HaKO b CBOHX ny6jiHKau;HHX oh HHrfle, noxo>Ke, He ynoMHHaeT flejia MaMÖeTa KajiKaöeKOBa, hto, no^Kajiyň, HeyflHBHTejibHO.5 HapHfly c ero npnpoflHOH npoHHLjaTejibHOCTbio h SHeprHeö, OHeBHflHO, hto no3Ha-
HHH JlbiKoniHHa KaK BOCTOKOBefla, h, b nepByio onepeflb, ero cnocoö-HOCTb roBopHTb h noHHMaTb H3HK TiopKH, noMorjiH 3aKpbiTb sto flejio: HMeHHO oh nepBHM ycoMHHJicH b HCTHHHOCTH noKa3aHHÖ KajiKaöe-KOBa, nocjie Toro KaK HecKOJibKO cjiy>Kani,HX pyccKoö aflMHHHCTpan;HH, He BJiafleBiiiHX mccthhm HapenneM, npHHHJio hx 3a HHCTyio MOHeTy. HMeHHO ero flonpocbi h paccjieflOBaHHH noKa3ajiH, hto 3a nofljio>KHHM «aiJjraHCKHM» nncbMOM ctoht KajiKaöeKOB h, bo3mo>kho, BJiHHTejib-Hbiö MecTHbiö nojiHTHK; b to >Ke BpeMH y Hero 6hjih HeoöxoflHMbie CBH3H b cpefle HHMKeHTCKHX yjieMOB, HTOÖH coöpaTb rpynny yneHbix MycyjibMaH, npH3HaBiiiHX flOKyMeHT noflflejiKoö. Hwiaa. Me>Kfly CTpoK, M05KHO floraflaTbCH, HTO ecjiH 6h He HacTOHHHH TaniKeHTCKoro npo-Kypopa MnnypHHa, oneBHflHO, c caMoro Hanajia noBepHBinero KajiKa-öeKOBy, JIhkouihh fla>Ke He CTaji 6h 3aTeBaTb paccjieflOBaHHH. Oh flo-raflajicH 06 hcthhhom npoHcxo>KfleHHH «acJiraHCKoro» nncbMa nocjie nepBoro >Ke flonpoca 5KHTejieö Bhcokoto, a paccKa3aM KajiKaöeKOBa o /JyKHH HuiaHe oh, cyflH no BceMy, H3HaHajibHO He npHflaßaji öojibino-ro 3HaHeHHH. TpyflHO sipne npofleMOHCTpnpoBaTb, KaKyio nojib3y Mor
npHHeCTH KOJIOHHajIbHOÖ aflMHHHCTpaij;HH OnblTHHH BOCTOKOBefl-
b flaHHOM cjiynae pa3BeHB npe/jy6e>KfleHHH b OTHonieHHH MycyjibMaH-CKoro «4>aHaTH3Ma», BMecTO Toro htoöh pa3flyßaTb hx. TeM He MeHee, k to My MOMeHTy, Korfla JIhkouihh OKa3ajicH 3aMeuiaH b stom flejie, paccjieflOBaHHe uuio y>Ke flecHTb MecHu;eB. CjieflyeT OC060 OTMeTHTb KOJiHHecTBO BpeMeHH h CHJi, yuiefluiHX Ha paccjieflOBaHHH no oÖBHHe-
HHHM, KOTOpbie CJieflOBajIO 6bl CÖpOCHTb CO CHeTOB, KaK TOJIbKO npH-
CTaB noroBopHJi c TecTeM h c öbiBineö >KeHOH KajiKaöeKOBa. 3to TeM öojiee 3aMeHaTejibHO, hto jiHiiib TpeMH roflaMH paHee, b 1895-96 rr.,
Kapmu
s deůcmeuu.
06pa3bL
npocmpaHcmea
u zeozpacßimecKaR
peajibHocnib
XumpoyMHbiů 3azoeop, na paccjiedoeanue Komopozo pyccKue nompamujiu ôojibiue zoda, coôpae npu amoM 120 cmpanuv, ceudemejibCKUx noKCL3aHuu, no eceů eepoRiriHocmu cymecmeoeaji Jiuuib e eooôpajKenuu KCL3axa
b AyjiHe-ATHHCKOM ye3fle npoH3onien noxo>KHH cjiynaö, Korfla flepe-BeHCKHÖ CTapocTa no hmchh KepMaH IIlHpajiHH coBMecTHO c 6paTOM h c MecTHHM Myjuioö oöbhhhjih HuiaHa H3paÖJi-Typa-BeKa HniaHOBa b npeTeH3HHX Ha KopojieBCKoe npoHcxo>KfleHHe h noflroTOBKe BoccTa-
HHH npOTHB pyCCKHX CpeflH «Kapa-KHprH30B» (TO eCTb CpeflH KHprH30ß)
KapaÖHpajibCKOö h YpMapajibCKOH BOJiocTeö. Torfla flejio peniHJiocb 3HaHHTejibHO ÖHCTpee: He nponuio h rofla, KaK Bce Tpn oÖBHHHTejisi yroflHJiH Ha nojiTopa rofla b TiopbMy.1 Ho fla>Ke h b tom cjiynae pac-cjieflOBaHHe Bejiocb noHTH Tpn MecHu;a, h noflnojiKOBHHK JIa>KeHHHKOB,
«Pe30jmuusi», 24 sihb. 1896 z.: 0.149, Muposoü cydbR 1 -zo yuacniKa Ayjiue-AmuHCKOzo ye3Öa, on.l, d. 16,
«[TO OÔBUHeHUK) KUpZU3
YpMapajibCKOü BOJiocmu Ayjiue-AmuHCKOzo ye3Öa Ap3biKyjia Ulupajoma, KepMOJia Ulupajoma u Myjuiu-rajiuM BaŮKyjioBa b jioíichom doHoce o Boccmanuu npomuB pyccKux BJiacmeü», ji. 25-9.
64
AjIEKCAHflP MOPPHCOH
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA 2'20I3
65
1 UTAPKas, 0.433, Mupoeoů cydhR 2-zo yuacmica Ayjiue-AmuHCKOzo ye3da, on. 1, d. 1, «Il0 OÓBUHeHUK) MycyjibMdH-CKOZO KHR3R H3pauji Huiau EeKuuiaHoea, ezo China KaMOJiduna H3paibiozo — u Ka3axa Ayjiue-AmuucKozo ye3Ča Baů-Ceůum Kyji3ica6e-Koea, Ulup6asi MaMÓemoea u Aůdaiua HaUMauoaeea 3a nodzomoBKy eoccmamiů npomue pyccKux» moM. i, ji. 17-159; moM. ii, ji. 8-54.
'■ «npomoicoji», 5 Mapm. 1895 z.: IjrAPKas,, (p. 149, on. 1, d. 16, ji. 57o6-58. 3mo cjiyuaů uumepeceu eo mhozux oniHouieHusix u 3acjiyiicuea-em dajibHeůuiezo usytemin. 3decb, KaK u e cjiyuae Kajuca-6eKoea e 1899 z., oÓBunume-jiu nonumajiucb ejioiicumb cboů doHoc eycma Mecnmbix nepecejienues, a UMeuno MeHHOHumoe U3 depeemi Op-MOBKa. Bojiee mozo, «H3paibi-BeK-Typa», tpepzancKuu uuiau, íiceHambiů ua Kup-zu3Ke, Komopbíů nocemaji Ayjiue-AmuHCKUů ye3Č pa3 8 dea zona u oueeuduo UMeji mam mhozo nocjiedoeamejieů, cam no ce6e XBJUiemcsi mo6o-nhinmoů (puzypou, dayice ecjiu oh ue UHmpuzoeaji npomue pyccKux.
' Komatsu, 'Andijan Uprising Reconsidered', 42.
' 0. M. KopojibKoe, «Omuem no paccjiedoeaHuio o6cmo-smiejibcme my3eMuee 0epzau-ckoů oójiacmu e Mae 1898 z.», TauiKenm, 3 aez. 1898 z., 18. [Jo 3aKasy PyxoecKozo 6bmo omneuamoHO ue Meuee ana 3K3eMnjuipoB smozo omuema. H nojih3oeajicR mem, Komo-pbiů xpaHumai e PPBHA, (p. 483, on. 1, d. 137; 6ojibuiasi uacmb omuema nepeneua-maua b «Andu3icaHCK0M Boccmauuu 1898 z.», ped. LHmeŮHÓepz, 144—60, uuma-ma ua c.154.
B TO BpeMH CJiyjKHBIIIHH nOMOIHHHKOM AyjIHe-ATHHCKOTO ye3flHOTO Ha-
HajibHHKa, co6paji 125 fljiHHHbix CBHfleTejibCKHX noKa3aHHH, npe>Kfle HeM floraflajicH, hto HMeeT fleno c HeyKJiKWKeň nonbiTKoň KJieBeTbi.1 Xoth 3flecb 3afleňcTBOBaHbi flpyrne jnoflH, Ka>KeTCH CTpaHHbiM, hto cjryscainne AyjiHe-ATHHCKoň ye3flHoň aflMHHHCTpauHH He bciiomhhjih npo 3tot cjiynaH, HaHHHaH paccjieflOBaHHe no flOHOcy KajiKa6eKOBa,
HO B flejie 06 3TOM HeT HHK3KHX ynOMHHaHHH. Bo3MO>KHO, OTHaCTH
sto oĎTjHCHHeTca TeM, HTO BeflyiHHe paccjieflOBaHHe cjiyscainne npe-yBejiHHHJiH onacHOCTb, Hafleacb Ha npH3HaHHe 3a CBoeBpeMeHHoe pac-KpbiTHe HacTOHinero 3aroBopa, xoth pa3flpa>KHTejibHbiH toh nHceM Ay-jine-ATHHCKoro HaHajibHHKa TaniKeHTCKOMy npoKypopy h OHeBHflHaa y6e>KfleHHOCTb JlbiKoniHHa b tom, hto nocjieflHHH OTnpaBHJi ero HCKaTb BeTpa b nojie, CBHfleTejibCTByioT 06 o6paTHOM. KpoMe Toro, ohh Mor-jih CHHTaTb, hto cjiHinKOM jierKOMbicjieHHO OTHecjiHCb k npeflbiflyme-My flejiy, b KOTopoM 6bui 3aMeinaH HacTOHiHHH aHflH>KaHCKHH HinaH, BpeMeHHO npo>KHBaioii];HH b Ayjine-ATHHCKOM ye3fle2. nočně 1898 r. TaKoe o6cTOHTejibCTBO Bbi3biBajio ropa3flo 6ojibine nofl03peHHň: Ahah-
JKaHCKOe BOCCTaHHe CyiHeCTBeHHO H3MeHHJIO B3rjIHflbI TypKeCTaHCKHX
BJiacTeň Ha HCJiaM, h He b Jiynniyio CTopoHy.
IV. HACJIE/THE AH/TH5KAHA
IloBefleHHe cjiyscainnx pyccKoň aflMHHHCTpauHH h hx roTOBHOCTb npHHHTb 3a HHCTyio MOHeTy flocTaTOHHO HenpaBflonofloĎHyio hcto-pHio 06 HHTpnrax, KOTopbie fíyK^m HinaH njieTeT H3 MorHJibi coBMecT-HO C a(J)raHCKHM 3MHpOM, CTaHOBHTCH noHHTHee, ecjiH nocMOTpeTb Ha o(|)HnHajibHbiH othct o paccjieflOBaHHH no AHflH>KaHCKOMy BoccTa-hhk) h Ha jiHHHyio peaKUHio reHepaji-ry6epHaTopa /JyxoBCKoro. TeHe-paji-jieHTeHaHT reHinTa6a <$>. M. KopojibKOB, KOTopoMy 6biJio nopyne-ho paccjieflOBaHHe, oneHb mhoto BHHMaHHH yflejiHJi npeflnojiaraeMbiM cbh3hm HinaHa c Me>KflyHapoflHbiM naHHCJiaMH3MOM. Xoth pyccKHe caMH flOKa3ajiH, hto 4>apMaH (o(J)Hi];HajibHoe nocjiaHHe), nojiyneHHbiH HinaHOM, KaK oh caM CHHTaji, ot ocMaHCKoro cyjiTaHa, 6biJi noflflen-KOH,3 KopojibKOB Bee >Ke nncaji:
y>Ke oflHH 3th (Joktli yKa3HBaioT Ha to, hto b TypKecTaHe 6lkih Typeii,KHe h acjjraHCKHe 3MHCcapH, a fla/ibHeflniee paccjieflOBaHHe b 3tom OTHOineHHH fla/io-6bi, BepoHTHO, oĎHjibHLie flaHHLie, noflTBepjKflaiomHe BpeflHyio flea-
TejIbHOCTb y HaC BbIXOflIJ,eB H3 TypiJ,hh h A(|)raHHCTaHa. /(eHTejIbHOCTH 3TOÍÍ
mh o6a3aHbi BecbMa 3aMeTHbiM b nocneflHee BpeMH, (jjaHaTmecKHM B03-6y>KfleHHeM Ty3eMHoro HacejieHHH, npoHBjiaiomHMCH iiohth noBceMecTHO
B CpeflHeíí A3HH B pa3JIHHHbIX HenpHH3HeHHbIX fleííCTBHHX B OTHOineHHH
pyccKHX jHOfleíí; TaK, HeflaBHO b AyjiHS aTa KHprH3bi 3aBenH ccopy h HaHec-jih ocKop6jieHHe fleiicTBHeM flByM yHTep-oc|)Hi],epaM 6e3 Majieiiinero noBO-fla co CTopoHbi nocneflHHX.4
BbinieynoMHHyToe npoHcinecTBHe b Aynne-ATe, bo3mo>kho, ycyry-Shjio jierKOBepne cjiyjKam;HX ee aflMHHHCTpauHH b 1898 r. HacTOHHHe poccHHCKHX BJiacTeň Ha tom, hto Bee npH3HaKH 6ecnoKOHCTBa Henpe-MeHHO HBJiHioTCH flejioM pyK «HHOCTpaHHbix areHTOB» h hx ynopHHH OTKa3 flonycTHTb fla>Ke Mbicjib o tom, hto y jKHTejieň TypKecTaHa Moryr SbiTb flpyrne npHHHHbi fljiH HeflOBOJibCTBa KOJioHHajibHbiM npaBJieHH-eM, KOHeHHO, He yHHKajibHbi: nofloĎHbie y6e>KfleHHH HeoflHOKpaTHO BbicKa3biBajiHCb b oc|jHnHajibHbrx Kpyrax KOJioHHajibHoň Hhahh (npn
3TOM pyCCKHX HHOrfla 06BHHHJIH B nOflflepjKKe Hai^HOHajIHCTHHeCKOH
arHTai^Hn). OflHaKO mo>kho CKa3aTb, hto OTOjKflecTBJieHHe HCJiaMa c oco6o 3JioBpeflHbiM 4>aHaTH3MOM, KpacHoň HHTbio npoxoflHin;ee ne-pe3 Bee paccjieflOBaHHe, b Pocchhckoh HMnepHH 6buio pacnpocTpa-HeHO 6ojibine, neM rfle 6bi to hh ĎbiJio.1 OTHacTH sto 6biJio CBH3aHO c onaceHHHMH, bo3hhkihhmh paHee, bo BpeMH flojiroň bohhh c HeneH-ifaMH h flarecTaHnaMH Ha CeBepHOM KaBKa3e. Hmchho Ha stot onbiT ccbuiajicH reHepaji-ry6epHaTop /JyxoBCKOH (b iohocth cjiyjKHBiiiHH Ha KaBKa3e) b CBoeM CTOJib >Ke napaHOHflajibHOM (a MecTaMH OTKpo-BeHHO HeBpa3yMHTejibHOM) OTHeTe roflOM no3>Ke, npnflH npn stom k cjieflyiomeMy BbiBOfly: «MycyjibMaHe-cy(J)HCTbi fljiH Hac bo MHornx OTHonieHHHX onacHee MycyjibMaH-opTOflOKCOB».2 IlaHHCJiaMH3M TaK-yue BOJiHOBaji ero, xoth caMoe 6ojibinoe BHHMaHHe oh yflensui He>Kejia-TenbHOMy BJiHHHHK) OcMaHCKoň HMnepHH, npoHHKaBineMy k Mycyjib-MaHaM CpeflHeň A3HH nepe3 Ka3aHCKHX TaTap. TaKHe o(J)Hi];HajibHbie B3rjiHflbi, nycTb He Bcerfla BocnpHHHMaeMbie Bcepbe3 b CTOJiHu;e (Bht-Te npeHMyinecTBeHHO HrHopHpoBaji onaceHHH h npefljio>KeHHH /JyxoB-CKoro),3 innpoKO pacnpocTpaHHJincb b TypKecTaHe h Ha ocTajibHofl TeppHTopHH HMnepHH 6jiaroflapH TaKHM ceHcai^HOHHHM ny6jiHKau;H-hm, KaK «AHflH>KaHCKoe BOCCTaHHe b 1898 r.» B.n. CajibKOBa, rfle oh, b HHCJie nponero, odbkhhct HinaHa b H3HacHJioBaHHH HecoBepineHHO-jieTHeň, 6jiaroflapH MHoroHHCJieHHbiM CTaTbHM b o(J)Hi];HajibHOH ra3eTe
«TypKeCTaHCKHe BeflOMOCTH»4H CTOJib >Ke HCJiaMO(J)o6cKOM «C6opHHKe
MaTepnajioB no MycyjibMaHCTBy», cocTaBJieHHOM no npHKa3y CaMap-KaHflCKoro BoeHHoro ry6epHaTopa, reHepaji-Maňopa (řeflopoBa, h pa-30CJiaHH0M no BceM ye3flHHM KaHnejinpHHM.5 PyccKaH KOJioHHajibHasi aflMHHHCTpai^HH b TypKecTaHe c HeyDbiBaiomHM neccHMH3MOM pac-CMaTpHBajia npenHTCTBHH, KOTopbie HCJiaM B03flBHrHyji Ha nyTH ee flOJirocpoHHoň n;ejiH—accHMHJinuHH pernoHa c ocTajibHoň HMnepnen, h 6biJia rjiy6oKO 03a6oHeHa yrpo3oň pyccKOMy BJiaflbinecTBy co CTopo-Hbi HCJiaMa BnjioTb flo BoccTaHHH 1916 rofla.
HeKOTopbie pyccKHe cjiyacamne noHHMajiH, HacKOJibKO HescJxJjeK-
THBeH T3KOH nOflXOfl! B CTaTbe, OnyĎJIHKOBaHHOH B «HcTOpHHeCKOM
BecTHHKe» b 1908 rofly Ha flecHTyio roflOBin;HHy BoccTaHHH, aBTop nofl nceBflOHHMOM «T-ob» BbicMeHJi o(J)Hi];HajibHyio Bepcnio, corjiacHO ko-
TOpOH AHflH>KaHCKOe BOCCTaHHe 6bIJIO njIOflOM HeHCTpeĎHMoro MecT-
Horo 4>aHaTH3Ma, pa3flyBaeMoro npH3paHHbiMH «nocjiaHLi;aMH» ot oc-
Kapmu
b deucmeuu.
06pa3u
npocmpaHcmea
11 zeozpatfiimecKdR
peajibHocmb
1 Bo bcmkom cjiyuae, Ha KaBica3e u 8 TypKecmane — 06 ajibmep-HamuBHOM B3zjwde Ha npuMepe BojiJicaco-ypajibCKOzo pezuona, cm. Robert D. Crews, For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia (Cambridge, Mass., 2006), chs. 1-3.
2 PyxoBCKOu, «Bcenoddaneu-umu dotaiad TypKecmancKO-zo zeHepaji-zy6epHamopa», 149-51; He uctaimueHO, umo dotaiad PyxoBCKOzo 6bui nod-zomoBJien B. PI. Hojiubkuhmm u H. PI. OcmpoyMOBbiM — euje dsyMR BocmoKOBedaMU, cjiy-jicuBuiuMU 8 adMUHUcmpauuu TypKecmana: Ba6ad3icaH08, «Andu3KaHCKoe Boccmanue 1898 z. u «MycyjibMaHCKUu 8onpoc» 8 TypKecmane», 166-77. O npeyeejiuueuHou pojiu, Komopym npunucusa-jiu cytpuucKOMy 6pamcmBy HaKui6auduua b nodcmpeica-mejibcmse k conpomuBJieuum poccuiicKOMy npaBJieuum, cm. Alexander Knysh, 'Sufism as an Explanatory Paradigm: The Issue of the Motivations of Sufi Movements in Russian and Western Historiography', Die Welt des Islams, xlii (2002).
3 «3anucKa C. K). Bumme
no «MycyjibMaucKOMy Bonpocy» 1900 z.», MMnepamopcKaR Poccur u MycyjibMaucKuu Mup, ped. ApanoB, 244-57.
66
AilEKCAHflP MOPPHCOH
HcCÍIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA 2'20I3
67
«T-oe», «AHduxcaHacoe BoccmaHue u ezo npuuuHM» HcmopuuecKuu BecmuuK, Ns.5 (1908), 664-6.
Tom nee, 664.
! TIpoeKm ecenoddaHHeuuiezo omuema Ten.—Adbm-maHma (poH-KaytpMana no zpaiicdaHCKOMy ynpaB-jieHum (Caman-Uemepbypz, 1885), 10; H.n. OcmpoyMOB, KoHcmaumuH TlempoBUH tpoH-KaytpMan: ycmpou-mejib TypKecmaucKozo Kpan. JIuuHue BocnoMUHauusi 1887-1881 zz. (TaiuKenm, 1899 z.), 11; Khalid, Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform, 51-3.
' A. H. TepMeu, BocnoMUHauuR adMuuucmpamopa: onum uccjiedoBauusi npunuunoB ynpaBJieuusi unopodu,eB (nempozpad, 1914), 3-4, 20; o TepMeue u ezo Kuuze cm. Morrison, Russian Rule in Samarkand, 151-7.
MaHCKoro cyjiTaHa h acJiraHCKoro 3MHpa. yKa3HBaH, hto HacTOHinne «4>aHaTHKH» peflKO BCTpenaioTCH cpeflH HacejieHHH TypKecTaHa h hto flOKa3aTejibCTBa HHOCTpaHHoro, naHHCJiaMCKoro bjihhhhh /jo CMeniHO-ro HecocTOHTejibHbi, aBTop CTaTbH yTBep>Kflaji, hto HinaHa h ero nocjie-flOBaTejieH TpeBO>KHJio MopajibHoe pa3Jio>KeHHe, KOTopoe ohh BHflejra noBciofly b TypKecTaHe—npHMepoM TOMy MO>KeT nocjiyscHTb pacnpo-CTpaHeHHe nbHHCTBa h npocTHTynHH npn pocchhckhm npaBJieHHH.1
0(|>Hij,HajibHoe cneflCTBHe, npoH3BefleHHoe c ue/ibio pacKpbiTHH hcthhhoh
npHHHHLI BOCCTaHHH 1898 TOfla, BLIHCHHJIO, HTO 3Ta npHHHHa 3aK/HOHa/iaCb
noHTH HCKJiioHHTejibHO b (|)aHaTH3Me MycyjibMaH, HMeiomeM B CBOeM oc-
HOBaHHH pe/IHrH03HyiO HeTepnHMOCTb K CBOHM nOBejIHTejIHM-Kfl(|>HpaM;
TJieBinHH b HacejieHHH (|>aHaTH3M >Kfla/i jiHiiib 6jiaronpHHTHoro c/iyjaa, hto-6h pa3BHTbca b iuiaMH. B o(|>Hij,Ha/ibHbix flejiax noceMy aHflHscaHCKaa pe3-hh CTaBHJiacb b HCKJiioHHTejibHyio 3aBHCHMOCTb ot noHBJieHHH HinaHa, ero Bceo6ineH nony/iapHOCTH, HaMeKanocb Ha ynacTHe b stom flejie TypeuKoro cyjiTaHa h acjjraHCKoro 3MHpa, ho fla/iee stoto He nuio. BjiacTH, BbiacHHB-iiine npHHHHbi 3Toro npHCKop6Horo 3nH30fla, no ynyineHHio hjih me yMbiin-
JieHHO, COBCeM HCKJIIOHajIH B03MO)KHOCTb TOrO, HTO HeflOBOJIbCTBO BOo6ine
npoHBJiaeTca JiHiiib TaM, rfle pjia 3Toro ecTb 6jiaronpHHTHaa noHBa.2
Oh TaKsce nncaji, hto Bee npo6jieMbi—h Te, KOTopbie npHBejiH k BoccTaHHK), h Te, KOTopbie noMeinajiH npeflycMOTpeTb ero,—6bura CBH3aHbi c Hea/jeKBaTHoii noflroTOBKoft KaflpoB pyccKoft aflMHHHCTpa-uhh, ye3flHbix h nojiHueftcKHX HanajibHHKOB: nocjie BCTyruieHHH b CHJiy HOBoro nojio>KeHHH 06 ynpaBJieHHH TypKecTaHCKHM KpaeM b 1886 r. cpeflH hhx noompHJiocb BocnpHHTHe HCJiaMa KaK onacHoro (JiaHaTHH-Horo Bpara h npeHe6pe>KHTejibHoe OTHOineHHe k MopajibHbiM flomaM inapnaTa. «T-ob» ccbuiajicH Ha to BpeMH, KOTopoe eMy npeflCTaBjnuiocb 30JIOTHM BeKOM TypKecTaHCKoro KpaH—npaBJieHHe nepBoro reHepaji-ry6epHaTopa K.n. (Jjoh KaycJiMaHa, Korfla OTHOineHHe k HCJiaMy 6bmo Sojiee TepnHMbiM (Ha caMOM flejie KaycJiMaH, KaK cjieflyeT H3 ero fleft-ctbhh, 3annceH h coxpaHHBinHXCH BbicKa3biBaHHH, 6biji rjiy6oKO y6e>K-fleH b MycyjibMaHCKOM «4>aHaTH3Me», xoth h CHHTaji, hto ero nojiHTHKa «HrHopHpoBaHHH» npHMHpHJia TypKecTaH c pocchhckhm BJiaflbine-
CTBOM H, B KOHUe KOHUOB, TI03BOJIHT y6eflHTb MycyjibMaH OCTaBHTb
cbok) Bepy).3 Kto TaKoft «T-ob»—tiojihoh yBepeHHOcra HeT, ho oneHb
nOXOiKyiO KpHTHKy pOCCHHCKOH nOJIHTHKH MO>KHO H3HTH B MeMyapaX
1914 rofla caMapKaHflCKoro aflMHHHCTpaTopa A.M. TepMeHa.4 Boc-
TOKOBefl H aflMHHHCTpaTOp B. II. HajIHBKHH-eil];e OflHH B03M05KHHH
BapnaHT: Cepreft A6aniHH HeflaBHO npofleMOHCTpHpoBaji, hto HajiHB-
KHH nepe>KHJI HeHTO BpOfle nOJIHTHHeCKOrO H MOpajIbHOrO OTKpOBeHHH
b 1905-6 rr. h H3 BepHoro h 6jiecTHiii;ero npHBep>KeHi];a KOJioHHajibHO-ro pe^KHMa npeBpaTHJicH b paflHKajibHoro con;HajiHCTa h oflHoro H3 ero
JKeCTKHX KpHTHKOB.5 KeM 6bl HH 6bIJI Ha CaMOM flejie aHOHHMHHH aB-
Top, ero HHTepnpeTauHH npHHHH AHflH>KaHCKoro BOCCTaHHH HeMefl-
jieHHO Bbi3Bajia nojieMHKy. HecKOJibKHMH HeflejiHMH no3>Ke JlbiKoniHH, Tenepb ysce HanajibHHK Xy>KaHflCKoro ye3fla CaMapKaHflCKoft o6jiacTH, ony6jiHKOBaji fljiHHHoe onpoBep>KeHHe HHCHHyai^HH T-OBa b o4>hij;h-ajibHOH ra3eTe «TypKecTaHCKHe BeflOMOCTH». npe>Kfle Bcero, JlbiKoniHH npH3Haji, hto He TOJibKO HinaH >KajioBajicH Ha «MopajibHoe pa3Jio>Ke-
HHe», BbI3BaHHOe pOCCHHCKHM BJiaflblHeCTBOM.
3TO o6BHHeHHe He pa3 npHXOflHJIOCb BblCJiyUIHBaTb OT 3HaKOMbIX Ty3eM-
u,eB BCHKOMy pyccKOMy, flojiro MHBymeMy b Kpae. «Bbi fla/iH HaM nbHHCTBO, y3aKOHHJiH cymecTBOBaHHe aomob TepnHMOCTH, ocjia6HJiH b Hapofle CTpax nepefl npecTyiuieHHeM» roBopaT HaniH o6bhhht6jih. Hejib3H no3TOMy
He COTJiaCHTbCH C aBTOpOM pa36HpaeMOH CTaTbH, D,HTHpyK)mHM nOKa3aHHJ!
HinaHa MaflajiH, hto ocjia6jieHHe b Kpae HpaBCTBeHHOCTH, hjih, BepHee, no-paflKa h 6jiaronpHCTOHHOCTH, b pyxax HinaHa MaflajiH HBHJiocb MoryHHM
CpeflCTBOM H 3HaHHTejIbHbIM nOBOflOM flJIH 6opb6bI npOTHB pyccKoro BJia-
flbmecTBa.1
OflHaKO JlbiKoniHH CHHTajI, HTO 3TO JIHIHb OflHa H3 npHHHH BOCCTaHHH, h flajieKO He caMaH rjiaBHaa. Ilo ero mhchhio, Ba^KHeiiiiiHe npn-
HHHbl (B nOpHflKe y6bIBaHHH 3HaHHMOCTH)-3TO:
Kapmu
e deiicmeuu.
06pa3u
npocmpaHcmea
u zeozpatfiimecicaR
peajibHocmb
H. C. JlbiKouiuH, «K decamu-jiemuio AuduiicaHCKOu pe3HU (1898-1908 z.)», TypicecmaH-CKue BedoMocmu, Ne .115, 30 mom 1908 z.
1. /jHKOCTb (JiepraHCKHX KHprH30B.
2. MycynbMaHCKHH 4>aHaTH3M.
3. /JypHoe BJiHHHHe Ty3eMHbix o(J)Hi];HajibHbix jam,, HacTpoeHHbix
npOTHB HHTepeCOB POCCHH, HeKOTOpbie H3 KOTOpblX npHJIO>KHJIH
cboh nenaTH k npoKJiaMaij;HH /DjyKHH HinaHa.
4. «KaMeHHaH CTeHa» Ty3eMHOH aflMHHHCTpai^HH, KOTopan 3aKpbiBajia TypKecTaHCKOMy Ty3eMHOMy HaceneHHio flocTyn k hcthhhhm 6jiaraM pyccKoft n;HBHJiH3an;HH.
B3rjiHflbi JIbiKoniHHa no 3TOMy nocjieflHeMy nyHKTy nepe3 HecKOJib-ko jieT noBTopnji h 6ojiee npocTpaHHO h3jio>khji HajIHBKHH, TaK^Ke co-)KajieBniHH o cymecTBOBaHHH Toro, hto oh Ha3biBaji «>khboh CTeHOH», pa3flejiHiom;eH npaBHm;HX h noflflaHHbix.2 Ilpe3pHTejibHoe h nofl03pH-TenbHoe OTHOineHHe pyccKHX k KJiaccy Ty3eMHbix aflMHHHCTpaTopoB, KOTopbift ohh caMH co3flajiH,—o6mee MecTO b ony6jiHKOBaHHbix h ap-xhbhhx HCTOHHHKax Toro BpeMeHH; BepoHTHO, oho cbirpajio CBOK) pojib b penieHHH BJiacTeft OCTaBHTb 6e3 BHHMaHHH o6bhh6hhh b Kpa-TKe CKOTa, BbiflBHHyTbie npoTHB hx ocBeflOMHTejiH MaM6eTa KajiKa6e-KOBa MecTHbiM cyflbeft h flpyrHMH o(J)Hn;HajibHbiMH jiHn;aMH. Ho ecjiH OTBJienbCH Ha HeKOTopoe BpeMH ot 3Toro acneKTa, to b CBeTe toto,
TO HaM H3BeCTHO O pOJIH JlblKOUIHHa B COTpyflHHHeCTBe c yjieMaMH
c n;ejibio ycnoKOHTb CTpaxn nepefl «4>aHaTH3MOM» h naHHCJiaMCKHM 3aroBopoM HenocpeflCTBeHHO nocjie AHflH>KaHCKoro BOCCTaHHH, ero aHajiH3 b flaHHOM cnyqae Ka>KeTCH CTpaHHbiM. Ka3ajiocb 6bi, jihhhhh onbiT flOJi>KeH 6biJi HayHHTb ero, hto y6e>KfleHHOCTb pyccKHX b noro-
: Hcuiubkuh, «Ty3eMUbi, panbuie u menepb», 71.
68
AilEKCAHflP MOPPHCOH
HCG/lEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA 2'20I3
69
Cycßu3M, nanucjiaMU3M u UH<fiopMau,uoHHaR nanuKa
1 «Mupmaö», «Boüna c ne-BepHbiMU u eouHcmeymmuü mamapcKuü jiucmoK», OKpauHa, Ns .232 (1890); Ns Ns. 9, 42 (1891). Panee R oiuu6ouHO udeHmucßimu-poeaji aemopa smux cmameü kük nucamejw-uoiaMod
Mupooiaea Muponueea, no-moMy umo mou ux zopa3do jicecmne, ueM e 6ojiee no3d-hux ny6jiwc<musix JIbLKOiuuHa, ho Eacxauoe npednojiazaem, umo JIbLKOiuuH uaneuamaji 8 Oicpauue u dpyzue cmambu nod nceedouuMOM «Mupiua6» (houhou cmopouc): Morrison, Russian Rule in Samarkand, 76; Eacxauoe, PyccKue eo-SHHbie eocmoKoeedbi, 146.
2 JIuKouiuH, «K decamujie-muio AuduiicaHCKOü pe3HU», TypicecmaHocue eedoMocmu, Ns 116, 31 Man 1908 z.
JIOBHOM «(J)aHaTH3Me» HX MyCyjIbMaHCKHX nOflflaHHHX OHIHÖOHHa H,
Sojiee Toro, BpeflHa fljiH xoporneö a/iMHHHCTpanHH. TeM He MeHee, oh BbicKa3biBaeT Te >Ke caMbie npe/jyöejK/ieHHH. Ä flyMaio, ecTb KaK mhhh-
MyM flBa KJIKDHa K 3TOH rOJIOBOJIOMKe, OTflejIbHbie SJieMeHTbl KOTOpblX
pa36pocaHbi b HacTOHineH CTaTbe h b flpyrnx Tpy/iax caMoro JIhkoihh-Ha. BMecTe ohh npojiHBaioT jiioöonbiTHbiH CBeT Ha no3flHeHMnepcKyio «ocjjHiiHajibHyio MeHTajibHOCTb» pyccKoro TypKecTaHa.
V. JlblKOIIIHH, HCJIAM H rPAJKflAHCTBEHHOCTb
B HeKOTopbix paHHHX CTaTbflx, HanncaHHbix nop, nceBflOHHMOM pjin caMapKaHflCKOH ra3eTbi «OKpaHHa», JIbiKoniHH KpHTHKyeT KpbiMCKO-TaTapcKoro pecJiopMaTopa H3MaHJia Eea racirapajiH, oöbhhhh ero b ce-ahhh npeflaTejibCTBa h cenapaTH3Ma cpeflH pocchhckhx MycyjibMaH.1
JIblKOniHH BHflHT b HCJiaMe, fla>Ke b ero MOflepHH3HpOBaHHOH (JjopMe,
HenpeoflOJiHMoe npennTCTBHe fljiH npHHHTHH cpeflHea3HaTCKHM Hace-jieHHeM pyccKHX neHHOCTeii «rpa>KflaHCTBeHHOCTH», h, xoth ero noHH-MaHHe HCJiaMa co BpeMeHeM CTajio rjiy6>Ke, b stom Bonpoce oh ocTanca CTOHTb Ha CBoeM. OflHaKO npeflCTaBJieHHH JIbiKoniHHa 06 HCJiaMCKOM «4>aHaTH3Me» He oÖH3aTejibHO npe/inojiarajiH HacmiHe hjih 6e3flyMHbie npefly6e>i(fleHHH:
OTpHD,aTb MycyjIbMaHCKHH pejIHrH03Hbffl (|>aHaTH3M Hejlb3fl. HyBCTBO He-flOBQ/IbCTBa HHOBepHbIM IipaBHTejIbCTBOM, hjih, JiyHHie CKa3aTb, HeflOBOJIb-
ctbo noflHHHeHHbiM TaKOMy npaBHTejibCTBy nojio)KeHHeM Bcerfla jkhjio h 6yfleT >KHTb b HapoflHOM co3HaHHH ysce nOTOMy, hto HcjiaM, TpaKTyj! 06 OTHOineHHHX Me>Kfly MycyjibMaHaMH noöeflHTejiHMH h no6e>KfleHHbiMH
HHOBepiiaM (3HMMHH), HH OflHHM CJIOBOM He TOBOpHT O TOM, KaK no6e>K-fleHHbie MycyjIbMaHe flOJDKHbl OTHOCHTbCfl K no6eflHTejIHM HHOBepiiaM.
3toto BOBce He npeflnojiara/iocb h noTOMy TaKHe OTHOineHHH He peraa-
MeHTHpOBaHbl. ripH TaKHX yCJIOBHHX OJKHflaTb JIK)6bH H npeflaHHOCTH 6bIJIO-6bI HaHBHO.2
TaKHM o6pa30M, JIbiKoniHH noflxoflHT k stom Bonpocy oneHb 6yK-BajibHo: HecMOTpn Ha coöcTBeHHbiH HenocpeflCTBeHHbiH onbiT mhoto-
HHCJieHHblX CflBHrOB H npHCnOCOÖJieHHH HCJiaMa K KOJIOHHajIbHOMy
npaBJieHHio b TypKecTaHe, oh npe/inoHHTaeT ccbiJiaTbCH Ha HeflocTa-
TOK COOTBeTCTByiOIHHX CaHKIiHH H peiyjIHpyiOIHHX MeXaHH3MOB B CBH-
meHHbix TeKCTax, hto, Ha ero B3rjiHfl, /jejiaeT HCTHHHoe npHMHpeHHe
HeB03MO>KHbIM.   BoCTOKOBeflHbie  HaBbIKH  JIblKOIIIHHa, HeCOMHeHHO,
cflejiajiH H3 Hero ropa3flo 6ojiee scJxJieKTHBHoro a/iMHHHCTpaTopa, h no3BOJiHJiH eMy pa3o6paTbCH b TaKHX Beinax, KOTopbie nyTajiH h c6h-BajiH c TOJiKy flpyrnx pyccKHX hhhobhhkob b pernoHe. Ho b to >Ke
BpeMH, OHH, B03M05KHO, MeinajIH eMy 33MeTHTb TOT (J)aKT, HTO KpoMe
AHflH>KaHCKOrO BOCCTaHHH pejIHrH03HO MOTHBHpOBaHHOe conpoTHB-
jieHHe poccHHCKOMy npaBJieHHio b TypKecTaHe c 1870-x to/tob 6biJio Ha yflHBJieHHe cjiaöbiM: CKJiaflbiBaeTCH BnenaTJieHHe, hto ero npoHTe-
HHe HCJiaMCKHX TeKCTOB B3HJIO BepX Hafl JIHHHbIM OnblTOM.
Em;e oflHa B03MO>KHafl npHHHHa—nojiHTHHecKaH nofloruieKa no-3hij;hh JIbiKoniHHa. Ero pa3MbiniJieHHH no noBO/jy flecHTHJieTHH aHflH-)KaHCKHX coöbiTHH 6biJiH HacTbK) ropa3flo 6ojiee innpoKoro o6cy>K/Te-hhh, ine/Tinero c cepeflHHbi 1880-x to/tob, no Bonpocy HeoöxoflHMOCTH aflMHHHCTpaTHBHOH pecJjopMbi B TypKecTaHe h totobhocth pernoHa k öojibineMy «c6jiH>KeHHio» b (JiopMe rpa^KflaHCKoro ynpaBJieHHH.1 noKa ineji stot cnop, rpacj) Kohct3hthh KoHCTaHTHHOBHH üajieH npo-BOflHJi b TypKecTaHe ceHaTopcKyio peBH3Hio, h o6cy>K/TeHHe pecJiopM
B030ÖHOBHJIOCb C HOBOH CHJIOH.2 JlblKOTJIHH B HaHajie CBOeÖ CTaTbH
ynoMHHaeT B03MO>KHOCTb BBefleHHH rpa^KflaHCKoro ynpaBJieHHH, h MHorne ero apryMeHTbi, ccbuiaioiHHecH na HeHCTpeÖHMbrä HCJiaM-
CKHH «(J)aHaTH3M», OHeBHflHO npH3BaHH npOTHBOCTOHTb 3TOH Hflee.3
BMecTO 3Toro oh npH3biBaji k OTMeHe BbiöopoB b Ty3eMHyio aflMHHH-CTpan;Hio (3TO MHeHHe pa3flejiHJiH MHorne pyccKHe aflMHHHCTpaTopbi)4 h k öojiee B3bicKaTejibHOMy OTÖopy KaflpoB, Ha3HaHaeMbix Ha aflMHHH-CTpaTHBHbie nocTbi:
Ecjih oöpyceHHe, xoth-öh HecKOJibKO HacHJibCTBeHHoe, nocTaBJieHO 6yfleT u,ejibK) Hainen 3flecb iiojihthkh, Torfla BceM h Hy>kho flencTBOBaTb cojiHflap-Ho, b oflHOM h TOM->Ke HanpaBJieHHH npHJiaraa ycHJina... AflMHHHCTpaii,hj! flOJDKHa 6biTb pyccKaa, HenpeMeHHO pyccKaa, b aojdkhocthx, HaiHHaa c no-jiHii,eHCKoro npncTaBa, ho jihhhhh cocTaB flOJDKeH 6biTb TiiiaTejibHO noflo-6paH h xoponio nocTaBJieH. TiiiaTejibHO nofloöpaTb cocTaB aflMHHHCTpaii,HH
npH HaCTOHIUHX yCJIOBHHX 5KH3HH MO)KHO TOJIbKO 3HaHHTejIbHO yBejIHHHB
coflep>KaHHe, ho 3a to noBbicHB h TpeöoBaHHH, npeflMBJiaeMaa k TeM jih-
L,aM, KOTOpbie nOJKejiaiOT 3aHHTb aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbie flOJDKHOCTH.5
3aTeM JIbiKoniHH BcnoMHHaeT öbiJibie BpeMeHa, Korfla, no ero cjio-BaM, Jierne 6biJio npHBJienb xopoumx o(J)Hij;epoB k paöoTe b a/iMHHH-CTpan;HH ÖJiaroflapH öojibinen pa3HHij;e b >KajioBaHHH b aflMHHHCTpa-ij;hh h Ha npocTOH BoeHHoft cjiy>K6e; oh TaKsce >KajiyeTCH Ha to, hto Tenepb ye3flHbie HanajibHHKH Bee BpeMH ch/tht b KaÖHHeTe, 3anojiHHH
KaHLjejIflpCKHe (JlOpMyjIHpbl, BMeCTO TOrO, HTo6h JIHHHO 3aHHMaTbCH
ynpaBJieHHeM BBepeHHbiMH hm ye3/jaMH—nofloÖHbie >Kajio6bi xoponio 3HaKOMH TeM, kto H3ynaji HHflHHCKyio rpa^KflaHCKyio cjiy>K6y h npe-TeH3HH k Heö B Ty >Ke snoxy.6 B nepByio onepeflb, OflHaKO, JIhkoihhh BbicTynaji 3a HeyKOCHHTejibHoe npofloji>KeHHe BoeHHoro pe^KHMa 6e3 TaKHX HHCTHTyTOB, KaK 3eMCTBO (MecTHbie BbiöopHoe coöpaHHe) HJIH rpa^KflaHCKHe cyflbi, KOTopbie ocjiaÖHJiH 6bi OTenecKHÖ aBTopHTeT Ta-KHX ocjjHnepoB, KaK oh caM:
C6jiu3iceHue — npou,ecc, nped-nojiazamw,uu UHKopnopupoea-Hue uepyccKux nozpauuuHMX meppumopuu u uapodoe 8 ochobhou cocmae UMnepuu. [Jo smoMy eonpocy, cm. Daniel Brower, Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire (London, 2003).
2 Cm. Mission to Turkestan: Being the Memoirs of
Count K.K. Pohlen, 1908-1909, ed. Richard A. Pierce, trans. N.j. Couriss (London, 1964); Ceuamop TotpMeücmep, zpatfi K. K. FlajieH, Omuem no peeu3uu TypKecmaucKozo Kpan, npou3eedeHHOü no BEI-COHAliUIEMy noeejienum..., 20 m. (Caman-Llemepbypz, 1910-11), u npujioiicenua.. Omuem komuccuu Llajiena ocmaemcR Heou,emiMbiM uc-mouHUKOM Mamepuajioe dim uccjiedoeamejieu ucmopuu Typicecmaua, ho ee CKpoMHue npedjioiiceHUK no pacnpocmpa-Heuuio zpaiicdaHcicux uucmu-mymoe ua smom pezuou 6bmu 3adaejieHbi 6mpoKpamuuecKUM conpomuBJieuueM b Tauiiceume u 8 Llemepbypze.
3 JlbiKouiuH, «K decnmujiemuK) AuduiicaHCKOü pe3HU», TypicecmaHocue eedoMocmu, Ne 115, 30 mom 1908.
4 Morrison, Russian Rule in Samarkand, 193-5.
5 JlbiKouiuH, «K decnmujiemuK) AudujKaHCKOü pe3HU», Typice-cmaucKue eedoMocmu, Ne 116, 31 Man 1908 z.
6 David Gilmour, The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj (London, 2005), 215-17.
70
AilEKCAHflP MOPPHCOH
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA 2'20I3
71
1 JIbLKOiuuH, «K decamujie-mwo AuduiicaHCKOu pe3HU», TypKecmaucKue eedoMocmu, W 116, 31 Man 1908 z.
'■ Xeajie6Hyw npedeapumejib-Hym peu.eH3UK> ua amy Kuuzy ony6jiuKoeajia aMepuKau-Ka-Muccuouep 3jieouopa Hukcoh — cydx no ecemy, 6ojibiuax noKMOHHUiia JIu-KoiuuHa: 3jieouopa Hukcoh, «I1oji3ku3hu e TypKecmaue», TypKecmaucKuu Kypbep, Ns.63, 19Mapm. 1916 z.
! JlbLKOUlUH, «Fl0JOICU3HU 8 Typ-
Kecmaue», 5-16.
' [JeHmpajibHbLU Focydap-cmeeHHbiu Apxue Pecny6jiuKU y36eKucmau (dajiee llFAPy3), p.P-2499, «JIbiKomuH, Hwi Cepzeeeuu», on.l, d.4 «)Ku3HeonucaHue», 8 (pee. 1919, ji. 1; nojibsymcb aiy-naem Bbipa3umb zjiy6oKym 6jiazodapuocmb FBuoua AKUtpymu 3a pa3peiuemie Bocnojib3oeambCM Konueii 3mou KopomKoii aemo6uo-zpatpuu, xpaHmu,eucsi menepb 8 jiuuhom (fionde JlbiKowima s y36eKCKUx apxueax, zde r 8 HacmoRuiuii MOMeum jiuuieu 803M03icHocmu pa6o-mamb.
6 Brower, Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire, 157.
KaK K/IHH MOJKHO BbIIHH6HTb TQ/IbKO K/IHHOM, TaK H 3TV, HajKHTVK) BeKa-MH, nOfl03pHTejIbHOCTb HapOfla MOJKHO napa/IH30BaTb TQ/IbKO HCKpeHHbIM,
cepfleHHHM OTHOineHHeM k 3aBoeBaHHOMy HaMH Hapo/ry, a npoTHB TaKofi
CH/Ibl, KaK HCKpeHHOCTb H flo6pO)KejiaTejIbCTBO He yCTOHT HH Mycy/ibMaH-CKHH (|>aHaTH3M, HH KOCHOCTb Ty3eMHoro HacejieHHH.1
B anpejie 1916 r., He3aflOJiro flo BoccTaHHH, KOTopoe (JiaKTHHecKH nojio>KHJio KOHerj; CTapoMy KOJioHHajibHOMy pe>KHMy b TypKecTaHe,
JlblKOHIHH Ony6jIHKOBajI CBOH «BOCnOMHHaHHH» (6ojibiiiyio HaCTb HX
cocTaBJiHioT paHee ony6jiHKOBaHHbie TeKCTbi).2 Xoth oh yTBep>Kflaji, hto cocTOHTejibHbie h o6pa30BaHHbie MycyjibMaHe TypKecTaHa ysce oco3HajiH npeHMymecTBa pyccKoro BJiaflbrqecTBa, h coxpaHHJi 6e3MH-Te>KHyio yBepeHHOCTb b tom, hto 6jiara, npHHeceHHbie pyccKoft ixh-BHJiH3arj;HeH, b kohchhom cneTe, noflopByT HCJiaM, JlbiKoniHH Bee 7Ke Bbipa>Kaji 6ecnoKOHCTBO no noBOfly npHBep>KeHHOCTH Ty3eMrj;eB k My-cyjibMaHCKOH Bepe, hx MaHepbi (KaK eMy npeflCTaBJUuiocb) flejiHTb MHp Ha flBe coBepmeHHO pa3flenbHbie ccjiepbi—BepyioinHX h KacJjHpoB, h hx Hecnoco6HOCTH oueHHTb npeHMymecTBa pyccKoft ii,HBHJiH3aii,HH hjih rpa>KflaHCTBeHHOCTH.3
VI. M.hte5k h pebojhoh.h.h
Pa3MbiniJiHH o CBoeft Kapbepe b 1919 r., ysce b coBceM hhoh tiojihth-necKOH o6cTaHOBKe, JlbiKoniHH nnrneT, hto Bcerfla BHflen cboh flojir b c6jiH>KeHHH pyccKHX h Ty3eMri,eB.4 Oh, HecoMHeHHO, OTJinnaji-
CH OT 60JIbHIHHCTBa IiapCKHX aflMHHHCTpaTOpOB 3HaHHeM MeCTHblX
H3HKOB h KyjibTypbi CpeflHeft a3hh. KpoMe Toro, KaK mh ysce BHfle-
JIH, OH Ha Co6cTBeHHOM aflMHHHCTpaTHBHOM OnblTe y6eflHJICH, k3k3h
Hepa36epnxa MO>KeT B03HHKHyTb Ha noHBe HeBe>KecTBa h napaHOHH BJiacTeft. TeM He MeHee, fla>Ke oh coxpaHHJi yBepeHHOCTb, hto HCJiaM no npnpofle CBoeft hbjihctch HaH6ojiee BepoHTHbiM CTHMyjioM fljra
BOCCTaHHH H OCHOBHbIM npeilHTCTBHeM flJIH ynponeHHH poccHHCKoro
npaBJieHHH b pernoHe. IlosTOMy oh He 3aMenaji 6ojiee aKTyajibHbix npHHHH fljiH HeflOBOJibCTBa b TypKecTaHe, Ha6HpaBmero CHJiy b Hana-jie 1900-x h flocTHrmero KyjibMHHanHH b momcht BoccTaHHH 1916 r., a HMeHHO nepeflann ruioflopoflHbix 3eMejib h nacT6Hin, pyccKHM Kpe-CTbHHaM-nepecejieHuaM, noBbirneHHoro Hajioroo6jio>KeHHH b BoeHHoe BpeMH h, HaKOHeu;, poKOBoro perneHHH pacnpocTpaHHTb BOHHCKyio no-BHHHOCTb Ha MycyjibMaHCKoe HacejieHHe TypKecTaHa.5 JlbiKoniHH 6hji HJieHOM komhcchh, cocTaBJiHBiiieH npoTOKOJibi npH3HBa b Hiojie 1916 r., h He npeflBHfleji HHKaKoro cyinecTBeHHoro, a TeM 6ojiee Boopy^KeHHO-ro, conpoTHBJieHHH.6 IlpH TaKHX o6cTOHTenbCTBax coBepmeHHO HeyflH-
BHTejIbHO, HTO nOCJieflOBaBIIIHH MHTe>K 3aCTajI KOJIOHHajIbHyiO aflMH-
HHCTparj;Hio Bpacruiox, ho mhcJ) 06 hcjmmckom 3aroBope npoflOJi>Kaji
cyinecTBOBaTb. B oc^HUHajibHOM flOKJiafle rj;apio o npHHHHax BoccTaHHH HOBbift reHepaji-ry6epHaTop AjieKceft KyponaTKHH no-npe>KHeMy cch-jiaeTCH Ha pojib yjieMOB b pa3>KHraHHH MHTe>Ka, a TaKsce Ha HeMei^KHX, Typerj;KHX h acJiraHCKHX areHTOB.1 CaM JlbiKoniHH TO>Ke CHHTaji, hto TyT He o6oniJiocb 6e3 naHHCJiaMH3Ma,2 ho ajih Hero sto BoccTaHHe b nep-Byio onepeflb 03HaHajio peniHTejibHoe OTBep^KeHHe ii,HBHJiH3aTopcKOH
MHCCHH POCCHH. B KOHeHHOM CHeTe, OH BHHHJI B 3TOM CBOHX COCJiy-
>KHBiieB: «B TeneHHe rraTHflecHTHJieTHH Harnero npHcyrcTBHH b Kpae mh He ycnenH nojiyHHTb flOBepne Ty3eMiieB, fljiH KOTopbix pyccKHe ocTajiHCb uHeBepHbiMH"».3 Te pyccKHe aflMHHHCTpaTopbi—6ojiee 06-pa30BaHHbie, jiyHine oruiaHHBaeMbie, 6ojiee npocBem,eHHbie, BJiafleio-in,He h3hkom TiopKH—KOTopbie, KaK npeflnojiaraji JlbiKoniHH b CBoefl CTaTbe 06 AHflH>KaHCKOM BoccTaHHH BoceMb jieT TOMy Ha3afl, noMoryr coKpaTHTb h npeoflOJieTb stot pa3pbiB, TaK h He MaTepHajiH30BajiHCb. Xoth JlbiKoniHH He cyMeji npeflBHfleTb BoccTaHHH, oh cmot Bocnojib-
30BaTbCH CBOHMH JIHHrBHCTHHeCKHMH HaBblKaMH, HTo6bI pa3pHflHTb
o6cTaHOBKy b CaMapKaHfle, KOTopbift He npHcoeflHHHJicH k MHTe>Ky. B KanecTBe BoeHHoro ry6epHaTopa oh TaK^Ke ycneniHO noflaBHJi npe3-BbinaHHO o>KecTOHeHHoe BoccTaHHe b 7J>KH3aKCKOM ye3fle, rfle copoK
fleBHTb nOCejIKOB 6bIJIH nOJIHOCTblO HJIH HaCTHHHO CO>K)KeHbI, BKJIIOHaH
ijeHTp /_J>KH3aKa.4 Ilocjie peBOJHOTj;HH JlbiKoniHH yTBep>Kflaji, hto He 6bui jihhho OTBeTCTBeHeH 3a sto, h hto oh Ha caMOM flejie noMoraji >KHTe-jihm 7_J}KH3aKa H36e>KaTb 3KcnponpHarj;HH, Korfla reHepaji KyponaTKHH npoBOflHJi 6e3>KajiocTHyio nojiHTHKy H3rHaHHH MycyjibMaH h 3aMeHbi hx pyccKHMH nocejieHuaMH, «rfle jiHJiacb PyccKaH KpoBb».5 B HHBape 1917 r. JlbiKoniHH 6biJi chht c nocTa BoeHHoro ry6epHaTopa CaMap-KaHfla—bo3mo>kho, noTOMy, hto He coinejicH b stom Bonpoce c Kypo-naTKHHHM,6 xoth HenocpeflCTBeHHoft npHHHHOH yBOJibHeHHH, noxo>Ke, CTajia ero nonbiTKa 3aMopo3HTb ueHbi Ha caxap Ha CaMapKaHflCKHX 6a-3apax.7 Ilo3flHee JlbiKoniHH caM HairanieT, hto ero OTCTaBKa 6biJia cbh-3aHa c noniaTHyBiiiHMCH 3flopoBbeM b pe3yjibTaTe copoKa JieT cjiy>K6bi b «nbiJiH h >Kape najiHin,ero kwkhoto cojiHTj;a».8 3to o6cTOHTejibCTBO h,
BepOHTHO, TOT (J)aKT, HTO OH OCTaBHJI CBOH nOCT eill,e flO (JieBpajIbCKOH
peBOJHOTj;HH, no3BOJiHJiH eMy noHanajiy H36e>KaTb HanaflOK, KOTopbie o6pyniHJiHCb b tot momcht Ha KyponaTKHHa h mhothx flpyrnx rj;ap-ckhx aflMHHHCTpaTOpOB TypKecTaHa.
HecKOJibKO orpaHHHeHHbie «nporpeccHBHbie» B3TJiHflbi JlbiKoniHHa He nocneBajiH 3a pa3BHTHeM co6hthh. B MapTe 1917 r. oh ony6jiHKO-Baji CTaTbio, fleMOHCTpaTHBHO aflpecoBaHHyio «rpa>KflaHaM Ty3eMTj;aM» (ho, OHeBHflHO, npeflHa3HaHeHHyio fljiH 6ojiee innpoKoro Kpyra pyccKHX HHTaTeneft), b jiH6epajibHOH e>KeflHeBHOH ra3eTe «TypKecTaHCKHH Ky-pbep», rfle oh pa3MbinijraeT o 3HaHeHHH rpa>KflaHCTBa, KOTopoe Bpe-MeHHoe npaBHTejibCTBO co6Hpajiocb flaTb >KHTejiHM TypKecTaHa. 3flecb oh CHOBa ccbiJiaeTCH Ha AHflH>KaHCKoe BoccTaHHe, npH3HaBaH, hto oho
npOfleMOHCTpHpOBajIO HeflOBOJIbCTBO MHOTHX «Ty3eMiieB» pyCCKHMH
«Boccmauue 1916 z. e Cpedneu A3uu», ped. n. Fajiy30, Kpac-hmu apxue, xxxiv (1929), 75.
'■ Brower, Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire, 159.
3 «FIpomoKOJi coeew,aHuu
no paccMompeuum ocnoeHbix nojioncenuu 0 ynpaejieuuu», cenm. 1916 z.:IjrAPy3, (p. 1-1, «KaHu.ejuipusi TypKecmaucKozo FeHepaji-Fy6epHamopa», on.27, d. 296, ji. 115-116o6, 125, u,u-mupyemcn e Brower, Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire, 6.
4 Richard A. Pierce, Russian Central Asia, 1867-1917: A Study in Colonial Rule (Berkeley, 1960), 273; «7\dKU-3aKCKoe eoccmauue e 1916 z.», ped. A. FBecmaKoe, Kpacubiu Apxue, Ix (1933), 91.
5 Huji JlbiKouiuH, «FpaiicdaHUH PedaKmop!», TypKecmancKuu Kypbep, Ns 188, 28 aez. 1917 z. yuumbieax mo, umo e mom MOMeum JlbiKouiuH nbimajicsi 3auiumumb ceom penymauuK eo epayicde6Hou nocjiepeeomo-iluohhou o6cmaHOBKe, mpydno CKa3amb, uacKOJibKO mojicho sepumb maKUMymBepiicdeuu-
rm.
6 Fleped cboum B03BpauL,euueM 8 TypKecmau b Kauecmse zeHepaji-zy6epHamopa, Kypo-namKUH nojiyuuji om zeuepajia Floxomujio, 6biBuiezo zy6epua-mopa CeMupeubx, npedocme-peiiceuue b omuouieHuu JImko-uiuua. B dueBHUKOBoii 3anucu om23 wojw 1916 z. Kyponam-kuh ua3biBaem JlbiKouiuua «cjienbiM» (u dejiaem ouiu6Ky
8 ezo (paMUJiuu): «Boccmauue 1916 z. 8 Cpedueii A3uu», ped. Fajiy30, 46.no paccMompe-huk> ocHOBHbix nojioiiceuuu 0ynpa8Jieuuu», cenm. 1916 z.: UFAPy3, (p. 1-1, «KaHU,ejiapua TypKecmaucKozo Fenepaji-Fy-6epuamopa», on.27, d.296, ji. 115-116o6, 125, uumupyemcR 8 Brower, Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire, 6.
72
AilEKCAHflP MOPPHCOH
HCGIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA 2'20I3
73
Cycßu3M, nanucjiaMU3M u UH<popMauuoHHasi nanuKa
1 H. C. JlbLKOiuuH, «Tpaiicdaue my3eMU,bL!», TypicecmaHocuü Kypbep, Ne 63, 19 Map-ma 1917 z; uumupyemcR s Khalid, Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform, 249-50, xomR Xajiud uecKOJibKO uedo-ou^enueaem deoücmeeuHocmb
Y103UUUU JIbLKOUlUHa 8 3mOÜ
cmambe.
'- Jliicetfi Caxadeo npedno-jiazaem, umo smo 6bmo maicmuueacoe pemeuue co cmopoHM YjiaMa /JiicaMU-Rmu: coxpauumb cyw,ecmey-mumu couuajibHbiu cmpou s MycyjibMaucKOM TauiKeume c noMoufbm KOHcepeamueuo HacmpoeHHbix pyccKux co-h>3hukob; cm. Jeff Sahadeo, Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865-1923 (Bloomington, 2007), 196, 277; cm. maKiice Eymmu-ho, PeeomouuR uao6opom, 166-7; r ueyeepeu, umo BymmuHO npae, na3bieaR JIbLKOUlUHa «MouapxucmoM».
'• «TopodKasi /TyMa», TypKe-cmaucKue eedoMocmu, Ne 122, 20 aez. 1917; «TopodcKOR JlyMa», TypKecmancKuu Kypbep, Ns 186, 20 aez. 1917.
1 Huji JlbiKouiuH, «TpaiicdaHUH PedaKmop!», TypKecmau-ckuu Kypbep, Ne 188, 28 aez. 1917 z.
nopHflKaMH, b ocoöeHHOCTH ynaflKOM oömecTBe-HHOH HpaBCTBeHHOcra h 3JioynoTpe6jieHHHMH MecTHOH aflMHHHCTpau,HH. Ero ou,eHKa MHTe>Ka 1916 r. ropa3flo öojiee cypoBa:
HaniHM corpa>KflaHaM-Ty3eMij,aM npeflMBJiaeTca TpeöoBaroie hciiojihhtl caMyio Majiyio nacTb hx flojira no othouighhio k poflHHe, b roflHHy HeÖHBa-jioro BoeHHoro 6eflCTBHH. Ty3eMirbi HaniH rpa>KflaHaMH HHKorfla He 6bi/iH, ohh Bcerfla 6lijih tojh>ko i/ieHaMH oflHOH Bce-Mycy/ibMaHCKOH pejiHrH03-hoh oömHHbi, He3aBHCHMO ot Toro B rpaHHuax KaKoro rocyflapcTBa hm
npHXOflHJIOCb JKHTb.1
JlbiKoniHH oötHCHHeT TaKoe HeBbinojmeHHe flojira h nocneflOBaB-inee 3a sthm KpoBonpojiHTHe OTHacra HeflocTaTOHHbiM OTO>KflecTBJie-HHeM c rocyflapcTBOM, ho b to >Ke BpeMH h HeafleKBaTHbiMH fleöcTBH-hmh BJiacTeo, flonycTHBniHX pacnpocTpaHeHHe cjiyxoB h naHHKH. Oh CHOBa ceTyeT Ha HexBaTKy o(J)Hij;epoB, BJiafleioHiHX MecTHbiMH Hape-HH-hmh, h b 3aByajiHpoBaHHOH (JjopMe KpHTHKyeT fleöcTBHH KyponaTKH-Ha npn noflaBJieHHH MHTe>Ka. HaKOHen,, oh onncbmaeT nojiHTHHecKyio BCTpeny, HeflaBHO npoineflinyio b CaMapKaHfle, rfle öbiBiime HJieHbi Ty3eMHOH aflMHHHCTpaij;HH, yBOJieHHbie 3a Koppynn,HK> npn CTapoM
pe>KHMe, nOHOCHJIH pyCCKHX H TpeÖOBajIH KOHTpOJIH Hafl TOpOflCKHM
ynpaBJieHHeM, h npeflynpe>KflaeT, hto npeflCTaBHTejibCTBO, nponopini-OHajibHoe cocTaBy ropoflCKoro HaceneHHH, b TaniKeHTCKOH TJyMe (ko-Topoe, KaK oh nnineT, HeH3Öe>KHo) npHBefleT k cymecTBeHHOMy 6ojib-uiHHCTBy Ty3eMLi;eB c HenpeflCKa3yeMbiMH nocjieflCTBHHMH. HecMOTpa Ha 3tot CKenTHi^H3M, 18 aBrycTa, b pe3yjibTaTe CTpaHHoro noBopoTa coöbiTHH, ero BbiflBHHyjia Ha nocT M3pa TaniKeHTa KOHcepBaTHBHaa MycyjibMaHCKaH napTHH YnaMa 7J>KaMHHTH.2 3to Bbi3Bajio öypHbrä npoTecT co CTopoHbi fl>KaflHflOB (MycyjibMaH-pecJjopMaTopoB) h coini-ajiHCTOB b TJyMe,3 h eme oflHO fljiHHHoe caMoonpaBflaTejibHoe iracbMO JlbiKoniHHa peflaKTopy «TypKecTaHCKoro Kypbepa»:
H eme pa3 yTBepjKflaio, hto npn CTapoM npaBHTejibCTBe MHoro jieT a c/iy->khji TypKecTaHy h TOJibKO eMy oflHOMy. EIonaB ciofla Ha c/ryscöy MOJioflbiM, 19-jieTHHM oc|)Hij,epoM a HeycTaHHO H3yHaji 3tot Kpafl.    3Haio ero H3HK,
KaK CBOH, 3HaK) BCK) )KH3Hb Ty3eMIJ,eB, KaK OHa eCTb... H JIHHHO He 6oK)Cb 3TOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH: TOT, KOMy HeHeTO CTblflHTbCH B CBOeH TipOHIJIOH
fleHTejibHOCTH, He flOJDKeH 6oHTbCH KJiHHKH «6biBinero ryöepHaTopa». Co-raaniaacb Ha npeflnojKeHHe napTHH «YjieMa», a c paflocTbio h Hafle>KHOH flyMaji o Tom, hto b flyMe—opraHe ropoflCKoro caMoynpaBJieHHH, npH3BaH-
HOM B03pOflHTb TaHIKeHT, npHTOflHTCH MOH 3HaHHH H H, MO)KeT 6bITb, 6yfly
He nocjieflHHM paöoTHHKOM. Ho ecjiH napTHH, HanaBniHe flejio HenpHMH-pHMOH 6opb6bi paccHHTbiBaioT cflejiaTb flyMy apeHOH stoh 6opb6bi b 6yfly-
meM TO, KOHeHHO, H Hafle)KflbI MOH H paflOCTb HanpacHbi.4
riocjie 3Toro 3nH30fla oh 6jiaropa3yMHO flep>KajicH b tchh. Xoth
B TOHHOCTH HeH3BeCTHO, HeM OH 3aHHMajICH flO KOHU,a I9I7 TOfla, Jlbl-
KoniHH nepe>KHJi 3axBaT BJiacTH 6ojibineBHKaMH h 6bui BnocjieflCTBHH
B3HT Ha cjiy>K6y hobhm pejKHMOM b KanecTBe <OKcnepTa» no TypKecTa-Hy, paöoTaji nepeBOflHHKOM h yHHTeneM. HeKOTopoe BpeMH oh npeno-flaBaji TiopKCKHe H3HKH h 3THorpa(J)Hio b HOBOM «yHHBepcHTeTe Tpy-flHiHHXCH BocTOKa», ocHOBaHHOM B TaniKeHTe b 1918 r., a 3aTeM CTaji npocJieccopoM b CaMape, Ha Bojire, rp,e oh h yviep b 1922 r.1
«7Ku3HeonucaHue», 8 <f>ee. 1919 z.: LTTAPYs, <f>. P-2499, on. 1, d. 4, Ji. 2-3; Jlyuuu, «Huji Cepzeeeuu JlbiKouiuH», 221-2.
VII. 3AKJIIOHEHHE
KojIHHeCTBO Ba^KHblX BOnpOCOB, B03HHKaiOni,HX B cbh3h C 3thm flejIOM (HaflO npH3HaTb, flOBOJIbHO-TaKH OÖteMHOM), TOBOpHT O tom, k3koh
HenonaTbiH Kpaö MaTepnajioB flo chx nop xpaHHT cpeflHea3HaTCKHe apxHBbi. Ha caMOM npHMHTHBHOM ypoBHe 3tot pHfl neTHn,HH, nnceM h CBHfleTejibCKHX noKa3aHHH no3BOJiHeT 3arjiHHyTb b flpeMyHHÖ Jiec nojiHTHKH «Ty3eMHOH aflMHHHCTpau;HH» pyccKoro TypKecTaHa, noji-hoh (J)paKi^HOHH3Ma, Me^KfloycoÖHLi; h MomeHHHHecTBa, KOTopyio pyc-
ckhm OHeHb TpyflHO ÖbIJIO nOHHMaTb H KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb H KOTOpaH OT-
HHMajia y aflMHHHCTpan,HH orpoMHoe KOJiHHecTBO BpeMeHH.
BecbMa BepoHTHO, hto Bee sto nyxjioe flocbe h nojiTopa rofla nepe-
nHCKH H paCCJieflOBaHHH, HBJIHIOTCH njIOflOM KaKOrO-TO HeflOnOHHTO-
ro cnopa Me>Kfly Ty3eMHbiMH aflMHHHCTpaTopaMH, h xoth b flaHHOM cjiynae cpeflCTBa npHBJieneHHH BHHMaHHH KOJioHHajibHbix BJiacTefl
OTJIHHaiOTCH OCOÖeHHOH 3aMbICJIOBaTOCTbK) H H3o6peTaTejIbHOCTbK>, B OCTajIbHOM 3th MaTepHajIbl npeflCTaBJIHIOT c060ö THnHHHblH npH-
Mep flOKyMeHTan;HH, npeo6jiaflaioni;eH b apxHBax KaHLjejinpHH pyccKO-ro TypKecTaHa: MHorocjioBHbie h 3anyTaHHbie oöbhhchhh, 3aHBJieHHH
H neTHU,HH, MeCHI^bl paCCJieflOBaHHH H OHeHb CKpOMHblH KOHeHHblH pe3yjIbTaT.2 B KOHLi;e KOHnpB, eflHHCTBeHHbIM KOHKpeTHbIM HCXOflOM, C TOHKH 3peHHH aflMHHHCTpaij;HH, CTajIO OÖHapy>KeHHe JIblKOHIHHbIM
HaflOMHoro—h, BepoHTHO, BecbMa floxoflHoro,—npoH3BOflCTBa nofl-flejibHbix nenaTeö b CaöpaMe. Ocmotp nenaTeö, HaöfleHHbix b Jiapn;e MyjiJibi MyxaMMafla KDcycJia, noKa3aji, hto ohh npeflCTaBJUuiH co6oh npeKpacHbie Konnn nenaTeö öhbhihx npaBHTejieo h Ka3HeB KoKaHfla,
SblBHIHX B nOJIb30BaHHH Cl8l5nOl87I, XOra ÖOJIbHIHHCTBO H3 HHX OT-
HOCHJiocb k 1840-M roflaM. Ha caMOM flejie, no KanecTBy ohh HacTOJib-Ko npeBocxoflHJiH rpyöyio HMHTai^Hio «KopojieBCKOH» nenaTH Ha «acj)-raHCKOM» nncbMe, hto mo>kho fla>Ke cflejiaTb bhbo/j; o HenpmacTHOCTH MyjiJibi MyxaMMafla KDcycJia k flaHHoft KOHKpeTHOH noflflejiKe.3
BiiaroflapH ccbuiKaM Ha Kpa>Ky CKOTa h npaKTmecKH nojiHOH yBe-peHHOCTH b Tom, hto KajiKaöeKOB noflKynHJi >KHTejieH cejia Bbico-Koe, HTo6bi CKpbiTb cbok) npHHacTHOCTb K noHBJieHHio «acJiraHCKoro» nncbMa, sth MaTepnajibi TaioKe npojiHBaioT CBeT Ha noBceflHeBHbie CHomeHHH Me>Kfly pyccKHMH nocejieHu;aMH h Ka3axaMH Ha py6e>Ke Be-kob—npeflMeT flo chx nop MajioHccjieflOBaHHbiH, ho npHHi^HnnajibHO Ba>KHbiH fljiH noHHMaHHH KpoBaBbix coöbiTHH 1916-17 it. B CeMHpeHbe
! Cm. Morrison, Russian Rule in Samarkand, ch.5; 3&ecb r xomeji 6u doöaeumb, umo xomR e dene u He codepiicumcR HUKaKux yKa3aHuu na cyde6-Hbie npecjiedoeanuR, u e onucu doKyMeumoe HuMKenmcKozo u Ayjiue-AmuHCKOzo Mupoeux cydoe nem 3anuceü 0 npe&b-RBJienuu uaca KOMy-jiu6o u3 deücmsymuiux jiuu„ BejiuKa BepoRmnocmb, umo mo6oü nodoÖHbiü ucK paccMampu-BOJicR 6u 8 TauiKenmcKOM oöjiacmHOM cyde, ubu apxueu xpaHRmcR e LleHmpajibHOM zocydapcmeeHHOM apxuee pecnyöjiuKU Y36eKucmaH, zde r Jiuuien 603M03icHocmu paöomamb c 2003 z. C dpyzoü cmopoHbi, ecjiu 6u deücmeu-mejibHO UMejio Mecmo cydeÖHoe npecjiedoeanue, mo opuzuuaji «atpzancKozo» nucbMa u dpyzue yjiuKU, codepucauiuecR e dene, CKopee ecezo, nepeKoueeajiu 6u u3 HuMKenma e TauiKeum.
! «LlpomoKOJi Ne 13», 16 ceum. 1899 z.: LTTAPKas, <f>. 124, on. 1, d.7,Ji. 117-18. TaKozo poda Maxunauiiu, noxooice, 6bmu umpoKO pacnpocmpaneHU s lOJicHoü cmenu: e 1897 z. nodjiojKHbiü «muMypudcKuü» BaKtpnaMe (dapcmeeuuaR Ha UMyw,ecmeo) 6bm nped%-RQJieH pyccKUM QjiacmRM u eeoduji eocmoKoeedoe e 3a-6jiyncdeHue Bnjiomb do 1940x zz. «BaKytpnaR zpaMoma Ta-Mepjiana (b u3BJieuenuu), dau-hor Meuemu XaspRma flccaau», 29 aBZ.1897 z., LlpomoKOJibi 3acedauuü u coo6w,eHUR ujie-hob TypKecmaucKozo KpyoicKa Jim6umejieü apxeojiozuu, ii (1896-7), 1^4. Cm. maKuce Devin De Weese, 'The Politics of Sacred Lineages in 19th-century Central Asia: Descent Groups Linked to Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi in Shrine Documents and Genealogical Charters', International Journal of Middle-East Studies, xxxi (1999), 508-9.
74
AilEKCAHflP MOPPHCOH
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA 2'20I3
75
Cycßu3M, nanucjiaMU3M u UH<popMauuoHHasi nanuKa
1 Mühüku6-u /fyKuu MiuaH, ped. (pern Kmzejihzen, nep. Baöaducanoe, 14 (nped. Pe-daianopa); Komatsu, 'Andijan Uprising Reconsidered', 50-1.
h CbipflapbHHCKOH oöiiacTH. TjBoe pyccKHX nocejieHneB, flaBinnx no-
Ka3aHHH, OHeBHflHO, CHHTajIH, HTO HX paCCKa3 O nOXOfle B 6jIH>KaHIIIHH
ayji 3a KyMbicoM noKa>KeTCH KOJioHHajibHbiM BJiacraM npaBflonofloö-
HblM-3TO TOBOpHT O TOM, HTO nOCejieHUbl OTHaCTH 3aBHCejIH OT CBOHX
cocefleH-Ka3axoB h He OTKa3biBajiHCb ot SKcnepHMeHTOB c MecTHbiMH (fla, b cymHOCTH, h jhoöhmh flpyrHMH) ajiKorojibHbiMH HanHTKaMH, ho MHoroe b paccKa3e yKa3HBaeT Ha onpeflejieHHyio HanpH>KeHHOCTb b OTHOineHHHX Me>Kfly sthmh flßyMH rpynnaMH: roTOBHOCTb MaTe-pn h flonepn noßepHTb, hto >KHByinHe b OKpyre Ka3axn coönpaioTCH Bcex hx nepeÖHTb, hjih nepBOHanajibHaH Bepa cejibnaH b HCTHHHOCTb paccKa3a MaMÖeTa KajiKaöeKOBa o cnpHTaHHOM opyscHH. B flaHHOM cjiynae Bce ÖJiaronojiyHHO 3aKOHHHJiocb nnpniecTBOM, noflorpeTHM BOflKoö, ho ceMb jieT cnycra npHMoe >Kejie3HOflopo>KHoe cooöineHHe nepe3 CTenb c eBponeöcKOH nacTbio Pocchh h Bce öojiee arpeccHBHaa nojiHTHKa IlepecejieHHecKoro ynpaBJieHHH npHBeflyr k 3HaHHTejibHO-My yBejiHHeHHio HHCJia pyccKHX nepecejieHneB, hto eine öojibine oc-
JIO>KHHT OTHOIIieHHH C KOHeBbIM HaCejieHHeM. HaflO npH3HaTb, OflHaKO, HTO Me>K3THHHeCKHe CTOJIKHOBeHHH B I916 TOfly ÖbIJIH TOpa3flO KpOBO-
npojiHTHee b CeMHpenbe, neM b CbipflapbHHCKOH oöjiacra.
Hejib3H He OTMeTHTb h toto, KaKoö CBeT flaHHbie MaTepnajibi npo-jiHBaioT Ha xapaKTep cjiyxoB 06 AHflH>KaHCKOM BoccTaHHH b flpyrnx paöoHax TypKecTaHa h Ha paccKa3bi, xoflHBniHe 06 HinaHe flo h nocjie ero CMepTH. Ecjih hctophh o tom, KaK HinaH KOHTpaöaHflOH CHa6>Kaji OTHecTpejibHHM opysoieM Ka3axoB HHMKeHTCKoro h Ayjine-ATHHCKO-ro ye3flOB,—nonra HaBepHHKa HHCTaa BbiflyMKa KajiKaöeKOBa, to ero paccKa3bi o caMOM HinaHe, ero nyflecax h flyxoBHOM aBTopHTeTe Ha-
BpHfl JIH HBJIHIOTCH eTO COÖCTBeHHbIM H3o6peTeHHeM. XOTH OH MOT nO-
HeprmyTb hx h H3 pyccKHX hctohhhkob, CKopee Bcero, pyccKoö rpa-motoh oh He BJiaflen, h ohh HanoMHHaioT coflep>KaHHe MaHaKHÖ-H /tyKHH HinaH—TeKCTa, HanncaHHoro c nejibio oöecneHHTb noflflep>KKy
BOCCTaHHK) 3a CHeT fleMOHCTpaUHH CBepXT>eCTeCTBeHHOH CnOCOÖHOCTH
HinaHa yHHHTO>KaTb BparoB h B03Harpa>KflaTb flpy3eö,—KOTopbrä Kaji-KaöeKOB BnojiHe mot nponecTb.1 He HCKJiioHeHO, hto Hflea 3apoflHJiacb y Hero ÖJiaroflapH KOHTaKTy c oflHoö H3 Bepcnö stoto TeKCTa hjih flpy-roö (JiopMbi pejiHTH03HOH nponaraHflbi, KOTopyio ctopohhhkh HinaHa pacnpocTpaHHJiH b npeflflBepHH BoccTaHHH.
KyioKCKaH BOJiocTb, rfle >khji KajiKaöeKOB, HaxoflHJiacb Ha k»khoh OKOHeHHOCTH AyjiHe-ATHHCKoro ye3fla, Ha rpaHHne c paöoHaMH, rfle
3HaHHTejIbHyK> flOJIIO HaCejieHHH COCTaBJIHJIH KHprH3bI, CpeflH KOTO-
pbix BnojiHe motjih 6biTb npHBep>KeHnbi nniaHa. KajiKaöeKOB ynoMH-HaeT HeKoero 3araflOHHoro «TyryjiöaH», KOTopbrä hkoöh peryjiHpHO OTnpaBJiHJicH nepe3 nepeßajibi b <DepraHCKyio flOJiHHy, h BnojiHe B03-
MO>KHO, HTO y Ka3aXOB K)>KHOH CTenH ÖbIJIO ÖOJIbUie CBH3eÖ C OCeflJIbIMH H KOHyK)ni,HMH >KHTejIHMH «SepraHCKOH flOJIHHbl, HeM npHHHTO CHH-
TaTb. H3paHJi-HmaH, c KOToporo b kohchhom cneTe chhjih oÖBHHeHHe
B noflCTpeKaTejibCTBe k BoccTaHHio b 1895-96 rr., poflHJica b flepeBHe /JapöaK Ahmckoh bojiocth AHflH>KaHCKoro ye3fla, h y Hero, OHeBHflHO,
SbIJIO MHOrO CTOpOHHHKOB KaK CpeflH KHprH30B, TaK H cpeflH Ka3axoB,
npo>KHBaBniHX B 3TOM paöoHe. Ha flonpoce oh 3aHBHJi, hto Ha npora->KeHHH npeflniecTByioni,HX TpHfli^aTH JieT, noHTH c toto MOMeHTa, Korfla oh B B03pacTe 16 JieT nojiyHHJi b HacjieflCTBO ot OTu;a THTyji HinaHa, oh npne3>Kaji b Ayjine-ATHHCKHH ye3fl Ka>Kflbie flBa rofla, Korfla KHprH3bi cnycKajiHCb ciofla c rop Ha 3HMHHe ctohhkh.1 Ero conpoBO>KflajiH ero nocjieflOBaTejiH H3 Oma h AHflH>KaHa, a HeKOTopbie H3 flonponieHHbix pyccKHMH Ka3axoB conpoBO>KflajiH ero Ha oöparaoM nyTH H3 Ayjine-Ath b AHflH>KaH.2 TpyflHO CKa3aTb, hbjihiotch jih TaKHe TecHbie pejiH-
TH03Hbie CBH3H njIOflOM TOTO nepHOfla, KOTfla BeCb peTHOH HaXOflHJICH
nofl BJiacTbK) KoKaHfla, ho bo3mo>kho, hto sto oöinee nojiHTHHecKoe HacjieflHe TaK^Ke cbirpajio cbok> pojib: bo bchkom cjiynae, b 1875 r.,
B MOMeHT BOCCTaHHH (nO KpaHHeÖ Mepe, OTHaCTH pejIHTH03HO MOTH-
BHpoBaHHoro), BcnbixHyBniero b <DepraHCKOH flOJiHHe npoTHB nocnefl-Hero KoKaHflCKoro xaHa XyflOHpa, HanajibHHK Ayjine-ATHHCKoro ye3fla OTMeTHJi cymecTBeHHoe BOJiHeHHe h öecnoKOHCTBO b CBoeM ye3fle.3 Ecjih BcnoMHHTb, hto KaK BbicoKonocTaBJieHHbiH hhhobhhk napcKofi «Ty3eMHOH aflMHHHCTpai^HH» Hca BaTbipöeKOB HMeji, no KpaHHefl Mepe, nacTb toto bjihhhhh, KOTopbiM nojib30BajicH ero OTen; b Kane-CTBe KoKaHflCKoro flaflxa, to npeflCTaBJiHeTCH BnojiHe B03MO>KHbiM, hto npH3paHHoe bjihhhhc nornömero xaHCTBa coxpaHHJiocb fla>Ke b CTen-Hbix paöoHax, rfle, KaK npHHHTO CHHTaTb, KopHH ero 6buiH HerjiyöoKH.
1 «YIpomoKOJi», 2Mapm. 1895 z.: UrAPKas, (p. 433, on. 1, d. 1, ji. 23-4.
2 Tom 3ice, ji. 49-5106.
3 Ayjiue-AmuHCKUü YH eoeuHOMy zy6epuamopy CupdaphimcKoü Oöjiacmu, 18 aez. 1875 z.: PrBMA, iß. 1396, on. 1, d. 91, «O BoeHHhix deücmeimx e Ko-KaHdcKOMxaHcm.ee», ji. 140-1.
CeMb Jiem cnycnui npRMoe 3tcejie3Hodopo3KHoe coo6w,eHue nepe3 cmenb c eeponeücKoü nacmbio Poccuu u ece öojiee azpeccuenan nojiumuKa üepecejieHHecKozo YnpaejienuR npueedym K 3HcmumejibHOMy yeejiimemiio hucjicl pyccKux nepecejieHV,ee, nmo ew,e öojibiue ocjiojkhuiti omHoweHUR c KoneebiM nacejienueM
Xoth HaM HeH3BecTHO, CKOJibKO eine Ka3axoB cjibiniajiH 06 HinaHe H ero nyflecax, sto, TeM He MeHee, CTaBHT nofl coMHeHHe B3rjiHflbi MaHLi; Ha AHflH>KaHCKoe BoccTaHHe KaK Ha iuieMeHHOH MHTe>K MecTHO-ro 3HaneHHH.4 Xoth KpoBonpojiHTHe He pacnpocTpaHHJiocb 3a npefle-jibi AHflH>KaHa, Oma h HenocpeflCTBeHHO npHJieraiom;HX TeppHTopnö, flaHHbie MaTepnajibi yKa3biBaioT Ha to, hto b öojiee hh3khx cjiohx o6m;ecTBa HCTopHH o nyflecax h flyxoBHOM jiHflepcTBe /JyKHH HinaHa HMejiH ropa3flo öojibmHÖ pe30HaHC h pacnpocTpaHHJiHCb 3a npeflejibi
Manz, 'Central Asian Uprisings', 269-7.
76
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Komatsu, 'Andijan Uprising Reconsidered', 30, 42-3, 55; Ba6adiicaH08 «Andu3icaHCKoe BoccmaHue 1898 z. u «my-cyjibMaHcicu eonpoc» 8 Typice-cmaHe», 186-7.
'■ Norihiro Naganawa, 'Maktab or School? Introduction of Universal Primary Education among the Volga-Ural Muslims', in Uyama (ed.), Empire, Islam, and Politics in Central Eurasia, 73.
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JKaHOB nHineT, HTO OTHOCHTejIbHblH MHp H HOBbie (J)OpMbI KOMMyHHKa-
uhh, KOTopbie poccHHCKoe npaBJieHHe npHHecno b TypKecTaH, Bnoji-He MorjiH cnoco6cTBOBaTb pacnpocTpaHeHHio nponaraHflbi HinaHa.1 HacTOHinne MaTepnajibi cjiyscaT flonojiHHTejibHHM flOKa3aTejibCTBOM Toro, hto HinaH o6jiaflaji onpefleneHHHM penHrH03HbiM h HpaBCTBeH-hhm aBTopHTeTOM 3a npeflenaMH <DepraHCKOH /tojihhh h He 6biJi npo-
CTO MeCTHbIM nOJIHTHHeCKHM JIHflepOM.
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CpeflH Ka3aXOB H HTO 3THM MO>KHO BOCnOJIb30BaTbCH KaK opy^KHeM
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i^aMH, a mo^KeT 6biTb, fla>Ke H3 3HaKOMCTBa c ocJjHnHajibHbiM othctom, co/j;ep>Kani,HM ccbiJiKH Ha «nocjiaHneB» acJiraHCKoro 3MHpa, KOTopbie TaK tohho OTpa>KeHbi b TeKCTe nncbMa. 3to, b cbokd onepeflb, yKa3bi-BaeT Ha npHHacTHOCTb koto-to xoponio 3HaKOMoro co cnenH(J)hkoh
pa6oTH  pOCCHHCKOH  aflMHHHCTpaUHH,  BpOfle  COCTOHTejIbHOrO 6bIB-
niero BOJiocTHoro aflMHHHCTpaTopa H3bi EaTbip6eKOBa, xoth nojiHofl yBepeHHOCTH y Hac 6biTb He MO>KeT. HbH 6bi sto hh 6buia OTBeTCTBeH-HOCTb, bch hctophh fleMOHCTpnpyeT 3aMeHaTejibHyio cnoco6HOCTb nrpaTb Ha abohhom CTpaxe pyccKHX nepefl cy(J)HHCKHM «4>aHaTH3MOM» h coBpeMeHHHM naHHCJiaMH3MOM. HopHxnpo HaraHaBa otmcthji no-xo>Kyio TaKTHKy cpeflH TaTap Ka3aHCKOH o6jiacTH, rfle b 1905 r. rpyn-na cejibnaH, CTpeMHCb H36aBHTbCH ot CBoero Myjuibi, 3aHBHJia, hto oh SbiJi nocjieflOBaTeneM /JyKHH HniaHa (Myjuia b otbct oSt^hbhti cbohx
06BHHHTejieH naHHCJiaMHCTaMH) .2 3tOT 3nH30fl, OflHaKO, HMejI MeCTO
b pernoHe, yace 6ojiee TpexcoT jieT HaxoflHBniHMCH nofl pocchhckhm ynpaBJieHHeM, h onpeflejieHHoe 3HaKOMCTBO c pyccKOH3HHHOH rocy-flapcTBeHHOH ccJiepoH b flaHHOM cjiynae HeyflHBHTejibHO. noflo6Hoe HBJieHHe (npmeM b 6ojiee H3onrpeHHOH (JiopMe) cpeflH Ka3axoB b pe-rnoHe, 3aBoeBaHHOM jiHnib copoK JieT TOMy Ha3afl, ropa3flo 6ojiee He-o^KHflaHHO. Ecjih pyccKHe nacTO >KajioBajiHCb, hto cpeflHea3HaTCKoe o6niecTBO ocTaeTCH fljiH hhx 3aKpbiTOH khhtoh (b KOHne kohuob, hx aHTHHCJiaMCKan napaHOHH B03HHKJia Ha noHBe HeBe^KecTBa), to, no KpaHHeft Mepe, HeKOTopbie a3HaTbi npeKpacHO noHHMajiH o6pa3 Mbicjien cbohx KOJioHHajibHbix npaBHTejieft h MorjiH MaHHnyjinpoBaTb
HX CTpaXaMH B Co6cTBeHHbIX HHTepeCaX C OTHOCHTejIbHOH JierKOCTbK). Mo>KHO JIH BHfleTb B 3TOM B03HHKHOBeHHe «eflHHOrO KOJIOHHajIbHOrO
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3ajIHCb XOpOIJIO 3HaKOMbI C MeXaHH3M3MH pOCCHHCKOrO KOJIOHHajIb-
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Bee 3TH BblBOflbl BeCbMa CneKyjIHTHBHbl, yHHTHBaH TO, HTO paccMO-
TpeHHbie MaTepnajibi flaioT HaM Jinnib cepnio 3apHCOBOK H3 >kh3hh Ka-3axoB h nepeceneHn;eB h npeflCTaBJiHioT co6oh pe3yjibTaT pacc^eflOBa-
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HHH» pyCCKHX aflMHHHCTpaTOpOB B TypKeCTaHe, HX B3rjIHflaX Ha HCJiaM,
a Taioice 06 hx co6cTBeHHbix nejuix h n;HBHJiH3aTopcKOH mhcchh b pe-
THOHe. OTCKDfla CTaHOBHTCH HCHO, KaK HCJiaMO(J)o6HH Morjia OCJienHTb
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UIHH MeCTHblMH HapeHHHMH H, He B nOC/ieflHK>K> OHepeflb, npOHBHB-
uihh npoHHi^aTejibHOCTb h 3flpaBOMbic/iHe npn pacnyTHBaHHH KJiy6Ka MHHMoro 3aroBopa, Ha KOTopbift y ero Kojuier ynuiH MecHn;bi, OKa3ajicH He jiHineH o6biHHbix pyccKHX, hjih, b 6ojiee ninpoKOM CMbicjie, kojio-HHajibHbix npefly6e>KfleHHH b OTHonieHHH OTCTajiocTH h «4>aHaTH3Ma» MecTHoro HacejieHHH. Ero CTOHKoe y6e>KfleHHe b tom, hto hmchho hc-
JiaM CTajI OCHOBHbIM npenHTCTBHeM flJIH aCCHMHJIHI^HH H HaH6ojibnieH
yrpo30H CTa6HJibHOCTH poccHHCKoro npaBJieHHH, noMemajio eMy, KaK h npaKTHHecKH BceM ocTajibHHM cjiy>Kani,HM n;apcKOH aflMHHHCTpai^HH, pa3rjiHfleTb 6ojiee rjiy6oKHe npHHHHbi fljiH HeflOBOJibCTBa KOJioHH3Hpo-BaHHoro TypKecTaHCKoro HacejieHHH, CBH3aHHbie c 3eMJieBJiafleHHeM,
BOflOH H pyCCKHMH nOCejieHHHMH, KOTOpbie BCnjIblJIH Ha nOBepXHOCTb
b MOMeHT 06'bHBJieHHH yKa3a o bohhckoh noBHHHOCTH b 1916 rofly. A Korfla b tom >Ke rofly b TypKeCTaHe BcnbixHyji flencTBHTenbHO cepbe3-
HblH MHTe>K, TO 3TO He 6bIJia pejIHrH03HaH BOHHa. #
H 6jiazodapm Tlaojio Capmopu 3a peicoMeHdau.uk> 3aocmpumb BHUMauue ua 3moM Ha6mo-denuu. Uodpo6n.ee sma uden paccMampusaemcR b Jiirgen Paul, 'Review Essay: Recent Monographs on the Social History of Central Asia', Central Asian Survey, xxix (2010).
Tlepeeod c amjiuiicKozo Ojibzu Eepapd
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nPHMEHAHHÍi:
Cytpu3M, namicjiaMU3M u UH<popMauuoHHasi nanuKa
Ha crp. 46:
7 IloMUMO BbLiueynoMXHymbix ny6jiuKauuu, cm. Aftandil S. Erkinov, The Andijan Uprising of 1898 and its Leader Dukchi-Ishan Described by Contemporary Poets (Tokyo, 2009); Atfimanduji SpKunoe, «Andu3icancKoe eoccmamie, ezo npedeodumejiu e ouemoix nosmoe snoxu», Becmmiic Eepa3uu, no. 1 (2003); Baxmuap Ba6ad3icanoe, «Andu3icancKoe Boccmauue 1898 zoda u «MycyjibMaHCKUu eonpoc» e Typicecmaue (e3ZJisidbi «KOJioHU3amopoe» u «KOJioHU3upoeaHHbix»)», Ab Imperio, no. 2 (2009); Bakhtiyar Babadzhanov, 'Dukchi Ishan und derAufstand von Andijan 1898', in Anke von Kiigelgen, Michael Kemper and Allen J. Frank (eds.), Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, ii, Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations (Berlin, 1998); Baxmuap Ba6ad3icanoe, «/{yKuu Hwan u AnduiicaHCKoe eoccmauue 1898 zoda», e C. H. A6auiuu u B. H. Bo6poeHUKoe (ped.), IIodeujicHUKU HcjiaMa: Kyjibm cexmbLX u cytpu3M e Cpedneu A3uu u ua Kaeica3e (Moacea, 2003). FIojihuu cnucoK 6ojiee pauuux ny6jiuKauuu, Kacammuxcn eoccmanusi, cm. b Bibliography of Islamic Central Asia, cocm. uped. YuriBregel, 3vols. (Bloomington, 1995), i, 620-1.
5 «Becnopxdicu e 0epzane», TypKecmaucKue eedoMocmu, no. 37, 21 Man 1898; B.PI. CajibKoe, «Audu3KaHCKoe eoccmanue» e 1898 z. (Ka3aub, 1901), 64. Baxmuxp Ba6ad3icanoB coo6muji Mue, umo no3duee otpuuuajibno 6buiu npu3nanu nozu6uiuMU 6 cojidam u paueuHbLMU 22.
9 Tounee, xeadoica: smom 6ojiee-Meuee cuhohum mepMuua «caud» (m. e. nomoMOK FIpopoKa). OduaKO, aemopumem u ejiumme xodnceu e 3Hauumejibnou cmeneuu 6bmu c8R3anbi c ux npunadjiencnocmbio k MecmubLM cytpuucKUM podaM e paMKOx mpex ocHOBHbix cpeduea3uamcKux 6pamcme: HaKui6anduua, Hcaeuua u Ky6paeuua. Cm. A. A. XucMamyjiuH, 'Xeadoicazan' e C. M. PIpo3opoe (ped.), Hcjiom ua meppumopuu 6biemeu Poccuuckou UMnepuu: SnuuKJioneduuecKuu aioeapb, i (Moacea, 2006), 417-25; Devin DeWeese, "The Masha'ikh-i Turk and the Khojagan: Rethinking the Links between the Yasavi and Naqshbandi Sufi Traditions', Journal of Islamic Studies, vii (1996).
10Cepzeu A6auiuu, «HuiaH», e PIpo3opoe (ped.), HcjiaM ua meppumopuu 6bieweu Poccuuckou UMnepuu, i, 164—6.
Ha crp. 61:
3 3ma «petpopMa», npedycMompennasi FIojioncemieM 06 ynpaejieuuu TypKecmaucKUM KpaeM 1886 z., ehaeajia, noncajiyu, 6ojibuie conpomuejienua, ueMmo6oe dpyzoe BMewamejibcmeo pyccKux e dejia Mecmnux cydeii: JImkouiuh nucaji, umo com oh cmoz 3acmaeumh mauiKenmcKux Kasuee nepeiimu ua ucnojib30Bauue noebix, cmajibHbix zocydapcmeenHbix neuameii, mojibKO pa3py6ue ux cmapue cepe6pmihie neuamu monopoM. H. JImkouiuh, «Ka3uu (Hapodnuu Cydhu): 6umoeou ouepK ocedjiozo nacejienuR TypKecmana», ePyccKuu TypKecman, c6., i (TauiKeum, 1899), 34, nepeneuamano e ezo eocnoMunanuax «PIoji3icu3hu b TypKecmaue»: ouepKU 6uma my3eMuozo nacejiemiR (Plempozpad, 1916), 70-1; cm.maKyice Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley, 1998), 69-70. OduaKO
u do 1886 Ka3uu ucnojib3oeajiu neuamu, BbmyujeHHwe poccuiicKUMU ejiacmxMU, Komopue meopemuuecKU dojiiicnu 6hmu o6HoejuimhCR npu KaoicdoM U36pauuu, xomn Muozue npodomicajiu oduoepeMeHHO ucnojih3oeamh u cmapue neuamu: Paolo Sartori, 'Judicial Elections as a Colonial Reform: The Qadis and Biys in Tashkent, 1868-1883', Cahiers du monde russe, xlix (2008).
4 «PIpomoKOJi ocMompa», 8 umim 1899: LLVAPKa3, <p. 124, on. 1, d. 7, ji. 68o6-69; «LlpomoKOJi Ne 6», 8 umjm 1899: maM nee, ji. 70-1.
80
AjIEKCAHflP MOPPHCOH
5 3dech, no Kpaůneů Mepe, Bamup6eKoe ne coepaji: e 1882 z. oh 6bm npedcmaejien k 30Jiomoů Medajiu 3a «BbidammuecR 3acjiyzu» ucnojinmomuM o6si3aHHOcmu zenepaji-zyóepnamopa F. A. KojinaKoecKUM, u nojiyuun eec nodmeepycdenueM ebtcouaůuiezo Ha mo cou3BOJieHUM (12 mojm 1882 z.). Ezo (fiopMyjwpHhiu cnucoK, coxpanueuiuůcR s apxuee, He codepycum HUKaKux npecmynjienuu umu Hapymenuů: Poccuůckuů zocydapcmeeHHhiů eoemio-ucmopuuecKuu apxue, (p. 400, on. 1, d. 779, «0 noiicajioeaHuu BOJiocmnozo ynpaeumejm HuMKenmcKozo ye3da KapaóyjiaKCKoň eojiocmu PÍ3U Bamhip6eKoea 30Jiomoio Medajibm 3a ye3dnyK> cjiync6y» ji. 2-2o6, 9-9o6.
)Kajio6a JlbiKouiuny om Hcu BamupoeKoea, 4 aez. 1899: LLVAPKa3, (p. 124, on.l, d. 7, ji. 91-94o6.
Kapmu
b deucmBuu.
06pa3u
npocmpaHcrriBa
11 zeozpatfiimecKdR
peajibHocmb
Ha crp. 67:
4 CajibKoe, «Andu3KaHCKoe eoccmanue», 32, 54; na mumyjibHOM Jiucme 3K3eMnjuipa khuzu, xpansaufizocsi e BodjiuaucKoů 6u6jiuomeKe, (pxdoM c aemozpatpoM, yKa3bieammuM, umo srna Kuuza 6bma nodapeua aemopoM zeuepajiy Caxapoey, uauajibHUKy FeHuima6a) naxodumcsi omMemKa o moM, umoyueHbtů KOMumem Muuucmepcmea HauuonajibHozo npoceemfinusi pacnopxdujicx noMecmumb 3K3eMnjwpbi srnou khuzu s (yuumejibCKue 6u6jiuomeKU, HU3uiux yuunuw, u e 6eauiamnbie napodnue uumajibHbtů u 6u6jiuomeKU>. Cm. manyíce H. CumuRKoecKuů, «MuHmm6uHCKUů uuiau MyxaMMed-Ajiu» (TypKecmaucKue eedoMocmu, Ne .2, 6 rhb. 1899 z.; Ne .16, 25 (fiee. 1899 z.) — ucmouuuK caMbtx Mpauubíx ucmopuů 06 umane, Komopuů noemopsiem CajibHUKoe.
Cm., e uacmnocmu, E. T. CMupnoe, «/Jepeuuiu3M e TypKecmane» u «JpMuxad u Fa3aeam», s CóopnuKe Mamepuajioe no MycyjibMancmey, ped. B. H. Hpoeoů-Pa6cKuů (Cawan-Flemepóypz, 1899),49-71, 101-28. Tou u codepycanue srnou ny6jaiKauuu nodeepz pe3Koů KpumuKe eomoKoeed B. B. Bapmojibd:: Komatsu, 'Andijan Uprising Reconsidereď, 49-50.
Ha crp. 68:
5 C.H. AóauiuH, «B.FI. Hojiubkuh: «6ydem mo, umo Heu36eiicno domicno 6umb; u mo, umo Heu3Óe3KH0 domicno 6umb, yyce ne Mooicem ne 6bimb». Kpu3uc opuenmajiu3Ma e Poccuůckoů FlMnepuu?», eIO.FI. Poduonoe u A.B. %Ky6 (ped.), A3uamcKasiPoccur: modu u cmpyKmypbí FlMnepuu (Omck, 2005); necoMnenno, Hojiubkuh—aemop otpuuuajibHozo doKJiada 1899 z., adpecoeaHHOzo zeHepaji-zyóepHamopy JlyxoecKOMy, nod Ha3eanueM «3anucKa o bo3mo3ichux coomeemcmeuax Meoicdy nocjiednuM co6umueM e Kumae uycujienueM nanuaiaMucmcKozo deu3icenusi» (meKcm eocnpou3eeden e cóopnuKe «HMnepamopcKasi Poccur u MycyjibMaHCKUů Mup», ped. Apanoe, 181-90), u pedaKmop emopozo moMa «C6opnuKa Mamepuajioe no MycyjibMaHcmey», u3dannoM e 1900 z., pa3umenbH0 omjiuuajicsi om HajiueKuna—aemopa noneMuuecKozo meKcma «Ty3eMUhi, panbuie u menepb» (TauiKenm, 1913 z.) u zjiaeu TypKecmancKozo KOMumema BpeMennozo npaeumejibcmea, o6pa3oeaHnozo nocne 0eepajibCKOů peeojuouuu. TeM ne Menee, dance e no3dnux mpydax (c.75) on ece-maKU ccbmaemcR na enusíHue nanucjiaMU3Ma na nacenenue TypKecmana.
HcCJIEflOBAHHÍI   TARTARIA   MAGNA 2'20I3
8l
Cycßu3M, nanucjiaMU3M u UH<fiopMau,uoHHaR nanuKa
Ha crp. 72:
5 Xomsi, kük omMeuaem Tomoxuko Ymmü, neKomopue Ka3axcKue Jiudepu deücmeumejibHO onucbieajiu eoccmauue 1916 z. kük za3aeam, e dpyzux cjiyuaax Myjuiu ucnojib3oeajiu mapuam kük apzyMeum npomue eoccmanux: cm. Tomohiko Uyama, 'Two Attempts at Building a Qazaq State: The Revolt of 1916 and the Alash Movement', in Stephane A. Dudoignon and Hisao Komatsu (eds.), Islam in Politics in Russia and Central Asia (Early Eighteenth to Late Twentieth Centuries) (London, 2001), 85-6. Xanneji KamezopuuecKU ymeepycdaem, umo eoccmauue 1916 z. He 6buio pejiuzuo3HO MomueupoeaHHbiM:: Happel, Nomadische Lebenswelten, 166-7.
Ha crp. 73:
7 B. B. JlyuuH, «Huji Cepzeeeuu JImkouiuh», e ezo Hcmopuozpatpuu oöuiecmeeHHbix uayic 8 Y36eKucmaHe: 6uo-6u6jiuozpatpuuecKue ouepicu (TauiKeum, 1974), 216. Xodujiu cjiyxu, umo oh He3aK0HH0 cneKyjiupoeaji caxapoM, ho Oiccana HyzoenuHa e pa3zoeope co mhoü npednojiojicujia, umo oh npocmo nbimajicn 3amopM03umb pocm uen e CaMopnaHde s eoeHHoe epeMR, Kozda detpuuum npodyicmoe numanux eboeas cmpeMumejibHym UHtpjiRuum: oöeuHenue smo eudeuHyji denymam TauiKenmcKoü dyMM om couuaji-deMOKpamoe, ^epnoeuu^Kuü, Kozda ebicmynaji c peubio npomue KaHÖudamypu JlbLKOuiuHa na nocm Mspa: «Topodacaa. JlyMa», Typicecmanacue eedoMocmu, Ne 122, 20 aez. 1917z.
5 «7Ku3HeonucaHue», 8 <f>ee. 1919 z.: UTAPY3, <f>. P-2499, on. 1, d. 4, 1.2.
EHEJIHOrPA<l>H.H
Ahoh . 1898. «EecnopüflKH b OepraHe», TypxecTaHCKHe BeflOMOCTH 37, 21 Man Ahoh . 1917. «ropoflCKaa J\yma» TypxecTaHCKHe BeflOMOCTH 122, 20 aBr. Ahoh . 1917. «TopoflCKati J\yma», TypKecTaHCKHH Kypbep, 186, 20 aBr. Aeaihhh, C. H. 2005. «B.n. HajiHBKHH: «6yfleT to, hto Hen36ejKHO flOJUKHO
6bITb; H TO, HTO HeH3ÖejKHO flOJDKHO 6bITb, yjKe He MOJKeT He 6bITb». KpH3HC
opHeHTajiH3Ma b Pocchhckoh HMnepHH?», b A3HaTCKaa Pocchh: jnoflH
h CTpyKTypbi HMnepHH pefl. BO. IL Poahohob h A. B. flxyö cc.47-101. Omck: Tnn.
Omckoto TocyflapcTBeHHoro YHHBepcHTeTa
Abaihmh, Cepreft. 2006. «HmaH», b HcjiaM Ha TeppmopHH öbiBinen Pocchhckoh HMnepHH: SHUHKJioneflHHecKHH cnoBapb pefl. CM. Ilpo3opoB i cc. 164-6. MocKBa: BocTOHHaa JlHTepaTypa
ApAnOB, J\. BO. (pefl.). 2006. HMnepaTopcKaa Pocchh h MycyjibMaHCKHH MHp MocKBa: HaTajiHC
BABAflK AHOB EaXTHHp. 2003.«flyKHH HmaH H AHflHJKaHCKOe BOCCTaHHe
1898 rofla» B rioflBHJKHHKH HcjiaMa: KyjibT cbhthx h cyc[)H3M B CpeflHeft Ashh h Ha KaBKa3e pefl. C. H. AöaniHH h B. H. BoöpoBHHKOB. pp.251-277. MocKBa: BocTOHHaa JlHTepaTypa
Babaäkahob, BaxTHüp. 2009. «AHflHJKaHCKoe BOCCTaHHe 1898 rofla
H «MycyjibMaHCKHH BOnpOC» B TypKeCTaHe (B3rjI5IflbI «KOJIOHH3aTOpOB»
H «KOJioHH3HpoBaHHbix»)» Ab Imperio 2: 155-200
Bacxahob, M. K. 2005. PyccKHe BoeHHbie BOCTOKOBeflbi flo 1917 r.: ÖHOÖHÖJiHorpacjjHHecKHH cjioBapb (MocKBa: HayKa
Behcembheb, T. K. 2004. «Bbicinaa aflMHHHCTpanHH TaniKeHTa h iora Ka3axcTaHa b nepnofl KoKaHflCKoro XaHCTBa: 1809-1865 rr.» HcTopHKO-KyjibTypHbie B3aHMOCBH3H HpaHa H flaniT-H Kun^aKa b XIII-XVIII bb. pefl. M.K. AöyceHTOBa h C. Aöflyjuio cc.291-313. AjiMara: flaHK-Ilpecc
ByTTHHO, MapKO. 2008. PeBOJnonHH HaoöopoT: CpeflHHH A3HH MejKjxy nafleHHeM uapcKOH HMnepHH H o6pa30BaHHeM CCCP MocKBa: 3BeHbti
flHKCOH, 3jieoHopa. 1916. «IIojdkh3hh b TypKeCTaHe», TypKecTaHCKHH Kypbep, 63,19 MapTa
flOEPOMblC JIOB, A. H. I9I2. TopOfla Cbip-J-JapbHHCKOH oöjiacTH: Ka3ajIHHCK,
riepoBCK, TypKecTaH, Ayjine-ATa h Mhmkcht TaniKeHT: Tnn-JlHT O.A. ITopneBa
TAJiy30, n. T. 1926. BoopyjKeHHe pyccKHX nepecejieHueB b CpeflHeft Ashh TaniKeHT: H3fl. CATY
TAJiy30, n. t. 1929. TypKecTaH—Kojiohhh: o^epK HCTopHH TypKecTaHa OT 3aBoeBaHHH pyccKHMH flo peBOJnouHH 1917 MocKBa: H3fl. KoMMyHHCTH^ecKoro yH-Ta TpyflHinHXCH BocTOKa
TAJiy30, n. T. 1929. «BoccTaHHe 1916 r. b CpeflHeft A3HH» KpacHHH ApxHB 3 (29): 39-94
rA*ypOB, BoöofljKaH. 1953. 'AHflHJKaHCKoe «BOCCTaHHe» 1898 rofla' Bonpocbi
HCTOpHH 2: 50-6l
TeÖEP, Vl. I893. riO pyCCKHM CejieHHHM CbipflapbHHCKOH OÖjiaCTH (nncbMa
c floporn) T.I MHMKeHTCKHH ye3fl TaniKeHT: THn-jiHTorpacjjHH 6p.KaMeHCKHX JlbiKoniHH, H. C. 1894. «IlHCbMa H3 Ty3eMHoro TaniKeHTa» TypKecTaHCKHe
BeflOMOCTH 10-12, 12-15 $>eB.
JlbiKoniHH, H. C. 1896. MypaflöeK h OaTHMa (xHBHHCKoe npeflaHHe) TaniKeHT: THn-jiHTorpacjjHH 6p.KaMeHCKHX
JlbiKoniHH, H. C. (nep.) & BapTOJibfl, B. B. (pefl.). 1897. HcTopna Byxapbi MyxaMefla HapmaxH TaniKeHT: THn-jiHTorpacjjHH 6p.KaMeHCKHX
Kapmu
s deücmeuu.
06pa3u
npocmpancmea
u zeozpacßimecKaR
peajibHocmb
82
AilEKCAHflP MOPPHCOH
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA 2'20I3
83
Cycßu3M, nanucjiaMU3M u UH<fiopMau,uoHHaR nanuKa
JlbiKOiHHH, H. C. 1899. «Ka3nn (HapoflHbift CyflbH): öhtoboh o^epK ocefljioro HacejieHHH TypKecTaHa», b PyccKHH TypxecTaH. CöopHHK. i cc.3-57. TaniKeHT: Tun. «PyccKHH TypxecTaH»
JlbiKoniHH, H. C. 1899. «floraflKa o nponmoM OTapa», TypKecTaHCKHe BeflOMOCTH 94, 2 flex.
JlbiKOiHHH, H. C. 1899. «BHÖJiHorpacjjHHecKaü 3aMeTKa» TypKecTaHCKHe BeflOMOCTH 50, i Hiojra
JlbiKOiHHH, H. C. 1900. «Aflaö-yjib-CajiHXHH: KOfleKC npmiHHHH Ha BOCTOKe», nep. H. C. JlbiKoniHHa, b CöopHHKe MaTepnanoB no MycyjibMaHCTBy, ii, pefl. B. n. HajiHBKHH. TaniKeHT: Tun. EpaTbH nepneBbix
JlbiKOiHHH, H. C. 1901. «TIpeMyflpocTb Xa3paT CyjiTaHa AcjjnpHH-XofljKa AxMafla
HcaBH» CÖOpHHK MaTepHajIOB flJIH CTaTHCTHKH Cbip-/J,apbHHCKOH oöjiacTH ix, 2
TaniKeHT: THno-jiHTorpacjjHH B. M. HjibHHa
JlbiKoniHH, H. C. 1903. Pe3yjibTaTbi cöjiHJKeHHH pyccKHX c Ty3eMuaMH TaniKeHT
JlbiKoniHH, H. C. 1905. HanKyjuiyKCKaa BOJiocTb XofljKeHTCKoro ye3fla CaMapKaHflCKoft oöjiacTH CaMapKaHfl: Tnn-JlHT «Tpyfl»
JlbiKOiHHH, H. C. I905. «O 3HaHHH Ty3eMHbIX Hape^hh», b CöopHHK MaTepnajioB no Bonpocy oö H3yHeHHH Ty3eMHbix ü3hkob cjiysKainHMH no BoeHHO-HapoflHOMy ynpaBJieHHK) TypKecTaHCKoro Kpaa pefl. H./J,. flrejuio cc.92-97 TaniKeHT: H3fl. Tnn. npn KaHn TypK. TeHepaji TyöepHaTopa
JlbiKoniHH, H. C. 1908. O raflaHHH y cpeflHea3HaTCKHX Ty3eMueB CaMapKaHfl
JlbiKoniHH, H. C. 1908. «KflecüTHJieTHK) AHflHJKaHCKOH pe3HH (1898-1908 r.)» TypKecTaHCKHe BeflOMOCTH, 115, 30 Man & 116, 31 Man.
JlbiKoniHH, H. C. 1911. flHBaHa-h-Manipaö: jKH3HeonHcaHHe nonyjrapHeHmero npeflCTaBHTejiH MHCTHUH3Ma B TypKecTaHCKOM Kpae CaMapKaHfl: H3fl. CaMapKaHflCKoro OöjiacTHoro CTaTHCTH^ecKoro KoMHTeTa
JlbiKoniHH, H. C. 1915. «XoponiHH toh» Ha BOCTOKe üeTporpafl: Cuiafl y B. A. Bepe30BCKoro
JlbiKoniHH, H. C. 1916. «I10JEKH3HH B TypKecTaHe»: o^epKH öbiTa Ty3eMHoro HacejieHHH üeTporpafl: Ccjiafl T-Ba «B. A. Eepe30BCKHH»
JlbiKoniHH, H. C. 1917. «TpaiKflaHe Ty3eMUbi!» TypKecTaHCKHH Kypbep, 63, 19 MapTa
JlbiKoniHH, HHJI.1917. «rpajKflaHHH PeflaKTop!» TypKecTaHCKHH Kypbep, 188, 28 aBr.
JlyHHH, B. B. 1974. HcTopHorpacjjHH oöinecTBeHHbix HayK b Y3ÖeKHCTaHe: öho-ÖHÖJiHorpacjjHHecKHe o^epKH TaniKeHT: OAH
«MHPniAE» (JlbiKoniHH) I89O-I. «BOHHa C HeBepHbIMH H BOHHCTByiOinHH
TaTapcKHH jihctok», OKpaHHa, 232 (1890); 9, 42 (1891).
Hajihbkhh, B. n. 1913. Ty3eMUbi, paHbme h Tenepb TaniKeHT: Tnn. CH. JlaxTHHa
OcTPOyMOB, H. n. 1899. KoHCTaHTHH IleTpoBHH cj)oh-Kayc[)MaH: ycTpomejib TypKecTaHCKoro Kpaa. JlHHHbie BocnoMHHaHHH 1887-1881 rr. TaniKeHT: Tnn-jiHTorpac|)hh öp. KaMeHCKHX
TIajieh, Tpacj) K.K. 1910-11. OraeT no peBH3HH TypKecTaHCKoro Kpaa,
npoH3BefleHHOH no BbicoHaftmeMy noBejieHHio... 21 t. CaHKT-IleTepöypr: CeHaTCKaa Tnn.
CAJibKOB B. n. 1901 «AHflHJKaHCKoe BoccTaHHe» B 1898 r. Ka3aHb: Tnn. Hirn. YHHBepcHTeTa
Camh, Mnp3a Aöflan a3HM. 1962. Ta'pnx-H CajiaTHH-H MaHTHTHHa: HcTopnti MaHrbiTCKHX rocyflapeft, npaBHBUiHX B CTOJiHue, öjiaropoflHOH Eyxape, pefl. H nep. Jl. M. EnncjjaHOBOH, MocKBa: H3fl. Boctohhoh JlHTepaTypbi
Chthukobckhh, H. 1899. «Mhhtioöhhckhh HmaH MyxaMMefl-AjiH» TypKecTaHCKHe BeflOMOCTH 2, 6 hhb &16, 25 cjjeB.
Cmhphob, E. T. 1899. «flepBHniH3M b TypKecTaHe»; «fljKHxafl h TasaBaT», b CöopHHKe MaTepnajioB no MycyjibMaHCTBy, i, pefl. B. H. flpoBOH-PaöcKHH cc.49-71, 101-28. CaHKT-IleTepöypr: riapoBaa THnojiHTorpacjjHH M. Po3eHoep
Tepmeh, A.H. 1914. BocnoMHHaHHH aflMHHHCTpaTopa: onbiT HccneflOBaHHü npHHUHnoB ynpaBJieHHH HHopoflueB ITeTporpafl: Tnn. Jl. Canep
«T-ob» I908. «AHflHJKaHCKOe BOCCTaHHe H ero npHHHHbl» HCTOpHHeCKHH BeCTHHK
5: 659-670.
TypKECTAHCKHÖ KpyjKOK jiioÖHTejieH apxeojiorHH. 1897. «BaKycjjHaa rpaMOTa TaMepjiaHa (b H3BJieHeHHH), flaHHaa Me^eTH Xa3paTa HccaBH», 29 aBr.1897 r., ripoTOKOJibi 3aceflaHHH H cooöineHHH HJieHOB TypKecTaHCKoro KpyjKKa ^loÖHTejieft apxeojiorHH, ii: 1-4.
LUectakob, A. (pefl.). 1933 «fljKH3aKCKoe BoccTaHHe b 1916 r.» KpacHbiH ApxHB, 5 (60): 60-91
IÜTEHHEEPr, E. 1938. (pefl.) «AHflHJKaHCKoe BoccTaHHe 1898 r.» KpacHbiH apxHB 3 (88): 152-181.
$OH-KAy»MAH, KoHCTaHTHH neTpoBHH.1885. IlpoeKT BcenoflflaHHenmero 0TqeTa peH—AflbioTaHTa cj)OH-Kayc[)MaHa no rpajKflaHCKOMy ynpaBJieHHK) CaHKT-IleTepöypr: BoeHHaa Tnn.
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MaHaKHÖ-H flyKHH HmaH: Ahohhm jkhthh flyKHH HmaHa—npeflBOflHTenü AHflHJKaHCKoro BoccTaHHH 1898 rofla AjiMaTbi: flaHK-IIpecc
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