MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of letters Department of Romance Languages and Literatures Report on a particular minority language in the European Union: Rusyn ROM0B133 Minority Languages Fall 2015 Gabriela Hrušovská, 439290 Martin Jakubek, 399959 Table of Contents Introduction. 3 1. Language policy in Europe. 4 1.1. Minority languages. 4 1.2. Territory. 4 1.3. Aims of the Charter 4 1.4. Bases for European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. 5 1.4.1. Resolution Arfé. 5 1.4.2. Resolution Kuijpers. 5 1.5. Parts of the Charter 6 2. Language policy in Slovakia. 8 2.1. Language Legislation After 1989. 9 3. Focus on the Rusyn language. 11 3.1. History. 12 3.2. Geography of the language. 12 3.3. Statistical data of the language. 13 3.4. Sociolinguistic domains. 14 4. Revitalizing Minority Languages through Internet 15 5. Summary. 18 Introduction The main aim of this project work is to write a small paper on one particular minority language in the European Union, in our case the Rusyn language, and to study it in various contexts or domains. We would like to describe the language, analyze it in the regional and national aspect and to deal with its level (degree) of protection. We want to promote the importance of the protection of minority languages, in particular the Rusyn language spoken in certain parts of Slovakia. 1. Language policy in Europe Firstly, we should explain what a minority language is according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (available at http://www.coe.int/sk/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148). 1.1. Minority languages Minority languages are languages that are traditionally used within a given territory of a state by nationals of that state who form a group numerically smaller than the rest of the state’s population. They differ from the official language(s) of that state, and they do not include dialects or the languages of migrants. Minority languages are not dialects. 1.2. Territory Territory is a small geographical area in which the said language is the way of expression of a number of people justifying the adoption of protective and promotional measures as provided for in the Charter. The expression non-territorial languages means languages used by nationals of the state which differ from the language(s) used by the rest of the state’s population but which, although traditionally used within the state’s territory, cannot be identified with a particular area thereof. 1.3. Aims of the Charter The aim of the Charter is to present the right of people to use the historical regional and minority languages in Europe, to respect the languages, to recognize their cultural value, to promote and facilitate their usage and encourage people to develop the language and minority itself. It is important to maintain and develop these languages in different fields. It deals with its protection and reproduction. The charter also gives instructions how to do that. The opening of this Treaty was on November 5, 1992 in Strasbourg. The Charter covers 79 languages used by 203 national minorities or linguistic groups. The EU has more than 60 historical and regional minority languages spoken by 40 million people. The European Commission collaborates with governments of the member states, interest groups on determination of common aims and supports their effort to protect and develop the use of minority languages. It also helps to finance projects and partnerships directed to the increase of awareness of minority languages, it supports the education and studying of these languages, which means it helps them to survive. The European Commission also financed the study Euromosaic (http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/homean/index1.html) that provides information about different languages in Europe. There are certain documents regarding the protection and the use of the minority languages that are important for dealing with this topic. The Charter is based on these three previous documents. 1.4. Bases for European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages The bases for European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages are the following three documents: 1.4.1. Resolution Arfé The Resolution Arfé was signed in 1981[1]. Its aim was a promotion of "minority" languages by opening a specific budget. In order to do so, it was planned to encourage initiatives in the field of education, culture and information. 1.4.2. Resolution Kuijpers The Resolution Kuijpers was signed in 1987 and its entire name is Resolution on the languages and cultures of regional and ethnic minorities in the European Community[2]. It was targeted mainly on educational and legal measures, such as “arranging for pre-school to university education and continuing education to be officially conducted in the regional and minority languages in the language areas concerned on an equal footing with instruction in the national languages” or “officially recognizing surnames and place names expressed in a regional or minority language”[3] among others. 1.4.3. Resolution Killilea It was signed in 1991. The focus is on education, courses and teaching. Guarantees some rights in four areas: · to preserve the minority language in the private and public life of people, · the right to be educated in the ML, · power/rights to use language in public affairs, administration, · the production of materials culture, communication. 1.5. Parts of the Charter The situation is different, not homogeneous in Europe, different social conditions and aspects. The Charter consists of Preamble, 5 parts and articles. · Part 1: General provisions, · Part 2: Objectives and principles, · Part 3: Measures to promote the use of regional or minority languages in public life, · Part 4: Application of the Charter, · Part 5: Final provisions. The Charter follows eight fundamental principles and objectives that should be undertaken by all parties. It recognizes minority languages as an expression of cultural wealth, it respects its geographical area, it recognizes the promotion of minority languages, it encourages the use of minority languages in both private and public life, in speech or in the written form, it supports the education in minority languages and it promotes transnational exchanges. It says that the mutual understanding between various linguistic groups is important and all forms of restriction, exclusion or distinction are prohibited. It supports its maintenance and development. It aims to protect and promote the historical regional or minority languages of Europe. It should maintain and develop the Europe's cultural traditions and heritage, and respect the right to use a regional or minority language in private and public life. The Charter also sets out a number of specific measures to promote the use of regional or minority languages in public life. Each party undertakes to apply a minimum of thirty-five paragraphs or sub-paragraphs, including compulsory measures. Moreover, each party has to specify in its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval, each regional or ML, or official language that is less widely used in the whole or part of its territory, to which the paragraphs chosen shall apply. Articles of the Charter cover these fields: education, judicial authorities, administrative authorities and public services, media, cultural activities and facilities, economic and social life and transfrontier exchanges. · Education: relevant preschool and primary education – first acquisition, minority languages should have the same development as the mother tongue, should be learnt in the same way as the mother tongue; secondary and higher education- projects, partnerships, · Justice: courts, criminals, way of not discriminate people, the use of interpreters, · Administration, · Media, · Culture: Language and culture always follow the same path, they go hand in hand, · Marketing and economics, · Exchanges. 2. Language policy in Slovakia As opposed to the Czech Republic, the language policy in Slovakia is a topic that provokes very strong emotions. The main cause of it is the presence of two large minorities, which is an element not present in the homogenous Czech Republic. Strong emotions are stirred mainly over the position of the Hungarian minority in the southern part of Slovakia. In 2011, nearly 81 % of the 5,379,000 inhabitants of the Slovak Republic claimed Slovak nationality. Therefore, approximately 19 % of the population belongs to ethnical minorities. The largest one is the Hungarian minority (458,000 – 8.5 %) followed by the Roma minority (105,000 – 2 %), Rusyn minority (24,000 – 0.62 %), Czech minority (30,000 – 0.55 %), Ukrainian minority (7,400 – 0.13 %), German minority (4,690 – 0.08 %), Moravian minority (3,286 – 0.06 %), Polish minority (3,084) and others[4]. These numbers, however, require further explanation. In particular, the number of Roma citizens is questionable. The Roma often do not come forward with their nationality, and thus, multiple estimates even show various numbers. Therefore, nearly 20 % of the Slovak population may appertain to the minorities, which classifies Slovakia among the largely multi-ethnical states. The Slovak majority speaks Slovak, which belongs to the West-Slovenian languages along with Czech, Polish and Wendish. In the period between the 15thand 19th centuries, it was actually Czech that was spoken as the literary language within the territory of today’s Slovakia. The Slovak language is much-differentiated in terms of dialects. It is basically divided into Western Slovak, Central Slovak and Eastern Slovak dialects. The unified Slovak literary language became settled only in1840’s based on the Central Slovak dialect. The Hungarian minority is concentrated particularly along the Slovak and Hungarian border. The largest part, i.e. almost 60% of Slovak Hungarians, lives in the South-West of Slovakia in the Bratislava, Trnava and Nitra regions. This minority does not socioeconomically fall behind the other parts of Slovakia. The Hungarian minority living in the regions of Kosice and Banská Bystrica has a dramatically worse economical position. The south-Slovakian Hungarian minority reaches at least a 10%share in the population in a total of 526 municipalities. A major part of the Hungarians lives in the country – all communities with more than a 90% Hungarian minority have less than 5,000 inhabitants. As per the cities, most of the Hungarians live in the Capital City of Bratislava (16,500 out of 429,000), Komárno (22,500 out of 37,000), Dunajská Streda (19,000 out of 24,000) and Nové Zámky (12,000 out of 42,000). A major part of the Hungarian minority is bilingual.[5] The Rusyn and Ukrainian minorities live in North-East Slovakia along the Slovak and Polish and Slovakian and Ukrainian borders. Since the 1950’s, the Czechoslovak government acknowledged as the representative of the Rusyns and Ukrainians only the Ukrainian minority with Ukrainian as the only official language of this minority. After 1989, the state eventually acknowledged the existence of a larger Rusyn and a smaller Ukrainian minority. The Rusyn language was acknowledged as the minority language in 1995. Both groups are bilingual – they speak their language as well as the Slovak language. Both Rusyns and Ukrainians live mostly in rural areas with a Slovak majority. The Ukrainians form 10% of the population in 17 municipalities and they do not form a majority in any municipalities; the Ruthenia’s form 10% of the population in 146municipalities and in 20 municipalities they form a majority. The vast majority lives in the city of Medzilaborce (34% out of 6,700 people).[6] 2.1. Language Legislation After 1989 In the 1990’s, several laws were enacted which related to the use of languages within the territory of the Federal, and consequently independent Slovak Republic. It mainly concerned the Official Language Act and Act on the Use of Minority Languages. The conditions for the use of languages were also provided for by other rules, such as the Education Act. In 1990, the Slovak National Council enacted a law that determined the Slovak language as the official state language and requested that all official documents be published in Slovak. Minorities might use their language in official communication only in municipalities in which they formed at leasr 20% of the population. Slovak was also mentioned in the declaration issued by the Slovak National Council on the national sovereignty of the Slovak Republic and in the preamble of the Slovak Constitution enacted in November 1992. Education of the official language is mandatory in all elementary and middle schools in Slovakia. With some exceptions determined by law, radio and television, broadcasting is also aired in Slovak. Any foreign audio-visual works designed for children under 12 years of age had to be dubbed into Slovak. It may be stated, with some limitation, that it is necessary to use the official language at all places, unless the law stipulates otherwise. The observation of the law is supervised by the Ministry of Culture, which could also impose a penalty for an infringement of the law; however, such a situation has never occurred and the provision was omitted upon the amendment of the law. The law was sharply criticized in Slovakia as well as abroad. The European Council also expressed their objections. A group of the opposition addressed the Constitutional Court; however, the Court did not find the law unconstitutional. A minority language may be used in official communication by the citizens of a national minority who form at a minimum 20% of the municipality population. A citizen who belongs to a national minority has the righto file a written submission to a government body and self-administration in a minority language, whereas the answer is received in both the official language and the minority language. A proceeding held before a municipal authority may also be conducted in the minority language provided that all attendees agree so. The signage of streets and other publicly accessible places may be, in addition to the official language, made also in a minority language. The use of the Czech language unofficial communication meets the requirements of basic comprehensibility with the official language. Public administration bodies and their employees may apply a minority language under conditions stipulated by law; however, they are not obliged to speak it. In September 2009, an amendment to the Official Language Act (no. 318/2009Coll.) came into force, which had been prepared by Fico’s (PM in years 2006 – 2010 and 2012 – present) government. The amendment sparked vigorous protests from the Hungarian minority. The most criticized part was the provision that allows the Ministry of Culture to impose a penalty amounting to 100 up to 5,000 € for infringement of the law. State television and radio are obliged by law to also broadcast in minority languages. For example, in 2007, Slovak Television broadcasted in minority languages for a total 264 hours, i.e. approximately 3.5% of the total broadcasting time, out of which 163 hours was in Hungarian, 49 hours in Roma and the maximum of 8 hours of broadcasting in other minority languages.[7] 3. Focus on the Rusyn language Since 1995, one of the official regional and codified languages is also the Rusyn language. The code of the language is ISO 639-3. Political parties have one of the biggest and most significant influences on the use of this minority language. During many years, the conditions were constantly changing; however, there has not been a consensus about the usage and official status of the language. A national (state) language has always had big support in comparison with other languages. The latest amendment of the Language law about the national language called Act of the National Council of the Slovak Republic on the State Language of the Slovak Republic was made in June 2009 (available also in English on http://www.culture.gov.sk/extdoc/5841/zakon%20o%20sj%20v%20anj). The documents talking about the official and minority languages in the country are the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, the aforementioned National Law from 2009 and so called Convention about the Protection of National Minorities. There are also other reports providing information from the Committee of Experts and there have been various sociological surveys connected with this topic. However, the information and facts are not relevant and always completely truthful because of the lack of exact data. It is hard to talk about the exact number of users of the Rusyn language. People are moving, some of them consider the language as their mother tongue, some of them use it only at home, others use it also publicly, etc. Nowadays it is often hard to fight for promoting this minority language. The number of users is declining and people are used to speak the national language more than the minority language. We can hear the Rusyn language mainly in small villages, at households, in songs, traditions, in churches and generally among older generation. Moreover, the support from the government is not sufficient. There are insufficient financial means and delays in approving of projects. However, in some domains relation towards the Rusyn language has made an advance regarding culture and education. Unfortunately, it is not enough. The aim of the minority language policy in Slovakia is to increase awareness of the Slovak population about the positive influence of the regional and minority languages for Slovak society (mainly in the area of the media, press and education). Therefore, it is important to constantly make and accept applications of projects connected to the Rusyn language. According to census made in 2011, in Slovakia there are around 34000 Rusyns (55000?- mother tongue). The Rusyn language is a part of east Slavic languages; it is a Slavic branch of Indo-European languages. For its written form, it uses a Cyrillic alphabet. However, we can find some texts, which are rewritten into Latin alphabet. 3.1. History The main location of former Rusyns was in the Trans-Carpathian Ukraine and from there they were moving to other areas. Later they were also travelling widely and came to America – to the USA (the largest community), Canada, Argentina and to Australia. Nowadays the biggest number of Rusyns is located in the northeastern Slovakia and southeastern Poland; others are in some places in northeastern Hungary and to the south of the Tisza River. Some of the also came to Prague and North Moravia after the WW2. The oldest immigrant community was in Vojvodina where they came in the mid-18th century. The area where Rusyn is spoken lies on the verge of west-Slavic and east-Slavic cultural region and this fact has reflected on dialects. Apart from Slovak and Polish influences, we can spot Hungarian, German and Romanian features. In the 19th century, the national revival took place here, tha aim of which was to form a standard version of a Slavic language for Carpathian people. Different groups tried to establish standard Ukrainian, Russian, or even an independent language based on Old Church Slavonic and Russian or some regional dialects. This process, however, did not lead to any successful outcome. In 1945, the Zacarpattia Oblast was annexed by Soviet Union and the authorities proclaimed Rusyns for Ukrainians. Czecoslovak government did the same thing, and Rusyns living in Czechoslovakia were considered Czechoslovak citizens. Rusyns were then placed under pressure from two sides and they were almost forced to assimilate with the majority population. 3.2. Geography of the language The Rusyn language is spoken mainly in Slovakia, Poland, Serbia, Romania, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Ukraine. It is considered as an official language only in Slovakia and Vojvodina. In Ukraine it is recognized only as a dialect. The Rusyn people in Poland are called Lemko Rusyns. There are 1,000,000 - 1,500,000 Rusyns in all over the world. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Idioma_rusino.PNG Image 1: Geographical distribution of Rusyn source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Idioma_rusino.PNG 3.3. Statistical data of the language The latest national census took place in 2011. According to it, there were 55 469[8] people that indicated Rusyn as their mother tongue. The total population that participated at National census is 5 397 036, that means that just 1,027 % of Slovak population has Rusyn as their first language. Mother tongue Sex Slovak Hu ng ar ian Roma Rusyn Ukr an ian Cz ech Ger man Po li sh Croatian Serbian Other Unknown Total Rusyn men 10 643 2 150 14 794 646 22 3 1 2 2 69 203 26 537 women 12 214 1 122 15 343 895 14 2 2 0 0 114 225 28 932 Total 22 857 3 272 30 137 1 541 36 5 3 2 2 183 428 55 469 In 2014, only 58 students learned Rusyn as their primary language in Slovak schools. There is just one primary school that provides education in Rusyn and two kindergartens with Rusyn as the main language of instruction.[9] There are currently 68 municipalities with Rusyn as official language, that is, the villages in which the Rusyn population is higher than 20 %. [10] 3.4. Sociolinguistic domains As we mentioned earlier, Rusyn is mainly the language of older generations. One of the main reasons is probably the fact that the language has a low prestige and parents prefer that their children be educated in the majority language, either Slovak or Hungarian, depending in which part of Slovakia they live. The cause if this situation lies probably in the communist times when it was forbidden to use Rusyn, given that the government did not recognize Rusyn ethnicity. The language is mainly used as a common language in rural areas, but only in spoken form. Also, it is used in families among members of the families. Apart from this, there are very few possibilities to hear Rusyn. There is a radio broadcasting in Rusyn available online on http://www.rusyn.fm/. Rusyn is also used as a language of instruction, but only in one primary school. It is possible to study Rusyn language and literature at University of Prešov, which offers both bachelor and master degree in Rusyn. It is the only academic institution in Slovakia which provides such possibility. 4. Revitalizing Minority Languages through Internet We can recognize the level (degree) of endangerment of the minority language by taking into consideration these nine factors used in the UNESCO Atlas of endangered languages. The focus of this project work is to identify the minority language, describe and promote it and mainly to consider its vitality (if it is strong or weak) according to the UNESCO Atlas. Sometimes it is hard to decide about the number we use for evaluation, but we try to use the facts we gained and our own knowledge and experiences. In the case of the Rusyn language, we evaluated it in this way: Franco-Provençal Rusyn Sardinian Mirandese Intergenerational Language Transmission 3 2 3 3+ Absolute Number of Speakers 147,000 3 55,000 2 1,000,000 5 15,000 2 Proportion of Speakers within the Total Population 2 2 x 2 Shifts in Domains of Language Use 1 3 3 3 Response to New Domains and Media 1 2 4 2 Availability of Materials for Language Education and Literacy 2 4- 5 4 Governmental and Institutional Language Attitudes and Policies, Including Official Status and Use 3 3 3 3 Community Members’ Attitudes towards Their Own Language 2- 2 4 2 Type and Quality of Documentation 2 3- 3+ x Factor 1: Intergenerational Language Transmission Rusyn was given the score of 2. Older generations, parents and grandparents speak the language. In the areas where Rusyn is spoken, it can be considered as a second mother tongue to the children. Nevertheless, not all children speak it. It is between unsafe and definitely endangered. Factor 2: Absolute Number of Speakers The absolute number of speakers of Rusyn is approximately 55 000. The score 2 was given because this is a considerably small number of people who can speak the language. Factor 3: Proportion of Speakers within the Total Population The score of 2 was given because the language is considered severely endangered as only a minority (just 1 % of Slovakia´s population) speak the language. Factor 4: Shifts in Domains of Language Use A score of 3 was given to Rusyn. This falls into the category "dwindling domains" and it refers to the situation when the language is not the dominant language amongst the children. They are now referred to as receptive bilinguals because they do not use the language in day-to-day situations. The parents also start using the dominant language as opposed to the minority language. Factor 5: Response to New Domains and Media Rusyn was given the score of 2. Spreading the language into new domains is not too successful. Rusyn has managed to spread only into some new domains. There is radio broadcasting in Rusyn, although it is available only online, which makes it almost impossible to afford for elderly people. Also, the national TV offers some time in their program to minority ethnic groups, but it is only half an hour every 14 days (available online with Slovak subtitles on https://www.rtvs.sk/televizia/archiv/7777/86074 ) Factor 6: Availability of Materials for Language Education and Literacy Though Rusyn is mostly preserved through the oral tradition, there are some pieces of literature written in this language. Rusyn was given a score of 4-. Written materials exist: dictionaries exist, and children are being taught the language at school through written textbooks. Factor 7: Governmental and Institutional Language Attitudes and Policies, Including Official Status and Use In this area, Rusyn got a score of 3. Rusyn can be used in administration, for example the signs of the municipality. Factor 8: Community Members’ Attitudes towards Their Own Language In this area, Rusyn scored a 2. While some members of the Rusyn community support language maintenance, others can be quite indifferent. In addition, many parents choose Slovak as the language of instruction, because they believe that it will make further education of their children easier. Factor 9: Type and Quality of Documentation Rusyn got a score of 3-, given that there are textbooks, dictionaries and some literature written in Rusyn, but the offer is very limited. No research is being done in Rusyn language. Evaluation: The average number used for evaluating is 2.6, which means and puts the minority language into seriously endangered minority languages: Total sum of all categories (except categories 2, 8 and 9) = 16 Divided by number of categories: 16/6 = 2.6 According to the UNESCO Atlas, it is considered as a vulnerable language, which means that most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home). However, after studying the use of its linguistic elements and also the use of the language on the Internet, we can say that it is quite vital and that the situation is not so bad, although it could be much better. In the research, we studied two types of web pages in the Rusyn language: administrative and cultural web sites where we were looking for words in the Rusyn language. Of 70 studied words, 44 were influenced by language contact, 17 were neologism and just 9 were obsolete. But we have to mention the fact that it is difficult to delimitate which area each word falls into, given that we are not native speakers of the language and we can only guess. type number percentage obsolete 9 13 neologism 17 24 contact 44 63 total 70 100 5. Summary We think that working on this project about minority languages, in our case the Rusyn language, we learnt a lot about the language and the language policy not only in our country but also in the European Union. We realized that these languages are endangered and that we should protect them and conserve for other generations. They are not inferior. They are something that our ancestors left us, they are a special part of our history and culture and we should maintain and develop them. We hope that we summarized the information and knowledge that we obtained well and that it will be, in some way, useful for the studies of minority languages. Sample of Rusyn: Того року ся одбыла уж друга стріча габурскых родаків, котрых на Сельскім уряді в Габурі 8. юла 2006, на роднім ґрунті привитав староста села М. Ющик. Слова до душы, подякы і гордости за шыріня доброго хыру о своїм селі, витаня довго невидженых родаків, споминаня на давны часы, на Габуру, на родину і традіції мали свій простор нелем на стрічі родаків але і на цілій дваднёвій културно-сполоченьскій і шпортовій акції, яка ся одбывала під назвов: «Габура співає і шпортує.» Or research: - Available online with all information and sources at https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1wo7b-unRW_APjNsyHz-RUNITBl7ylhoV-XhSnsLjcJM/edit?ts=56aa72f 4#gid=317353970 (consulted January 30, 2016) Word transliteration Gram. function Web type Web subtype Obsolete Neologism Contact Translation Інштітут inštitut noun, mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x Institute часть časť noun, fem. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x part словник slovnyk noun, mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x? dictionary наук nauk noun, G pl., fem. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x science першу peršu ordinal numeral, A sg., fem. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x first роцї roci noun, L sg., mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x year днях dňach noun, L pl., mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x day цїнна cinna adjective, fem. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x worthy чуджінцїв čudžinciv noun, A pl., mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x? foreigner учітелькы učitelky noun, pl., fem. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x teacher языка jazyka noun, G sg., mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x language книжку knyžku noun, A sg., fem. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x book учебник učebnyk noun, mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x textbook лїтнёй litňej adjective, G sg., fem. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x summer тогорічне tohorične adjective, neuter cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x this year´s комісії komisii noun, G sg, fem. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x - internationalism comittee Вечур večur noun, mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x evening єдиный edynyj adjective, mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x the only театер teater noun, mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x - internationalism theater співпрацовав spivpracovav verb, 3. sg, mas., past simple cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x cooperate пєсах pesach noun, L pl., fem. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x - french - russian theater play Жывот žyvot noun, mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x life священик svjaščenyk noun, mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x? priest соціалных socialnych adjective, L pl., fem. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x - internationalism social сітях siťach noun, L pl., fem. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x web(site) пише piše verb, 3. sg., present cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x write центер center noun, mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x - internationalism center погляд pohľad noun, mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x? look великы velyky adjective, pl., mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x big успіхы uspichy noun, pl., mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x success Зміна zmina noun, fem. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x change меншын menšyn noun, G pl., fem. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x? minority закона zakona noun, G sg., mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x law Партія partija noun, fem. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x - french - Russian party добрым dobrym adjective, I sg., mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x good способом sposobom noun, I sg., mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x way, method вырїшыти vyrišyti noun, infinitive cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x figure out вопрос vopros noun, mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x? x - Russian, Ukranian? question підпорили pidporyly verb, 3. pl., past simple cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x support война vojna noun, fem. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x? war взник vznik noun, mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x origin Нова nova adjective, fem. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x new світ svit noun, mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x world слово slovo noun, neutre cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x word тримати trimati verb, infinitive cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x hold крок krok noun, mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x step писатель pisateľ noun, mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x? writer зомбі zombi noun, uncertain cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x - internationalism zombie суботу subotu noun, A sg., fem. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x Saturday часу času noun, G sg., mas. cultural Academy of Rusyn Culture x? time церьков cer´kov noun, fem. cultural Rusyn´s website x church часопис časopis noun, masc. cultural Rusyn´s website x x? magazine філм film noun, masc. cultural Rusyn´s website x - internationalism film, movie ґімназія gimnazija noun, neutre cultural Rusyn´s website x grammar school іміґрант imigrant noun, mas. cultural Rusyn´s website x - internationalism immigrant інтернет internet noun, mas. cultural Rusyn´s website x - internationalism Internet книжніця, бібліотека knižnicja, biblioteka noun, fem. cultural Rusyn´s website x library концерт koncert noun, masc. cultural Rusyn´s website x - internationalism concert културне наслідницьтво kulturne naslidnic´tvo noun, neutre cultural Rusyn´s website x cultural heritage музейный матеріал muzejnyj material noun, masc. cultural Rusyn´s website x - internationalism material of museum націоналность nacionalnosť noun, fem. cultural Rusyn´s website x - internationalism nationality час отворіня čas otvoriňa noun, masc. cultural Rusyn´s website x opening hours памятка pamjatka noun, fem. cultural Rusyn´s website x sight корчма korčma noun, fem. cultural Rusyn´s website x pub обход, склеп obchod, sklep noun, masc. cultural Rusyn´s website x-polish shop школа škola noun, fem. cultural Rusyn´s website x škola шпорт šport noun, masc. cultural Rusyn´s website x šport автобусовый транспорт avtobusovyj transport noun, fem, cultural Rusyn´s website x-internationalism bus transport парохія parochija noun, fem, cultural Rusyn´s website x parish компютер kompjuter noun, masc. cultural Rusyn´s website x - internationalism computer ________________________________ [1] http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rur/leader2/rural-en/euro/p5-2.htm [2] http://www.minelres.lv/eu/epres/re871030.htm [3] Ibid. [4]http://census2011.statistics.sk/SR/TAB.%20115%20Obyvate%BEstvo%20pod%BEa%20pohlavia%20a%A0n%E1ro dnosti.pdf [5] http://alppi.vedeckecasopisy.cz/publicFiles/00131.pdf [6] Ibid. [7] http://alppi.vedeckecasopisy.cz/publicFiles/00131.pdf [8]http://census2011.statistics.sk/SR/TAB.%20119%20Obyvate%BEstvo%20pod%BEa%20pohlavia%20a%20materi nsk%E9ho%20jazyka.pdf [9] http://www.cemerica.sk/data/files/156_zbornik-08.pdf [10] Ibid.