Academic Skills
www.services.unimelb.edu.au/academicskills • 13 MELB • academic-skills@unimelb.edu.au
Go for excellence
Writing an abstract
Understanding and developing abstracts
What is an abstract?
An abstract is a concise summary of a
research paper or entire thesis.
It is an original work, not an excerpted passage. An
abstract must be fully self-contained and make sense by
itself, without further reference to outside sources or to
the actual paper. It highlights key content areas, your
research purpose, the relevance or importance of your
work, and the main outcomes.
It is a well-developed single paragraph of approximately
250 words in length, which is indented and single
spaced. The function of the abstract is to outline briefly
all parts of the paper.
Although it is placed at the beginning of your paper,
immediately following the title page, the abstract should
be the last thing that you write, once you are sure of the
conclusions you will reach.
Why write an abstract?
Abstracts are important for both selection and indexing
purposes.
Selection: Abstracts allow readers who may be
interested in the paper to quickly decide whether it is
relevant to their purposes and whether they need to
read the whole paper.
Indexing: Most academic journal databases accessed
through the library enable you to search abstracts. This
allows for quick retrieval by users. Abstracts must
incorporate the key terms that a potential researcher
would use to search.
When is it necessary to write
abstracts?
Abstracts are usually required for:
 submission of articles to journals
 application for research grants
 completion and submission of theses
 submission of proposals for conference papers
What to include in an abstract
The format of your abstract will depend on the discipline
in which you are working. However, all abstracts
generally cover the following five sections:
1. Reason for writing:
What is the importance of the research? Why would a
reader be interested in the larger work?
2. Problem:
What problem does this work attempt to solve? What is
the scope of the project? What is the main argument,
thesis or claim?
3. Methodology:
An abstract of a scientific work may include specific
models or approaches used in the larger study. Other
abstracts may describe the types of evidence used in
the research.
4. Results:
An abstract of a scientific work may include specific data
that indicates the results of the project. Other abstracts
may discuss the findings in a more general way.
5. Implications:
How does this work add to the body of knowledge on
the topic? Are there any practical or theoretical
applications from your findings or implications for future
research?
(This list of elements is adapted from:
http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/abstr
acts.html )
The importance given to the different components can
vary between disciplines. You should look at abstracts of
research that are similar to your own work as models.
Edit carefully
As your abstract is an important way to promote your
work it is worth taking time to write it well. You will
likely have to revise several drafts to produce a precise,
concise outline of your paper which is clear, complete,
includes key search terms and fits within the word limit.
 
 
Academic Skills
www.services.unimelb.edu.au/academicskills • 13 MELB • academic-skills@unimelb.edu.au
Go for excellence
V2 1012 GM
Despite the vast research by Americans on the Vietnam
War, little is known about the perspective of South
Vietnamese military, officially called the Republic of
Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF). The overall image that
emerges from the literature is negative: lazy, corrupt,
unpatriotic, apathetic soldiers with poor fighting spirits.
This study recovers some of the South Vietnamese
military perspective for an American audience through
qualitative interviews with 40 RVNAF veterans now
living in San José, Sacramento, and Seattle, home to
three of the top five largest Vietnamese American
communities in the nation. An analysis of these
interviews yields the veterans' own explanations that
complicate and sometimes even challenge three widely
held assumptions about the South Vietnamese military:
1) the RVNAF was rife with corruption at the top ranks,
hurting the morale of the lower ranks; 2) racial relations
between the South Vietnamese military and the
Americans were tense and hostile; and 3) the RVNAF
was apathetic in defending South Vietnam from
communism. The stories add nuance to our
understanding of who the South Vietnamese were in
the Vietnam War. This study is part of a growing body
of research on non-American perspectives of the war.
In using a largely untapped source of Vietnamese
history; oral histories with Vietnamese immigrants; this
project will contribute to future research on similar
topics.
Laryngoscopy is a medical procedure that provides a
secure airway by passing a breathing tube through the
mouth and into the lungs of a patient. The ability to
successfully perform laryngoscopy is highly dependent
on operator skill; experienced physicians have failure
rates of 0.1% or less, while less experienced
paramedics may have failure rates of 10-33%, which
can lead to death or brain injury. Accordingly, there is a
need for improved training methods, and virtual reality
technology holds promise for this application. The
immediate objective of this research project is to
measure the mechanics of laryngoscopy, so that an
advanced training mannequin can be developed. This
summer an instrumented laryngoscope has been
developed which uses a 6-axis force/torque sensor and
a magnetic position/orientation sensor to quantify the
interactions between the laryngoscope and the patient.
Experienced physicians as well as residents in training
have used this device on an existing mannequin, and
the force and motion trajectories have been visualized in
3D. One objective is to use comparisons between
expert and novice users to identify the critical skill
components necessary for patients, to identify the
mechanical properties of the human anatomy that effect
laryngoscopy, and  thus enable the development of a
realistic training simulator. In the future an advanced
training mannequin will be developed whose physical
properties will be based on our sensor measurements,
and where virtual reality tools will be used to provide
training feedback for novice users.
Types of abstracts
Abstracts can be informative and descriptive.
Descriptive abstracts describe the work being
abstracted. They are more like an outline of the work
and are usually very short - 100 words or less.
The majority of abstracts written at the University of
Melbourne are informative. Informative abstracts act
as substitutes for the actual papers as all the key
arguments and conclusions are presented; specifically,
the context and importance of the research, reasons for
methods, principal results and conclusions.
Examples of abstracts
Example abstract 1: History/ Social Science
Julie Pham (2001) "Their War: The Perspective of the
South Vietnamese Military in Their Own Words”
Abstract from
http://research.berkeley.edu/ucday/abstract.html :
accessed 12 December 2010
Example abstract 2: Engineering
"Quantifying the Mechanics of a Laryngoscopy"
Abstract from
http://research.berkeley.edu/ucday/abstract.html :
accessed 12 December 2010
Works Cited
Koopman, Phil. How to Write an Abstract
http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/essays/abstract.ht
ml> accessed 12 December 2010
University of North Carolina Abstracts
http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/abstracts.ht
ml accessed 12 December 2010
Further Resources
http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/Abstract.html
http://www.cognitrix.com/pages/tips-hints/abstracts.pdf