tU Llo IT SfcBUl v!jfc£f£ New Friends fr\MD D a o g u e e Mary, an international student who just arrived in Japan, talks to a Japanese student. © 3 r ]) - : Mearii Sumima^en. Ima nanji desu ka A-lt L : Takeshi Juuniii han desu. y 7 'J - : Mearii Arirjatoo yo?aim.mi. Takeshi lie. © 1 Takeshi Ano, ryuugakusee desu ka. ? 3 r "J - : Meaiii Le Arizona d.iigaku no gakusee desu. 3 Takeshi Son dosii ka. Senmon \va nan desu ka. 4 i r g - : Mearii [:LIL r"'Ct = ^2 ;:to^ ^X~1\ Mihonpo desu. Ima ninensee desu. Mary: Excuse mo. What time i* ii now? Takeshi: It's half past twelve. .Mary: Thank you. Takeshi: You're welcome. Takeshi: I'm . . . are you an international student? Mary: Yes. I am a student at the Tniversitj of Arizona. Takeshi: I see. What is your major? Mary: Japanese. 1 am a sophomore now. &/ulf 5 Grammar "It is 12:30." "I am a student." "My major is the Japanese language." These sentences will all be translated into Japanese using an appropriate noun and the word desu. ~"CTo ft is . . . I" * ') l~ I '.XL t"t0 (li) is half past hwlre. Iuuniji han desu. t)* < •$'>'''Q~t0 (I) am a student. r.akusee desu J" ii Ay Z'"Z""^^ (My major) is the Japanese language. Nihonyo tit'sLi. Note that none of these sentences has a "subject." like the "it." "I." and "my major" found in their Knglish counterparts. Sentences without subjects are very common in Japanese; Japanese speakers actually tend to omit subjects whenever they think it is clear to the listener what or who Jhey are referring to. What arc we to do, then, when it is not clear what is being talked about? To make explicit what we are talking about, we can say: _l& l-liA,Z''Q"i'- is the Japanese language. wa nihonga desu, Where__stands for the thing thai is talked about, or the "topic." which is later in the sentence identified as niltongu. For example. tiLli I'll A, Z'X"fa (My) major is the Japanese language. Senmoti w.i nihongo ile>n Similarly, one can use the pattern X tea Y desu in identify a person or a thing X as item Y. [ XfiY rt. X is Y. As for X, it is Y. Watashi wo Suu Kirnu desu. J am Sue Kim. % 1 §M .1/;-. Yamaslrita is a tearlier. Yamashita san \va scnsee dp^u. Mearii tan \\a Mary is an American. Wa is a member of the class of word? called "particles." So is the word no. which wo will turn lo later in this lesson. Particles attach themselves to phrases and indicate how the phrases relate to the rest of the sentence. Xote also that nouns like uakusee and sensee in the above examples stand alone, unlike their English translations "student" and "teacher." which are preceded by "a." In Japanese, there is no item that corresponds to "a." nor is there any item that corresponds to the plural "-s" at the end of a noun. Without background situations, a sentence like gaku&ee desu is therefore ambiguous between the singular and the plural interpretations: it may mean "We are you are they are students." as well as "I am/you are/she is a student." Question Sentences It is very easy to form cpiestions in Japanese. Basically, all you need to do is add ka at the end of a statement. Kyuugakusee desu. Ryuugakusee riesu ka. (I am) an international student. (Are you) an international student? The above sentence. Ryuugakusee desu ka. is a "yes/no" question. Question sentences may also contain a "question word*' like nan' (what). In this lesson, we learn how to ask, and answer, questions using the following question words: naiiji (what time), nansai (how old), uamieusee (what year in school). Note carefully that the order of words in a sentence may be quite different from what you find in your language. Ml is noL customary to write a question mark at the end of a question sentence in Japanese. 2The Japanese question word for "what" has two pronunciations: nun and natii. Xau is used immediately before desu or before a "counter" like ji (o'clock). The other form. nam', is used before a particle. Xani is also used in the combination nanijin (person of what nationality). Senmon wa nan desu ka. What is your major? (Seiimon wa) eego desu. (My major) is English. Ima nnnji desu ka. What time i& il noic? Mearii san vva nansai uesu ka. Iloir old are you, Mary? Nannensee desu sa. ÍTVítf/ víw fíre .vy// />/ college? lf4 £ t tá É MN^% Dcnwa bangoo wa nati [lesu k.-i. H 7/í// is your te lep lione mou ber? (v>I) < Ľ-C to (lma> kuji desu. It is nine o'clock. Ľn> i 3 vp l * Juukywusai riesu. I'm nineteen years old. fsincnscc dcsu. ľni a sophomore. 186C073A3-C' f e Ichi hachi roku no nana san yon san desu. // m 186-7343. noun, ft) noun. No is a particle that connects two nouns. The phrase Toozai daigaku no gakusee means "(a) student at Tozai University." The second noun gakusee provides the main idea3 (being a student) and the first one Toozai daigaku makes it mure specific (not a high school, but a college student). No is very versatile. In the first example below, it acts like the possessive ("x's") in English, but thai is not the only role no can play. See bow it connects two nouns in the following examples. tz i i L 5 A. W X' Á, h IIL r i Takeshi san no detiwa bangoo daigaku no sen see lz&A,z' *f"T. Takeshi san no okaasan v.« kookon -no sensec dt'iu. Takeshi's mother is a high school teacher. I SSl^-H Expression N o t e s (f) I 5jjCD^ .4>/o indicates that you have some reservations aboul saying what you are fining to say next. You may be worried about interrupting some-thins someone is currently doing, or sounding rude and impolite for asking personal questions, for example, lilVicX^ Both hai and ee mean "yes" in response to yes-no questions. Compared to hai, ee is more conversational and relaxed. In more informal situations, it a is used. Hai is also used to respond to a knock at the door or to the calling of one's name, meaning "Here." as follows. (Ee cannot be replaced in this case.) Teacher: X $ X ^ ? SumisLi san? Student: f£V*t Hai Mr. Smith: f Iere. ^^"C^iTh $00 desn ka acknowledges that you have understood what was just said. "Is thai so?" or "I see." Pronunciation of (£► The particle it is pronounced "tea." not "ha." It should he written with it. All other instances of "tea" are written with i~>. Is VVdidshi no denwa bangoQ v. a san nana no hachi roku roku nana desu. My telephone number is 37-8667. There are a few exception?, such as konnichhra to tori afternoon) and konbamva (good evening). They are usually written with -A.IZ t> ti and -I A(J:A(±. Numbers ► Many number words have more than one pronunciation. Refer to the table at the end of this book for a general picture. 0 -If g and .iU1 are borh commonly used. 1 but pronounced as i-> in \ i-j-j\A (one minute) and I1 -o ^ \ i (one-year old). 2 ;z all the time. When you are reading out each digit separately, as when you give your phone1 number, it may be pronounced with a long vowel, as iZ\-<. | 8 A all the time. The part that follows it may change shape, as in A .jiA. instead of $ A > A. 1 £A is the most basic, but fourth-year student is =fc ;;.}A-tii> and four o'clock is iU. In some combinations that we will later learn, it is read as L (as in Llpn, April). The part thai follows this number may change shape too. as in =fcA^A. 5 ST all the time. When read out separately, it may be pronounced with a long vowel, as ll~>. ti h \ , but pronounced as ?■>-> in 'j-j^A. 7 fe$£ is the most basic, but seven o'clock is I t> LA 8 iiib. but usually pronounced as (i-j in I±-j-j-.A and iio £ i-v 9 * # 5 is the most basic, but nine o'clock is < L'. 10 U :)> 5 • Dut pronounced as U id o in U . Giving one's telephone number ► The particle no is usually placed in between the local exchange code and the last four digits. Therefore, the number 012-;i-15-(i789 is zero icl/i ni. san yon go no, roku ntuiu liaclti kyuu. "&/u"til^ The word seiisee is usually reserved for describing somebody else's occupation. Watashi na sense? desu makes sense, but may sound slightly arrogant, because the word seusee actually means an "honorable master." if you (or a member of your family) are a teacher, and if you want Lo be really modest, you can use the word kyooslii instead. ilhj ► San is placed after a name as a generic title. It woes both with a given name and a family name. Children are referred to as chan (and boys in particular as kun\. rather thai: as sun. Professors and doctors are usually referred to with the title sensee. San and other title words are never used in reference to oneself. Referring to the person you are talking to ► The word for "\ou." auaUi. is not very commonly used in Japanese. Instead, we use the name and a title like san and sense? to refer ro the person you are talking to. Therefore, a sentence like '\\I.s. Hart, are you Swedish?" should be: ^- [• 3 ft \i % 9 r- - f > U k T f it Haato san vva >uepripnjin de^u lot, instead of }• *A, b^fili X^x—f> L A~Z"tip-Haato san. anara ua sueedenjin desu ka. Japanese names ► When Japanese give their name, they sa\ their family name first and given name last. Usually, they don't have middle names. When they introduce themselves, they often sa\ only their family name. Here are some typical Japanese names. Family name Given name .Men \\ omen 5 b r> Satoo Hiroshi Yuuko \t*1*% '> Suzuki Ichiroo Megumi fciWi L if AX i Takahashi Kenji Kumiko DtJ -A J--) ?>■ Tanaka Yuuki Naomi £ M t>5 Itoo Masahirn Kyooka ft/uU^o Practice ® 1/ (Numbers) 0 -t' □ / tl »h zero ice 1 II 30 i(_hi juuichi saniuu 2 i -v - 12 L" ^-7(: 40 ni juuni vonjuu 3 13 50 -' I" * l san juusan goju u 4 l/U) 14 L" * ~) X A,/ V $ h L 60 % < I* i» yon shi (yo! juuyon juushi rokujuu 5 15 I 0 T - 70 & & U m -7 gn juugo ndnajuu 6 $ < 16 I* * I i| < 80 !i % U * "7 roku juuroku harhtjuiJ 7 17 L* * ■? & / L* T L o 90 I 0 T I" nana shit hi juunana juushichi kvuujuu 8 18 100 IN < harhi [Liuliachi hyaku 9 | ft1 1 / { 19 \* rD -) | fii | / L" 1 iJ i < kyuu ku juukyuu juuku 10 20 1 - I* tc i |UU nijuu A. Read the following numbers, j^1 :a 5 ibi 9 'C 7 id' I if 8 C$ | 'h 6 Hi 4 B. Read the following numbers.^ (a) 45 U 83 (ci 19 d 76 ifi 100 is) 38 h 61 'i 24 C. What are the answers? (a: 5+3 b. 9+1 :ci 3 + 4 d 6-6 e 10 + 9 f 8-7 40 — 25 10 J 3 e> 52 J 97 mim< .21 i UttVu (Time) F ichiji h < l ;okuji L' & i * > L* Euutehfji l:L' riiji L' shithiji T 3 ^ U sanjt / hai iiiji Lt rt? 1 I: L* puuniji J L yoji < L" kujt r. irhiji han L * 1 L' tuuji A. Look at the following pictures and answer the questions, Example: Q:^2 ^^L'tt^'.-. Efc Ima nanji dtisu ka. A : ^LMi/Ct"-^ Ichiji han desu. f ■i (2) (5) f ^ "I (6) B. Answer the questions. Example: Q : E n I 3: ? tj i S?4» l"~CT^; Tookyoo Wfi ima nanji desu ka. a : r-rf/u s& l Cozen sanji desu. 1. London 6:00 p m r 2. Stockholm 7:00 p.m. , 4. New Delhi J Fj 11:30 p.M _/t \> / lJ-^ Tokyo 3:00 a ii ^~~7tr^~~~~^- Bangkok V— - %L 1:00 am f \ 3. Nairobi 9:00 p.m. J 6. Sydney 4:00 am 7. New York 1 :00pm 8. Rio de Janeiro 3:00 p.m. i HhMc^/vZl'D (Telephone Numbers) A. Read the following people's telephone numbers. |^J)I Example: L tz 283-9517 Vamashita t: a % 3 /v to I #f £*j /v $ # ni hachl san no kvuu 50 von nan,i 1. / 7 'J - Mearii 2. fzli L Takeshi suu ft a * s: 1. D/<— h Kobaato 1151-0:326 362-4519 691-1230 852-1032 B. Pair Work—Read the dialogue below with your partner. [^) Demva bangoo \\a nan desu ka. B : 283-9547-C'tc Ni ha< hi san nc; kvuu go von nana desu. 31111« as ■ A : 283-9547 t-tte,, \i hachi fan no k\uu go von n.ina rfesu re. Halí soo de&U. C. Group Work—Use the dialogue above and ask three classmates their telephone numbers. name telephone number ( ) ( ) C ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Translate the following phrases into Japanese using (D (no). Example: student of tlie Japanese lanyuaee "~* í-íi/v Cc?) ň1 ( 4£vi nihongu no gakusee 1. my teacher 2. m\ telephone number Si my name 4. Takeshi's major 5. Mary's friend 5> studem of the University of London 7. teacher of the Japanese language 8. high school teacher s> as o u as so o t? . Look at the chart on the next page and describe each person using the cues in (a) through (e). N, 1. tz If L £ k 2. X- & 4 3. a h % /v 4.^5 L T^A-t^ * Takeshi san Suu san Kohaato san Yamashita senscc (a) nationality Example: ^ T x) — ^ LiX T / x) t! M L V f B Mearii san M*>arii san \\a amerikajin riesu. (b) year in school Example: -> 2 T '.' - 3 A 3 IS *2 fs Mearii san .s\earii san wa ninensee desu. (c) age Example: > T 'J — * A /fj-^fi f^'j ^PT W# < f$ Mearii san Mearii san wa Arizona daigaku no gakuscc desu. (e) major Example: /T1)-^ - / T ') - 3 A, fcf:i-?-) konpyuutaa business bijinssu (Japanese teacher) B. Pair Work^Ask and answer questions using the given cues. Example 1: A f — S L/T * 'J * U L Meant san amerikajin Q : d r \ - % L ii r Jhi H & Mearii san wa amerikajin desu k.i. Fe, soo desu. Example 2: 7 T 1J - % fa / % & n /v % li i Mearii san unrieftsee \k'aiii san \va sannensee desu ka. a : ^v**.. H^/l-y-*.<"f= lit;. ninensee desu. 1. 5 T 'J — S & / 7 'J V + £ V*&*\ $* * Mearii san Arizona daigaku no gakjsee Mearii san nJiiriensoe Takeshi san nihun|in Takeshi san Nihon daigaku no gakjsee Takeshi san )uuk.vuusai 6. 7. - | A / |fe $ x - t- > L" & >(ju san sueedenjin 7. 7. - S & -U- & | h^V.H (economics) Suu san no senmon kct'zai 8. o /<- h I L ft # 4 I /v / t* v $ X Robaato san no si'nrnon bijinesu 9. a/<- h $4/ X Rohaaio san HJWWWBe 10. n/<— Y £ L/\. 1' p$ V««3 Robaato san nijuuis>;ii 11. \Jt L 7t:-^/u-tr^/!-_rt/v LVv Yamashita senses nihon|in 12. til tz^L^z^V' *v 4 tz^fr < B -t±/v-ym Vamashita sensci: Haivai dak;aku no senses Look at the chart below and describe each person with regard to (a) and (b). I. 2. t>K\*$& % okaasan ornsan imoutw (a) occupation/school I-xample: & £ i I & -* 7 T 'J - 5 k 7) & £ 1 ? & 8 $* ^ L * W*4 f^fo otoosan Mearii san no otoosan Hi karsliam desu. (b) age Example: U Z i i Üb ■* 3 Ä ® R ? M i Ii í 4 U »nü^^ oloosan Mcarii san no otoosan yonjuuha*sai ciosu. Mary's host family utoosan (father) cikaasan (mot lief) (: M 1 /I oniisan (elder brother) 1^1 11 imooto (u.mnger sister) Occupation/ School kaishain (w di'ks for a company) L m .5. shufu (housewife) daigakuinsui1 (graduate student) Kookousee (high school student) Age 48 -15 23 16 B. Answer the questions using the chart above. Otoosan \va 2. 3. 4. 5. G. 8. kaishain desu ka. ft £ 7 3 X Otoosan wa Okaasan wa Okaasan wa Oniisan wa Oniisan wa (Jt ridii>ai lies: ka. sense? desu ka. nansai ijťsu ka. kaishain cesu ka lllirilli: Wů t* i 3 £ íi Imooto wa 14- nansai desu ka. daigakusee desu ka. řz\mí* nartsai desu ka. vn ^dr<£)(7) tlfvLrty'D (Review Exercises) A. Class Activity—Ask five classmates questions and fill in the chart below. example questions: * u' J: % !i ? (What is yum name?) Onamae \va? ■ £ Z ti* o ? J L o1: (Where do you come from?) Doko kara kimashtta ka. • L -" (occtipation) [i g.'/„ "C" i~ £ *: shigoto \va nan de^u ka. Nannensee desu ka. Nansai de-iu ka. ^fnmon \va nan de^u ka. Name Nationality Occupation; School Age Major, etc. B. Self-introduction—Introduce yourself to the class. Example: Hajimemashkc. Mcarii Haato desu Arizona daigaku nu gaku^t; du^u. Ima ninensee desu. L* riJ "i ^ * ') ? v V"C"T0 luukvuusai desu. Sen man w.^ nihongci ritvsu. Doozo voroshiku. Class Activity—Ask your classmates what their majors are, and find someone who has the following major. Exam pie: O : & A, t L ti ^/vt't*' s Senmun nan desu ka. A : iiii/v't't, Nihongo desu. name 1. Japanese _ _ 2. economics _ _ '■'> ■ English ____ _ 4. history ___ o. business T i m e J_ Age Time hours minutes 1 1 1 1 L' 0 Ť ll hiji i:)pnn ILiuippLin 2 CI" 2 .' - J > /l. 12 nitl niiun |Liuni!un 3 5 /v L" 3 ^ ft* -i* /v 13 L" ^ 7 Í L J-% sanji sanpun juusanpun 4 X u 4 =*. A, » /v 14 LT#^ 2 /l, Ji/t- voji yonpun juuvnnpun 5 5 i L — . j • /V 15 L" ii> i - J. A -oji v so run d juugoiun 6 i < I' 6 16 L' * ^ $ O Jí/v rokuj rnppun juuroppun 7 I & U 7 ^'J>/v 17 M 0 7 & & J'/v shit 'hiji nanatun luunanafun 8 tl £ l" S ÍÍ "j Ji /v/ ii t J> A 18 L" $ 'J (i o J.3/,/ hachiji happun hariu'uri juuhapptin 9 \ L 9 * (t> 7 J./v L* 9 7 li'rj J./l- kuj; kyuutun juuhat hiitm 10 10 L' i* *g Jtivt. 19 juuji juppun juukymiiun 11 20 í - L" "J J > /u juuichiji nijupp mi [2 L" if Ť £ L" 30 5- & L' $ -9 J.'/v juuniji sanjuppun Age $ A\ 3 o tS"t / H V* < 13* "t"T (How old are you?) Nansai desu ka. OikutsU dcsu ka. The Counter suffix is used lo indicate "-years old." I 5 9 5 fp i \ issai t;osai kvuusai 2 6 10 -\ nisai rokusai 3 7 1 1 1" i i V* sansai nanasai juuissai 4 8 20 vonsai hassai hatat hi 'For 20 years old. i J fz % Uuttttdii) is usually used, althoujih L -j 5 ^ btijitssai) can be used.