^ i£ Dialogue
Before the vacation.
2 feltL :
3 / r 'j -
4 fe if L :
5 yrv-
6 felt t- I
7 * r') -
fetti</C, ^fenfr^ fxihz?
ZA, AT     rt i in
9 /Co   &^w$/U*\   [fett L < /Ctft o XJ ^fot/-:^bo
TAI #        L' A-A,      I %
0
At Nagano Station.
, fe n L :
2 y r 'j - :
3 fett I :
4 XT1)*-:
5 fett L :
6
9 La €z izft < ?
it i
t/5      liA i'l:
At the Travel Information Office
i feitL :
2 ^f*9^t«A
3 fe It t :
4 sIfW^A
6 / T 7J - :
Hn5!§M (V)
j: n>
8 ti*i^«OA : ft£-ol-tt0
PO (Forest with a White Horse)J
l±<  if       i 1
mLUlt'3l/1972if-
Mary: Takeshi, do you have any plans for the holiday? Takeshi: Not really. Why?
Mary: I am thinking of going to Michiko's home in Nagano. Do you want to go? Takeshi: Is it okay?
Mary: Yes, Michiko told me to invite you.
Takeshi: Then, I will go. I will check the train schedule.
Mary: Thanks. I will call Michiko.
Takeshi: Since we got here early, do you want to do a little sightseeing? Mary: Yes. Where shall we go?
Takeshi: How about Zenkoji Temple? It's a famous temple.
Mary: Sounds good. What shall we eat for lunch?
Takeshi: Soba noodles in Nagano are delicious, so let's eat soba.
Takeshi: Excuse me, which bus goes to Zenkoji Temple? Information agent: For Zenkoji, it's bus number 5. Takeshi: Thank you very much. Can I have this map?
Information agent: Yes. And these are discount tickets for the museum. Please take them, if you like.
Mary: This is the museum that has paintings by Higashiyama Kaii, isn't it? We are planning
to go tomorrow. Thank you. Information agent: Have a safe trip.
£ Grammar
So
Volitional Form
The volitional form of a verb is a less formal, more casual equivalent of £ L x i. You can use it to suggest a plan to a close friend, for example.
ru-verbs: Drop the final -ru and add -yoo.
(tabe-ru) ^K<£5 (tebe-yoo)
u-verbs: Drop the final -u and add -00.
li	■»	ft-£5 (//c-00) li			
	-»	us	j:		j;
Mz> if					
			t		
					
irregular verbs:
cfowJf k^e <z/iy classes tomorrow. Let's go some place for dinner tonight.
Hey, let's get married!
it -j c /„
You can use the volitional plus the question particle to ask for an opinion in your offer or suggestion.
X -oti
Shall I lend you a hand?
•$Ltz%&Kt> U^^fo X^tzfrt?,  Z<DB&&$;)L£ 7 fr0 Shall we see this film? My friends say it is good.
J^Tzew s&a// we again?
We use the volitional + £ ^ o "C ^ ä "t" to talk about our determinations.
/'ye decided to II'm going to study Japanese for three hours every day.
You can also use the volitional + £ ® ^ £ ~t, which suggests that the decision to perform the activity is being made on the spot at the time of speaking. K & o "C ^s ä ~f, in contrast, tends to suggest that you have already decided to do something.
Situation 1
/ jom 10,000 yen. What will you use it for?
I will buy a kanji dictionary, (decision made on the spot) Situation 2
You got 10,000 yen from your parents? What are you going to use it for? / öw g'o^ to buy a kanji dictionary, (decision already made)
The fe-form of a verb plus the helping verb ( describes an action performed in preparation for something.
h l tzmm^h s cox\        i x& * £ to
SzVzce there will be an exam tomorrow, I will study (for it) tonight.
i t
I turned the heater on by way of precaution, because it was going to get colder. / m^s£ m«A:e « /?o/e/ reservation in advance.
Using Sentences to Qualify Nouns
In the phrase U i L h v the v *-adjective & t L ^ v ^ qualifies the noun ^ and tells us what kind of book it is. You can also use sentences to qualify nouns. The sentences that are used as qualifiers of nouns are shown in the boxes below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
-S- ISA/
- IÜA,
-51-:- ISA-
- SA;
t If A,
I bought yesterday
the book  my boyfriend gave me
the book  that is on the table
the books that you can't buy in Japan
Qualifier sentences in these examples tell us what kind of book we are talking about, just like adjectives. The verbs used in such qualifier sentences are in their short forms, either in the present (as in examples 3 and 4) or the past tense (1 and 2), and either in the affirmative (1-3) or in the negative (4). When the subject of the verb—that is to say, the person performing the activity—appears inside a qualifier sentence, as in example 2 above, it is accompanied by the particle     and not l£.
You can use a noun with a qualifier sentence just like any other noun. In other words, a "qualifier sentence + noun" combination is just like one big noun phrase. You can put it anywhere in a sentence that you can have a noun.
This is a book that my girlfriend gave me on my birthday last year.
(cf. Xtf&Z < ti£ l/co)
My father gave me a book that Amy Tan wrote.
The movie I was touched by the most is To Live.
(cf.r±^£j -etc)
The use of short forms in casual speech ►Let us examine some more examples of short forms used in informal, casual spoken Japanese in the Dialogue.
#JtCDf*£K ^S£<g>?  The verb * S calls for the particle    as in
The particles 5i,     and, § are frequently dropped in the casual speech. Note also that this sentence is a yes/no question, and the particle is dropped. (The question particle    is retained in special cases only, such as the pattern "the volitional +     (Shall we . . . ?)")
™oTT'Sfotztttio is the contraction of JjgoTV*?>, where the
vowel V^> of the helping verb is dropped. Such contractions do occur in the long form (tt and ^ "I") speech patterns too, but are more frequent in casual speech with short forms.
solfcfrbo   n r>Xtz is the contraction of B -d X V5tz. Another example
la vi u
of the vowel V* in the helping verb TV^S dropping out.
•ffS&JSTF^fcto is systematically dropped at the end of a sentence, but it is retained when it is followed by <£ or fi.
A : ^H. M10 ? B : 7JcBI0o/7icBi0fiJ:o
While sentences ending with tz are quite common in the casual speech of women today, until very recently, women were "supposed to" drop tz when they ended a sentence with <£.
Short present + :PSg"C3>You can add ffeXt to a verb in the present tense short form when you want to say that something is scheduled to take place.
mt^&0)mmmmim<^xiro
/ aw scheduled to go to Korea this coming weekend. Mv      brother is scheduled to get married this September.
■MM
You can also use f Stt with verbs in the negative. / #m ^0/ planning to come to school tomorrow.
^X.,§/M8>tl'5^Mx.i) is different from M^tL-S, the regular potential form of JUS. liS means "something or someone is spontaneously vis-ible"; M^tlS, on the other hand, means that the subject of the sentence can see something or someone actively rather than passively.
I can see the ocean from the window of the room. Where can I see that movie?
X.S means S, the
The difference between H ^ i § and H   S is the same. I
i s
"something is spontaneously audible." On the other hand, K potential form of M< , means that the subject of the sentence can hear the sound actively.
to    Ci s
This morning, I heard the voices of the birds.
*? * - # v > £ 1 -3 fc *   , € $ 0) if T 0 * ffi <D f -  i) 5 M   £ T o
7 bought a walkman, so I can listen to a Japanese tape on the train.
~-§ ►The suffix a turns a number into a reference to a position in a series, like /zVs£, second, third, and fourth.
	first	second	third
~Ag	—A@ (first person) v-t *) ft	—A § (second person) Afc5  ft ^	HA a (third person) S/U;A ft
	—ft@ (first sheet) «Mn ft	—ft a (second sheet)	Hfta (third sheet) SA.iu ft
	—(first year)	—^¥a (second year) E fc^ ft	=       (third year)
	— Hg (first day) ft	— S a (second day) #> ft	= Ha (third day) c*0   *> ft
W Practice
{jtpZ>
=i-k-;£fKfc5fr
Change the verbs into the volitional forms. @
Example:   V > <      >   V s £ -9
1."h^<i 2.^9   3.        4. it;  5. < 5 7. $-9
8. v^<*   9. iii-f   10.« 12. i^<-f£
Pair Work—Suggest your plans to your partner using the informal speech.
Example:   A : ta - b - & It % j (fr) Q
B : -5 /U ^7 lj:90/9-^
Ex.
a)
(2)
y FY      ■ ."v f
drink coffee at a coffee shop  read magazines in the library     see a movie in Kyoto
(3)
(4)
(5)
mm
take pictures at school
f7
swim in a pool        buy hamburgers at McDonald's
(6)
(7)
(8)
dance at a disco
climb a mountain in Nagano   have a barbecue at a park
C. Pair Work—You and your partner are going on a trip for four days. Decide (1) where you are going, and (2) what you are going to do each day. Use the volitional forms as in the example.
Example: A B A B
1. ^Z^f^t^o
A. Describe what each person is planning to do. ^
Example:   ^ T 'J —   (study all day)
I. $11
(do physical exercise)
2. iiiT^:±   (quit smoking)
3. £ t> C       (go on a diet)
4. v 3 >      (get up early in the morning)
3§15fM
5. us<— h (listen to the Japanese language tapes all day)
6. tz    L (eat more vegetables)
7. X — (make lots of Japanese friends)
8. If Jo (look for a job)
B. Ask three classmates what they are going to do this weekend and fill in the chart.
Example:   A : £ I J: 9 K & o X V > £
B : VL^Ltftzi t&^Xx^'fo
St 0.' äx ■			ft fit
			
			
			
Pair Work—Practice the following dialogue with your partner. Then substitute the boxed part with the other occasions listed below and complete the rest of the underlined parts accordingly.
Dialogue:
		mm	L J
	toft		
			
*-^iit 3«			
►Äff • XSäH
D. Let's sing the song %\kt£.t>^L'%.ŤzŤzZ.ž).
Ufeb
Ihh
* ^Iktztz < = clap your hands   HiX = attitude if;"i"=show
What do you suggest doing when you are happy?
Change the underlined parts into other verbs using the volitional forms.
Example:   11^ £ ~f ?> (shake hands) ^7 >f > 7 1" % (wink)
tl^ ž L i: i
*>< Li»
A. A famous prophet said that there will be a big earthquake next week. Tell what the people below will do in advance. @
^il. A^v^^fe 0 ate
Example: (*t Jlfe Ž 5 "9 )
ľ/C *>
TA
1. y r v -
2. X-
3. n/n*— h
4. AT^ä
5. /:!tU^f ^
*■* (ä If A li^
6. £ t Z
7. fdjL
B. What do you need to do to prepare for the following situations? Make as many sentences as possible using
Example: ttf Llf0
L b
1. nmsi:fx     9 2-to
2. SI^It0
fi 11 l £ ^
3. f-hHJto
4. — T A ~-£ L £ "f o
A. Look at the pictures and make noun phrases as in the example, jjjjjj)
Example:   a friend who lives in Korea
(1) a friend who can speak Spanish
'(2) a watch I got from my girlfriend
(7) a T-shirt I bought in Hawaii (8) the house I live in now
(3) a friend who went to China last year
(4) a bag I use every day
(5) a coffee shop
I sometimes go to
(6) a temple I saw last week
B. You are a collector of items associated with world-famous figures. Show your collection to your guest, fjjj)
Example:   3 tllix 'J -y 7 - 9 7 7° h tz      —-C1\
Ex.
(1)
(2)
a guitar Eric Clapton used    a picture Picasso drew    a piano Beethoven played
(3)
(4)
(5)
a jacket Elvis Presley wore    a car Kennedy rode in       a letter Gandhi wrote
(6)
(7)
a photo Hitchcock took      a telephone Bell made
(8)
a cap Mao Tse-tung wore
6 i i1: ( C i
C. Make the following two sentences into one sentence. The underlined words will be modified.
Example:   3 - h — £ Sfe/l IL/:0
®
L (ffl4,$^^:t b^ä life)
/; Si*- <r>
1. S^ü^vnL < & 0 3 ^fr/U
^- (&&&h *) if)
3. A^ÄL/c < & 0
4. fi^got^lf^o
5. ^aA£#Ltv^i-o
r- tlx    Uu4*-Ä L
6. AC & 0 —Ä^v^fcVN-e-to
$ t teL      's-J h
Ütl51IM
D. Pair Work—Ask your partner the following questions. Later, report your findings to the class, as in the example.
Example:   What did you buy recently?
1. What movie did you see recently?
2. What gifts have you received lately?
3. Which celebrity do you want to meet?
4. What country have you been to?
5. What kind of music did you listen to when you were in high school?
6. Where did you have your first date?
E. Pair Work—Ask which of the three alternatives your partner likes the most.
Example:   A : t?<v h*r %i>sM*tz V^-piK
B : if#t*To
(a)
(b)
(c)
my friend gave me
I borrowed yesterday
Jody Foster appears
i. comTtmzX'tfro
(a)
(b)
(c)
I got from my mother
I bought last year
I bought in Hawaii
► ÄfS • ÄSÜ
(a) (b)
(c)
/	11	n	
m m   m m			
			
			
			
			
íl			11
			
iimi	V-	■í	
;;iP!i:í::::  - :::::			
we went to last week      our friend is working at part-time     we have never been to
3. ^iOA^tt^v^VN-C-r^o
U-ľl      -p M
(a)
(b)
ä (c)
graduated from Tokyo University   has a Porsche (# ^ "> x )
4. ^&oji:ji;2ii*:VN-ei-i&\
can play the piano
(b)
(c)
(Rests. tii-Aňt
there are many movie theaters     there are nice restaurants        tax is not high
5. čX&lUlliÄ/čV^I-^o
(a)
(b)
(c)
□ o n n
h i ťn i txn_-~J±
there is a swimming pool      garden is spacious     with an ocean view G^^'IL x. h)
fotvC>Pz>
A. Pair Work—Guessing Game
Write down what you do often in Column I. Write down what you think your partner does often in Column II. Ask each other to find out if you have guessed right If you have guessed your partner's answers correctly, you score a point. You win the game if you have scored higher than your partner.
Example:   A : X <       £ %fi, ^ >'<—tf—X*i'1)\
tz \><n
htzl tz i©
	I. I do often:	II. I think my partner does often:	Was I correct?
X < fz                   h fa			
X<ft<ft			
			
x < hi < -tm			
X < I^f^t'tl			
			
			
B. Class Activity—Find someone who . . .
1. listens to the Japanese language tape every day
2. is thinking of breaking up with the partner
3. has to write a paper this weekend
4. cannot swim
5. can speak Spanish
Later, report to the class as in the example.
Example:   (Mr. A can speak German.)       KM 7 IS[XI ti A 5 /C~C~f 0
C. Tell the class about your New Year's resolution (Sr^ODJS^).
Example:   £^irMtf-f 5 tzfr h, to ^tiL 1 9 ^^ot^ltc
D.
Pair Work—Suppose you and your partner have just arrived at your travel destination. (You choose the place.) Using Dialogue II as a model, decide to do something together with your partner. Use the informal speech.
At  the Hotel
Useful Vocabulary
l-X.tXŤ/l'
1 I
Western-style hotel business hotel
i
youth hostel
Japanese-style inn (Room prices usually include breakfast and dinner.)
guest house (Room prices usually include breakfast and dinner.)
. . . nights ......)
lAlf<      ^o(f<        l:li<      i,Ui-< ±A(if<
with... $r ^ jOv
with meals ^ "7" /V —
one night with two meals V A > —
-checking in -
f iy^T1) KfS)-checking out 7 n > h
fx7^^ >(fl)
single room double room twin room ... person(s) receptionist; front desk
Useful Expressions
h i l % 0 h
7UV7 h^-Kti^lt^-
it  u n to i-f'
A B A B A B A B
Please wake me up at 7:00 tomorrow morning.
Can I pay by credit card?
Could you keep my luggage until 2 o'clock?
How much is it for one night?
How many people?
Three.
— X"fe—A#.„ —J^^P} X"f~0 For one night with two meals, 12,000 yen.
i^a^b íů o r f & x~tt\
IFe//, / would like to make a reservation. How many nights, starting from what day? Three nights from next Friday. All right. Your name and phone number, please.