Srovnej: omina – okina (stařena - stařec) womina – wotoko (žena – muž) omo = mother (in Manyoushuu), tete / titi = father umi = both “lake” and “sea”: af-umi (afa- = lehký, sladkovodní) “jezero” (became the name for lake Biwa: [oomi]), sifo-umi (sifo = shio “salt”) “moře, oceán”. wata = moře, oceán ka = fragrance ye = branch ame = “rain”. “heaven” (as a prefix – in the form ama-) fumi = dopis asita = morning. the next morning X asu = tomorrow, the next day. Names of months: 1 mutuki, 2 kisaragi, 3 yayofi, = SPRING MONTHS 4 uduki, 5 satuki, 6 minaduki, = SUMMER MONTHS 7 fuduki, 8 faduki, 9 nagatuki, = AUTUMN MONTHS 10 kamunaduki, 11 simotuki, 12 sifasu = WINTER MONTHS Names of plants and insects – often differ from the modern ones. Názov niekedy zmenil význam – dnes znamená inú rastlinu/živočícha než v staroveku: FOTKY PRILOŽ: afufi (mod. aoi) – kopytník japonský (Asarum caulescens, angl. Wild Ginger) – dnes sléz. slézová růže (angl. Hollyhock) adusa = druh brezy na posv. luky – dnes katalpa, ajame = puškvorec (Acorus calamus, Sweet Flag)– dnes druh kosatca http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/wetland/photos/sweet_flag1. jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/wetland/plants/sweetflag.htm&h=427&w=320&sz=54&tb nid=8hgEkdqOVrh7vM:&tbnh=259&tbnw=194&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsweet%2Bflag&zoom=1&q=sweet+flag&hl=sk&usg =__cTizE1StBx3ymijy4IQvmG1g16A=&sa=X&ei=1NUuTbObGNO6jAfB0aCEBQ&ved=0CB0Q9QEwAA Because sweet flag has similar leaves as iris, the name ayame gradually extended onto a particular species of iris, which it is its meaning today, and sweet flag is called shoubu in modern Japanese. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_L-RTScIUd6g/SXkXyEQ-nvI/AAAAAAAAC7c/-jLJ1pwEwLY/s400/W_ayame2041.jpg 3. Some basic verbs differing from modern ones either in form or meaning nonosiru = to shout, to call out (in good and bad sense, only later: rebuke, abuse罵る) wiru (wite) ゐる　= sit 居る　(= modern iru), omofu 思ふ　= think, think of somebody – “love”, kofuru (kofite) 恋ふる　= yearn, long for, “love”, oboyuru (oboyete) “přijde mi (to) jak..., feels like, seems” > from Heian also: “comes to mind, remind o.s.”, “looks similar, looks like”, “remember” “reminisce” 覚ゆ fafu はふ “creep”　這ふ, but also meant “to come silently, unnoticed”, also denoting the way people moved on their knees inside the buildings: fafi-iru ( 這ひ入る ) developed into fafiru (はひる) = the modern hairu 入る honorifics: tamafu給ふdeign to (give) tamafuru 給ふる (tamafete) lit. “be given” = get, receive (from a superior) notamafu宣ふ 1. speak to an inferior > 2. deign to speak (from *nori-tamafu 宣り給ふ) faberi 侍りlit. from faferi “I have crept” > “to humbly serve”, in Heian gradually used as a general polite ending of sentences (corresponding to the modern ます) saburafu 侍ふ、候ふ、伺ふ from late Heian used instead of faberi as a general polite ending of sentences (ます), gradually developed into the medieval sourou (候) 4. Some basic adjectives differing from modern ones either in form or meaning utukusiki = dear/beloved → (Heian) cute, sweet. attractive, beautiful. rounded, perfect　 omosiroki = thrilling, exciting, charming, interesting, refreshing. pleasant, amusing. “I like”. asiki = bad, evil, wrong wokasiki = interesting. charming, fine. funny. をかし 　　　あはれ、をかしく来るわ！ mutukasiki = unpleasant (the voiced form [mudzukashi] and the meaning “difficult” – after 1600) 5. Some elementary pronouns differing from modern ones either in form or meaning wa, na these are the oldest forms of 1^st and 2^nd person singular, attested in Old Japanese only: wa = já na = ty From the Heian times – only in the possessive form wa-ga, na-ga = “můj”, “tvúj” fito “that person”, “somebody”, “the one (I am thinking of/I love)” kare/kano – the third level of deixy, gradually replaced by are/ano which appeared as its Heian modification. iduko = “doko” WORD FORMATION 1. word-forming suffixes -ra endearment after se, imo, ko (my dear): sera, imora, kora -ko endearment after se, imo: seko, imoko -ko local suffix idu-ko ko-ko, so-ko, kasi-ko (from Heian times also asi-ko, aso-ko) miya-ko “where the palace is” = the Capital ki = male x mi = female Izanaki (later Izanagi), Izanami 2. word-forming prefixes mi- sacred, holy, divine, also pertaining the Imperial family miti, miki (sacred wine), miya “sacred house” = shrine or Imperial palace. miko = prince (“sacred son) miyasiro (shrine), mi-Yosino “the divine (=beautiful) Yoshino) ofo-mi > ofom > owon > on > o (first examples as early as Heian times) wo- “small” diminutive. wono = small plain, woda = small field, wosuzu = a little bell wo-mina = young woman wo-di = diminutive or derivative from ti(ti) “father”: 1. old man 2. uncle. wo-ba = diminutive or derivative from *pa(pa) “mother” = aunt Vovin p. 76: The meaning of endearment probably only in the Easter dialect (Azuma uta of the Man’youshuu) wo- = male, me- = female: wofi = nephew (modern oi 甥) mefi = niece (modern mei 姪) fi- = “the Sun” fiko = noble son, son of noble birth > honorific for a boy or man (modern hiko) fime = noble daughter, girl of noble birth > hon. for a girl or woman (modern hime) Exercises 1. Negative - adjective It is a high mountain. – He is not tall. It is a pleasant amusement – It is not pleasant. These are evil words – They are not evil. It is my charming cat – It is not charming. It is an unpleasant thing – It is not unpleasant (mutukasi) It is a clear (clean) stream – It is not clear (clean). (sajakeki) 2. Negative - verbs I go – I do not go. I know – I do not know. I feel – I do not feel. I look – I do not look. I write – I do not write. I say – I do not say. I am (here) – I am not (here). I sit – I do not sit. 3. Negative form of the copula I am a child – I am not a child. He is an old man – He is not an old man. She is an old woman – She is not an old woman. She is a (young/adult) woman – She is not a (young/adult) woman. He is a man – He is not the man called Toneri. She is my (beloved) girl – She is not my (beloved) girl. He is my child – He is not my child. It is my house – It is not my house. The river rapids are here – The river rapids are not here. It is a charming morning – It is not a charming morning. It is the Imperial Capital – It is not the Imperial Capital. 4. Future tentative (probability) I go – I will (probably) go. I know – I will (probably) know. I feel – I will (probably) feel. I look – I will (probably) look. I write – I will (probably) write. I say – I will (probably) say. I am (here) – I will (probably) be (here). I sit – I will (probably) sit. It is my child – It will (probably) be my child. He is an old man – It will (probably) be the old man who is sitting there. She is an old woman – It will (probably) be the old woman who is coming here. He is a man – He will (probably) be the man called Toneri. It is my house – This will (probably) be my house. The river rapids are here – The river rapids will (probably) be here. It is the Imperial Capital – It will (probably) be the Imperial Capital. 5. Kakari-musubi: It is in my house. Is it in my house? 1 (use YA) Is it in my house? 2 (use KA) It IS in my house. 1 (use NAMU) It IS in my house. 2 (use ZO) It IS in my house (, but...) (use KOSO) 6. Kakari-musubi with koso: 我がいもこそ来れ。 かの山こそ高けれ。 よしとこそ言へ。 これこそ、あしけれ。 かはせのきよきこそみれ。 とほきひなゆこそ、このをのこ来れ。 ふみ、かきたり : 　ふみ、かきてこそあれ。 かはせのきよきをみてこそあれ。 7. Rentaikei X Shuushikei The old man becomes rich. It is the old man. It is the old man who becomes rich. I look at the moon. The moon is charming. The moon I am looking at is charming. I look at the charming moon. The time passes in vain. I regret the time. (をしむ) I do not regret the time. I regret the time that passes in vain. I do not regret the passing time. I regret the passing of time. I do not regret the passing of time. The young woman comes to the Capital. The young woman who comes to the Capital, is my beloved. I do not see the moon. I regret the moon which I do not see. My dear (man) is not coming to the Capital. (Oh,) my dear (man) who is not coming to the Capital! I yearn for my dear (woman). (Oh,) my dear (woman) for whom I yearn! I yearn for my dear (man) who is not coming to the Capital. My dear (man) who I yearn for is not coming to the countryside. 8. Man’yougana 和何世古我　(Man’youshuu 812) 弥許許呂遠　(Man’youshuu 813) 和賀由久美知 (Kojiki kayou 43) 許能美岐波和賀美岐那良受 (Kojiki kayou 39) 3. compounds tsuitachi < tsuki-tati “the start of the month” Yamato (“mountain gate”, closed-off by mountains) The former part of the compound often represents a form of the noun different from its independent position: sake “wine”: saka-zuki “wine cup”, sakana < saka-na - original meaning “veg/snack to be eaten with wine” kami “god”: kamu-be “god community” (probably engaging in rituals) > Kambe > Kaumbe > Koube (name of the city) ufe “top”: ufa-gi “upper garment” This phenomenon can be explained in such a way that these nouns probably ended in a diphthong in the independent position “the free form” (sake < sakay, kami < kamuy), and when in the middle of the compound (“the bound form”), the second element of the diphthong (the “-y”) was lost (saka-, kamu-). sake < *sakay, kami < *kamuy saka-, kamu-. CONTRACTIONS OF VOWELS (synizesis) Yamasiro < yama-usiro “behind the mountains” (as seen from Nara) [Tootoomi] < towotaumi < tofo-tu afumi “the distant lake”, ancient name of the lake Hamanako. The origin of this name consists in its situation: it is in the west of the presentday Shizuoka prefecture. It was well known because the eastward road from the Capital (the Toukaidou) led near it, that is how it got the name, meaning “the distant lake” in contrast with “thé Lake” – Oomi, Lake Biwa. “Tofotafumi” also became the name of the province surrounding this lake. katsuo “tuna” < kat’-uo < kata-uwo “hard fish” (i.e. dried fish) wagimo, wagimoko “my dear” (addressing one’s wife) < waga imo(ko) The result of the merger of the two neighbouring vowels can be either of the original vowels, or a new vowel (probably via a diphthong): either of the original vowels: Yamasiro < Yama + usiro another, new vowel: naga-iki “long breath” > *nagayki > nageki “sigh” CONTRACTIONS OF CONSONANTS AND SYLLABLES tsugomori “the last day of the month” < tsuki-komori “the hiding of the Moon” (on the eve before the new moon, the Moon is completely dark). words from set phrases genitives in –na[1]: tanagokoro *ta-na kokoro “palm of the hand” Izanaki (ki = male: Iza-na ki), Izanami (mi = female: Iza-na mi) minamoto = source, minato = port, haven: *ta-na kokoro “palm of the hand” ki = male: Iza-na ki mi = female: Iza-na mi mi-na moto (= mizu-no moto “water origin”), mi-na to (mizu-no to “water gate”) archaic verb prefixes i = unknown meaning: i-yuku, i-wataru (different from the “i-” in i-nuru, where it means sleep, cf. asa-i “morning sleep”) SOME BASIC SENTENCE PARTICLES INTERROGATIVE ka x ya INTERROGATIVE 　か 　x　や ka: always with kakarimusubi, both when inside the sentence and at the end of the sentence It used to be the original interrogative particle (before many of its uses started to be shared by ya). 1. question. 2. doubt. 3. rhetorical question (= “Would there be such a thing as...?” [Of course not.]). 4. (sentence-final only) exclamation In this final usage, it also had the form KANA, and another, older version, appearing in the Nara-period texts: KAMO Exclamation: 苦しくも降り来る雨か。(MYS 265) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. Kurusiku-mo ori-kuru ame ka! How unpleasant/(unfortunately), the falling rain! うつせみの世にも似たるか。(KKS 73) utušemi = makurakotoba (epitheton constans) k jo=svět. Utušemi bylo víceznačné slovo, v tomto případě poeticky chápané jako “prázdná cikáda”, “cikádie lieno” tj. skořápka, která zůstane, když narostlé cikádě pukne kůže a ona vyletí ven. Kůže ale zůstane, ztvrdne, a vypadá jako skutečný živočich) . . . . . . . Utusemi-no yo-ni-mi nitaru ka! How it resembles the ephemeral world! ya: Originally an exclamatory particle, gradually took on the usages of KA, including the kakarimusubi with rentaikei. However, it did not become common in “WH-questions” (what, who, where...), which remained the domain of KA, until the Middle Ages (Kamakura and Muromachi). I. inside the sentence (kakarimusubi with rentaikei): 1. question. 2. doubt. 3. rhetorical question. II. inside the sentence (kakarimusubi with izenkei!): 4. řečnická otázka (“Žeby snad...? [Ale to ne!]”) III. sentence-final (without kakarimusubi): 5. = I. 1, 2. (question, doubt) 6. exclamation (its original and oldest usage). ya I. 1. 君や来し。 Was it you who came? I.2/3. (doubt / rhetorical question) 近き火などに逃ぐる人は“しばし”とや言ふ。 III.6. (exclamation) あはれ、いと寒しや。 CASE PARTICLES GENITIVE (possessive) が、の / な、つ – some slight differences between there usage tu (no longer productive in the Nara period) Expresses: position and time position 天つ神、国つ神、下つ。。。、上つ。。。、 わたつみ (wata 海　= the sea, mi霊　= ghoast, soul, spirit, probably the same word as the prefix mi- 御) the sea god Watatsumi (and his realm = i.e. the sea). Therefore, it is written 海神 or simply 海. time をとつ日 > wototoi (woto-tu = the far-away) ga (genitive > nominative “subject” > “but”) after proper names: おほやが原 きよみが崎　 something pertaining to plants or animals 梅が枝 松が根 鶴がね something pertaining to persons (usually within one’s own circle - miuchi) 我が宿 母が手 no the most common, broadest scope its basic and original usage seems to be translatable as “ni aru” = position: すまのあま　 . . . . . . .（須磨の海人） ga X no GA tends to be used after nouns included in one’s in-group circle (miuchi) and those connected with intimacy and inferiority, whereas NO often appears after nouns used in terms of politeness and restraint: 妹が手　Ｘ　神のみよ na is probably a relic of an ancient phenomenon of vocalic harmony common in Altaic languages, as a variation of NO following a syllable with A, U or I: *目な子　ma-na ko = manako *手な心　ta-na kokoro > tanagokoro *水な元　mi-na moto = minamoto Note: as can be seen from ma-na 目な, ta-na 手な, the genitive endings were often attached to the shorter, incomplete stem of those nouns which appear in two forms: me < *may – ma- te < *tay – ta- Use of the genitive (possessive) case in the nominative (subject) meaning ga this particle assumed more and more the usage of a subject of a verb in a nominal form. Example sentence: toki-ga suguru wo wosimu suguru-wo = rentaikei, the nominalized form “sugiru-no-wo, sugiru-koto-wo”. Originally, SUGURU was “the passing” and TOKI-GA was its genitive: toki-ga suguru = “the passing OF time” So, originally, the sentence literally meant: “I regret the passing of time” In the Heian period, this kind of construction was gradually losing its genitive meaning and the TOKI-GA started to be perceived as the subject of the verb, not the genitive of its nominalized form: toki-ga suguru = “(the fact) that the time passes” This is how, in the Kamakura period, a clearly nominative usage of GA appeared, as the particle for the non-topicalized subject, common in Japanese today. The same process started in NO, but in the case of NO, this process stopped at nominal clauses – the originally genitive/possessive NO assumed the usage as the subject in nominal clauses, but never that of an independent sentence. to as copula: to ari > tari appears from the beginning of the Heian period as an alternative to NARI < NI ARI, so besides the traditional NI ARI, a renovation came about, replacing the particle NI by TO. Earliest references come from kanbun kundoku 漢文訓読, which was the transcription of a Chinese-written text into Japanese by means of a system of marks. Nevertheless, it is rarely to be seen in the female Heian literature (Heian joryuu bungaku 平安女流文学). From this it can be induced that it was an innovation in the language initially used chiefly by men, or not considered elegant enough for the court ladies to use it in their work. This TARU remains today in literary language, predominantly in the attributive position (= before a noun which it modifies): 1. as an ending of some adjectives (“T-adjectives”), like 堂々たる　doudoutaru = magnificent, grand, impressive 2. (especially in formal language) as an identity marker “... who is ..., ... which is ...”: 歌舞伎たる芸能 kabuki-taru geinou = the performing art which is kabuki OTHER CASES wo Originally, thought to have been an exclamatory interjection, developing into an emphatic particle – still to be seen in the Man’youshuu. In this emphatic usage, it probably established itself in emphasizing the object, and from it developed its final meaning as the accusative (direct object) case particle. Two usages in one line: (MYS 238) 宇治川を舟渡せをと呼ばへども NB! One special construction with the adjective in MI-form: ...-wo ...-mi: 山を高み explanation, cause, reason = 山が高いから, because the mountain is high, “the mountain being high, ...” fe (= Modern he), kara developed from original nouns PE (the side, the edge) and KARA (origin). yori had also older forms yo, yu and yuri. It originally designated the origin (“from”) and so was similar in usage with kara. Difference from kara: comparative “than”. nite was a development from ni starting in the late Nara times, and its meaning developed from place of action towards time of action, eventually also means and instrument. Its phonetic variant – contraction de (initially probably prenasalized - [nde]) started to appear in the Heian period and has been very frequent since the Kamakura times. ________________________________ [1] podle Vovina může jít o plurálovou, ne genitivní, příponu –na.