Linear paradigms
Russian
(1) Syncretism in Russian
place, sg. teacher, pl. both, m.i. school, sg. 100
nom mjest-o učitel-ja dv-a škol-a st-o
acc mjest-o učitel-ej dv-a škol-u st-o
gen mjest-a učitel-ej dv-ux škol-y st-a
prep mjest-e učitel-jax dv-ux škol-e st-a
dat mjest-u učitel-am dv-um škol-e st-a
ins mjest-om učitel-ami dv-umja škol-oj st-a
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Numerlas
(2) a. pjat’
five.nom/acc
bolšix
big.gen
butylok
bottles.gen
vina
wine.gen
‘five big bottles of wine’
b. pjat’ju
five.ins
bolšimi
big.ins
butylkami
bottles.ins
vina
wine.gen
‘with five big bottles of wine’
(3) NOM — ACC — GEN — LOC — DAT — INS
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nominalizations
(4) NOM — ACC — GEN — LOC — DAT — INS
3/15
nominalizations
(4) NOM — ACC — GEN — LOC — DAT — INS
a. Mal’čik
boy.nom
razmyšlja-et
thinks
‘The boy thinks.’
3/15
nominalizations
(4) NOM — ACC — GEN — LOC — DAT — INS
a. Mal’čik
boy.nom
razmyšlja-et
thinks
‘The boy thinks.’
b. razmyšl-enji-ja
thinking
mal’čika
boy.gen
‘the boy’s thinking’
3/15
nominalizations
(4) NOM — ACC — GEN — LOC — DAT — INS
a. Mal’čik
boy.nom
razmyšlja-et
thinks
‘The boy thinks.’
b. razmyšl-enji-ja
thinking
mal’čika
boy.gen
‘the boy’s thinking’
c. nemedlenno
immediately
soobščit’
inform
firm-e
firm-dat
svoi
one’s
zakaz-y
orders.acc
‘inform the company immediately about their orders’
3/15
nominalizations
(4) NOM — ACC — GEN — LOC — DAT — INS
a. Mal’čik
boy.nom
razmyšlja-et
thinks
‘The boy thinks.’
b. razmyšl-enji-ja
thinking
mal’čika
boy.gen
‘the boy’s thinking’
c. nemedlenno
immediately
soobščit’
inform
firm-e
firm-dat
svoi
one’s
zakaz-y
orders.acc
‘inform the company immediately about their orders’
d. soobščenie
informing
institutami
institute-ins
firm-e
firm-dat
svoich
their
zakaz-ov
orders-gen
‘the institute’s informing the company about their orders’
3/15
Cumulative case decomposition
(5) a. nom = [A]
b. acc = [A, B]
c. gen = [A, B, C]
d. loc = [A, B, C, D]
e. dat = [A, B, C, D, E]
f. ins = [A, B, C, D, E, F]
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Case stacking and case competition
(6) Dicki-ndamun-du
Dick-gen-erg
kaya-ngka
dog-erg
‘Dick’s dog’ (Guugu Jalanji, ?)
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Case stacking and case competition
(6) Dicki-ndamun-du
Dick-gen-erg
kaya-ngka
dog-erg
‘Dick’s dog’ (Guugu Jalanji, ?)
(7) Numerals: N-GEN-AGR
5/15
Case stacking and case competition
(6) Dicki-ndamun-du
Dick-gen-erg
kaya-ngka
dog-erg
‘Dick’s dog’ (Guugu Jalanji, ?)
(7) Numerals: N-GEN-AGR
a. NOM: N-GEN-NOM
5/15
Case stacking and case competition
(6) Dicki-ndamun-du
Dick-gen-erg
kaya-ngka
dog-erg
‘Dick’s dog’ (Guugu Jalanji, ?)
(7) Numerals: N-GEN-AGR
a. NOM: N-GEN-NOM = [A,B,C]-[A]
5/15
Case stacking and case competition
(6) Dicki-ndamun-du
Dick-gen-erg
kaya-ngka
dog-erg
‘Dick’s dog’ (Guugu Jalanji, ?)
(7) Numerals: N-GEN-AGR
a. NOM: N-GEN-NOM = [A,B,C]-[A]
5/15
Case stacking and case competition
(6) Dicki-ndamun-du
Dick-gen-erg
kaya-ngka
dog-erg
‘Dick’s dog’ (Guugu Jalanji, ?)
(7) Numerals: N-GEN-AGR
a. NOM: N-GEN-NOM = [A,B,C]-[A]
b. DAT: N-GEN-DAT = [A,B,C]-[A,B,C,D,E]
5/15
Case stacking and case competition
(6) Dicki-ndamun-du
Dick-gen-erg
kaya-ngka
dog-erg
‘Dick’s dog’ (Guugu Jalanji, ?)
(7) Numerals: N-GEN-AGR
a. NOM: N-GEN-NOM = [A,B,C]-[A]
b. DAT: N-GEN-DAT = [A,B,C]-[A,B,C,D,E]
(8) Nominalizations: N-verbal case-GEN
5/15
Case stacking and case competition
(6) Dicki-ndamun-du
Dick-gen-erg
kaya-ngka
dog-erg
‘Dick’s dog’ (Guugu Jalanji, ?)
(7) Numerals: N-GEN-AGR
a. NOM: N-GEN-NOM = [A,B,C]-[A]
b. DAT: N-GEN-DAT = [A,B,C]-[A,B,C,D,E]
(8) Nominalizations: N-verbal case-GEN
a. N-ACC-GEN = N-[A,B]-[A,B,C]
5/15
Case stacking and case competition
(6) Dicki-ndamun-du
Dick-gen-erg
kaya-ngka
dog-erg
‘Dick’s dog’ (Guugu Jalanji, ?)
(7) Numerals: N-GEN-AGR
a. NOM: N-GEN-NOM = [A,B,C]-[A]
b. DAT: N-GEN-DAT = [A,B,C]-[A,B,C,D,E]
(8) Nominalizations: N-verbal case-GEN
a. N-ACC-GEN = N-[A,B]-[A,B,C]
5/15
Case stacking and case competition
(6) Dicki-ndamun-du
Dick-gen-erg
kaya-ngka
dog-erg
‘Dick’s dog’ (Guugu Jalanji, ?)
(7) Numerals: N-GEN-AGR
a. NOM: N-GEN-NOM = [A,B,C]-[A]
b. DAT: N-GEN-DAT = [A,B,C]-[A,B,C,D,E]
(8) Nominalizations: N-verbal case-GEN
a. N-ACC-GEN = N-[A,B]-[A,B,C]
b. N-DAT-GEN= N-[A,B,C,D,E]-[A,B,C]
5/15
Case stacking and case competition
(6) Dicki-ndamun-du
Dick-gen-erg
kaya-ngka
dog-erg
‘Dick’s dog’ (Guugu Jalanji, ?)
(7) Numerals: N-GEN-AGR
a. NOM: N-GEN-NOM = [A,B,C]-[A]
b. DAT: N-GEN-DAT = [A,B,C]-[A,B,C,D,E]
(8) Nominalizations: N-verbal case-GEN
a. N-ACC-GEN = N-[A,B]-[A,B,C]
b. N-DAT-GEN= N-[A,B,C,D,E]-[A,B,C]
5/15
Icelandic
(9) Icelandic
land, sg. queen, sg. tongue, sg.
nom land-Ø drotning-Ø tung-a
acc land-Ø drotning-u tung-u
dat land-i drotning-u tung-u
gen land-s drotning-ar tung-u
6/15
Icelandic
(9) Icelandic
land, sg. queen, sg. tongue, sg.
nom land-Ø drotning-Ø tung-a
acc land-Ø drotning-u tung-u
dat land-i drotning-u tung-u
gen land-s drotning-ar tung-u
(10) a. Ég
I
breytti
changed
fundartímanum
meeting.time-dat
‘I changed the meetingtime.’
b. breyting
change
fundartímans
meeting.time-gen
‘The change of the meeting time’
6/15
Estonian
(11)
book, sg. book, pl.
NOM ramat ramatud
GEN ramatu ramatude
7/15
Estonian
(11)
book, sg. book, pl.
NOM ramat ramatud
GEN ramatu ramatude
(12) a. In the singular, the (definite/specific) direct object is
marked genitive.
b. In the plural, the (definite/specific) direct object is
marked nominative.
7/15
Estonian
(11)
book, sg. book, pl.
NOM ramat ramatud
GEN ramatu ramatude
(12) a. In the singular, the (definite/specific) direct object is
marked genitive.
b. In the plural, the (definite/specific) direct object is
marked nominative.
(13)
book, sg. book, pl.
NOM ramat ramatud
ACC ramatu ramatud
GEN ramatu ramatude
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Estonian partitives
(14) a. tükk
piece.nom
leiba
bread.part
‘a piece of bread’
8/15
Estonian partitives
(14) a. tükk
piece.nom
leiba
bread.part
‘a piece of bread’
b. tükk-i
peice-DO
leiba
bread.part
‘(I bought) a piece of bread.’
8/15
Estonian partitives
(14) a. tükk
piece.nom
leiba
bread.part
‘a piece of bread’
b. tükk-i
peice-DO
leiba
bread.part
‘(I bought) a piece of bread.’
c. tükk-i
peice-N.ATTR
leiva
bread.gen
‘(the price) of a piece of bread.’
8/15
Estonian
(15) WRONG
book, sg. book, pl.
NOM ramat ramatud
GEN ramatu ramatude
9/15
Estonian
(15) WRONG
book, sg. book, pl.
NOM ramat ramatud
GEN ramatu ramatude
(16) CORRECT
book, sg. book, pl.
NOM ramat ramatud
ACC ramatu ramatud
GEN ramatu ramatude
9/15
Estonian
(15) WRONG
book, sg. book, pl.
NOM ramat ramatud
GEN ramatu ramatude
(16) CORRECT
book, sg. book, pl.
NOM ramat ramatud
ACC ramatu ramatud
GEN ramatu ramatude
• Shows the beauty of realizational morphology! (A-morphous
morphology, Distributed Morphology, Nanosyntax) 9/15
Your projects
10/15
Classical/Ancient Greek
• VOC-NOM (time, ¯ora)
11/15
Classical/Ancient Greek
• VOC-NOM (time, ¯ora)
• VOC-NOM-ACC (neuters, e.g. gift, d¯oron)
11/15
Classical/Ancient Greek
• VOC-NOM (time, ¯ora)
• VOC-NOM-ACC (neuters, e.g. gift, d¯oron)
• GEN-DAT duals
11/15
Classical/Ancient Greek
• VOC-NOM (time, ¯ora)
• VOC-NOM-ACC (neuters, e.g. gift, d¯oron)
• GEN-DAT duals
(17) a. VOC-NOM-ACC-GEN-DAT
11/15
Classical/Ancient Greek
• VOC-NOM (time, ¯ora)
• VOC-NOM-ACC (neuters, e.g. gift, d¯oron)
• GEN-DAT duals
(17) a. VOC-NOM-ACC-GEN-DAT
b. VOC-NOM-ACC-DAT-GEN
11/15
Classical/Ancient Greek
• VOC-NOM (time, ¯ora)
• VOC-NOM-ACC (neuters, e.g. gift, d¯oron)
• GEN-DAT duals
(17) a. VOC-NOM-ACC-GEN-DAT
b. VOC-NOM-ACC-DAT-GEN
• The “logical” thing to do is to look at nominalizations... AND
RELATIVE CLAUSES!! (Scott Grimm, Case attraction in relative
clauses.)
11/15
Latvian I
(18) Latvian
boy, pl. boy, sg. market, sg.
nom puikas puika tirgus
acc puikas puiku tirgu
gen puiku puikas tirgus-s
loc puik¯as puik¯a tirg¯u
dat puik¯am puikam tirgum
12/15
Latvian I
(18) Latvian
boy, pl. boy, sg. market, sg.
nom puikas puika tirgus
acc puikas puiku tirgu
gen puiku puikas tirgus-s
loc puik¯as puik¯a tirg¯u
dat puik¯am puikam tirgum
12/15
Latvian I
(18) Latvian
boy, pl. boy, sg. market, sg.
nom puikas puika tirgus
acc puikas puiku tirgu
gen puiku puikas tirgus-s
loc puik¯as puik¯a tirg¯u
dat puik¯am puikam tirgum
If a feminine surname ends in -us, it is generally not declined, e.g.
Daces Markus gramata ‘Dace Markus’ book’, or the ending is treated
as though it was an -uss ending and declined accordingly, e.g. vizcte
pie dakteres Markusas ‘a visit to Dr. Markus’
12/15
Latvian II
In Latvian prepositions govern different cases, i.e. the noun or
pronoun needs to be put into the appropriate case following a
preposition. [acc, dat, gen] In the plural all prepositions take the
dative case regardless of what they take in the singular.
13/15
Latvian II
In Latvian prepositions govern different cases, i.e. the noun or
pronoun needs to be put into the appropriate case following a
preposition. [acc, dat, gen] In the plural all prepositions take the
dative case regardless of what they take in the singular.
(19) Latvian
boy, pl. boy, sg. boy, pl. boy, sg. market, sg.
nom puikas puika puikas puika tirgus
acc puikas puiku puikas puiku tirgu
PR.acc puik¯am puiku puik¯am puiku tirgu
dat puik¯am puikam puik¯am puikam tirgum
PR.gen puik¯am puikas puik¯am puikas tirgus-s
gen puiku puikas puiku puikas tirgus-s
loc puik¯as puik¯a puik¯as puik¯a tirg¯u
13/15
Latvian numerals
(20) Latvian numeral 10
a. M¯es
We
sastap¯am
met
desmit
ten
z¯enu
boys-gen.pl.
/
/
z¯enus
boys-acc.pl.
‘We met ten boys.’
b. Vinš
He
pal¯ıdz¯eja
helped
desmit
ten
z¯eniem
boys-dat.pl.
‘He helped ten boys.’
14/15
Slavic
• How different are your languages with respect to Russian?
• What are the counterexamples? (List them, see if there is a
phonological explanation.)
• Do nominalizations/numerical constructions work the same as
in Russian?
• Does the language have the genitive of negation?
15/15
German
(21) Icelandic
art, sg., neut adj. strong, masc. sg art. sg. fem
nom das rot-er Brüder die
acc das rot-en Brüder die
gen des rot-en Brüder der
gen dem rot-em Brüder-n der
16/15
German
(21) Icelandic
art, sg., neut adj. strong, masc. sg art. sg. fem
nom das rot-er Brüder die
acc das rot-en Brüder die
gen des rot-en Brüder der
gen dem rot-em Brüder-n der
• See Johnston 1997: Systematic homophony. Some lessons from
paradigm geometry.
• There is case attraction in free relatives: Pittner 1995: The case
of German relatives. The Linguistic review.
• Ralf Vogel has worked on German free relatives (a 2001 paper).
• Funny things with pronouns and the genitive case. 16/15
HW
• try to arrange pradigms in a linear fashion – guided by
syncretism
17/15
HW
• try to arrange pradigms in a linear fashion – guided by
syncretism
• list counterexamples separately
17/15
HW
• try to arrange pradigms in a linear fashion – guided by
syncretism
• list counterexamples separately
• try to find phenomena that relate to what you discovered
(numerals, nominalizations, RELATIVE CLAUSES!!)
17/15
HW
• try to arrange pradigms in a linear fashion – guided by
syncretism
• list counterexamples separately
• try to find phenomena that relate to what you discovered
(numerals, nominalizations, RELATIVE CLAUSES!!)
• translate the linear order in a cumulative decomposition
17/15
HW
• try to arrange pradigms in a linear fashion – guided by
syncretism
• list counterexamples separately
• try to find phenomena that relate to what you discovered
(numerals, nominalizations, RELATIVE CLAUSES!!)
• translate the linear order in a cumulative decomposition
• write lexical entries for two of your paradigms
17/15
HW
• try to arrange pradigms in a linear fashion – guided by
syncretism
• list counterexamples separately
• try to find phenomena that relate to what you discovered
(numerals, nominalizations, RELATIVE CLAUSES!!)
• translate the linear order in a cumulative decomposition
• write lexical entries for two of your paradigms
17/15