r/ \
	TUR.K.ICA MONCOLICA TlBETICA MANCHUR.IC	
		PL;fTfTYTTf TTf TTTÍi
I/20I2
MHP « C B O H X » H «HyHCHX»
H3
At Z
CmEHA PEJIHTHH B nPABOCJIABHOH HMI1EPHH!
nO/IHTHKA PE/IHrH03HOH nPHHAflJIEKHOCTH B POCCHH XIX BEKA
♦
ľ! P O E K T bi nPEOBPA30BAHHH MyCyjIbMAHCKHX HHCTHTyTOB
B K A3AXC KOM C T E II H B 5O-80 IT. XIX B.
+
riOJIE3HbIE HHOBEPqbl UJ1U OnACHblE HyJKAKH?
BOCnPHflTHE 3AnAflHbIX XPHCTHAH PyCCKHM O B III E C T B O M H nPABOCHABHOH L],EPKOBbIO B X-XIX BB.
♦
HíínEPCKOE HACJIEflHE H «COKPblTblE 3 E M JI H »
B >K H 3 H H THBETCKOH K Híí ľ H H H HOHKbH flPOHMH
B03BPAmEHHE X A M b O - Jl AM bi HTHr3JIOBA
B KOHTEKCTE n O C T C O B E T C K O H fl, E C E KYJI H P H 3 A U, H H OBIHECTBEHHOrO C03HAHH3
♦
Tartarja Magna
STUDIA TURKJCA MONGOLICA TlBETICA MANCHURICA SlBIRICA RjJSSICA ET CETERA
I / 20I2
1 j
spiritual brethren, sacral foes
SOCIAL COMMUNICATION THROUGH THE PRISM OF RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE
THE WORLD OF   SELF   AND   OTHERS : CONFLICT, INTERACTION AND SYMBIOSIS
Tartar.!a Magna
STUDIA TUR.KJCA MONGOLICA TlBETICA MANCHURICA SlBIRICA RUSSICA ET CETERA
I / 20I2
flyXOBHblE EPATbfl, CBflllJEHHblE BPAfH
COqHA^bHAH KOMMYHMKAUHfl CKB03b nPH3MY PE^HrH03HOrO OnblTA
MHP «CBOHX» H «Hy>KHX»: KOHOUHKT, B3AHMOflEHCTBHE, CHMBH03
BBK 63.3(0)
y/iK 94(1-11)
IlOJIHaH SJieKTpOHHaH BepCHH
)KypHajia flocTyrma Ha came www.Tartaria-Magna.ru
ISSN 2224-9559
© KojIJieKTHB aBTOpOB, 2012
©HMBT CO PAH, 2012
© ByPHAfl-MOHrOJI HOM, 2012
Kmuocmpauim Ha o6jwxace: Maudajia /Jaudapoua. JlK>6e3H0 npedocmaejieua JlK>6oiueM BejiKoii
<Pomozpa<f>usi ua o6opome o6jiojkku: Xam6o-jiaMa /Jaiuu-/Jop3KO Hmuzsjioe. 1914 z. HcmouHUK: •Pomoapxue IJBPK HMBT CO PAH
QomozpatfiiiR ua cmp. 2: Kupzu3CKuii nceuux (nceuux [mypoK]), Py3u 6aii. 1865 z. 0omo U3 «TypKecmaHCKOzo ajib6oMa». HcmouHUK: http://www.wdl.org
&omozpa<fiim ua cmp. 8: /\ee ceMeuuue napu dyxo6opoe, okojio 1900 z. HcmouHUK: Apxue npoeuuuiiu Bpumauacan KojiyM6ux, Kauada, C-06520. JIm6e3uo npedocmaejieua HuKOJiacoM Bpautpozjiem
$>omozpatfiuR na cmp. 15 u mpembeu cmopoue o6jio3icku: Budusi /Jaudapou. JIm6e3uo npedocmaejieua JIm6oiueM Bejucou
QomozpatfiiiR na 3adueu cmopoue o6jio3icku: Maudajia flaudapoua. JIm6e3uo npedocmaejieua JIio6oiueM Bejucou
KOHIIEnT  TARTARIA  MAGNA,   HHKOrfla He HMeBIHHH 3KBH-
BaneHTOB b boctohhoh reorpac|>HH, Hcnojib30Bajica b eBponen-ckoh HayKe c siioxh PeHeccaHca fljia o6o3HaHeHHH o6niHpHLix, ManoHaceneHHLix, MajioH3yjeHHbix h noTOMy Ka3aBHiHxca Bpa>K-
fle6HLIMH TeppHTOpHH, rpaHHITbl KOTOpLIX 6ldih BeCbMa yCJIOB-
hlimh. Ha KapTe OpTejina BTopon ncmoBHHbi xvi BeKa BenHKaji TapTapna npocTHpaeTca ot hh30bhh Booth h npHKacnna flo OKeaHa, no3flHee nojiyjHBiiiero hmh Tnxoro, orpaHHHHBaacb c ceBepa Oceanus Scythicus hjih Mare Glaciale, a c rora ropaMH KaB-Ka3CKHMH h KHTaeM. B flajibHenineM 3th rpaHHD,bi pacniHpHJiHCb h nojiyiHJiH HeKOTopyio fleTajiH3arj,HK>, bkjiiohhb b ce6a Mockob-CKoe ijapcTBO, CpeflHioio A3hk>, Tn6eT h MoHrojiHio. EIo3flHee
He3yHTbI IIOCHHTajIH npaBHJIbHbIM npHCOBOKyilHTb k TapTapHH
h 3eMJiH MaHbH>KypoB. B raa3ax eBponencKHX xpohhctob h Kap-Torpac|)OB Tartaria Magna HHKorfla He 6bma eflHHHM rjejibiM,
XOTH B pa3HOe BpeMH C HeH CBH3bIBajIHCb H HMnepHH MOHrOJIOB,
h 3ojioTaa Opfla, h D,HHCKaa HMirepHH h o6niHpHoe rrapcTBO Po-MaHOBbix. H Bee me Grand Tartarie Bcerfla ocraBajiacb noHHTHeM
Co6HpaTenbHbIM. Mbl TaiOKe He CKJIOHHbl BHfleTb B BejIHKOH TapTapHH HeTKO OHepneHHbiH reorpa(|)HHecKHH perHOH hjih, Bcnefl
3a HOBblMH XpOHOJIOraMH, KOHKpeTHOe HCTOpHKO-IIOJIHTHHeCKOe
ijejioe. Tartaria Magna b hmchh Harnero MypHajia sto CKopee hc-cjieflOBaTejibCKoe nojie, oflHOBpeMeHHO flaiomee npeflCTaBJieHHe o HecTporHX reorpac^HiecKHX rpaHHiiax H3bicKaTejibCKoro hh-Tepeca, coBnaflaiomHX c (JiopMyjiHpoBKOH, noHBHBineHCH b Bpn-TaHCKOH 3HD,HKJioneflHH b 1771 rofly, h noflHepKHBaiomee Hfleio 06 stom eBpa3HHCKOM xapnuieHde xax o Bee enje HeH3BecTHOM h HenoHHTOM pernoHe MHpa. no mhcjih co3flaTeneH, MypHaji 0616-
flHHHT Ha CBOHX CTpaHHD,aX HCTOpHKOB, KyjIbTypOJIOrOB H aHTpO-
nojioroB caMbix pa3Hbix HayHHbix hikoji h HanpaBJieHHH. >KypHaji
BblXOflHT Ha pyCCKOM H3bIKe, H OflHa H3 erO OCHOBHblX MHCCHH npeflCTaBHTb pyCCKOH3bIHHOMy HHTaTejIIO pe3yjIbTaTbI H3bICKa-
hhh Me>KflyHapoflHbix HccjieflOBaTejien b pyccKHX nepeBOflax. #
0   KOHqEnqHH yKYPHA^A
Tartar.!a Magna
STUDIA TUR.KJCA MONGOLICA TlBETICA MANCHUR.ICA SIBIR.ICA RUSSICA ET CETERA
Peaaktopm
n.K. BAPHABCKHH H.B. qblPEMni^OB
PeAAKUHOHHAH KOJIJIETUR R.R. AMOTO^OHOBA B.K>. B A III KY E B
A. C. BPECJIABCKHH
B.3. HAH3ATOB
Peaakuhohhhh COBET
B.B. BA3APOB
HJien-Koppecnondenm pah, MHcmumym Monzojioeedemui, öyddojiozuu u muöemojiozuu co pah
B. O. EOEPOBHHKOB
MHcmumym eocmoKoeedenuR pah
.71.B. KAJIbMHHA
MHcmumym Monzojioeedemui, öyddojiozuu u muöemojiozuu co pah
K. KOJIJIMAP-nAyjIEHLl
EepncKuu ynueepcumem
A. MOPPHCOH
JIueepnyjibCKUü ynueepcumem
H.B. OKTflBPbCKAü
MHcmumym apxeonozuu u amnozpatfiuu co pah
T.fl. CKPblHHHKOBA
MHcmumym eocmounbix pyKonuceü pah
K. XAMOPH
KeMÖpudjKCKUu ynueepcumem
Editors
nikolay tsyrempilov pavel varnavsky
Editorial Board darima amogolonova vsevolod bashkuev anatoly breslavsky bair nanzatov
Editorial Council boris bazarov corresponding member o/ras, Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan studies of Siberian Branch o/ras
VLADIMIR BOBROVNIKOV
Institute of Oriental studies o/ras
CAROLINE HUMPHREY
Cambridge University
LILIA KALMINA
Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan studies of Siberian Branch o/ras
KARENINA KO L L M A R-PAU L E N Z
Bern University
ALEXANDRE MORRISON
Liverpool University
IRINA OKTYABRSKAYA
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of Siberian Branch o/ras
TATYANA SKRYNNIKOVA
Institute of Oriental Manuscripts o/ras
Tartarja Magna
STUDIA TUR.KJCA MONGOLICA TlBETICA MANCHUR.ICA SIBIR.ICA RUSSICA ET CETERA
I / 20I2 TEMA BbinycKA:
flyXOBHblE BPATbfl, CBfllflEHHblE BPATH. CoqHA/IbHAJJ KOMMyHHKAIJHfl CKB03b ITPH3My P E Jl H V H O 3 H O V O OITMTA
Tlpeducjioeue MccjiedoeanuR
16      CMeHa pejiHTHH b npaBocjiaBHOH HMnepHH: nojiHTHKa
pejIHrH03HOH npHHaflJie>KHOCTH B Pocchh XIX BeKa H HKOJIAC BPAMOTJIb
48     OpeHÖyprcKoe MaroMeTaHCKoe flyxoBHoe coöpaHHe h npoeKTbi npeo6pa30BaHHH MycyjibMaHCKHX HHCTHTyTOB b Ka3axcKOH CTenn b 50-80 rr. xix BeKa
nABE^ LUAB^EH
86     Ilojie3Hbie HHOBepijbi hjih onacHbie nyacaKH? BocnpHHrae 3anaflHbix xpHcraaH
pyCCKHM OÖHieCTBOM H IipaBOCJiaBHOH l^epKOBbK) B X-XIX BB. O^bTA ^HLTEHEEPTEP
106    HMnepcKoe HacjieflHe h «coKpbiTbie 3eMJiH»
B 5KH3HH THÖeTCKOH KHHTHHH HoHKbH /JpOHMbI XHJIbflE TA Pfl, flHMEEPTEP
128    Bo3Bpairj;eHHe XaMÖo-jiaMbi HrarajioBa b KOHTeKCTe
nocTCOBeTCKOH fleceKyjiHpH3aij;HH oöiiiecTBeHHoro co3HaHHH
flAPHMAAMOTO^OHOBA
OuepKU u acce
148    MaHflajia /JaHflapoHa: BH3yajibHaH penpe3eHTau;HH HCTopHH öyflflHHCKOH oöiiiHHbi coBeTCKoro nepnofla
71IOE O III BEIKA
Peuen3uu u o63opu
170    PyccKHH yjibTpaHaij;HOHajiH3M:
aKTyajibHoe cocTOHHHe HccjieflOBaHHH
AHflPEACYM^AHfl
Tahtarja Magna
Studia Turcica Moncolica Tibetica Manchurica Sibirica Russica et cetera
I / 20I2
theme of the issue! Spiritual Brethrens, Sacral Foes. Social communication through the prism of religious experience
IlPE/liHC^OBHE K BbinyCKY
CoimajibHa* KOMMyHHKaifHH (npeoflOJieHHe couHOKyjib-TypHbix rpaHHu;) noflpa3yMeBaeT anpnopHoe hjih chh-xpoHHoe KOHCTpynpoBaHHe TaKHX rpaHHu, h BbicTpa-HBaHHe nepapxHH no jihhhh «cboh/ny>KOH». Bot h pejinrHH b caMOM innpoKOM CMbicjie 3Toro cjioBa cnoco6Ha pa3-pyinaTb 6HHapHyio ycjioBHOCTb «CBoero» h «ny>Koro» h Ha MecTe npe>KHHX onno3Hu;HH He MeHee scJxJieKTHBHO h scJxJieKTHO co3fla-
BaTb H yKOpeHHTb B COUHajIbHOH fleHCTBHTejIbHOCTH HOBbie.
Co3flaHHe rpaHHu; o6ycjioBJieHO CHMBOJiHHecKHMH cpeflaMH, Ha-nojiHeHHe KOTopbix 3aBHCHT ot KynbTypHoro onbiTa, BbicTynaioiHero b KanecTBe ycjioBHH oco3HaHHH KynbTypHOH flHCTaHUHH h ee ncnojib-30BaHHH b pa3JiHHHbix npaKTHKax: ot Me>icjiHHHOCTHoro o6m;eHHH flO nojiHTHHecKoro MaHHnynHpoBaHHH o6in,ecTBeHHbiM co3HaHHeM. C ofl-
HOH CTOpOHbl, BCTpeHa pa3HHX KOH(J)eCCHH C HeH36e>KHOCTbIO npHBO-flHT K HX CTOJIKHOBeHHK), a KOH(J)JIHKT Me>Kfly hx aflenTaMH 3aHacTyio eflBa jih pa3peniHM h HenpeMeHHO no6y>KflaeT k noflaBJieHHio oflHHX flpyrHMH. C flpyroft CTopoHbi, b paMKax, k npHMepy, oflHoro rocyflap-CTBa KynbTypHaH flHCTaHUHH b (J)opMe pejiHrH03HOH flHcJjcJjepeHUHauHH h HfleHTH(J)HKai];HH MO>KeT CTaHOBHTbCH oco6hm MexaHH3MOM aflanTa-uhh k hhoh KynbTypHOH cpefle, k hobhm SKOHOMmecKHM h iiojihth-necKHM ycjioBHHM, hto oflHOBpeMeHHO h o6ecneHHBaeT COXpaHHOCTb KynbTypbi h HfleHTHHHOCTH Majioft rpynnbi, h npo6jieMaTH3HpyeT ycnex nonbiTOK flOMHHHpyioiHHX nojiHTmecKHX CTpyKTyp flo6HTbca Sojibineft KynbTypHOH h pejiHrH03HOH roMoreHHOCTH o6inecTBa.
Tpn CTaTbH 3Toro BbinycKa nocBHineHbi paccMOTpeHHio pennrHH
KaK ScJxJieKTHBHOrO OpyflHH aCCHMHJIHUHH H, OflHOBpeMeHHO, OTHySC-
Cjiobo pedaxuuu
Social communcation involves construction of boundaries and installation of the hierarchy along self-other dichotomy. Religion, in the broad sense, has a potential to destroy this binary convention and no less effectively to establish new oppositions instead of those destroyed. Dialectics of self-other interaction is considered in the present issue of 'Tartaria Magna' on various examples of total religious, cultural-symbolical and/or political systems
npEflHCjioBHE Tartaria Magna i'2oi2
ripeducjioeue k ebinyacy
fleHHH noflflaHHbix Pocchhckoh HMnepHH ot rocyflapcTBa h flpyr ot flpyra. ConnajibHaH nepnenuHH KOH(J)eccHOHajibHbix rpaHHu, BecbMa noflBH>KHa, ÖJiaroflapH HeMy, fla>Ke npn o6i>eKTHBHbix pa3JiHHHHX b mh-
pOB033peHHeCKHX H flOrMaTHHeCKHX OCHOBaX, COUHajIbHaH KOMMyHH-
Kannn Hepe3 pejiHľH03Hbie onbiT h npaKTHKH npnoöpeTaeT 3anacTyio apKO Bbipa>KeHHbiH HHCTpyMeHTajibHbiö xapaKTep; TaKHe OTHOineHHH
CJI05KH0 OflH03HaHHO Ha3BaTb HeraTHBHbIMH HJIH n03HTHBHHMH, 060-
rainaioiHHMH Ty hjih HHyio rpynny hjih, HanpoTHB, HaHOCHiHHM efl Bpefl, nocKOJibKy couHajibHbie cbh3h 3aBHCHT b nepByio onepeflb ot
BHepejIHrH03HOH (nOJIHTHHeCKOH, aflMHHHCTpaTHBHOH, X03HHCTBeH-HOH, ÖblTOBOÖ) C(J)epbI.
HHCTpyMeHTajIH3M H aMÖHB ajieHTHOCTb COflep>KaHHH pejIHrH03-HblX npaKTHK B niHpOKOM HMnepCKOM KOHTeKCTe OHeHb HpKO HJIJIK)-
CTpnpyeTCH b öojibinoö CTaTbe HuKOJiaca Epaucßozjifi. Ee ochobhhm npeflMeTOM H3yneHHH HBJiHeTCH npoTHBOCTOHHHe Me>Kfly npaBocjia-BHeM h «pyccKHMH» ceKTaMH MOJioKaH, flyxoöopoB, CKonnoB h cy6-
ÖOTHHKOB (B CBOeÖ CTaTbe aBTOp HCnOJIb3yeT B OCHOBHOM MOJIOKaH-
CKHH MaTepnaji), npHHHHbi, MexaHH3Mbi h nocjieflCTBHH nepexoflOB H3 oflHOH Bepbi b flpyryio. PyccKHe ceKTaHTbi CTajiH CHCTeMaraHecKH npecjieflOBaTbCH b Pocchh c Hanajia xix BeKa nocjie 3aKaTa snoxH eKa-TepHHHHCKoro pejiHrH03Horo jiHÖepajiH3Ma. B HHCJie penpeccHBHbix
TeXHOJIOTHH CBeTCKHe H UepKOBHbie BJiaCTH aKTHBHO HCnOJIb30BajIH
flenopTannio b 3aKaBKa3be, rfle k cepeflHHe BeKa ojjopMHpoBajiacb MHoroHHCJieHHaH KOJioHHH MOJioKaH. MexaHH3Mbi OTHy>KfleHHH «ynop-
CTByiOIHHX B epeCH» BKJIIOHajIH flHCKpHMHHaUHOHHOe 3aKOHOflaTejIb-
CTBO, CTaBHBinee nepefl BepyioiHHMH MyHHTejibHbie flHJieMMbi, a TaioKe Beto Moiijb HMnepcKoro aflMHHHCTpaTHBHoro pecypca. B pe3yjibTaTe jihhhh pa3JioMa npoxoflHJiH no caMbiM Ba^KHbiM c(J)epaM HenoBenecKOH
)KH3HH: BHyTpHOÖlHHHHbIM H BHyTpHCeMeHHbIM OTHOHieHHHM. /JaBJie-
HHe rocyflapcTBa h LJepKBH aKTHBH3HpoBajio nponeccbi pejiHrH03H0H
MOÖHJIbHOCTH, npeBpamaH BblÖOp pejIHTHH H3 JIHHHOrO flejia B KOHTj-
řOHKTypHyio h connajibHO oöycjioBJieHHyio 3aflany. B cbohx nonbiTKax
rOMOreHH3HpOBaTb pejIHrH03HyiO HfleHTHHHOCTb STHHHeCKH pyCCKHX
noflflaHHbix rocyflapcTBO h LJepKOBb floömincb jiHiiib KpaÖHeö Maprn-HajiH3au;HH 3HaHHTejibHoro HHCJia cbohx noflflaHHbix. 3to OTTop>KeHHe
npHBejIO, no CJIOBaM aBTOpa, K B03HHKH0B6HHI0 «HOBHX HfleHTHHHO-
CTeö, couHajibHbix CTpyKTyp h KyjibTypHbix CHCTeM».
Bonpoc o co3flaHHH pocchhckhmh aflMHHHCTpaTopaMH opraHa ynpaBJieHHH MycyjibMaHCKHM HaceneHHeM Ka3axcKoö CTenn—OpeH-öyprcKoro MaroMeTaHCKoro flyxoBHoro coöpaHHH, noflpoÖHO ocBe-meHHbiö b HCTopmecKOH CTaTbe ľlaejia Ulaöjiesi, pacKpbiBaeT nepefl H3MH nponecc otkphthh h, b onpeflejieHHOM CMbicjie, ocBoeHHH hc-jiaMa pocchhckhmh BJiacTHMH. 3th noHCKH BejiHCb Hepe3 cepHK) He Bcerfla yflaHHbix pecjjopM, KOTopbie ocyinecTBJiHJiHCb Ha (J)OHe irnipo-
KOH flHCKyCCHH O MeCTe H 3HaneHHH MyCyjIbMaHCKHX aflMHHHCTpaTHB-
10
www.Tartaria-Magna.ru
Hbix HHCTHTyTOB b Tejie HMnepHH b cpefle Ka3axcKHX HHTenjieKTyajioB
H pOCCHHCKHX aflMHHHCTpaTOpOB. B CBOHX nOHCKaX OnTHMajIbHOH MO-
flejiH cocyinecTBOBaHHH c MycyjibMaHCTBOM poccHÖCKHe BJiacTH hijih, KaK Bbipa3HJicH aBTop CTaTbH, no nyTH «KyjibTypojiorHHecKoö h li;hbh-
JIH3aUHOHHOH fleKOHCTpyKI^HH HCJiaMa», U;ejlb KOTOpOH 3aKJIK)HajiaCb B
npeoflOJieHHH pejiHrH03Hbix rpaHHu; h nonbiTKe CTpoHTb OTHOineHHH c noflflaHHbiMH Ha öojiee innpoKoö njiaT(J)opMe cbctckoh rpa>KflaH-CTBeHHOCTH. 3th nonbiTKH MorjiH npeflnpHHHMaTbCH h Hepe3 «npar-MaTHHecKyio rnÖKOCTb», h c Hcnojib30BaHHeM «KpyTbix» Mep, ho, nbi-TaHCb npopBaTb pejiHrH03Hbie öapbepbi, BJiacTH Jinnib ycHJiHBajiH hx. HivinyjibCHBHaH, öeccHCTeMHan h HeyBepeHHaa nojiHTHKa poccHÖCKHX BJiacTeö b OTHOineHHH MycyjibMaH CTenHoro Kpan, nacTO 3aBHceBinaH ot BHeniHeö KOHijioHKTypbi, npHBena, HaKOHen,, k npHHHTHio TaK Ha-3biBaeMoro BpeMeHHoro nojio>KeHHH 1868 rofla. OflHaKO pe(J)opMbi, Bbipa3HBiiiHecH b orpaHHHeHHH HHíľJia MyjiJi, 6iopoKpaTH3ai];HH pejiH-rno3Horo o6pa30BaHHH, pa3fleneHHH Ka3axcKHX MycyjibMaH Me>Kfly
pa3JIHHHHMH BeflOMCTBaMH, HMejIH BO MHOTOM coBepiiieHHO flpyroH
scJxJieKT, He^KejiH npeflnojiarajiH HMnepcKHe hhhobhhkh. Aamhhh-CTpaTHBHoe CTecHeHHe HCJiaMa ycHJiHBajio y Ka3axoB nyBCTBO koh-4>eccHOHajibHoro HepaBHonpaBHH, a nonbiTKH CHH3HTb bjihhhhc MyjiJi nepe3 co3flaHHe hx o6pa3a, xapaKTepH3yK)iii;erocH «4>aHaTH3MOM» h «HeBe^KecTBOM», npHBOflHJiH jiHinb k ycHJieHHK) hx BJiHHHHH Ha o6m;e-CTBO. OpeHÖyprcKoe MaroMeTaHCKoe flyxoBHoe ynpaBJieHHe, co3fla-BaBineecH KaK scJxJjeKTHBHbiH KaHaji poccHÖCKoro bjihhhhh, He TOJibKO OTHy>Kflajio HMnepHK) ot noflflaHHbix, ho h OTToprajio oc|3HnHajibHyio MycyjibMaHCKyio flyxoBHyio 6iopoKpaTHio ot BepyioiHHX.
B CBOeÖ paÖOTe, nOCBHmeHHOH LÍIOJKHOH HCTOpHH B3aHMOOTHOine-HHH Me>Kfly npaBOCJiaBHOH U;epKOBbIO, C OflHOH CTOpOHbl, H KaTOJIHHe-
CTBOM h npoTecTaHTH3MOM—c flpyroH, OjibzcL JIuu,eH6epzep noflpoÖHO aHajiH3HpyeT HfleoiiornnecKyio ocHOBy 3Toro npoTHBOCTOHHHH, OTpa-)KeHHyio b MHoroHHCJieHHbix pejiHľH03HO-nojiHTHHecKHX naM(J)jieTax h HCTopHorpa(J)HHecKHX npoH3BefleHHHX. OTMenaH, hto paHHHH 3Tan
3THX B3aHMOOTHOineHHH XapaKTepH3yeTCH B3aHMHOH TepnHMOCTbK) H
npeHe6pe>KeHHeM k florMaTHHecKHM pa3JiHHHHM Me>Kfly jmthhctbom h rpenecKHM xpncTHaHCTBOM, aBTop OTCHHTbiBaeT HCTopnio HfleÖHoro
npOTHBOCTOHHHH L^epKBeH B POCCHH C XII BeKa. rioCJie 4>aKTHHeCKOH H
lopHflHHecKOH noTepH He3aBHCHMOCTH npaBOCJiaBHOH LJepKBH ot rocyflapcTBa, Ha KaTOJiHHecKHe (b öojibineö CTeneHH) h npoTecTaHTCKHe o6m;HHbi Pocchh oöpyniHBaeTCH MoiHb rocyflapcTBeHHOH HfleojiorHH, cflep>KHBaeMOH Jinnib BHeniHenojiHTHHecKHMH HHTepecaMH. ABTop pe3K)MHpyeT, hto, HecMOTpn Ha to, hto npaBocjiaBHbie nojieMHCTbi
OÖOCHOBblBajIH HenpHH3Hb K JiaTHHCTBy B TepMHHaX pejIHrH03H0H flor-MaTHKH (BnjIOTb flO OÖBHHeHHH B npOTHBOpeHHH flyxy XpHCTHaHCTBa),
rjiyÖHHHbie npHHHHbi 6buiH ropa3flo öojiee cjiojkhhmh, oöycjioBJieH-
HblMH Me>K3THHHeCKHMH npOTHBOpeHHHMH H reOnOJIHTHHeCKOH KOHTj-
Mup ceoux u HyjKux: cou,uajibHaR
KOMMyHUKaU,UR
CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
riPEflHCJIOBHE   TaRTARIA   MAGNA l'20I2
II
KDHKTypoH. CTaTbH JlnneHÖeprep yöeflHTejibHO fleMOHCTpnpyeT, KaK rjiyöoKO pHTopHKa pejiHrH03HOH HeTepnHMOCTH, flHKTyeMaa rocnofl-CTByroineH HepKOBbio h rocyflapcTBOM Ha caMOM bhcokom ypoBHe, npoHHKaeT b oöinecTBO, B03flBHraH Me>Kfly jnoflbMH TpyflHonpeoflOJiH-Tlpeducjioeue Mbie öapbepbi.
k ebLnycKy CTaTbH Xujibdezapd fluMÖepzep cyinecTBeHHO oöorainaeT HaniH
npeflCTaBJieHHH 06 HCTOpHH B03HHKHOBeHHH H HHCTHTyUHajIH3aUHH
jihhhh nepepc»KfleHu;eB (th6. myjucy) b nocTHMnepcKOM TnöeTe. Oc-
HOBblBaHCb Ha UejIOM pflfle >KH3HeOnHCaHHH THÖeTCKHX HOrHHOB H
irarHHb xiv-xv bb., aBTop CKpynyne3HO BoccTaHaBJiHBaeT HCTopnio cjio>KeHHH nepBOH TpaflHUHH >KeHCKHX nepepo>KfleHneB b TnöeTe. Ha nepBbiü B3rjiHfl, HccjieflOBaHHe /jHMÖeprep He HMeeT npHMoro ot-HoineHHH k oöinen TeMaTHKe Haninx BbinycKOB, OflHaKO BflyMHHBoe npoHTeHHe CTaTbH flaeT oÖHJibHyio nniiry flJiH pa3MbiiHJieHHH b pycjie KyjibTypojiorHHecKOH npoöJieMaTHKH «CBoero» h «nyacoro» b hctophh pejinrHH. B OTJiHHHe OT flpyrnx HccjieflOBaTenen, Korfla-jiHÖo 3aHHMaB-ihhxch BonpocoM B03HHKHOBeHHH HHCTHTyTa THÖeTCKHX nepepo>KfleH-neB, 3tot aBTop nojiaraeT, hto HeMajioBa>KHyio pojib b bo3hhkhob6hhh TpaflHijHH /Jopfl>Ke IlaKMO cbirpajia npHHafljie>KHOCTb ocHOBaTejibHH-
Ubl 3TOH JIHHHH K OflHOMy H3 pOflOB, BeflyiHHX CBOe IipOHCXCOKfleHHe OT
THÖeTCKHX MOHapxoB nepnofla HMnepHH (vn-x bb.). /JpeBHHe npefl-CTaBJieHHH THÖeTueB o rjiyöoKOH CBH3H npeflCTaBHTejien HpjiyHrcKOH
flHHaCTHH C ÖOflXHCaTTBOH ABajIOKHTeiHBapOH, KOTOpblH, corjiacHO TpaflHUHOHHOH THÖeTCKOH HCTOpHOrpa(J)HH,  nocjieflOBaTejibHO Ma-
HHcJiecTHpoBajicH b Ka>KflOM npeflCTaBHTejie HMnepaTopcKoro pofla, no3flHee pacnpocTpaHHJiHCb h Ha hx noTOMKOB. npHHafljie>KHOCTb k HMnepcKOMy HacjieflHio, jiHHHoe pejiHrH03Hoe noflBH>KHHHecTBO Hoh-
KbH /JpOHMbI H MHJIJieHapHCTCKHe OJKHflaHHH, UapHBHIHe B THÖeTCKOM
oöinecTBe B 3tot HCTopHHecKHH nepnofl (cpa3y >Ke nocjie OKOHHa-TejibHoro ynaflKa MOHrojibCKoro rocnoflCTBa b CTpaHe), onpeflejimiH ycneniHoe yTBep>KfleHHe jihhhh /Jop/pice üaKMO. üocjie CMepTH oc-HOBaTejibHHUbi 3toh jihhhh 3anycKaeTCH MexaHH3M anocTepnopHO-ro KOHCTpyHpoBaHHH HCTopHH npeflbiflyinnx nepepo>KfleHHH irarHHH,
B KOTOpOH HCTOpHH HHflHHCKOrO 6yflflH3Ma npHHyflJIHBHM o6pa30M
ciuieTaeTCH c «cjiaBHHM HMnepcKHM nponuibiM» CTpaHbi CHeroB. TaK pejiHrH03HHH flHCKypc cnocoöeH «co3flaBaTb» nponiJioe nepe3 annpo-npHannio 3HaKOBbix HCTopHHecKHX HBJieHHH (b flaHHOM cjiynae hhahh-ckoh öyflflHHCKOH UHBHJiH3anHH H THÖeTCKoro HMnepcKoro HaCJieflHH), nepe3 cooönjeHHe onpeflejieHHbiM coöhthhm nponiJioro jiorHHecKofl HeoöxoflHMOCTH H n,enenojiaraHHH. TaK, b rna3ax THÖeTCKoro conny-Ma, b tot HCTopmecKHH nepnofl HOCTajibrnpoBaBinero no «30JioTOMy BeKy» HMnepHH h aKTHBHO ocBaHBaBinero öoraToe öyflflHÖCKoe Hacjie-flne, HHCTHTyT /Jopfl>Ke IlaKMO CTaHOBHTCH «CBOHM». >KeHiHHHa-TyjiKy
HaXOflHT CBOe JIOrHHHOe MeCTO B HOBOH THÖeTCKOH pejIHrH03HOH Kyjlb-Type, B KOTOpOH apHCTOKpaTH3M, flyXOBHOe nOflBH>KHHHeCTBO h pejiH-
rno3HaH xapH3Ma B3aHMOflonojiHHK)T flpyr flpyra, npHMHpnn nponuioe c HacTOHiHHM, aöopHreHHoe c npnimibiM, poflOBoe c HaflpoflOBbiM.
ßpe CTaTbH 3Toro BbinycKa Tartartia Magna nocBHin;eHbi Bonpo-caM öyflflHHCKoro B03po>KfleHHH b BypHTHH. B CTaTbe flapuMbL Amo-zojioHoeou npoH3BOflHTCH nonbiTKa ocMbicjiHTb 3HaneHHe (JieHOMeHa HeTJieHHoro Tena XaMÖo-jiaMbi HTHrsjioBa b npou;ecce pejiHrH03Horo h Hau;HOHajibHoro B03po>KfleHHH b BypHTHH. /]|BeHafli];aTbiH rnaBa 6y-pHTCKHX öyflflHCTOB ^aniH-^op^KO HTHrsjioB, KaK CHHTaioT Bepyiomne, Boineji b cocTOHHHe rjiyöoKoro MeflHTaTHBHoro cocpeflOToneHHH b 1927 rofly h 6biJi 3axopoHeH b flepeBHHHOM capKocJiare b oahom H3 paö-OHOB BypHTHH. B 2oo2 rofly poccHHCKoe o6m;ecTBO 6buio B36yflopa>Ke-Ho ceHcau;HOHHOH HOBOCTbio o Tom, HTO SKcryMHpoBaHHoe, corjiacHO ero 3aBeinaHHK>, Tejio nepapxa He Hecjio Ha ce6e cjieflOB pa3Jio>KeHHH. KpynHeninaH 6yflflHHCKaH opraHH3au;HH BypHTHH—ByflflHHCKaH Tpa-flHu;HOHHaH caHrxa Pocchh—HCTOJiKOBajia sto HeootHCHKMoe co6bi-THe KaK npoHBJieHHe nyfla. 3to noBJieKJio 3a co6oh BcnjiecK HHTepeca k (JieHOMeHy b Pocchh h 3a py6e>KOM, npnneM h ceönac, cnycra flecHTb jieT, 3tot HHTepec He ocjiaöeßaeT. B cboio onepeflb, no mhchhio aBTopa, nyflo HeTJieHHoro Tena HrarajioBa HanojiHHJio hobhm cmhcjiom yrac-inyio k cepeflHHe 2000-x TeMy öypHTCKoro 3THOHau;HOHajiH3Ma. Byfl-
flH3M Hepe3 (JieHOMeH HTHrSJIOBa 3HaHHTejIbHO yCHJIHJI CBOH 3THOHH-
TerpnpyiomHH scJxJieKT.
OnepK JIw6oma EejiKU nocTpoeH KaK KOMMeHTapnö k yHHKajibHofi SyflflHHCKOH BH3yajibHOH penpe3eHTau;HH mhcthhcckoh oÖHTejiH TaH-TpHHCKoro 6o>KecTBa. CymecTBeHHbiM otjihhhcm npeflCTaBJieHHofl b onepKe MaHflajibi ot 6ojibniHHCTBa flpyrnx hbjihctch paccMOTpeHHe ee b KOHTeKCTe hctophh 6yflflH3Ma b Pocchh h b cbh3h c KOHKpeTHofi rpynnoH öyflflHÖCKHX flHCCHfleHTOB b cccp. 3Ta rpynna Hanajia (J)op-MHpoBaTbCH b KOHu;e 1950-x roflOB BOKpyr H3BecTHoro öypHTCKoro yne-Horo-BOCTOKOBefla BnflbH ^aHflapoHa, ocBoöoflHBinerocH nocjie flBafl-i^aTH JieT 3aKJiK)HeHHH b ryjiAre. MaHflajia 6buia HanncaHa oahhm H3 rjiaBHbix yneHHKOB ^aHflapoHa—AjieKcaHflpoM ^Cejie3HOBbiM h, KaK nojiaraeT aBTop, 6biJia npH3BaHa cjiy>KHTb BH3yajibHOH penpe3eHTa-i^Heii KOJUieKTHBHOH naMHTH flaHflapoHHCTOB. Ha MaHflajie, KOTopan Sbuia 3aKOHHeHa nocjie nocjieflHero apecTa ^aHflapoHa, npeflCTaBJieHa
HCTOpHH He TOJIbKO 5KH3HH OflHOrO HejIOBeKa, HO H u;ejioH TpaflHU;HH CO BCeMH MH(J)aMH H HHTenpeTai^HHMH, CBH3aHHbIMH C HHM.
PaöoTa Andpeaca YMJianda, 3aBepniaioiHaH BTopoö BbinycK Tartaria Magna, npeflCTaBjraeT co6oh TmaTejibHeöniHH pa3Öop pa3BHTHH hc-cjieflOBaHHH pyccKoro yjibTpaHan;HOHajiH3Ma b nocTCOBeTCKOH Pocchh. OflHaKO aBTop He orpaHHHHBaeT ceÖH 3aflanaMH HCKJiioHHTejib-Ho HCTopnorpacJjHHecKoro aHajiH3a, ho CTaBHT nepefl co6oh 6ojiee rpaHflH03Hyio u;ejib—onepTHTb KOHTypbi hoboh cyöflHCUHiuiHHbi b npocTpaHCTBe cou;HajibHO-ryMaHHTapHbix HccjieflOBaHHH b Pocchh. Oh OTMenaeT, hto k Hanajiy BToporo flecHTHJieTHH xxi ctojicthh pa-
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: cou,uajibnaR KOMMynuKau,UR CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
12
www.Tartaria-Magna.ru
ITpEflHCJioBHE Tartaria Magna 1 ' 2 o 1 2
13
flHKajibHoe aHTH3anaflHHHecTBO npeBpaTHJiocb b 3HaHHMoe HHTen-jieKTyajibHoe h nojiHTHHecKoe flBH>KeHHe, a Bbipa>KeHHe HaijHOHa-
JIHCTHHeCKHX B3rjIHflOB CTajIO B POCCHH IIOJIHTHHeCKH KOppeKTHblM.
PaflHKajibHoe poccHHCKoe aHTH3anaflHHHecTBO Ha stom (J)OHe npeBpa-Tlpeducjioeue maeTCH H3 o6T>eKTa HccjieflOBaHHH HOBeftineH HCTopHH nojiHTHHecKHX
k ebLnycKy Hfleft b npeflMeT aKTyajibHO-nojiHTHHecKoro aHajiH3a coBpeMeHHoft eB-pO-a3HaTCKOH 6e30naCHOCTH. OflHHM H3 cpeflCTB noBbiineHHH ypoBHH 3toh 6e3onacHOCTH aBTop BHflHT cjio>KeHHe nojmoijeHHoro HayHHoro coo6m;ecTBa HccjieflOBaTejieft pyccKoro ynbTpaHaij;HOHajiH3Ma, hto, b cbok) onepeflb, co3flacT npeflnocbuiKH fljiH noBbiineHHH TeMaTHHecKofl
C(J)OKyCHpOBaHHOCTH,   HCTOpHHeCKOH   o6oCHOBaHHOCTH, SMIIHpHHe-
ckoh HacbimeHHOCTH h KOHijenTyajibHOH hchocth 6yflym;HX BKJiaflOB b (JjopMHpyiomyiocH HOByio cy6flHcu;HnjiHHy
^HajieKTHKa B3aHMOOTHOHieHHH Me>Kfly «CBOHMH» H «Hy>KHMH»,
KOHCTpynpoBaHHe h npeoflOJieHHe rpaHHu; pacaviaTpHBajiHCb b flaHHOM h npeflbiflymeM BbinycKax Tartaria Magna b HeKoft MaKpo-nepcneKTH-Be—Ha npHMepe TOTajibHbix KynbTypHO-CHMBOJiHHecKHX h/hjih no-jiHTHHecKHX CHCTeM. B TpeTbeM BbinycKe >KypHajia mh npefljiaraeM aBTopaM h HHTaTenHM coBepniHTb CBoero pofla «aHTponojiorHHecKHH pa3BopoT» h paccMOTpeTb Ty >Ke npo6jieMaTHKy Ha «Me3oypoBHe», hc-
nOJIb3yH SBpHCTHHeCKHH nOTeHUHajI H aHajIHTHHeCKHe B03M05KHOCTH,
ineflpo npefljiaraioiHHecH b paMKax TaKoro HccjieflOBaTejibCKoro Ha-npaBJieHHH, KaK kinship studies. 3flecb, KaK hh b KaKoft flpyroft ahc-
UHIIJIHHe MO>KHO o6Hapy>KHTb HarjIHflHeHHIHH H B to *e BpeMH He-
TpHBHajibHbra MaTepnaji, KOTopbm flaeT HaM B03MO>KHOCTb H3ynaTb
IIpedjiazaeM uccjiedoeamejiRM npuHRmh arcmuGHoe ynacmue e (popMupoeamiu mpembezo eunycKa Tartaria Magna
MexaHH3Mbi coijHajibHoro rpynnnpoBaHHH h OTHyscfleHHH/HCKJiio-
HeHHH. Pa3JIHHHbie CHCTeMbI pOflCTBa H COOTBeTCTByiOIHHe HM TepMH-
HOJiorHH h HepapxHH MoryT noKa3aTb BHHMaTenbHOMy Ha6jiK>flaTejiio
KaK CXOflCTBa, TaK H pa3JIHHHH B CTpaTerHH H TaKTHKe HHTerpai^HH /
flH(J)4)epeHi];Hai];HH coo6inecTB, a MeTacJiopHHHOCTb H3bma sthx CHCTeM no3BOjraeT HaM BepHyTbCH, bo3mo>kho, Ha 6ojiee bhcokom ypoBHe o6o6m;eHHH, h k MacniTa6y MaKpo-aHajiH3a. npefljiaraeM HccjieflOBa-TejiHM, pa6oTaioiHHM b stom npo6jieMHOM nojie, npHHHTb aKTHBHoe ynacTHe b (JiopMHpoBaHHH TpeTbero BbinycKa Tartaria Magna. #
CMEHA PEJIHTVLVL b nPABOCJIABHOH HMnEPHH
nCMHTHKA PEJIHrH03HOH nPHHA^E)KHOCTH B POCCHH XIX BE
PyccKue nocejieHu,hL e Myzanacou cmenu, A3ep6aud3icaH, Memdy 1905 u 1915 22.
M3 KOJIJieKUUU
CM. IIpoKyduHa-FopcKozo. McmoHHUK: Prints & Photographs Online Catalog of Library of US Congress http://www. loc.gov
Switching Denominations in the Orthodox Empire: The Politics of Religious Affiliation in Nineteenth-Century Russia
In Imperial Russia's multi-confessional Empire, denominational switching involving Russian sectarian denominations was a persistent, powerful, and deeply permeating force in the nineteenth century. For the sectarians, the process (and potential) of conversion interacted dynamically with their religious, social, and political lives. Sectarian religious identity became a flash point that defined individuals, gave meaning to their experiences, and could be manipulated for material or personal gain both socially and politically. In parallel fashion, state officials also attempted to institute and manipulate their own laws and policies in order to mold the religious landscape to their liking and attract sectarians to Orthodoxy. Such religious mobility raises important questions about the meanings of religious identity, the interaction of religious identity with religious practice, and the contours of peasant religiosity. These patterns of conversion reflect a conception of the boundaries of the spiritual community as fluid and permeable. This article also underscores that Imperial Russia's project to colonize the Transcaucasian frontier profoundly affected the patterns and meanings of religious identity in the tsarist empire, and
vice versa
18
HHKOJIAC EPAHOOrJIb
Cmeha PEJIHTHH B nPABOC7IABHOH hmfiephh: nOJIHTHKA PE^HTH03HOH nPHHA^JIE)KHOCTH B POCCHH XIX BEKA
HuKOJiac Epauifiozjib
rocydapcmeeHHbLU ynueepcumem Ozauo, CIIIA
BMHoroKOHcJieccHOHajibHOH Pocchh xix CTOJieTHH o6pame-HHe H3 HHOCJiaBHH B IipaBOCJiaBHe npOHCXOflHJIO pa3JIHHHH-mh nyraMH, ho Bcerfla sth nyra 6buiH flHHaMHHHO CBH3aHbi flpyr c flpyroM. Ha oflHOM H3 ypoBHeft CMeHa pejiHrH03HOH npHHafljie>KHOCTH HBjrajiacb Bbipa>KeHHeM jihhhoh penHrH03HOCTH h
HHflHBHflyajIbHbIM Bbl6opOM pejIHrH03HOH HfleHTHHHOCTH. OflHaKO B
qapncTCKOH Pocchh c ee flOMHHHpyioiHeH rocyflapcTBeHHOH UepKO-Bbio h orpaHHHHTejibHOH BepoHcnoBeflHOH nojiHTHKoft o6pam;eHHe b npaBocjiaBHe peflKO 6buio HCKJiioHHTejibHO aKTOM jihhhoh Bepbi. Ilo-mhmo Toro, hto nepeMeHa Bepbi hjih fleHOMHHauHH 6buia flyxoBHbiM Bbi6opoM, OHa HMena fljra KOHBepTHTa rjiy6oKoe ropHflmecKoe, no-jiHTHHecKoe h cou;HajibHO-3KOHOMHHecKoe 3HaneHHe. /JencTBHTejibHO, TaK >Ke KaK STHHHHOCTb, couHajibHHH CTaTyc (cocjioBHe) hjih noji, pe-jiHrno3HaH HfleHTH(J)HKai];HH HMejia nojiHTHHecKoe HanojiHeHHe. KaK h
B CJiyHae C 3THMH npOHHMH KaTerOpHHMH HfleHTHHHOCTH, I^apHCTCKaH
ropncnpyfleHUHH npeflnojiarajia oco6yio 3aKOHOflaTejibHyio 6a3y h afl-
MHHHCTpaTHBHyK) IipaKTHKy B OTHOineHHH HOCHTejieH pa3JIHHHHX Be-
poHcnoBeflaHHH. 3th 3aKOHbi onpeflejuuiH, KaKHM o6pa30M flon:>KHbi
SblJIH CTpOHTbCH OTHOineHHH Me>Kfly HejIOBeKOM h rocyflapcTBeHHOH
BJiacTbio: ero npaBa h o6h33hhocth KaK uapcKoro noflflaHHoro, CTaTyc ero 6paKa, MecTO npo>KHBaHHH, BHfl TpyflOBOH fleHTenbHOCTH, ny6jiHH-Hoe noBefleHHe, BHflbi yruiaHHBaeMbix noflaTeft, aojdkhocth, KOTopbie oh HMeji npaBO 3aHHMaTb, h TaK flajiee. OflHaKO b OTJiHHHe ot otho-CHTejibHO npoHHbix rpaHHii; sthhhhocth, nojia h cocjiobhh, penHrH03-Han npHHafljie>KHOCTb fljra poccHHCKoro noflflaHHoro 6bma npeflMeTOM, jierKO noflBepraBinHMCH H3MeHeHHio. /Jjih Toro, hto6h KOHTpojinpo-
HcC^EflOBAHHS   TARTARIA   MAGNA l'20I2
19
1 Jljm nojinozo npedcmaejienuR cyw,Hocmu pejiuzuo3Hozo o6paw,eHim e uapcKoii Poccuu cm.: "Heretics and Colonizers: Religious Dissent and Russian Colonization of Transcaucasia, 1830-1890" (/luce, na cmeneub Ph.D, IleHcujibeaHCKUů yHueepcumem, 1998), zjiaea 5 u "The Religious World of Russian Sabbatarians (Subbotniki)," b: Holy Dissent: Jewish and Christian Mystics in Eastern Europe, nod ped. Glenn Dynner (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2011), 359-392. Cm. maioice: Heather J. Coleman, Russian Baptists and Spiritual Revolution, 1905-1929 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005); Paul Werth, At the Margins of Orthodoxy: Mission, Governance, and Confessional Politics in Russia's Volga-Kama Region, 1827-1905 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002); Andrei A. Znamenski, Shamanism and Christianity: native encounters with Russian Orthodox missions in Siberia and Alaska, 1820-1917 (Greenwood, 1999); u Robert Paul Geraci u Michael Khodarkovsky, Of Religion and Empire: Missions, Conversion, and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001)
BaTb 3Ty noTeHUHajibHyio pejiHrH03Hyio MOĎHJibHOCTb, napcKHe hh-
HOBHHKH pa3pa6oTajIH CJICOKHyiO lOpHflHHeCKyiO CeTb HCKJIIOHHTejIbHO
fljiH peryjiHpoBaHHH nepeflBH>KeHHH H3 oahoh pejinrHH b flpyryio, oco-SeHHO fljiH npeflOTBpameHHH Bbixofla H3 npaBocjiaBHH h npHBJieHeHHJi HHOBepHbix noflflaHHbix b JIOHO rocyflapcTBeHHoň pennrHH. B TaKOM aflMHHHCTpaTHBHO-iopHflHHecKOM KOHTeKCTe nacTO HMeHHO rocyflap-CTBeHHbie hhhobhhkh, a He caMH Bepyioinne, onpeflejuuiH, KaKOMy Be-poHcnoBeflaHHK) flon:>KeH 6bui npHHafljie>KaTb HenoBeK, hto Bbi3biBajio KOH(J)jiHKTbi Me>Kfly penHrH03HOH caMOHfleHTH(J)HKanHeH h rocyflap-CTBeHHHM KaTeropH3HpoBaHHeM. Bojiee Toro, poccHHCKHe noflflaH-Hbie co3HaTenbHO nepexoflHJiH H3 oahoh fleHOMHHanHH b flpyryio fljui Toro hto6h MaHHnyjiHpoBaTb 3aKOHOM, nojiynaTb npHBHJierHH, nojia-raBinnecH onpeflejieHHbiM KaTeropHHM Bepyioinnx, h H36aBJiHTbCH ot rHeTa, HajiaraBinerocH Ha flpyrne rpynnbi.1
3 O
3 3 a.
X to
3 is
S3 <
jm 112
npecBHTepi wojioitaiit.
Cjiynaň c pyccKHMH pejiHrH03HHMH ceKTaHTaMH (b nacTHOCTH, c MOJioKaHaMH, npbiryHaMH h flyxo6opaMH) oco6eHHO ruioflOTBopeH fljra
IIOHHMaHHH pOJIH pejIHrH03HOH HfleHTHHHOCTH H IIOJIHTHKH CMeHbl
xpHCTHaHCKOH fleHOMHHanHH b poccHHCKOM o6inecTBe HMnepcKoro BpeMeHH1. /Jjih hhx KaK fljiH pyccKHX Bonpoc pejiHrH03HOH npHHafl-jie>KHOCTH rjiaBeHCTBOBaji b cbh3h c hx MecTOM b rocyflapcTBe h caMO-onpeflejieHHeM, ho 6hji OTHOCHTejibHO MeHee 3aTpyflHeH no 3THHHe-ckhm coo6pa>KeHHHM, b OTJiHHHe ot HepyccKHX xpHCTHaH, MycyjibMaH, eBpeeB b Pocchhckoh HMnepHH. OvieHa pejiHrH03HOH npHHafljie>KHO-cth nrpajia flHHaMHHHyio couHajibHyio pojib b ceKTaHTCKHX flepeBHHX nocpeflCTBOM pa3BHTHH Toro, hto mo>kho onpeflejiHTb KaK «KyjibTypy pejiHrH03Horo o6paineHHH». Ecjih He b peajibHocra, to b noTeHnnajie Bonpoc pejiHrH03Horo o6paineHHH Bcerfla BHTaji b B03flyxe. Oďihhhh c HacTOHHHBOCTbio CTaBHJiHCb h b CHTyannio npoTHBo6opcTBa c no-
1 Kozdaa ynompeújimo maKue mepMUHM, KaK «pacKOJibHUK», «ceKmaHm»
UJIU «HOH-KOH(pOpMUCm», SL
UMem e Budy ace pa3Hoo6pa3ue «MecmHhix» xpucmuaucKux ceKm, Komopoe eiououaem (ho He ozpammueaemcR smuMU ceKmaMu) dyxoóopoB, MOJIOKaH (BKjmuasi ux pa3JiuuHbte omeemejieuusi: npuzynu, o6ufue, nocmoRHHhie, dyxoBHhie) u cy66omHUKOB (uydeucmeymufux), Komopue omnajiu om npaBoaiaBHOů IlepKeu u BocnpuHsuiu pa3JiuuHbte (fiopMU meojiozuu u npaKmuKU. H omdejisuo ux om «UMnopmupo8aHHhix» 3anadm,ix npomecmanmcKux cewm, moKux KaK MeHHOHumbL, 6anmucmu u namudecammiKU, e cujiy poccuůcKozo npoucxoiicdeHusi nepeux, u om cmapoeepoe, Komopue cuumamm ce6n ucmuHHbtMU npueepoiceHuaxu npaeocjiaeusi u He nodeepzamm coMHenum aymenmuuHocmb u aemopumem yemoee BocmouHoů IlepKeu. Pejiuzuo3Hbie eepoeanuR u npaKmuKU amux «ceK.ma.Hmoe» omjiuuajiucb so mhozux npuHuunuajibHbix omHouiemiax, u Moe uccjiedoeanue yuumueaem eapuauuu e pejiuzuo3Hoů WCU3HU Kaiícdoů ceKmbí. TeM He Menee, y hux 6buiu u oSujue Hepmu: nojmax u aKmuenasi onno3uuuR npaeocjiaeHoů IlepKeu, omKa3 om cesau,eHcmea u uepapxuu (u eoo6w,e AK>6btx dpyzux nocpeČHUKoe e omHouiemiax cBozom), eepa s «dyxoBHoe», a nee eodnoe Kpew,enue u omeepycenue ecex BHeuiHux o6%eKmoe nouumanusi, maKux KaK ukohu, 6jiazoeoHUR
U MOJiejlbHbie 3&aHUR
20
Hhkojiac  Bpahu orjib
HcCÍIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
21
1 PacnpocmpcmeHHOcmb pejiuzuo3Hux o6paw,eHuu ycujiuecuiacb me* panmoM, umo comu ceianaHmbi (miu uxdemu) 6buiu Kozda-mo o6paw,eHbi e ceou ceKmu U3 npaeocjiaeux, mate umo udex nepeMeHM eepu He Ka3cuiacb um ueM-mo uyiicdbLM
'■ O npou,ecce u pesyjibmamax nepecejienua e 3aKaeica3be cm. mok> MOHOzpatpum: Heretics and Colonizers: Forging Russia's Empire in the South Caucasus (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005). O dauubix, noKa3bieamw,ux tuoieHHoe npeeoexodemeo pyccKux ua mjichom Kaeica3e do cepeduubi 80-x zodoeXIXeeica, cm.: Ceod cmamucmuuecKux dannbix o Hacejieuuu 3aicaeKa3CKOzo
KpaR, U3BJieUeHHbLX U3
noceMeimbix cnucKoe 1886 z. (Tupjiuc: 1893); u Jl. H. HcMauji-3ade, PyccKoe KpecmbMHcmeo e 3aK.aeK.a3be: 30-ezodu XlX-uauajio XX e. (MocKea: 1982), oco6eHHO 94-283
'' 06 o6paw,eHUMX e 6anmu3M cm.: "Heretics and Colonizers," zjiaea 5 u Coleman, Russian Baptists
CJieflCTBHHMH o6pameHHH, H nepefl flHJieMMOH npHHHTHH HOBOH Bepbi
hjih ee OTBep>KeHHH, h nepefl peineHHeM nponaraHflnpoBaTb ee cpeflH flpyrnx1. Bojiee Toro, o6pameHHe 6bmo oflHOBpeMeHHO h nocjieflCTBH-
eM CHTyaUHH MHOrOo6pa3HH fleHOMHHaUHH, H BJIHHTejIbHOH CHJIOH B
connajibHOH MexaHHKe Ka>KflOH o6mHHbi. CoiniajibHoe Hanpn^KeHHe, oco6eHHO b ceMbe, h co3flaBajiocb, h pa3peinajiocb nepe3 pejiHrH03Hoe o6pameHHe; o6mHHHbie CBH3H >Ke nepecTpaHBajincb b pe3yjibTaTe CMe-
Hbl pejIHrH03HOH npHHaflJie>KHOCTH.
B 3toh CTaTbe pacaviaTpHBaioTCH rjiaBHHM o6pa30M pyccKHe ceK-TaHTH, KOTopbie npo>KHBajiH b 3aKaBKa3be hjih MHrpnpoBajiH Tyfla b xix BeKe. C 1830-x no 1880-e rr. napH3M Beji nojiHTHKy nooinpeHHH nepecejieHHH Ha KDjkhhh KaBKa3 Tex pejiHrH03Hbix ceKTaHTOB, koto-pbie KJiaccH(J)Hn;HpoBajiHCb hm KaK «HaH6ojiee BpeflHbie» (BKjnoHaa Ayxo6opoB, MOJioKaH h cy66oTHHKOB, ho He CTapoBepoB), b nonbiTKax H30JiHpoBaTb npaBocjiaBHbix noflflaHHbix ot Toro, hto rocyflapcTBO h flyxoBHbie jiHflepbi CHHTajiH epeTHHecKoft «3apa3on». Ha npoTJDKe-
HHH CJieflyiOmHX nHTHfleCHTH JieT HeCKOJIbKO COTeH TbICHH HHaKOBe-
pyioinHX flo6poBOJibHO h npHHyflHTejibHO BbiexajiH H3 neHTpajibHoft Pocchh Ha io>KHbie rpaHHUbi. /Jo 90-x rr. xix BeKa mho^kcctbo ceK-TaHTOB H3 napcKOH Pocchh ocBaHBajiH sth norpaHHHHbie pernoHbi h,
HTO, B03M05KHO, eine Ba>KHee, CTajIH COCTaBJIHTb TaM 6ojIbIUHHCTBO B
HHCJie STHHHecKH pyccKoro HacejieHHH 3aKaBKa3bH2. OTHOCHTejibHO cjia6biH pe>KHM Ha 3aKaBKa3CKOH rpaHHne flaBaji pyccKHM nocejieH-LjaM-ceKTaHTaM 6ojibinHe bo3mo>khocth ajih pa3HoypoBHeBoro nepe-
yCTpOHCTBa Co6cTBeHHbIX o6mHH H JIHHHOCTH. B pejIHrH03HOH 5KH3HH
npon,ecc npeo6pa30BaHHH ceKT npoHcxoflHJi TpeMH nyTHMH (b o6iii;hx nepTax): yKpenjieHHe h CTaHflapTH3an,HH pejiHrno3HOH HfleHTHHHOCTH, Bepbi h npaKTHKH; 3apo>KfleHHe hobhx penHrH03Hbix Hfleft h co3flaHHe hobhx fleHOMHHai^HH h cy6fleHOMHHan,HH; a TaK^Ke nepexofl H3 oahoh xpncTHaHCKOH TpaflHUHH b flpyryio.
y 3aKaBKa3CKHX ceKTaHTOB mo>kho BbiflejiHTb nerape nyTH pejinrn-03Horo o6pameHHH: b npaBocjiaBHe hjih H3 npaBocjiaBHH, Me>Kfly ceK-TaHTCKHMH fleHOMHHai^HHMH h, HaHHHaH c KOHija 60-x rr. xix BeKa, nepexofl H3 MecTHbix pocchhckhx ceKT b 6anTHCTCKyio Bepy. Xoth b flaHHoft CTaTbe h 6yfly pacaviaTpHBaTb flBa nepBbix nyTH CMeHbi penn-rH03HOH npHHafljie^KHOCTH (h3 npaBocjiaBHH, b npaBocjiaBHe h Me>Kfly ceKTaMH), cjieflyeT TaioKe onncaTb h ocHOBHbie TeHfleHUHH pejiHrno3-hhx o6pameHHH3. B cjiynae c nepexoflaMH H3 ceKTbi b npaBocjiaBHe hjih H3 oflHoft ceKTbi b flpyryio, b >kh3hh Bepyiomero TaKoe H3MeHeHHe pejiHrH03HOH npHHafljie^KHOCTH HHorfla Morjio cjiyqaTbCH 6ojiee oflHO-ro pa3a. HejioBeK Mor nepexoflHTb H3 oahoh fleHOMHHai^HH b flpyryio h o6paTHO (oco6eHHO b cjiynae nepexofla H3 ceKTbi b npaBocjiaBHe hjih Hao6opoT) hjih MHrpnpoBaTb nepe3 n;ejibiH pHfl fleHOMHHai^HH. nepexofl >Ke b 6anTH3M noHTH Bcerfla cjiynajicH Jinnib oflHa>Kflbi. B nepexofle b npaBocjiaBHe h H3 npaBocjiaBHH 6biJiH 3afleHCTBOBaHbi Bee ceKTaHT-
CKHe rpynnbi, oflHaKO nocKOJibKy MOJioKaHe cocTaBjnuiH 6ojibinHHCTBO
B HHCJie 3aKaBKa3CKHX CeKTaHTOB, OHH npeflCTaBJIHJIH caMbift KpynHbiH
KOHTHHreHT o6pani;aBinHXCH b npaBocjiaBHe h noKHflaBinnx ero1. Bo-jiee Toro, ceKTaHTbi 3aKaBKa3bH o6pam;ajiHCb b npaBocjiaBHe rnaBHbiM
06pa30M HHflHBHflyajIbHO, OTflejIbHblMH CeMbflMH HJIH He6ojIbIUHMH
rpynnaMH flpy3en, a He MHoroHHCJieHHbiMH rpynnaMH. KpoMe Toro, CMeHa pejiHrH03HOH npHHafljie^KHOCTH b cjiyqae pyccKHX ceKTaHTOB
3aKaBKa3bH 6bIJia nOHTH HCKJIIOHHTejIbHO BHyTpHSTHHHeCKHM flejIOM.
Jinnib b peflKHX cjiynaHX TaKHe nepexoflbi HMenH Me>K3THHHecKHH xa-paKTep.2
KojiunecmeeHHaR xapaKmepucmwca o6paw,emiu. HMeiomHecH 3anncH 3aTpyflHHK)T noflcneT c KaKOH-jiH6o flojieft tohhocth HHCJia o6pam;aB-
UIHXCH H3 OflHOH Bepbi B flpyryio B HHCJie 3aKaBKa3CKHX CeKTaHTOB.
HaH6ojiee TOHHaH HH(J)opMan;HH o CTaTHCTHHecKOM HHCJie o6pam;eH-hhx cymecTByeT Jinnib o nepemeflinnx H3 ceKT b npaBocjiaBHe. Han-Sojibinee hhcjio TaKHX o6pam;eHHH npoH3omjio BCKope nocjie npn6bi-thh nocejieHi^eB-ceKTaHTOB b 3aKaBKa3be (b TeneHHe nHTH JieT nocjie nepeceneHHH). H.JI. Cerajib, rnaBa 3aKaBKa3CKoro CTaracTHHecKoro KOMHTeTa b 80-x h 90-x rr. xix BeKa, OTMenaji, hto H3 128 pyccKHX, 06-pameHHbix H3 ceKTaHTCTBa b npaBocjiaBHe Me>Kfly 1867 h 1890 rr., 80 % SbuiH HOBonocejieHi^aMH3. TaK>Ke H3 266 flyxo6opoB, KOTopbiM b 1830 r. Sbuio 3anpem;eHO npo>KHBaTb b ^ohckoh o6jiacTH, k 1831 r. nHTbflecHT
B pejiuzuo3Hou JKU3HU npov,ecc npeo6pa3oeaHUR ceran npouexoduji mpeMR nymsiMU (e o6w,ux nepmax): yrcpenjiemie u cmaHdapmu3ai^ufi pejiuzuo3Hou udenmuHHOcmu, eepu u nparanuKu; 3apojiedeHue noeux pejiuzuo3HbLX udeu u co3damie noeux deHOMUHav,uu u cy6deHOMUHav,uu; a marcjiee nepexod U3 odnou xpucmuaHCKoii mpaduv,uu e dpyzym
1 3mo o6o6w,eHue He KacaemcM deyx afiep: MHOzoHucjieHHbix o6pam,enuu, Komopue aiedoeajiu 3a nepecejienueM, u neMHOzouuc-jieHHbix cjiyuaee Macuima6HMX o6pam,eHuu, UMeeuiux Mecmo e cpede nepecejieuHMX ceKmaumoe. Cm. mince
2 HcKJUoueHUM, 0 Komopbix MOOICHO y3Hamb U3 apxueoe, eiououa-mm cjiynau oduozo apMsmuna, npuHMBmezo MOJioKaucmeo, u 3iceHW,UHbL-dyxo6opK.u, 6e3ycneui-ho o6paw,aauieucsi k ejiacmxM c npocb6oiio nepexode e ApMR-HO-TpuzopuaHCKym Ifepicoeb. O nepeoM cjiyuae cm.: Focydap-cmeeHHbiu My3eii ucmopuu pe-jiuzuu (rMHP) <f>. 2, on. 7, d. 594, H.d., ji. 23. O nocjiedueM cjiyuae cm.: Poccuuckuu zocydapemeeu-Hbiu ucmopmecKuu apxue (PPHA) 0.1268, on. 3, d. 443, 1849-1850 zz. nepexodu npaeocjiaenbix zpy3UH u MycyjibMau e ceicmaum-cmeo u o6pamuo 6bmo noumu HeCJlbLXaHHbLM dejioM. PPHA (p. 796, on. 442, d. 48, 1862, n. 14o6; PPHA <f>. 796, on. 442, d. 208, 1866, ji. 15o6; u PPHA (p. 796, on. 442, 3. 365, 1871, ji. 19; HMeemcM maKiice icpamicoe ynoMuuauue e eiicezoduoM doiaiade Ppy3UHCK.ozo 3K3apxama om 1883 z. 0 moM, nmo npo3Kueamw,ue no cocedemey ceKmanmu 3aejieKamm napudy c pyccKUMU u zpy3UH. OduaKO mojibKO mpeMR zodaMU no3duee 8 doiaiade om 1886 z. 3K3apx co-o6w,aji, umo, necMompn ua uacy-memie u neKomopue K0Jie6auusi e eepe, «ceK.mamnbi He nonejisuom-cr cpedu zpy3UH». PPHA (p. 796, on. 442, 3. 952, 1883, ji. 26-26o6 u PPHA <p. 796, on. 442, d. 1124, 1886, Jl. 53
nenoBeK nepemjiH b npaBocjiaBHe h noflajiH npomeHHe BepHyTbCH b MecTa CBoero H3HanajibHoro npo>KHBaHHH4. H3 903 MOJioKaHCKHX no-cejieHn,eB, KOTopbie npH6buiH b 3aKaBKa3be H3 T3m6obckoh ry6epHHH h ropofla KninHHeBa Me>Kfly 1831 h 1834 rr., 94 nepenuiH b npaBocjiaBHe h BepHyjiHCb bo BHyrpeHHHe o6jiacTH HMnepHH. 3th fleBHHOCTO neTbi-pe o6paineHij;a cocTaBJiHioT 10,4% ot HHCJia Bcex MHrpaHTOB h 21,7% ot HHCJia Tex noceneHLi;eB, KOTopbie nepe>KHJiH nepeceneHHe5. Bojiee
1 Cezajib, «PyccK.ue nocejume s EjiucaeemnojibCKOu zy6epHuu (cmamucmuuecKO-smHozpatfiunecKiiu ouepic)» KaeKa3 Ns. 42 (15 <Peepajw 1890): 3. O maKOM nee ceudemejibcmee cm.: rMHP (p. 2, on. 7, a. 594, H.d., jui. 34-35; PPHA (p. 1284, on. 196-1833, d. 33, jui. l-5o6; u PPHA <p. 1284, 196-1835, a. 73, ji. 1
22
HHKOJIAC EPAHOOrJIb
HCGIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
23
AKAKmoM. 8, čok. 60, C. 82. OduaKO dpyzue doKyMeumu-poeaHHbte cjiyuau ompa-jicamm Meubuiuů ypoeeub pejiuzuo3Hbtx o6paw,eHuů. fÍ3 73 MOJioKau, npuóbte-mux e depeemo Ajunu-Azau EaKUHCKoň zyóepmiu U3 OpeHĚypzcKoů zyóepuuu e 1830-x zodax, 4 6buio o6pa-wfiHO e npaBocjiaBue (5.5 %).
fÍ3 2,645 MOJlOKaHCKUX
nocejiemj,ee U3 OpeuóypzcKoů zyóepuuu 8 depeeuu Tonuu u Ajimbí-Azau 28 6bmo o6pa-wfiHO e npaBocjiaBue (1.7%). Cm.: rMMP 0. 2, on. 7, d. 594, H.d., ji. 6
'■ Cezajib omMeuaem srno e «PyccKue nocejume», 42:3
'• PÍKA 0. 1268, on. 7, 3. 359, 1853
1 PÍMA 0.1268, on. 9, d. 10, 1858, ji. 6; PrMA 0. 1268, on. 10, 3. 270, 1860, jui. 28, 92, 137o6, 179o6, 374; PIHA 0. 1268, on. 10, a. 256, 2862; PrMA 0. 796, on. 442, d. 48, 1862, ji. 14ob; PTHA 0.796, on. 442, a. 90, 1863, ji. 19ob; PrMA 0. 796, on. 442, d. 133, 1864, ji. 26o6; PTHA 0. 796, on. 442, d. 365, 1871, ji. 18o6; PrMA 0. 1268, on. 24, 3. 232, 1879-1880, jui. 30o6, 157o6, 216o6; PTHA 0. 796, on. 442, a. 952, 1883, ji. 23; u PrMA 0. 796, on. 442, d. 1124, 1886
' PTHA 0. 1284, on. 221-1884, 3. 72; rpuzopuů Bynsunoe, «Ebtm pyccKux icpecmbsm JIopuůcKazo yuacniKa, Bopua-jiuucKazo ye3Ča, Tu0jiucckoů zy6epuuu», CóopuuK Mame-puajioB djui onucamix Mecm-Hocmeů u njieMeu KaBica3a, Bbtn. 31 (Tu0jiuc, 1902): omd. II: 103; u H.B. /JojiiiceHico, «Pejiuzuo3Hbíů u Kyjibmyp-HO-6btmoBoů ytaiad pycacux KpecmbMH-ceKmaHmoB Boc-mouHoů ApMeuuu (XlX-ua-najio XX b.)» 8 Jlyxo6opu,u u MOJioKaue e 3aKaeica3be, nod ped. B.H. Ko3Jioea u A.TI. YlaejieHKO (Moacea, 1992), 10-11
toto, H3 425 ceMeň, KOTopbix nepecejiHJiH b IIlHpBaHCKyio ry6epHHio b nepnofl c 1834 no 1838 rr., 118 flyni 6buiH o6paineHbi b npaBocjiaBHe1.
KaK TOJibKO ceKTaHTbi nepecejiHJiHCb b 3aKaBKa3be h npoxoflmiH nepe3 nepBbie TpyflHocra, hhcjio o6paineHHň b npaBocjiaBHe 3HaHH-TejibHO naflajio2. HcKJiioHeHHeM 6bmo KpynHOMacniTaĎHoe o6paine-HHe b npaBocjiaBHe MOJioKaH, HMeBinee MecTO b flepeBHe AjiTbi-AraH b 1853 r., Korfla 15 ceMeň (61 nejioBeK) oflHOBpeMeHHO nepenuiH b npaBO-cjiaBHoe xpHCTHaHCTBO3. HaHHHaH c KOHi^a 50-x rr. xix BeKa, hhcjio o6pameHHň b npaBocjiaBHe ocTaBajiocb nocTOHHHHM, h 6bmo He3Ha-
HHTeilbHblM, MeHHHCb B TOHHbIX nH(|)paX H3 TOfla B TOfl4.
Eine TH>Kejiee oneHHTb hhcjio nepexoflOB H3 npaBocjiaBHe b ceK-
TaHTCTBO. KaKHe-JIHĎO 3anHCH HHCJia OĎpameHHH BejIHCb TOJIbKO B
cjiynaHX MaccoBoro ncxofla, TaKoro KaK, HanpHMep, oĎpainemie b mo-jioKaHCTBO 6ojiee neM 200 pyccKHX npaBocjiaBHbix (6ojiee TpHflnaTH ceMeň) b BopHajiHHCKOM ye3fle ThcJuihcckoh ry6epHHH b 80-x rr. xix
BeKa5. HeCMOTpH Ha HeflOCTaTOK Hafle>KHbIX CTaTHCTHHeCKHX flaHHHX,
npoHHe CBefleHHH noKa3HBaioT, hto b TeneHHe xix BeKa hhcjio nepe-xoflOB H3 npaBocjiaBHH b ceKTaHTCKHe fleHOMHHan;HH yBenHHHJiocb. BepoHTHee Bcero, sto yBejiHHeHHe o6T>HCHHeTCH ycmieHHeM MHrpa-uhh npaBocjiaBHbix pyccKHX b 3aKaBKa3be b Hanajie 80-x rr. xix BeKa.
EojIbHIOe HHCJIO npaBOCJiaBHHX KpeCTbHH,  npO>KHBaBIHHX pHflOM c
o6iHHHaMH ceKTaHTOB—Torfla KaK b npeflbiflyiHHe flecHTHJieraH hx He SbiJio Boo6ine hjih 6bmo He3HaHHTejibHoe hhcjio—OTKpbiJiH 6ojibniHe bo3mo>khocth fljiH pacnpocTpaHeHHH CeKTaHTCTBa.
TIpuHUHbL pejiuzuo3Hozo o6paw,eHUR. /tyxoBHbie jiHflepbi, con;HOJiorH h pejiHrHOBeflbí npHJio>KHJiH HeMajio ycHJiHň b nonbiTKax onpeflenHTb, KaKoe CTeneHHe chji h CTpeMJieHHň flBH>KeT pejiHrH03HHMH o6pam;e-
HHHMH7. OflHaKO C Ka>KflbIM HOBbIM HCCJieflOBaHHeM npHHHHbl OĎpameHHH CTaHOBHTCH Bce MeHee noHHTHHMH. Rayne He nbiTaHCb npoTHBope-
HHTb 6o>KeCTBeHHbIM HJIH nOTyCTOpOHHHM OĎTjHCHeHHHM, COI];HOJIOrH
CHoy h ManajieK, aHajiH3Hpyn npHHHHbi o6pam;eHHH, nepeHHCJiHJiH inecTb pa3JiHHHbix 4>aKTopoB: «ncHXO(J)H3HOJiorHHecKHH OTBeT Ha npn-Hy>KfleHHe h cnpoBou;HpoBaHHbiH CTpeco, «jiHHHOCTHaH npeflpacnojio-
JKeHHOCTb H KOrHHTHBHHbie OpHeHTHpbI», «CHTyai^HOHHbie (J)aKTOpbI,
Bbi3biBaioii];He CTpeco, «npeflpacnojiaraioii];He o6m;ecTBeHHbie aTpn-6yTbi», «cneKTp o6m;ecTBeHHbix bjihhhhh», «npHHHHHbie oĎTjHCHe-hhh npou;ecca nepe3 CTeneHHe pHfla 4>aKTopoB»8.
IlpHHHHbi, KOTopbie npHBOflHJiH ceKTaHTOB k o6paiHeHHK> b npaBO-cjiaBHe, TaKsce 6buiH pa3Hoo6pa3HHMH. B to BpeMH KaK pejiHrH03Hoe o6pam;eHHe b Ka>KflOM OTflejibHOM cjiynae 6biJio pe3yjibTaTOM oneHb HHflHBHflyajibHbix h KOHTeKCTHbix (JiaKTopoB, HMnyjibCbi k nepexofly H3 oflHoň pejiHrH03Hoň rpynnbi b flpyryio cpeflH ceKTaHTOB 3aKaBKa3bH Moryr 6biTb crpynnHpoBaHbi no TpeM o6ili;hm KaTeropHHM: nojiHTH-KO-K>pHflHHecKHe, cou;HajibHbie h pejiHrH03HO-flyxoBHbie. B peajibHOM
onbiTe o6pam;eHHbie, OflHaKO, He Bcerfla c Heo6xoflHMOCTbio oco3HaBa-jih 3th pa3JiHHHH, h cjiynaH o6pam;eHHH npoHcxoflHJiH rjiaBHHM o6pa-30M H3 u;ejibHbix coneTaHHH 4>aKTopoB H3 Bcex KaTeropHH.
riojiumuKO-wpudimecKue MomuebL. IlojiHTHKO-iopHflHHecKHe cjiynan penHrH03Hbix o6pam;eHHH HanpaBJíHJiHCb «CHTyau;HOHHOH chjioh»
CTpeMJieHHH pOCCHHCKHX nOflflaHHHX HCnOJIb30BaTb Te B03M05KHOCTH
yjiynniHTb CBoe MaTepnajibHoe nojio>KeHHe, KOTopbie npeflocTaBJíHJia hm i^apncTCKan ropHflHHecKaH CHCTeMa h pejiHrH03HaH nojiHTHKa. J\jm 3aKaBKa3CKHX ceKTaHTOB nojiHTHKO-iopHflHHecKHe CTHMynbi k o6paine-hhk) b npaBocjiaBHe 6biJiH Han6ojiee CHJibHbi b flByx o6cTOHTejibCTBax:
npH HeOĎXOflHMOCTH yCTaHOBJíeHHH KOHTpOJIH Hafl COĎCTBeHHOH MO-
ĎHJibHOCTbio (cTau;HOHapHOCTbio) h bo H36e>KaHHe npecjieflOBaHHH 3a coBepineHHe onpeflejieHHbix npecTynjieHHH.
CBH3b Me>Kfly pejiHrH03Hoň HfleHTHHHOCTbio h reorpa(J)HHecKOH mo-ĎHJibHOCTbio onpeflejiHJi cjiojkhhh KOMnjieKC 3aKOHOB. KaK nocTaHOB-
JIHJIOCb B 3aKOHaX OT 20 OKTHĎpH I83O T., nOCJieflOBaTejIH pa3JIHHHHX
ceKT flOJi>KHbi 6buiH npHHyflHTenbHO hjih flo6poBOJibHO nepecejiHTbCH b 3aKaBKa3be. Eyflynn oflHa>Kflbi onpeflejieHHHMH k nepecejieHHio, ceK-
TaHTbl HMejIH eflHHCTBeHHHH CnOCOĎ H36e>KaTb HJIH npOTHBOCTOHTb
flenopTau;HH—npHHHTb npaBocjiaBHe. Ilpome roBopH, ceKTaHTCKan HfleHTHHHOCTb flaBajia MOĎHJibHOCTb (KaK >KejiaHHyio, TaK h He>Kejia-TenbHyio) b to BpeMH KaK npaBocjiaBHaH HfleHTHHHOCTb 6jioKHpoBajia hjih flenajia nofloĎHoe HeB03MO>KHbiM. PyccKHe nojib30BajiHCb sthmh ropHflHHecKHMH HHinaMH, h rocyflapcTBeHHaH nojiHTHKa nepeceneHHH ceKTaHTOB b 3aKaBKa3be no6y>Kflajia k nepexofly H3 npaBocjiaBHH b
CeKTaHTCTBO H OĎpaTHO.1
Yrpo3a HacHJibCTBeHHoro nepeceneHHH 3acTaBJiHJia HeKOTopbix pe-jiHrH03Hbix hohkoh(J)Opmhctob nepexoflHTb H3 CBoeň ceKTbi b npaBocjiaBHe flo Toro KaK HaHHHajiocb nepecejieHHe, bo H36e>KaHHe TpyflHO-CTeň h onacHOCTeň npHHyflHTejibHoň MHrpai^HH. Elo 3aKOHy, ceKTaHTbi, nepeineflinne b npaBocjiaBHe flo ot6hthh b 3aKaBKa3be, flOJi>KHbi 6buiH ocTaBaTbCH b CBoeň npe^KHeň o6iHHHe hjih Ha 3eMJie CBoero noMeiHHKa. MHorne H3 BHeceHHbix b cnncKH Ha nepecejieHHe nncajiH npoineHHH BJiacraM, HH(J)opMHpyH hx o CBoeM >KejiaHHH BepHyTbCH b jioho npaBO-
CJiaBHOH I^epKBH H COXpaHHTb CBOe nOCTOHHHOe MeCTO npo>KHBaHHH.
B oflHOM cjiynae MOJioKaHe, nojiyHHBinHe pa3peineHHe Ha flo6poBOJib-Hoe nepecejieHHe Ha KaBKa3, nepeflyMajiH nepecejiHTbCH, nepenuiH b npaBocjiaBHe h, corjiacHO ropHflHHecKHM HopMaM B03Bpam;eHHH b npaBocjiaBHe, noflajiH npoineHHe 06 ocTaBJíeHHH hx Ha npe>KHeM MecTe >KHTejibCTBa2. B noxo>KeM cjiynae, y3HaB o npeflCTOHin;eM nepecejieHHH CBoeň ceMbH h He >KejiaH noflBepraTb pe6eHKa raroTaM nepee3fla, >KeH-m;HHa, npoHcxoflHBinaH H3 aohckhx Ka3aKOB, HeMefljieHHO KpecTHJia CBoero cbíHa b npaBocjiaBHyio Bepy, HecMOTpn Ha to, hto caMa ocTa-Jiacb flyxo6opKoň. Ee chh 6biJi ocTaBJíeH Ha noneneHHe npaBocjiaBHO-
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couuajibHasi KOMMynuKauuR CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
O mpuduuecKux Hopmax 06-pamemm cm.: PTUA 0. 1284, on. 196-1833, d. 33; PTUA 0. 1284, on. 196-1835, d. 73; RGIA 0. 381, on. 1, d. 23279, 1844; RGIA 0. 1268, on. 1, d. 433, 1843-1848, jui. 28-28ob; u ÍIojiHoe coópauue 3<ikoho8 (nC3) (2) m. V., omd. 2, 1830, Ns. 4010
1 PTHA 0. 384, on. 3, d. 1149, 1846-1851, ji. 64. Taiotce cm.: PTHA 0. 1284, on. 195-1829, 3. 249, Ji. 5-5o6 u PTUA 0. 1284, on. 195-1825, d. 61, ji. 225-225o6, 236
24
Hhkojiac  Bpahí otjil
HCGÍIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
25
1 PTHA (p. 1284,
on. 195-1825, d. 61, a. 184
2 Tom nee,
a. 199-199o6, 201-201o6.
3 Tom dice, a. 225, 232-232o6, 238. O npuuuuax Muzpaiiuu 8 3aKaeKa3be cm. Breyfogle, Heretics and Colonizers, zjiaea 2
4 TMHP <f. 2, on. 7, d. 596, H.d., a. 116-177 u TMHP <p. 2, on. 7, 3. 594, H.d., a. 46-47
• PrMA p. 1284, on. 196-1833, d. 33
ro oneKyHa, a OHa caMa h ocTajibHbie ee poflCTBeHHHKH 6buiH nepe-ceneHbi b SaKaBKasbe1. nepexofl H3 ceKTaHTCTBa b npaBocjiaBHe TaKace npoHcxoflHJi HenocpeflCTBeHHO bo BpeMH nepeceneHHH b 3aKaBKa3be b pe3ynbTaTe thtot nepeceneHHH h tockh no flOMy2.
HanpoTHB, npaBocjiaBHbie KpecTbHHe bo BHyTpeHHHX ry6epHHHX Pocchh, >KejiaBinHe Bocnonb30BaTbCH B03MO>KHOCTbio nepecejieHHH Ha ror, 06'bHBJiHJiH o CBoeM >KejiaHHH nepenra b oflHy H3 ceKT, hto6h nepe-exaTb Ha HOBoe MecTO >KHTejibCTBa3. Te >Ke, kto flo Toro CKpbiBaji cbokd npHHafljie>KHOCTb k ceKTe, Tenepb otkphto 3aHBJiHJiH o CBoeft ceKTaHT-ckoh Bepe4.
KDpHflHHecKoe Tpe6oBaHHe o tom, hto Bee nepecenHBiimecH b 3a-KaBKa3be ceKTaHTbi moetih B03BpaTHTbCH bo BHyTpeHHHe ry6epHHH Pocchh TOJibKO b cjiynae CBoero nepexofla b npaBocjiaBHe, HBJiHJiocb flonojiHHTejibHHM CTHMynoM fljiH o6paineHHH b npaBocjiaBHe MHornx ceKTaHTOB. IlpaBHTejibCTBO TaKace o6eiHajio BbiroflHbie ycjioBHH B03-BpameHHH b ry6epHHH nepeniefliiiHM b npaBocjiaBHe ceKTaHTaM. Ilo npH6biTHH b 3aKaBKa3be nepeineflinne b npaBocjiaBHe ceKTaHTbi no-jiynajiH pa3peineHHe Ha nepecejieHHe o6paTHO bo BHyTpeHHHe ry6ep-hhh, npaBO Ha perHCTpainiio b Bbi6paHHOM hmh HacejieHHOM nyHKTe (c nojiyneHHoro 3apaHee pa3peineHHH MecTHoft o6ihhhh h c ycjioBHeM, hto 3to He SyfleT 6biBiHHM MecTOM >KHTejibCTBa o6paiiieHHoro ceKTaH-Ta) h Ha TpexjieTHioK) HajioroByio jibroTy, KOTopan 6buia npH3BaHa CTHMyjinpoBaTb nepexofl ceKTaHTOB b npaBocjiaBHe h CHH>KaTb sko-HOMHHecKyio Harpy3Ky Ha HOByio o6iHHHy. IbcyflapcTBeHHbie hhhob-
HHKH OCymeCTBJIHJIH nOJIHTHKy HeB03BpameHHH SblBIHHX CeKTaHTOB
Ha npe>KHHe MecTa >KHTejibCTBa H3 CTpaxa, hto ocTaBinnecH ceKTaHTbi
HecMompa na ece ucnumaHUR jku3hu e npuzpamiHbe u MamepuajibHbLe euzodbi o6paw,eHUR e npaeocjiaeue, Jiuuib He6ojibwan nacrrib nocejiefmee-ceicmaHmoG eocnojib3oeajiacb amou G03MOJKHOcmbio u eo3epamujiacb na poduny
Syflyr jih6o npecjieflOBaTb cbohx 6biBiHHX cocefleft, jih6o y6e>KflaTb hx BepHyrbCH b jioho «epeTHHecKOH Bepbi». 3HaHHMbiM (JjaKTOM 6buio TaK-TKe h to, hto noflo6HaH nojiHTHKa HaBcerfla ocBo6o>Kflajia 6biBiHHX Kpe-nocTHbix KpecTbHH ot BJiacTH noMeniHKa. UapcKHe hhhobhhkh cnpa-BefljiHBO nojiarajiH, hto hhcjio >KejiaioiHHX nepeiiTH b npaBocjiaBHyio Bepy He SyfleT 6ojibiHHM, ecjiH B03BpaineHHe b Pocchio SyfleT CBH3aHO c B03BpaineHHeM b KpenocTHoe cocTOHHHe.5
$H3HHecKHH h ncHxojiorHHecKHH ihok ot nepeceneHHH Beji k yscac-
HblM CTpaflaHHHM H BblCOKOMy ypOBHK) CMepTHOCTH1. He BbIflep>KaB
cypoBbix HcnbiTaHHH, MHorne ceKTaHTbi npeflnoHHTajiH nepexofl b HeHaBHCTHyio npaBocjiaBHyio Bepy enie SojibiiiHM CTpaflaHHHM h jih-ineHHHM BbmyacfleHHoro nepecejieHHH. MHorne nepeceneHUbi CTpafla-jih ot tockh no flOMy. 06o3peBaTenb pernoHajibHOH ra3eTbi «KaBKa3» onncbiBaji CHTyau;Hio cjieflyiomHM o6pa30M:
1 Cm. Breyfogle, Heretics and Colonizers, ZAaea 2
«EflBa flo6pHBIHHCb flO MeCTa BOflBOpeHHH H HeCKOJIbKO OCMOTpeBIHHCb B HOBblX CejieHIJ,bI o6bIKHOBeHHO CKOpO 6bICTpO nOCTHraiOT, HTO 3fleCb HM He )KHTbe, HTO HM He CKOpO CpOflHHTbCH CHy)KflOH flJIH HHX o6cTaHOBKOH.
CTpeMJieHHH k poflHHe, CTpeMJieHHe Ha nepBbix nopax nopbiBHCToe, to-CKJiHBoe, CTpacTHoe oxBaTHBaeT Bee cymecTBO nepeceneHi],a. To, hto He ycnera cflenaTb y6e>KfleHHH h yBeinaHHH MecTHoro flyxoBeHCTBa, to flejiaeT >Ka)KflH B03BpameHHHH Ha poflHHy. TyT 3a6biBaeTca h flyxoBHoe My^eHH-HecTBO 3a Bepy, 3a6biBaeTca h HeflaBHee pa3opeHHe, h Bee hto npniimocb nepeHecTb b TH)KejioM nyTH 3a KaBKa3CKHH xpe6eT. Hh meflpocTb noHBbi, hh pocKonib npnpoflbi, hh 3penHme 6e3neHHoro, ho Bcerfla cbiToro Ty3eM-L,a, He B CHJiaX yHHTb MeHTaHHH O KaKOH-HH6yfl Bojiothoh hjih Bocob».2
B apxHBHbix MaTepnajiax Ha Ka>KflOM inary BCTpenaioTCH npHMepbi nepexofla b npaBoc/iaBHe ceMeft h He6ojibniHX rpynn ceKTaHTOB nocjie npn6biTHH b 3aKaBKa3be h noc^eflyiomeH noflann npoineHHH Ha B03-BpameHHe Ha poflHHy3. Kohchho, napcKaa aflMHHHCTpai^HH noHHMajia, hto b flejie B03Bpam;eHHH ceKTaHTOB o6paTHO b jioho npaBocjiaBHOH I^epKBH TpyflHOCTH >kh3hh Ha KaBKa3CKOM norpaHHHbe SyflyT c caMO-ro Hanajia ropa3flo scJxJieKTHBHee jik>6oh MHCCHOHepcKoft nponoBeflH4. B CBoeft flOKJiaflHoft 3anncKe MHHHCTpy BHyrpeHHHX fleji o MaccoBOM nepexofle b npaBocjiaBHe aohckhx flyxo6opoB, npoH3onieflineM cpa-3y no npn6biTHH b 3aKaBKa3be, rnaBHOKOMaHflyiomHH Ha KaBKa3e H.$. IlacKeBHH yTBep>Kflaji: «rio ceMy 3aKJiK)HHTb aoji^kho, hto kjih-MaT HacTOHin;oro hx nocejieHHH HMeeT 6ojibinyio CHJiy Ha y6e>KfleHHe k ocTaBJieHHK) 3a6iiy>KfleHHH h BpeflHoft epecH»5. Bojiee Toro, nbiTaHCb pa3BHTb 3tot ycnex, ry6epHaTop KHH3b A.M. BapHTHHCKHH b KOHu;e 1850-x rr. npefljio>KHJi yBenHHHTb cpoK HajioroBOH jibroTbi, npeflocTaB-jiHBineHCH HOBOo6pam;eHHbiM npaBocjiaBHHM, B03Bpam;aBinHMCH b poccHHCKHe ry6epHHH, c Tpex flo 25 jieT6.
Hy>KHO OTMeTHTb, HTO, HeCMOTpH Ha BCe HCnblTaHHH 5KH3HH B npH-
rpaHHHbe h MaTepnajibHbie Bbiroflbi o6pam;eHHH b npaBocjiaBHe, Jiniiib He6ojibinaH nacTb noceneHLi;eB-ceKTaHTOB Bocnojib30Bajiacb stoh bo3-
MO>KHOCTbIO H B03BpaTHJiaCb Ha pOflHHy. /1/IH 6ojIbIIIHHCTBa CeKTaHTOB Bpa>Kfle6HOCTb no OTHOineHHio k npaBocjiaBHOH i^epKBH nacTO HBJiHJiacb HenpeoflOJiHMbiM npenHTCTBHeM Ha nyTH k B03Bpam;eHHio. KpoMe Toro, TaKHe o6m;HHbi ceKTaHTOB KaK flyxo6opbi 6buiH CBH3aHbi
HaCTOJIbKO npOHHHMH y3aMH Bepbl H JIOHJIbHOCTH, HTO OTflejieHHe OT
o6m;HHbi 6buio npaKTmecKH HeMbicjiHMbiM. MaccoBaH ccbiJiKa flyxo-
:Keonpocy 03aKaeKa3CKUx ceKmaumax // Kaeica3 Ne 84 (18 anpeAR 1881): 2. npaic-muuecKU maicoe nee onucauue mo3icho yeudemb e Cezajib, «PyccKue noceAsme», Ne 42:3
3 Cm. HanpuMep: PTHA <p. 1284, on. 196-1835, d. 73, a. 1 u PTHA <f. 1268, on. 10, d. 156, a. 86
4 Cm. HanpuMep: PTHA <p. 1268, on. 2, 3. 279, 846-1847, a. 1
' AKAKm. 7, doK. 415, c. 466; u PTHA <f. 379, on. 1, d. 1043, 1830-1837, A. 19-19o6
' PTHA <f. 381, on. 2, 3. 2024, 1858
26
HHKOJIAC EPAHOOrJIb
HCGIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
27
00
2! o o\
»?3g
'  « C 01 ~
i oo c - 4S
1 § m -2 i
5 3 'S "I
o* o S s
a i 3 a
r.
X tr
to	m	r.	3 03
re	H	re	
re	"d	X	
bfEHH	re X ai fci	s H tr	r: "d re to
T 0	S tr	re	s X
n			a
	jC	H	a
to	03	0	a
0)			0
"d	H	a	o\
	0	"d	*d
H		0	03
m re		X	
HHbl]	03	s	re
	a	a	X
	"d s	ai X	X E
	re	s	
S			
0		s	s
			r.
T m	eT	s	X ai
X	X	0	a
ai	03	r.	B
s	fa	a 0	s X
	O	o\	
to	LC	o	a
	re	to	r.
S3	J=	s	
03	X	H	re
E	a	tr	X
n	m 03	r.	re
E		re	03
5 X	3	o\ re	re "d
s	g	0	E
m	0	H	03
w	03	0	0 w
03	03	o\ oj s	0
m			
	0 a "d	re	X
03 U tr		X s	OCTb
re	re	s<	
63	<-i
"d	"d
03	0
E	
re	
I s	S
s	03 E
03	r.
a	a
"d	X
03	s
03	re
0 r.	E
U	H
01	"d
03	
S re	E
0
H
re X
01 03
re
x
u tr
T
o
H
a
"d s
a o
03 H O
"d X
a
a
"d
03 03
o r.
03 03
a s
0 s
1 re
0 o\ "d
03
re
1 s
S3
o s "d
03
S
to
03
a o
2 re
re t
§ 5 re re
o
X X
a r.
H
re
rjiaanaRyjiuiia TopejioBKU, Tu^jiucckou zy6epnuu, 1893. 0omozpa0UR U3 khuzu H. F. B. Lynch, "Queen Lukeria of Gorelovka," Harper's New Monthly Magazine 93, no. 553 (1896): 37
jgf^ few
N3
Co On q, ^ Co O cw
c  c fel
a la S E 5S5
to o:
3 ^
0»
n he S 6 3
^ i~. tn f '-i
I OjOl"(t 2> ^ li..*
3 i
3>
3
Ko
NO NO ■
3  X 9*
oc
c !? c a
NO Oo .N
NO to ^
oo Oo cc
CO NO K;
C ^-^
' S ^ &
P £
a, | On'a -l\ s
No
2 C
3 cc 3 oo P' ^ N 2
00 2
2 c K
1 - s
r1
^ o
<3 00
3 ^
oc
00
^1
On in
3 TO
5 c
oj
K
?!
n
Cm.: Breyfogle, Heretics and Colonizers, znaea 3
'■ B nodmeepiicdemie npednojio-jicemiu o moM, umo iicenmu-hu 6hum 6onee nodeepiicenu BHeumeMy BJiummm, coepe-MeHHweu ymeepiicdajiu, umo sma mendeHUUR BMeubiueu cmenemi omuocujiacb k Myoic-mmaM, omnpaeueiuuMCM ua 3apa6omKU e zopoda. Ezopoe n. 3aKaeKa3CKasi dopojicwm 3anucKU 1851 zoda: dopoza om Tu0jiuca do UleMaxu u z. Ejiucaeemnojw. // PyccKuii UHeajiud. Ne 217. 11 0Kma6pR 1857. c. 903. Taioice cm. ynoMUHamie BopoHu.oea o mendeHuiiu ceKmaumoe, 0Ka3aemuxcR e zopode e OKpyiicemiu npaeocjiaeubix, nepexodumb e npaeocjiaeue. PrHA 0. 1268, on. 2, d. 865, 1848-1852, Ji. 2-2o6
' K. C-A, PyccKue pacKOJibuu-ku nocejienue e EaKuucKou zy6epuuu // Kaeica3, Ne. 10 (24aueapa 1868): 3
' Cm. ducKyccwo e: /JojiiiceuKO, «Pejiuzuo3HMU...» 18. Cm. maKiice cjiyuaii Bjiaca Kapeea ePTHA 0. 1284, on. 196-1835, 3. 46, jui. I-I06, IO-IO06, 19o6-21, 24-25o6
5 PTHA 0. 1268, on. 6, d. 233, 1852, ji. I-I06. B 3moM nee laimue cm. maKiice TMHP 0. 2, on. 7, a. 596, H.d., ji. 116-117
' /JOJIJICeHKO, «PejlUZU03HbLU...», c. 18
06paineHHe TaKace nponcxoflHJio KaK nocjieflCTBHe pa3JiyKH c ce-Mbeft hjih OTflajieHHH HejioBeKa ot poflHoro flOMa h flepeBHH. Hanpn-Mep, nocejieHUbi-ceKTaHTH HaxoflHJiH cejibCKOxo3HHCTBeHHHH no-
TeHUHajI 3aKaBKa3CKHX 3eMejIb HeflOCTaTOHHbIM flJIH cym;ecTBOBaHHH
cbohx o6ihhh h, b pe3ynbTaTe, o6painajiHCb k pa3JiHHHHM HecejibCKO-
X03HHCTBeHHbIM 3aHHTHHM flJIH TOTO HTo6bI CBeCTH KOHUbl C KOHUaMH1. CpeflH 3THX 3aHHTHH 6bIJia npaKTHKa nOCblJiaHHH MOJIOflblX HJieHOB
ceMbH b MecTHbie ropofla fljiH pa6oTbi b KanecTBe flOManiHeft npncjry-th b flOMax pyccKHX hhhobhhkob, oco6eHHO b EpeBaH 3hmoh. Haine Bcero MOJioflbie >KeHiHHHbi h fleByniKH (3aMy>KHHe h He3aMy>KHHe) ot-flaBajiHCb b ycjiysceHHe b flOMa (MajibHHKH TaKsce OTflaBajiHCb b cjiy-th). B pe3ynbTaTe cpeflH sthx OTopBaHHbix HaflOJiro ot cbohx ceMeft,
061HHH H Bepbl >KeHIHHH, B03HHKajIH CBH3H C pyCCKHMH, 5KHBIHHMH B
ropoflax—cojiflaTaMH, MejiKHMH cjryscaiHHMH h flpyrHMH jinnaMH. 3th ceKTaHTKH nepexoflHJiH b npaBocjiaBHe h BbixoflmiH 3aMy>K 3a cbohx hobhx B03Jiio6jieHHbix, ocTaBJiHH npe>KHHX Mysceft h flpyrnx pOflCTBeH-hhkob2. 3tot nponecc HMen h o6paTHyio CTopoHy. MecTHbm >KypHa-jihct OTMenaji, hto npaBocjiaBHbie, npo^KHBaBinne pHflOM c MOJioKa-HaMH TaM, rfle 6bmo Majio nepKBeft h npaBocjiaBHoro flyxoBeHCTBa, SbiJiH oco6eHHO noflBep>KeHbi MarHeTH3My ceKTaHTCKHX BepoBaHHH, a flepeBeHCKoe 3aKaBKa3be KaK pa3 HBJiHJiocb pernoHOM c OTHOCHTejibHO MajibiM KOJiHHecTBOM npaBocjiaBHbix nepKBeft h flyxoBeHCTBa.3
PyccKHe TaKace nepexoflHJiH H3 ceKTbi b npaBocjiaBHe fljra Toro hto-
6bl OCyiLi;eCTBHTb (JiaKTHHeCKHH pa3BOfl. CeKTaHTCKHH 6paK b napcKoft
Pocchh He HMeji 3aKOHHoro CTaTyca. OcJiHUHajibHO oh npH3HaBajioi
TOJIbKO KaK CO>KHTejIbCTBO H He perHCTpHpOBajICH HHKaKHM OC^HUH-
ajibHHM cnoco6oM. JIhij;o, BCTynHBinee b 6paK no ceKTaHTCKOMy o6pH-fly h nepeineflinee b npaBocjiaBHe, moetio a6cojnoTHO cbo6oaho CHOBa BCTynaTb b 6paK, TaK KaK b rjia3ax i^epKBH npeflbiflym;ero 6paKa nonpo-CTy He 6bmo.4
JlflH. >KeHii];HH o6pam;eHHe BbicTynajio b KanecTBe cpeflCTBa npe-
KpaTHTb MyqeHHH, npHHHHHeMbie THpaHOM-My>KeM HJIH CBeKpOM. B
oflHOM cjiynae yflenbHaH KpecTbHHKa-MOJioKaHKa H3 CapaTOBCKoft ry-SepHHH no HMeHH AjieKcaHflpa KaHbirHHa BcnoMHHajia KaK «no Heco-
TJiaCHOH 5KH3HH C My^KeM CBOHM, MOJIOKaHOM TpHrOpHeM K03JIOBHM,
)KenaH nojiyHHTb pa3BOfl c hhm, npHHHJia E[paBocjiaBHe». OflHaKO no3fl-Hee OHa nonyBCTBOBajia BHHy 3a cboh flencTBHH h b 1843 r. c6e>Kajia b 3aKaBKa3be. TaM OHa Bbinuia 3aMy>K BTopoft pa3 3a pyccKoro nocejieH-qa-MOJioKaHHHa h CHOBa Hanajia HcnoBeflOBaTb MOJioKaHCKyio Bepy5. B flpyroM npHMepe H3 cepeflHHbi xix b. flBe 3aMy>KHHe MOJioKaHKH «BbiKpecTHJiHCb» h nepeiiuiH b npaBocjiaBHe. Ilocjie stoto ohh HanajiH HOByio >KH3Hb h nepeexajiH b ThcJjjihc.6
To >Ke caMoe pa6oTajio h ajih My>KHHH b tom cjiynae, ecjiH ohh xo-TejiH ycTpoHTb pa3BOfl 6e3 ropHflHHecKHX nocjieflCTBHH. B CBoeM npo-ineHHH, noflaHHOM BJiacraM, >KeHii];HHa-MOJioKaHKa H3 T3m6obckoh ry-
SepHHH paccKa3HBajia, hto Bbinuia 3aMy>K b 1877 r. no MOJioKaHCKOMy o6pHfly, npo>KHJia c My^KeM flecHTb jieT h poflHJia ot Hero fleTeft. OflHaKO y My>Ka noHBHJiacb flpyraH >KeHiHHHa. Oh 6bicTpo nepeinen b npaBocjiaBHe, fla>Ke He cnpocHB cbok> 6biBinyio >KeHy, xoTejia 6bi OHa BMecTe c hhm o6paTHTbCH b npaBocjiaBHyio Bepy, h >KeHHJicH Ha flpyroft >KeH-mHHe.1
HaKOHen;, HOBOo6paineHHbie npHHHMajiH cboh peineHHH o6paTHTb-ch b flpyryio Bepy nofl B03flencTBHeM npHraraTenbHbix nap hhoh cou;h-ajibHoft CHCTeMH, co3flaHHOH pa3JiHHaioii];eHCH pejiHrH03HOH rpynnoH. ^CypHajiHCT MacajiKHH yTBep>Kflaji, hto 6bicTpoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe MOJIOKaHCTBa BO BHyTpeHHHX ry6epHHHX Pocchhckoh HMnepHH B xix b. 6biJio TecHO CBH3aHO c npHraraTejibHOCTbio fljiH npaBocjiaBHbix KpecTbHH MOJioKaHCKHX KOMMyHajiHCTCKHX h aHTHrocyflapcTBeHHbix
B033peHHH. EblJIO flOCTaTOHHO CJIO>KHO HaHTH fleHCTBHTejIbHO 6eflHbIX
HJieHOB ceKTbi MOJioKaH, TaK KaK ohh BepmiH b 3aBem;aHHbiH EoroM MopajibHbiH flojir OKa3biBaTb noMom;b cbohm MeHee yflanjiHBbiM eflH-HOBepi^aM. B pe3ynbTaTe MOJioKaHe >khjih ropa3flo Jiyqine, neM hx npaBocjiaBHbie coceflH. 3aBJieHeHHbie nepcneKTHBaMH jiyHineft, 6ojiee SjiaronojiyHHOH >kh3hh, cbo6oahoh ot « CTpaniHoro rHeTa» h «nra pa6-CTBa», npaBocjiaBHbie KpecTbHHe npHHHMajiH yneHHe MOJioKaHCKofl Bepbi.2
Pejiuzuo3HbLe u dyxoenue npununbL o6paw,emiR. IlepeopHeHTHpoBaHHe OTHOineHHH jihhhocth k caKpajibHOMy hjih pecTpyKTypHpoBaHHe 3Ha-neHHH Bepbi TaKace cnoco6cTBOBajiH nepexofly H3 oahoh Bepbi b flpyryio. JIioflH h rpynnbi o6pam;ajiHCb b HHyio pejiHrH03Hyio TpaflHu;Hio H3-3a yBepeHHOCTH b npeBocxoflCTBe oflHoft Bepbi Hafl flpyroft, Korfla penb niJia o npeflocTaBJieHHH nejioBeKy nyTH k BeHHOMy cnaceHHio h HaHJiynineMy cnoco6y aoctohho npo>KHTb >KH3Hb xpncTHaHHHa. PyccKHe b 3aKaBKa3be nepexoflHJiH b flpyryio Bepy, 6yflyHH rny6oKO o6ecnoKoeHbi BonpocaMH cnaceHHH flymn, nepeocMbicjieHHH CTpoK HoBoro 3aBeTa, hoboh (JjopMynnpoBKH noHHMaHHH XpncTa h boaho-ro KpemeHHH, a TaKace npHBJieneHHbie pejiHrH03HHMH npaKTHKaMH, cjiy>K6aMH h pHTyajiaMH flpyroft penHrH03HOH ceKTbi.
Ohh nepexoflHJiH H3 npaBocjiaBHH b oflHO H3 ceKTaHTCKHX Bepo-BaHHH b pe3ynbTaTe caMOCTOHTenbHoro npoHTeHHH CBHin;eHHoro nn-caHHH (jih6o nocjie ero npoHTeHHH oflHocejibHaHHHOM). Hepe3 caMO-CTOHTenbHoe, 6e3 nocpeflHHHecTBa nona, no3HaHHe BeTxoro h Hoboto 3aBeTOB, EjiaroH BecTH, ncajiTbipn h flpyrnx penHrH03Hbix tckctob (nacTO BKJiioHaH anoKpncJibi), sth pyccKHe jnoflH HaHHHajiH noHHMaTb xpncTHaHCTBO no-HHOMy, He^KejiH hm npeflnncbiBajia npaBocjiaBHan LtepKOBb h OTKpbiBajiH nepefl co6oh HOBbie flyxoBHbie nepcneKTHBbi3. KpoMe Toro, pejiHrH03Han Bepa OTflenbHbix jnofleft B03po>Kflajiacb npo-noBeflHMH 6poflHHHX nponoBeflHHKOB. Bepa b HeH36e>KHoe HacTyruie-HHe CyflHoro ahh pacnpocTpaHHJiacb cpeflH MOJioKaH b 1830-x rr. co
1 PTHA 0. 1284, on. 222-1892, 3. 74, ji. 2-3o6
1 A. H. MaccuiKUH, K ucmopuu 3aKaeKa3CKUx ceKmaumoe: 1 MojioKaue // Kaeica3 Ne 306 (18 Hoa6pa 1893): 3. TMHP 0. 2, on. 8, a. 298, 1903, ji. 1-5
3 HanpuMep, cm.: PTHA 0. 1284, on. 200-1843, d. 445, ji. I-I06, 3o6-6; TMHP 0.
2, on. 7, a. 596, ji. 116-117; PTHA 0. 1284, on. 195-1829,
3. 149, Ji. l-lo6;PTHA0. 1284, on. 195-1825, d. 61, ji. 205-206, 225, u 234-240o6; a maKiice Breyfogle, "The Religious World."
30
HHKOJIAC EPAHOOrJIb
HCGIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
31
Cm. ducKyccuio e Breyfogle, Heretics and Colonizers, zjiaea 2 u «HcmopuuecKue ceedeuusi o MOJioKancKou ceiane» // npaeocjiaenbiu co6eceduuK (uox6pb 1858): 302
C-A, PyccKue pacKOJibHUKU, Ns10:3
s PTHA (p. 1268, on. 7, d. 359, 1853, Ji. 1-2
4 rMHP (p. 14, on. 3, d. 1962, 1902, Ji. 5-6 u rMHP <f>. Kl, on. 8, d. 516, ji. 6o6-7o6
CKopocTbio CTermoro nc»Kapa. Bo BpeMH stoh bojihh MHJUieHapHaHH3-Ma 6poflHHHe nponoBeflHHKH npHo6niajiH npaBocjiaBHbix KpecTbHH k
HfleHM MOJIOKaHCTBa CBOHMH BHfleHHHMH BTOpOrO npHHieCTBHH XpH-
CTa.1
KpoMe Toro, HOBOo6panieHHbie HaxoflHJiH npHHHHy fljiH CMeHbi Bepbi b npHBJieKaTejibHbix pHTyajiax h npaKTHKax flpyrnx pejiHrno3-
HblX KOH(J)eCCHH. B CBoeň CTaTbe, nOCBHIHeHHOH ceKTaHTaM EaKHH-
ckoh ry6epHHH, aHajiHTHK-coBpeMeHHHK paccKa3HBaji o tom, KaK CTpyKTypa MOJioKaHCKHX o6biHaeB h pejiHrH03Hbix o6pHflOB npHBJieKa-jia npaBocjiaBHyio nacTBy. Oh yKa3HBaji Ha OTHOCHTejibHyio npocTOTy
MOJIOKaHCKHX MOJiejIbHblX COĎpaHHH, 60JIbinyK) HCHOCTb MOJIOKaHCKHX MOJIHTB H HTeHHH CBHIHeHHOrO IIHCaHHH H OTHOCHT&TIbHyK) flOCTyn-HOCTb flJIH nOHHMaHHH H3bIKa MOJIOKaHCKHX pejIHrH03HHX JIHflepOB BO
BpeMH o6cy>KfleHHH pejiHrH03Hbix florM, pHTyajioB h nocTH>KeHHH pe-
JIHrH03HbIX TeKCTOB.2
Cesi3aHHbLe MomuebL. B to BpeMH KaK HOBOo6panieHHbie moehh nepe-
HTH H3 OflHOH Bepbi B flpyiyK) B CHJiy JIK)6oH H3 3THX nOJIHTHKO-IOpH-
flHHecKHX, conHajibHbix hjih pejiHrH03Hbix npHHHH, o6hhho o6panie-
HHe npOHCXOflHJIO nOfl BJIHHHHeM KOMĎHHaUHH B3aHMOfleHCTByiOIHHX
4>aKTopoB H3, no Kpařmeň Mepe, flByx yKa3aHHbix KaTeropHH. /Jeno o MaccoBOM o6pam;eHHH b npaBocjiaBHe 15 MOJIOKaHCKHX ceMeň (61 ne-jioBeK) b AjiTbi-Arane b 1853 r. OTpa>KaeT cjiHHHHe chji, npHBOflHBiiiHX k CMeHe Bepbi. C no3HUHH rocyflapcTBeHHoň BJiacTH, hctokh nepe-xofla H3 OflHOH Bepbi b flpyryio HaxoflHJiHCb b flyxoBHOM o6hobji6hhh HOBOo6pam;eHHbix—ohh y3pejiH CBeT h Bbi6pajiH npaBocjiaBHe3. Ha-npoTHB, ceKTaHTCKHe hctohhhkh cpeflH npHHHH nepexofla b HHyio Bepy OTMenajiH coneTaHHe nojiHTHKO-iopHflHHecKHX h pejiHrH03Hbix 4>aKTopoB. Hto KacaeTCH npoH3onieflinero b AjiTbi-Arane, 3aHHHiHHKH o6pam;eHHH OpjioB h MnpoHOB 6buiH y6e>KfleHHbiMH MOJioKaHaMH h SoraTbiMH ToproBi^aMH. OflHaKO ohh 6biJiH BOBJieneHbi b onpeflejieH-Hbie o6inecTBeHHbie o6H3aTejibCTBa, BbinojiHHTb KOTopbie He cmotjih h fljiH peineHHH npo6jieMbi o6paTHJincb k MoineHHHHecTBy. Korfla npe-
CTynjieHHe 6bIJIO paCKpbITO MeCTHblMH BJiaCTHMH, 3TH JIIOflH cyMejiH
H36e>KaTb cypoBoro yrojioBHoro HaKa3aHHH, nepeňflH b npaBocjiaBHe h HanaB nponoBeflOBaTb Heo6xoflHMOCTb KpeineHHH BOfloň. BcKope hx npHMepy nocjieflOBajiH flpyrne MecTHbie MOJioKaHe.4
CeKTaHTCKHe hctohhhkh TaioKe BbiflejiHioT tot 4>aKT, hto 3flecb HMejiH MecTO h pejiHrH03Hbie coo6pa>KeHHH. /Jo npoHcinecTBHH c o6paineHHeM b npaBocjiaBHe cejio AjiTbi-Aran 6buio pernoHajibHbiM qeHTpoM TaK Ha3biBaeMbix «BOflHHbix»—oco6oň bctbh MOJioKaHCTBa, nojiyHHBineH TaKoe Ha3BaHHe ot cbohx onnoHeHTOB b cpefle MOJioKaH, hto noflpa3yMeBajio Heo6xoflHMOCTb KpeineHHH BOfloň fljiH o6peTeHHH cnaceHHH h hcthhhoh xpHCTHaHCKoň >kh3hh (b otjihhhc ot flpyrnx ot-BeTBJieHHH MOJIOKaHCTBa, noHHMaBiiiHX KpeineHHe b CHMBOJinnecKHX
h flyxoBHbix KaTeropHHX, He HMeBiiiHX OTHOineHHH k BOfle). B cepeflH-
He I84O-X IT. 3TH MOJIOKaHe (HapHfly C HeKOTOpblMH flpyrHMH MOJIO-KaHaMH BaKHHCKoň ry6epHHH) otkphto h ny6jiHHHO nponiJiH o6pHfl KpeiHeHHH BOflOH h npHHacrae.1
KaK BblHCHHJIOCb, MHpOHOB H OpJIOB 6bIJIH JIHflepaMH flBH^KeHHH
«BOflHHbix» b AjiTbi-Arane. MHorne ecjiH He Bee HOBOo6panieHHbie b npaBocjiaBHe b AjiTbi-Arane ysce coBepinajiH pejiHrH03Hbie pHTyajibi, 6jiH3KHe npaBocjiaBHio—ecTecTBeHHO, HMeBinne ropa3flo 6ojibine o6niero c npaBocjiaBHeM, neM flpyrne MOJioKaHe—h b pe3ynbTaTe hx o6panieHHe b npaBocjiaBHe He HBJiHJiocb TaKHM y>K paflHKajibHHM no-CTynKOM.
B flonojiHeHHe k CKa3aHHOMy, c 30-e no 50-e rr. ceno AjiTbi-Aran Sbuio oflHHM H3 ocHOBHbix u;eHTpoB HejierajibHoň perncTpauHH 6e-rjibix b 3aKaBKa3be. MHorne H3 sthx HaxoflHBiiiHXCH BHe 3aKOHa no-cejieHu;eB 6buiH npaBocjiaBHHMH no npn6biTHH, ho 3aTeM Bbmy>Kfle-
Hbl 6bIJIH OĎpaTHTbCH B CeKTaHTCKyK) Bepy (o6bIHHO MOJIOKaHCTBO)
fljiH Toro hto6h nojiyHHTb corjiacne o6m;HHbi Ha perHCTpannio b cejie. B pe3ynbTaTe KOHneHTpanHH HejierajioB, b MOJioKaHCKoň o6m;HHe Aji-Tbi-Aran o6pa30Bajiocb 3HaHHTenbHoe hhcjio ďhbihhx npaBocjiaBHbix2. Xoth HeT npHMbix flOKa3aTejibCTB Toro hto cpeflH HOBOo6pam;eHHbix 1853 r. 6buiH 6biBiiiHe npaBocjiaBHbie 6erjienbi, mo>kho npeflnojio>KHTb, hto npncyTCTBHe HejierajioB OKa3ajio onpeflejieHHoe BJiHHHHe Ha koh-4>eccHOHajibHoe HanpaBJieHHe flepeBHH h yBenHHHJio inaHCbi Ha o6pa-meHHe b npaBocjiaBHe.
1 rMHP (p. Kl, on. 8, d. 470, 1925, Ji. 3-5; u GMIR p. Kl, on. 8, d. 516, ji. 6o6-7o6
' Cm. duacyccwo e Breyfogle, Heretics and Colonizers, zjia-ea 2 uzu u rMHP p. 2, on. 7, d. 594, H.d., ji. 22-25
JIuuHbie nocjiedcmeuR, eo3deůcmeue na o6w,ecmeo: CMbicji o6paw,eHUR.
rioCJieflCTBHH CMeHbi KOH(J)eCCHH B CJiyHae C 3aKaBKa3CKHMH ceKTaH-
TaMH 6buiH MHororpaHHHMH KaK no 4>opMe, TaK h no coflep>KaHHio,
OKa3bIBaH H flJIHTejIbHOe, H KpaTKOCpOHHOe B03fleHCTBHe Ha HX >KH3Hb.
3th KOH(J)eccHOHajibHbie nepexoflbi OKa3biBajiH B03fleHCTBHe h Ha ot-
flejIbHHX KOHBepTHTOB, H Ha BCK) o6m;HHy, HJieHaMH KOTOpOH OHH HB-JIHJIHCb, Ha T3KHX pa3HHX ypOBHHX KaK nepCOHajIbHaH HfleHTHHHOCTb,
penHrH03Hbie BepoBaHHH h npaKTHKH, flHHaMHKa ceMeňHbix OTHOine-hhh, cou;HajibHoe B3aHMOfleňcTBHe, BOBJieneHHOCTb b CHCTeMy sko-
HOMHHeCKHX OTHOIlieHHH H nOJIHTHKO-IOpHflHHeCKHe CTpyKTypbl3. B
cjiynasix nocjieflOBaTejibHbix o6pam;eHHH H3 oahoh KOH(J)eccHH b flpyryio nepBbie pe3ynbTaTbi CMeHbi fleHOMHHai^HH moehh 6biTb OTMeHeHbi
HJIH H3MeHeHbI nOCJieflyiOIUHMH H3MeHeHHHMH KOH(J)eCCHOHajIbHOH
npHHafljie>KHOCTH4. IlocjieflCTBHH o6pam;eHHH, hto BecbMa Ba^KHO, 06-ycjioBJiHBajiHCb 3HaneHHeM, KOTopoe 3TOMy aKTy npnflaBajiH caMH 06-pameHHbie, flpyrne HJieHbi hx o6ihhh, rocyflapcTBeHHbie hhhobhhkh hjih BHeniHHe Ha6jnoflaTejiH. CMeHa fleHOMHHai^HH Morna no-pa3HOMy BocnpHHHMaTbCH KOHBepTHTOM h ero o6ihhhoh, OTHOIlieHHe Morjio MeHHTbCH h c xoflOM BpeMeHH5. Ilepexoflbi H3 npaBOCJiaBHH B CeKTaHT-ctbo h o6paTHO noHTH Bcerfla npHBOflHJiH k pe3KOMy pa3pbiBy, pa3py-
3 CyuemoM UMemw,uxcsi ucmouHUKoe, cymecmeyem mojio daHHbix, Kacamw,uxcsi jiuuHbix ujiu ncuxojiozuue-ckux nocjiedcmeuu u3Meue-hiir eepu
4 Cm., nanp.: PPHA <p. 1284, on. 195-1825, d. 61,
jui. 232-232o6
5 Cm. meopemuuecKyio ducKyccuio 0 nocjiedcmeusix o6paw,e-hur e: Rambo, Understanding, 142-164 u Douglas Hollan, «Pockets Full of Mistakes: The Personal Consequences of Religious Change in Toraja Village,» Oceania 58, no. 4 (June 1988): 275-289
32
Hhkojiac  Bpahu orjib
HcCÍIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
33
Cmchq. pcjiuzuu s MyjibmuKOH-
cßeCCUOHdJlbHOM
KOHmeKcme
1 Xorrm ôojibuiuHcmeo o6paw,eHHbtx cmpeMiuiocb eepnymbCR eo enympeunue poccuůcKue oôjiacmu, ôbuiu u maKue euoeb o6paw,eHHbie npaeocjiaeubie, Komopue npocmiu ejiacmu no3eojiumb um ocmambCR e 3aKaeica3be c ycjioeueM nepee3da e oduu U3 zopodoe. rioüdsi Ha ecmpeuy maKUM juodsiM, ejiacmu
U3MeHUJlU 3ÜK0H 0771 1836
zoda, umoôbí o6paw,eHHbie e npaeocjiaeue ceKmarnnu Mozjiu ocmaeambcsi e 3aKaeKü3be, ecjiu mozo jicejiajiu. C smozo MOMeuma o6paiu,eHue e npaeocjiaeue cmajio 07ca3bieamb eo3deücmeue u ua MoôujibHocmb e 3aicaeica3be. rMMP <f>. 2, on. 7, d. 594, H.d., IUI. 34, 38
ineHHK) oömecTBeHHbix, ceMeÖHbix h lopHflHHecKHX CTpyKTyp h pac-nafly flepeBeHCKHX oöihhh. IIocKOJibKy npHHHHbi TaKHX oöpaineHHH npHHHMajiH nojiHTHKO-iopHflHHecKHH xapaKTep, nocjieflCTBHH onpe-flejiHJiH MecTO oöpaineHHbix b pocchhckom oöinecTBe.
06paw,eHUR U3 ceicm e npaeocjiaeue. CivieHa pejiHrH03HOH npHHafl-jie>KHOCTH H3 ceKTaHTCKHX fleHOMHHauHH b npaBocjiaBHe HMejia no-
TeHUHajIbHO  OÖniHpHbie  nOJIHTHKO-IOpHflHHeCKHe  nOCJieflCTBHH flJIJI
oöpameHHbix. B öojibiHHHCTBe cjiynaeB nepexofl h3 ceKT b npaBocjia-BHe npoxoflHJi 6e3 KaKHX-jinöo lopHflHHecKHX TpyflHOCTeö. KaK TOJib-
KO CBHIHeHHHK CBHfleTejIbCTBOBajI aKT OÖpameHHH, KOHBepTHTy pa3-
peinajiocb ocTaTbCH (hjih BepHyTbCH) bo BHyTpeHHHe o6jiacTH Pocchh, nojib30BaTbCH HajioroBbiMH npHBHJierHHMH, BbiöpaTb CBOH connajib-
HblH CTaTyC H HanaTb HOByiO >KH3Hb. B OTHOineHHH TeX, KTO HaXOflHJICfl
nofl cjieflCTBHeM, flejio npeKpainajiocb.1
OflHaKO bo MHornx cjiynaHX pe3yjibTaTbi 6biJiH BecbMa cnopHbiMH. OflHoö H3 ocHOBHbix npoöJieM 6biji Bonpoc, cocTOHJicH jih aKT oöpaine-
HHH Ha CaMOM flejie H KTO MO>KeT CyflHTb 06 3TOM. C OflHOH CTOpOHbl,
CBHmeHHHK Mor yTBep>KflaTb, HTO oöpaineHHe cocTOHJiocb, fla>Ke ecjiH caM KOHBepTHT OTpnnaji CMeHy CBoeö pejiHrH03HOH npHHafljie>KHOCTH. C flpyroH CTopoHbi, HeKTO Mor yTBep>KflaTb, hto nepenieji b npaBocjia-BHe, b to BpeMH KaK CBHineHHHK OTpnnaji 3TOT 4>aKT hjih MefljiHJi c ero noflTBep>KfleHHeM, ocTaBJiHH KOHBepTHTa b noflBeineHHOM coctohhhh b Bonpoce pejiHrH03H0H npHHafljie>KHOCTH.
CMena pejiuzuo3Hoů npuHadjiejtcHocmu U3 ceKmanmcKux deHOMUHauuů e npaeocjiaeue UMejia nomeHuuajibHO oöuiupHbie nojiumuKO-lopuduHecKue nocjiedcmeuR ôjir o6paiu,eHHbix
Cjiynaň c Ky3bMoö KohobajioBHM H3 LUeMaxH HBJiHeTCH TeM npn-MepoM, Korfla oc|3HnHajibHoe noflTBep>KfleHHe aKTa oöpainemiH co cto-poHbi npaßocjiaBHOH LJepKBH ocnapHBajiocb caMHM hkoöh oöpaineH-HbiM. KoHOBajioB npHÖbui b 3aKaBKa3be b 1834 r. H3 OpeHÖyprcKOH ryöepHHH, öyflynn MOJioKaHHHOM. B 1840 r., OflHaKO, flyxoBHbie BJiacTH oöpaTHJiH BHHMaHHe Ha HKo6bi HMeBHiHHCH y Hero HHTepec k ripaBO-cjiaBHOH nepKBH, h roflOM no3flHee oh 6bui KpeineH. CorjiacHO MecT-HbiM CBHmeHHHKaM, KoHOBajioB peryjiHpHO nocemaji u;epKBH, e>Kerofl-Ho coBepinaji noKaHHHH h npHHHMaji TaHHCTBa, noKa b 1856 r. ohh He
KOHCTaTHpOBajIH ero OTXOfl OT LJepKBH. B I857 T. CBHineHHHK H3 Ajith-
Arana noBCTpenaji KoHOBajioBa, KOTopbiö rpyöo h ocKopÖHTejibHO bh-pa>KajicH o flpyroM CBHmeHHHKe toh >Ke mccthocth. KoHOBajioB TaK>Ke
3aHBJIHJI, HTO eflHHCTBeHHHM OÖCTOHTejIbCTBOM, npH KOTOpOM OH MOT
npHHHMaTb ynacTHe b npaBocjiaBHbix cjiy>K6ax, moüio 6biTb ero He-
Tpe3BOe COCTOHHHe H HTO TOT flpyTOH CBHmeHHHK n03B0JIHJI eMy 3TO.
CßHfleTejiH noflTBepflHJiH ero aHTH-npaßocjiaBHyio HacTpoeHHOCTb, paccKa3biBaH, hto oh nepeMaHHBaji flpyrnx b MOJioKaHCTBO. 0Ka3aB-iiiHCb nepefl yrpo30H yrojioBHoro npecjieflOBaHHH 3a HeoflHOKpaTHoe OTCTynHHHecTBO h OTBJieneHHe flpyrnx ot npaßocjiaBHH, KoHOBajioB onpoBepraji BbiflBHHyTbie npoTHB Hero oÖBHHeHHH, OTpHu;aH CBoe yna-CTHe b TaHHCTBax. B flOKyjvieHTax He noHCHHeTCH, flejiaji jih KoHOBajioB
3TH 3aHBJieHHH B LTOIIblTKaX yKJIOHHTbCH OT HaKa3aHHH HJIH OH Ha Ca-
MOM flene He CHHTaji ceÖH o6pam;eHHbiM b npaBocjiaBHe, HecMOTpn Ha
CBOK) MHOrOJieTHIOK) BOBJieHeHHOCTb b pejiHrH03Hyio npaKTHKy. OflHaKO BJiacTH nocHHTajiH apryMeHTbi KoHOBajioBa cnopHbiMH h noflTBep-flHJiH ero pejiHrH03Hyio npHHafljie>KHOCTb npaßocjiaBHio. B pe3yjibTaTe Toro HTO BJiacTH BMeHHJiH eMy npaBocjiaBHe, KoHOBajioB 6biJi HaKa3aH
CCbIJIKOH B CHÖHpb flJIH OTÖblBaHHH BOHHCKOH LTOBHHHOCTH.1
Bonpoc o tom, HMeji jih Booöine MecTO aKT o6pam;eHHH h kto mo->KeT cyflHTb 06 stom, 6biji ocoöeHHO cjio>KeH b cjiynae c fleTbMH. CpeflH oöpaineHHbix b flyxoöopbi b ^ohckoh oöjiacra b 20-x rr. x 1 x BeKa 6biJio MHoro fleTeö, KOTopbie 6buiH o6pam;eHbi BMecTe co cbohmh poflHTe-
JIHMH. H MeCTHbie, H CTOJIHHHbie BJiaCTH yTBep>KflajIH, HTO HHKaKoro
oöpameHHH He 6biJio, nocKOJibKy fleTH «He MoryT em;e HMeTb noHHTHH o pejiHrHH», a noTOMy o(J)Hi];HajibHO ocTaioTCH npaßocjiaBHbiMH. TaK Ha ocHOBaHHH B03pacTa rocyflapcTBeHHbie BJiacTH OTKa3HBajiH sthm fle-
THM (H HX pOflHTejIHM) B B03M05KH0CTH BblÖHpaTb CBOK) pejIHrH03HyiO
HfleHTHHHOCTb h HacTOHHHBO BMeHHJiH hm flpyryio. HpjibiK, nojiyHeH-HbiH «CBepxy», OKa3biBaji orpoMHoe B03fleöcTBHe Ha cyflböy fleTeö, h6o KaK «npaßocjiaBHbiM» hm He pa3peinajiocb MHrpnpoBaTb b 3aKaBKa3be BMecTe c ÖHOJiorHHecKHMH poflHTejiHMH, ho npeflnHCHBajiocb ocTa-BaTbCH cpeflH flOHCKHX Ka3aKOB BMecTe c oneKyHaMH.2
YcTaHOBJíeHHoe npaBHTejibCTBOM npaBHJio o tom, hto HCKpeHHOCTb oöpameHHH flOJi>KHa ycTaHaBJiHBaTbCH npeflCTaBHTejiHMH flyxoBHoro
COCJIOBHH, HaCTO npHBOflHJIO K HenpeflHaMepeHHbIM nOCJieflCTBHHM,
HepeflKO pa3pyiHHTejibHHM fljiH KOHBepTHTa. B 1881 r. oöJiacTHaH ra3e-Ta «KaBKa3» onyöJiHKOBajia pe3Kyio KpHTHKy stoh nojiHTHKH3. AßTop OTMenaji b Heft, hto MHorne cjiynan o6pam;eHHH ceKTaHTOB b npaBocjiaBHe npoHcxoflHJiH, no coo6ni;eHHHM, nocjie Toro KaK jiioflH npoxo-flHJiH nepe3 6ojib h CTpaflaHHH nepeceneHHH. Ilo npnöbiTHH nepece-jieHu;bi HaHHHajiH TOCKOBaTb no flOMy h nepexoflHJiH b npaBocjiaBHe
TOJIbKO flJIH TOrO, HTOÖbl BepHyTbCH OÖpaTHO. AßTOp COKpyUiajICH, HTO
«BHeniHee o6pam;eHHe», to ecTb BHflHMbie npoHBJieHHH Bepbi, TaKHe KaK nyöJiHHHoe pacKaHHHe, peryjiHpHoe nocemeHHe cjryscö, npHHHTHe
TaHHCTB, COÖJIIOfleHHe npaBOCJiaBHblX OÖpHflOB, He ÖbIJIO flOCTaTOHHbIM
Mup ceoux u HyjKux: couuajibnaR KOMMymmauiiR CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbima
1 PľMA <f>. 1268, on. 10, d. 255, 1859
1 PľMA $.1284, on. 195-1825, d. 61, júl I66-I6606, I8O06. YlocKOJibKy uuHOBHUKU peiuu-jiu, umo MOJiojieniHue demu He cnocoÔHM caMocmoamejib-Ho npuHsimb peiueuue o ceoeů pejiuzuo3Hoů npuHadjieiicHO-cmu, ua pa3JiuHHbixypoBHax zocydapcniBeHHOů BJiacmu uma ducKyccua na npedmem mozo, 8 KaKOM 803pacme pe-6enoK nepecmaem cuumamb-CR MOJiojiemnuM u Moiicem npunamb nodoÔHoe peuienue caMocmoamejibHO. Cm.: ibid., ji. 22606. Ha npaKmuKe o6pau\fiHue e npaeocjiaeue noduuMOJio caMbie pa3Hbie eonpocbi k zocydapcmeeuHou ejiacmu 0 moM, KaK omuo-
CUmbCM K CeMbe. UUHOBHUKU
nbimajiucb nonamb, umo de-jiamb, Kozda oduu U3 ujienoe ceMbu o6pawfijicsi e npaeocjiaeue, a dpyzue ocmaeajiucb ceKmaumaMU. ľMHP (p. 2, on. 7, d. 594, H.d., ji. 34
3 «K eonpocy», Ns. 84:1-2
34
Hhkojiac BPAHiorjib
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
35
CMeHa pejiuzuu
B MyjlbmUKOH-
tfieccuonajibHOM KOHmeKcme
ocHOBaHHeM fljiH nojiyHeHHH o6panieHHbiMH pa3penieHHH BepHyTbCH Ha poflHHy, nocKOJibKy Tpe6oBajiocb enie h oc|3HnHajibHoe noflTBep>K-fleHHe HCKpeHHOCTH o6pam;eHHH. Abtop Bbipa>Kaji CBoe B03MynieHHe TeM, hto BHOBb o6panieHHbie flOJi>KHbi 6biJiH flOKa3HBaTb npHBep>KeH-HOCTb hoboh Bepe flo CTeneHH, KOTopan HaMHoro npeBbiinajia Tpe6o-
BaHHH, npeflTjHBJIHBIIIHeCH flJIH npaBOCJiaBHHX MHpHH. /JeHCTBHTejIbHO,
AyxoBeHCTBO 6biJio yflOBJíeTBopeHO e>KeroflHbiMH BHeniHHMH fleMOH-CTpan,HHMH Bepbi co CTopoHbi 6ojibinoH Maccbi nocjieflOBaTejieň npaBO-
CJiaBHH H HHKaKHe BJiaCTH He CHHTajIH HyjKHHM aTTeCTOBaTb ypoBeHb
pejiHrH03HOCTH «hx flyni h cepflen». Abtop CTaTbH noflBepraji coMHe-
HHK) HOpMy 3aKOHa, COEnaCHO KOTOpOH CBHIHeHHHK MOr IipOHHKaTb B
rjiyĎHHbi HejioBenecKoň flynm h TeM caMHM yflocTOBepHTbCH b HCKpeH-hocth Bepbi hjih pacKaHHHH, TeM 6ojiee, hto HeMHorne CBHineHHOcjiy-
JKHTejIH HMejIH TaKyK) HaKJIOHHOCTb. OH OTMeHajI OTCyTCTBHe CTaH-flapTH3HpOBaHHHX BOnpOCHHKOB HJIH yCTaHOBJíeHHOH npOUeflypbl flJIH
npoBefleHHH TaKoň BepH(J)HKauHH.
B pe3ynbTaTe BBefleHHH Tpe6oBaHHH aTTecTanHH co CTopoHbi CBHiu;eHHOcjiy>KHTejieH, MecTHoe flyxoBeHCTBO nojiyHHJio orpoMHyio SropoKpaTHHecKyio BJiacTb, a b 3aKaBKa3be HexBaTKa CBHineHHHKOB 03HaHajia enie h to, hto peineHHe nacTO HaxoflHJiocb b pyKax oflHoro nejioBeKa. Abtop CTaTbH b >KypHajie «KaBKa3» yTBep>Kflaji, hto, KaK h y Bcex jHOfleň, HafleneHHbix BJiacTbio, y sthx CBHineHHHKOB TaioKe 6hji co6jia3H 3JioynoTpe6HTb eio, nacTO 3a cneT KOHBepTHTa. Bbuio flocTa-tohho cjiynaeB, Korfla MecTHbie CBHineHHHKH HaMepeHHO 3ararHBajiH
B pe3yjibmame eeedenuR mpečoeaHuů ammecmai^uu co cmoponu ceRW,eHH0CJiyjKumejieíi, Mecmnoe dyxoeeHcmeo nojiynujio ozpoMHyio 6iopoKpamimecKyio ejiacmb, a e 3aKaGKCL3be HexeamKa CGRW,eHHUKoe 03Hcmajia ew,e u mo, nmo pemenue nacmo Haxodujiocb e pyKax odnozo Hejioeerca
nponecc, a HeflaBHO npHĎbiBiiiHe b 3aKaBKa3be, HaxoflHCb b Heonpefle-jieHHOM CTaTyce, 6biJiH BbmyscfleHbi >KflaTb ot flByx flo inecTH jieT nocjie CBoero o6panieHHH, noKa hx nepexofl b npaBocjiaBHe He 6bui 6bi 3acBH-fleTenbCTBOBaH h ohh He nojiyHHJiH 6bi pa3peineHHe BepHyrbCH Ha poflHHy. BbiJio oShhhhm, Korfla npecTapenbie nepeceneHUbi, o6paTHBiHH-ecH b npaBocjiaBHe, yMHpajiH, TaK h He flo>KflaBHiHCb noflTBep^KfleHHH CBoero o6pam,eHHH. Abtop noflTBep>Kflaji TaioKe B03MO>KHOCTb o6panie-
hhh, npoflHKTOBaHHbix >KejiaHHeM nojiyHHTb MaTepnajibHbie Bbiroflbi. KpoMe toto, npaBfla sto hjih HeT, aBTop 3aKJiK)Haji, hto Tpe6oBaHHe oc-BHfleTejibCTBOBaHHH o6pam;eHHH MecTHoň flyxoBHoň aflMHHHCTpanneH TOJiKajia KOHBepTHTOB Ha nepeceneHHe 3a py6e>K, nacTO 6e3 ceMeň.
flo 3aKJHOHeHHK) aBTOpa, OCBHfleTejIbCTBOBaHHe He npHBOflHJIO K
HCTHHHOMy pacKaHHHio h «npocBeiiieHHio» yMa h flyxa, Ha hto, no 3a-BepeHHHM rocyflapcTBa h UepKBH, oho h 6biJio HanpaBJíeHO, ho Bejio k «k rpy6oMy pa3BpaTy h yTpaTe He TOJibKO flyineBHOH, ho h TejiecHofl
HHCTOTbl". ABTOp BTOpHJI flpyTHM KpHTHKaM rOCyflapCTBeHHOH pejIH-rH03HOH nOJIHTHKH,  IipH3bIBaBIUHM K OTMeHe TpeĎOBaHHH OCBHfle-
TejibCTBOBaHHH fljiH Toro hto6h Te, kto B03BpaniaeTCH b npaBocjiaBHe, flenajiH 6bi sto b flo6poM 3flpaBHH h 6e3 Bpefla fljiH CBoeň >kh3hh.
IlOMHMO nOJIHTHKO-IOpHflHHeCKOH C(J)epbI, o6pani,eHHH CeKTaHTOB
b npaBocjiaBHe hmcjih 6ojibniHe nocjieflCTBHH fljiH OTHomeHHH KOBep-
THTOB C HX CeMbHMH H OĎlHHHaMH, peryjIHpHO BHOCH pa3Jiafl H B TO, H
b flpyroe. Jlnnib no npHHyscfleHHio HJieHbi ceMbH h >KHTejiH flepeBHH
n03BOJIHJIH KOHBepTHTaM OCTaBaTbCH B npe>KHeM MeCTe >KHTejIbCTBa,
h HeMefljieHHaH noTepa o6m;ecTBeHHOH h ceMeňHoň noflflep>KKH npn-BOflHJia k y>KacHbiM nocjieflCTBHHM. TaK, b 1847 r. flBaflu;aTHTpexjieTHH}i
YjIbHHa PaflHOHOBHa ^CojIHHHa,  3aMy>KHHH MOJIOKaHCKaH >KeHIHHHa
H3 flepeBHH IlpHniHĎb (JleHKopaHCKoro ye3fla BaKHHCKoň ry6epHHH), Sbuia KpemeHa b npaBocjiaBHoe xpHCTHaHCTBO. Bcjiefl 3a ee nepexo-flOM b npaBocjiaBHe, ee poflHTenH BbímajiH HOBOo6pam;eHHyio H3 flOMa. B cbohx noKa3aHHHX BJiacraM OTeu; 5KeHiii;HHbi coo6ih;hji, hto 3tot no-CTynoK 6biJi npoflHKTOBaH He CTOJibKO OTBpameHHeM k ee pejiHrno3-HOMy Bbi6opy, CKOJibKO CTpaxoM nepefl BJiacraMH, KOTopbie MoryT pe-
IIIHTb, HTO OH XOHeT CHOBa 3aBJieHb flOHb B MOJIOKaHCTBO. Be3flOMHa5I
^CojiHHHa 6biJia Bbmy>KfleHa noKHHyTb cbokd flepeBHio h nepecejiHTbCH b ropoflOK JleHKopaHb b noncKax KpbiniH Hafl tojioboh. B TeneHHe He-CKOJibKHX Heflenb OHa HoneBajia y pa3Hbix jnofleň, noxa He 3a6ojiena. BoHCb 3apa3HTbCH, jnoflH CTajiH 3aKpbiBaTb nepefl Heň flBepn. He HMea cpeflCTB 3anjiaTHTb 3a 6ojibHHu;y, ^CojiHHHa He Hanuia HHoro Bbixofla, KaK OTKa3aTbCH ot npaBocjiaBHH, k KOTopoMy OHa em;e HeflaBHO npnco-eflHHHJiacb, h BepHyTbCH k CBoeň ceMbe h k CBoeň Bepe. OTeu; Bce em;e onacajicH nocjieflCTBHH toto, hto no3BOJiHJi flonepn ocTaTbCH b CBoeM flOMe. Oh pa3peniHJi eň ocTaTbCH, nocKOJibKy noHHMaji, hto HHane OHa nornĎHeT, ho npeflycMOTpHTejibHO H3BecTHJi o CBoeM nocTynKe CTap-uiHHy, 3aBepHB ero, hto HHKaK He cofleňcTBOBaji ee B03Bpam;eHHio b
CeKTaHTCTBO.1
06paineHHe b npaBocjiaBHe KaK cnoco6 pa3BOfla HMejio flpyrne ce-MeňHbie nocjieflCTBHH fljiH cynpyra, ocTaBJíeHHoro HOBOo6pam;eHHbiM. Cjiynaň c MOJioKaHCKoň 5KeHiii;HHOH, neň Myse o6paTHJicH b npaBocjiaBHe fljiH Toro hto6h >KeHHTbCH Ha npaBocjiaBHoň 5KeHiu;HHe, cjiy>KHT TOMy Bbipa3HTejibHoň HJiJiiocTpanHeH. Ilocjie pa3BOfla c My^KeM, 3Ta jKeHinHHa ocTajiacb BMecTe c fleTbMH 6e3 cpeflCTB k cymecTBOBaHHio.
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: cou,uajibnaR KOMMynuKau,UR CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
1 PrMA 0.1268, on. 5, d. 475, 1851-1852
36
Hhkojiac  Bpahí otjil
HCGÍIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
37
CMena pejiuzuu
B MyjlbniUKOH-
tfieccuonajibHOM KOHmeKcme
1 PrMA $.1284, on. 222-1892, d. 74, l. 2-3o6
OcjiuiiuajibHaíi ducKyccuM 83ama U3: PTHA <f>. 1268, on.7, d.359, 1853
Torfla OHa o6paTHJiacb k MecTHHM flyxoBHHM BJiacraM c Tpe6oBaHHeM BepHyrb ee 6biBinero Mysca. B OTBeT >KeHiHHHa nojiyHHJia H3BeineHHe o tom hto, nocKOJibKy hx 6paK He 6bm 3aperHCTpHpoBaH b MeTpnnecKHX KHHrax h He 6bui npoBefleH b cooTBeTCTBHH c npaBocjiaBHHM o6pHflOM, oh He MO^KeT CHHTaTbCH fleHCTBHTejibHHM. Torfla OHa o6paTHJiacb k rpa>KflaHCKHM BJiacraM c Tpe6oBaHHeM npH3HaTb 3aKOHHOCTb hx 6pa-Ka h 3acTaBHTb ee Mysca o6ecneHHBaTb ocTaBJíeHHyio ceMbio. B otbct
MHHHCTepCTBO BHyTpeHHHX flejl 3aHBHJIO, HTO He MO^KeT yflOBJíeTBO-
pHTb ee Tpe6oBaHHH. Eň 6buio OTKa3aHO b npaBe Ha3biBaTb cenu ero >KeHOH h, hto 6ojiee Ba^KHO, OHa 6bma nepeBefleHa BMecTe c fleTbMH H3 KynenecKoro cocjiobhh b MeinaHCTBO, corjiacHO CTaTycy ee OTna, c B03BpameHHeM fleBHHbeň cpaMHJiHH.1
Ecjih o6paineHHe H3 ceKTaHTCTBa b npaBocjiaBHe Morno noBJíenb 3a co6oň (pyHflaMeHTajibHbie H3MeHeHHH b conHajibHOM h ceMeňHOM CTaTyce o6paineHHoro, nepexoflbí H3 oahoh ceKTbi b flpyryio OKa3bma-jih eine 6ojibinee B03fleřícTBHe Ha o6iHHHy h ceMbio KOHBepTHTa. Ot-HOCHTejibHO MacniTaĎHoe o6paineHHe b npaBocjiaBHe b AjiTbi-Arane, npoH3onieflinee b 1853 r., MO^KeT cjiysoiTb Bbipa3HTejibHbiM npHMepoM MHororpaHHOCTH nocjieflCTBHH TaKoro o6paineHHH. IlocTOHHHoe npn-cyTCTBHe npaBocjiaBHbix b paHee ceKTaHTCKoň flepeBHe 6e3B03BpaTHO H3MeHHJio Beto flajibHeHinyio cyflb6y AjiTbi-Arana. H b KpaTKOcpoHHoň, h b flOJirocpoHHOH nepcneKTHBe o6paineHHe Memuio pojib rocyflap-CTBeHHbix BJiacTeň b flepeBHe, BHyTpnoĎiHHHHoe B3aHMOfleHCTBHe h Syflymee pa3BHTHe xpncTaHCTBa cpeflH pyccKHX ceKTaHTOB 3aKaBKa-3bH Boo6ine.
Cjiynaň AjiTbi-Arana flajiee fleMOHCTpnpyeT, KaK 3HaneHHe, npnfla-BaBineecH o6paineHHio, Morno CHJibHO BapbHpoBaTbCH ot KOHBepTHTa k KOHBepTHTy. OcpHUHajibHbie BJiacTH Top^KecTBOBajiH no6efly b bo-HHe 3a npaBocjiaBHe. 3HTy3Ha3M ot toto, hto npaBocjiaBHe HaKOHeij 3anojiyHHJio 6eperoBOH njian,flapM b cpefle 3aKaBKa3CKHX ceKTaHTOB,
npOpbIBaeTCH CKB03b >KeCTKHH 6lOpOKpaTHHeCKHH H3HK B flOKJiafle OT
1853 r. KaBKa3CKOMy KOMHTeTy reHepaji-ry6epHaTopa KHH3H M. C. Bo-
pOHUOBa2. /JeHCTBHTejIbHO, flJIH 3HTy3Ha3Ma 6bIJIH npHHHHbl, nOCKOJIb-Ky, COEnaCHO CBefleHHHM OT MeCTHbIX HHHOBHHKOB, MHO}KeCTBO TpeiHHH
h HecornacHH, bo3hhkihhx b pe3ynbTaTe 3Toro co6hthh b cpefle ceKTaHTOB LUeMaxcKoň ry6epHHH, co3flajiH 6jiaronpHHTHbie ycjioBHH fljia eine 6ojibinero HHCJia o6paineHHH b npaBocjiaBHe. fljisi MOJioKaH >Ke 3th o6pameHHH HMe/iH coBepineHHO o6paTHbiň cmhcji. Ecjih rocyflap-CTBeHHbie hhhobhhkh Harpa>KflajiH MeflajiHMH MnpoHOBa h OpjioBa 3a
TO, HTO Te IipHBejIH TaK MHOrO MOJIOKaH B JIOHO npaBOCJiaBHH, MOJIOKaH-
CKHe KpecTbHHe CHHTajiH hx (KaK h flpyrnx o6pam;eHHbix) 3JiofleHMH.
06paineHHe Bejio k yBenHHeHHio rocyflapcTBeHHoro npHcyTCTBHH b AjiTbi-Arane h co3flaBajio nponacTb b flepeBeHCKoň o6iHHHe Me>Kfly npaBocjiaBHbíMH h ceKTaHTaMH. B sthx o6cTOHTejibCTBax BopoHUOB yTBep>Kflaji, hto npaBHTejibCTBO aoji>kho OKa3aTb MoíHHyio noflflep>K-
Ky o6paineHHbiM ceKTaHTaM h nonbiTaTbCH TeM caMHM noBJíHHTb Ha coceflCTByiomHX c hhmh ynopcTByioíHHX ceKTaHTOB. TeHepaji-ryĎep-HaTop ysce pacnopHflHJicH h o CTpoHTejibCTBe BpeMeHHoň nacoBHH b flepeBHe, h o Bbi6ope noflxoflHin;ero CBHmeHHHKa, h o nepecejieHHH flpyrnx npaBocjiaBHbix KpecTbHH b AjiTbi-Aran. BopoHii;oB o6paTHJicsi
B KaBK33CKHH KOMHTeT C npOCbĎOH BblflejIHTb CpeflCTBa flJIH CTpOH-
TenbCTBa npaBocjiaBHoň uepKBH b AjiTbi-Arane, npnoĎpeTeHHH Bcero Heo6xoflHMoro fljiH pejiHrH03Hbix cjiy>K6 h BbiiuiaTbi e>KeroflHoro >Ka-jioBaHHH CBHin;eHHHKaM. IlocjieflHee, no MHeHHio BopoHu;oBa, 6biJio >KH3HeHHO Heo6xoflHMO fljiH Toro hto6h c caMoro Hanajia He o6peMe-HHTb HOBOo6pam;eHHbix pacxoflaMH Ha flyxoBHbie Tpe6bi. B to >Ke Bpe-mh sth fleHbrn npeflHa3HaHajiHCb h ajih CBHmeHHHKOB, hto6h o6ecne-HHTb hx BceM Heo6xoflHMbiM Ha flOJiroBpeMeHHyio nepcneKTHBy, fla6bi
npeflOTBpaTHTb C HX CTOpOHbl B3HTOHHHHeCTBO H BblMOraTejIbCTBO
fleHer ot hx hoboh nacTBbi. 3th 3JioynoTpe6jieHHH MorjiH OTBpaTHTb ocTaBiiiHXCH MOJioKaH AjiTbi-AraHa «ot nocjieflOBaHHH 6jiaroMy npHMe-py cbohx oflHocejibueB».
BopoHu;oB npocHJi TaioKe BpeMeHHoro ocBo6o>KfleHHH ot ynjiaTbi noflaTeň fljiH Tex MOJioKaH, KOTopbie o6paTHJincb hjih o6paraTCH b npaBocjiaBHe h ocTaHyTCH TKWih b AjiTbi-Arane. Oh TaioKe noTpe6oBaji aMHHCTHH 6erjibiM ceKTaHTaM, npn ycjioBHH hx nepexofla b npaBocjiaBHe. CorjiacHO CBefleHHHM BoeHHoro ry6epHaTopa LUeMaxH, HeKHe ceKTaHTH 6oHJiHCb o6paTHTbCH b npaBocjiaBHe, noTOMy hto He3aKOH-ho CKpbiBajiHCb b neHTpajibHbix o6jiacrax h onacajiHCb, hto peBHOCT-Hbie MOJioKaHe H3 hx flepeBeHb ocyflHT hx bhxoa H3 ceKTbi h nonbiTa-iotch OTOMCTHTb hm, coo6ihhb o hhx BJiacraM. B pe3ynbTaTe BopoHu;oB nonpocHJi, hto6h jno6bie CBefleHHH o 6erjieu;ax, KOTopbie 6bi BcnjibiJiH b CBH3H c hx o6paiHeHHeM b npaBocjiaBHe, ocTaBajincb 6bi 6e3 nocjiefl-ctbhh. C onpefleneHHHMH H3MeHeHHHMH h flonojiHeHHHMH sth npocb-6bi 6biJiH yflOBJíeTBopeHbi.
CeKTaHTCKHe hctohhhkh nepenojiHeHbi flpyrHMH noflpoĎHOCTHMH o tom, hto npoHcxoflHJio b flepeBHHX nocjie o6pam;eHHH b npaBocjiaBHe1. MnpoHOB h OpjioB o6pam;ajiHCb k BJiacraM c npocb6oň o HeMefl-jieHHOM CTpoHTejibCTBe i^epKBH b flepeBHe. MojioKaHe 6buiH nopa>Ke-hh, y3HaB, hto o(pHLi;HajibHoe pa3peineHHe Ha CTpoHTejibCTBO uepKBH conpoBO>Kflajiocb pacnopn^KeHHeM, KOTopoe o6H3HBajio hx caMHX
nOCTpOHTb 3Ty U;epKOBb-UepKOBb, KOTOpyK) OHH OTHaHHHO HeHaBH-
flenH KaK chmboji Bcero Toro pa3Bpam;eHHH, KOTopoe ohh CBH3biBajiH c npaBocjiaBHoň I^epKOBbio h KaK BHflHMoe HanoMHHaHHe penpeccnň qapHCTCKOH TeoKpaTHH. AjiTbi-AraHCKHe MOJioKaHe 3aKJiaflbiBajiH KHp-
nHHH B 3flaHHe HOBOH I^epKBH C npOKJIHTHHMH h nofl najiKaMH, KOTO-pbie ryjiHJiH no hx cnHHaM. Hobhh CBHmeHHHK 3acTaBJiHJi MOJioKaH njiaTHTb no corae py6jieň e>KeroflHO Ha CBoe coflep>KaHHe. Reimo h hoili;ho HJieHbi MOJioKaHCKoň o6m;HHbi 6buiH o6H3aHbi HecTH Kapayn y flBepeň i^epKBH.
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: cou,uajibnaR KOMMynuKau,UR CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
1 rMMP <p. 14, on. 3, 3. 2962, 2902
38
Hhkojiac  Bpahí otjil
HCGÍIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
39
MojioKaue Ajunu-Azaua He sepujiu, umo e cocmoRHUu Kozda-Jiuôo noKOHUumb c npucymcmeueM npaeocjiae-Hbix e CBoeů depeene. Ohu cjiajiu nemuuuu MecmubtM zpaiicdaHCKUM ejiacrrmM 06 omHoiueHuu ic hum (ocoôemio co cmopoHbi Jleeoueacozo), ho He nojiyuajiu omeemoe. B omeem na ux iiccuioôu u iicejicLHue omicpumo ucnoeedoeamb ceom eepy UMyzpoiicajiu ebicbuucoů u 6umbeM. [Jo cjiyuam JleeouecKuů uiaHmaiicupoeaji MOJioKüH meM, umo e cjiyuae omKü3a noduuHumbCM ezo mpeooeamiHM, oh Haunem npoeodumb npaeocjiaenbie cjiyiicôu e meuenue ecezo dux, He ocmaeue um epeMenu na 6ozocjiyiiceHue. Mojioicane snemu e ynuHue, nojiazax, umo HUKmo 3a npedejiaMU ux Heôojibuiozo pezuoHa He ßydem u cjiyuiamb 06 ux uc-nbimamiax ľMHP p. 14, on. 3, d. 1962,1902, jui. 9-11
'■ TUVLPp.Kl, on. 8, 3.526, jui. 6o6-7o6
Cyflböa MOJioKaHCKOö oöihhhh b AjiTbi-AraHe bo mhotom 3aBH-cejia OT jihhhocth nocTOHHHO npo>KHBaBiiiero TaM CBHineHHHKa. rie-pHOfl npeöbiBaHHH nepBoro CBHineHHHKa BcnoMHHajicH MOJioKaHaMH
KaK BpeMH OTHOCHTejIbHOÖ CBOÖOflbI, HeCMOTpH Ha B CK) HeHaBHCTb K
npHcyTCTBHK) npaBocjiaBHbix b hx flepeBHe h thtot CTpoHTejibCTBa, noflflep>KKH h oxpaHbi uepKBH. Ho b paHHHe roflbí hm pa3peinajiocb npoBOflHTb pejiHrH03Hbie coöpaHHH, a TaKsce xopoHHTb cbohx yviep-
IHHX H npOBOflHTb CBaflbÖbl, COrjiaCHO HX COÖCTBeHHbIM OÖbIHaHM, nofl
neceHHbiö aKKOMnaHHMeHT. 3Ta CBo6ofla, oflHaKO, 6biJia nojiHOCTbio pa3pyineHa c noHBJíeHHeM b 90-x rr. xix BeKa CBHineHHHKa AjieKcea AjieKcaHflpoBHHa JleBonecKoro. JleBonecKHH 3anpeTHJi MOJioKaHaM
COÖHpaTbCH Ha BOCKpeCHbie MOJIHTBH flO OKOHHaHHH npaBOCJiaBHOH
cjiyscöbi (yrBep>KflaH, hto hx neHHe MeinaeT npoBefleHHio cjiyscöbi). Oh 3acTaBHJi MOJioKaH nepeexaTb b flpyroö MOJiejibHbiö flOM, nocKOJibKy nepBoe 3flaHHe Haxoflmiocb Ha HecKOJibKO ca^KeHeň 6jiH>Ke k npaBO-cjiaBHoň uepKBH, HeM nojio>KeHHbie 3aKOHOM BoceMbflecHT ca^KeHeň,
KOTOpbIMH flOJDKHbl 6bIJIH pa3flejIHTbCH CeKTaHTCKHe h npaBocjiaBHbie
uepKBH. Oh TaKsce 3anpeTHJi neHHe bo BpeMH CBafleÖHbix h noxopoH-Hbix cjiyscö. HecMOTpn Ha sth orpaHHHeHHH, JleBonecKHH npoflOJDKaji TpeöoBaTb e>KeroflHbie cto pyöjieö Ha CBoe jiHHHoe h uepKOBHoe co-flep>KaHHe. Korfla MOJioKaHe nocMejiH coöpaTbCH Ha yTpeHHioio mo-jíHTBy, JleBonecKHH nocjiaji nojiHUHio hto6h pa3orHaTb h apecTOBaTb
COÖpaBHIHXCH.1
OöpaineHHe KpecTbHH AjiTbi-AraHa b npaBocjiaBHe TaioKe HMeno
OrpOMHbie nOCJieflCTBHH flJIH pa3BHTHH XpHCTHaHCTBa cpeflH pyCCKHX
3aKaBKa3bH b uenoM. uocKOJibKy MnpoHOB h OpjioB 6buiH jiHflepaMH
TpaflHUHH BOflHOrO MOJIOKaHCTBa B 3TOM perHOHe, 3TO MOJIOKaHCKOe
flBH>KeHHe CTajio HeoTflejiHMbiM OT KaMnaHHH no o6paineHHK> mojio-KaH b npaBocjiaBHe. C stoh tohkh 3peHHH npHHHrae BOflHoro Kpeine-
HHH KaK yCJIOBHH flJIH CnaCeHHH CTajIO paCCMaTpHBaTbCH 3aKaBKa3CKH-
MH MOJioKaHaMH KaK B03Bpam;eHHe k HeHaBHCTHOMy npaBocjiaBHOMy
«H3bIHeCTBy».  C  OflHOH CTOpOHbl, flBH>KeHHe BOflHOrO MOJIOKaHCTBa
obrno HeMefljieHHO h 6e3B03BpaTHO OTCTpaHeHO (no KpaÖHeö Mepe,
nyÖJIHHHO) OT O^KHBJieHHblX ÖOrOCJIOBCKHX flHCKyCCHH, KOTOpbIMH flO
CHX nop xapaKTepH3yioTCH MOJioKaHCKHe oöihhhh. Ha ocTaBineecH flo KOHi^a CTOJieTHH BpeMH napaMeTpbi 3aKaBKa3CKoň MOJioKaHCKoň mhc-jih ôhuiu cy>KeHbi h HanpaBJíHJiHCb nepe3 pa3JiHHHbie KaHajibi. C flpy-roö CTopoHbi, ycTOÖHHBbie accoi^Hai^HH BOflHoro KpemeHHH c npaBO-cjiaBHeM nocjie o6pam;eHHH b AjiTbi-AraHe HMejiH nocjieflCTBHH h fljiH pacnpocTpaHeHHH b 3aKaBKa3be 6anTH3Ma. Co cbohm aKi^eHTOM Ha bo-
flHOM KpemeHHH ÖanTHCTbl BbI3bIBajIH nOfl03peHHH H npOTHBOpeHHH B
MOJioKaHCKHX o6m;HHax, KOTopbie CHanajia BocnpHHHMajiH öanTHCTOB KaK npaBocjiaBHbix bojikob b OBenbHX niKypax. y6e>KfleHHOCTb mojio-KaH b tom HTO öanTHCTbi öbiJiH TeM >Ke, HTO h npaBocjiaBHbie, He flaBa-jio 6anTH3My bo3mo>khocth pacnpocTpaHHTbCH b 3aKaBKa3be.2
Tlepexod U3 npaeocjiaeuR e ceKmanmcKue deHOMimauuu. üepexofl h3 npaBocjiaBHH b ceKTaHTCTBO BJieK 3a co6oň noxo>KHe yflHBHTejibHbie nocjieflCTBHH h fljiH o6pam;eHHoro, h fljiH ero o6m;HHbi, KaK h CMeHa ceKTaHTCKOH fleHOMHHan;HH Ha npaBocjiaBHe. Bbixofl H3 npaBocjiaBHe TaioKe peryjiHpoBajicH mho^kcctbom npaBHTenbCTBeHHbix 3aKOHOB h BbiJiHBajicH bo BMeinaTejibCTBO rocyflapcTBa b toö hjih hhoh 4>opMe b
}KH3Hb BepyíOmHX H HX 061HHH. C OflHOH CTOpOHbl, OHeBHflHO, HTO BCe
o6pam;aBinHecH b ceKTaHTCTBO, no KpaÖHeö Mepe, HaxoflHJiHCb nofl yrpo3oň HaKa3aHHH, ecjiH He npecjieflOBajiHCb no yrojioBHoň CTaTbe «OTCTynHHHecTBO»1. C flpyroö CTopoHbi, HeKOTopbie BHOBb o6pam;eH-
Hbie CeKTaHTbl H3BJieKajIH BbirOflbI H3 CTpyKTypbl I^apHCTCKHX 3aKOHOB,
HanpHMep, OTKpbiBaH fljiH ceÖH B03MO>KHOCTb nepecejieHHH b 3aKaB-Ka3be.
nepexofl H3 npaBocjiaBHH b ceKTaHTCKyio fleHOMHHan;Hio nacTO 03-HaHaji Hanajio abohhoh >kh3hh KOHBepTHTa. ßjm Toro hto6h H36e>KaTb npecjieflOBaHHH 3a HOByio Bepy, KOHBepTHTbi pyTHHHO CKpbiBajiH CMe-Hy pejiHľHH OT rocyflapcTBa h n;epKOBHbix BJiacTeň, a TaioKe ot cbohx npaBocjiaBHbix cocefleň, BHeniHe npoflOJi>KaH npnflep>KHBaTbCH npaBO-cjiaBHH. TaK, CMeHa fleHOMHHai^HH He oöycjioBJiHBajia H3MeHeHHe Jie-Kaji pejiHrH03Hoö npaKTHKH, fla>Ke ecjiH h 03HaHajia Ba>KHbie nepeMe-
Hbl B JIHHHblX pejIHrH03HHX y6e>KfleHHHX.2
Bbixod U3 npaeocjiaeuR maK3Ke pezyjiupoeajicR MHOJKecmeoM npaeumejibcmeeHHbLX 3CLKOHoe u ebLJiueajicR 60 eMewamejibcmeo zocydapcmea e moů ujiu uhoů cßopMe e 3KU3Hb eepyiow,ux u ux oôiuuh
1 OS ucmouHUKa, e Komopbix onucbíeammcn npecjiedoea-
HUR U HCL1CCL3CLHUR, CM., Hünp.l
PľMA p. 1268, on. 10, d. 218, I860; PľMA <p. 1268, on. 10, d. 255, 1859; PľMA tp.1284, on. 200-1843, d. 508; PľMA <p. 1284, on. 204-1849, d. 799
'■ Cm. Hanp., cjiyuaů Ahhu JfoHeuKoeoiL, Komopuu oôcyiic-daemcR u e ľMHP (p. 2, on. 7, d. 596, H.d.,jui. 116-117; PľMA p. 1284, on. 195-1829, d. 149, jui. 1-106; PľMA p. 1284, on. 200-1843, d. 445, jui. I-I06, 3o6-6; u e PľMA p. 1284, on. 195-1825, d. 61, jui. 180, 205-206, 236, 237
OTHOCHTejibHO MaciHTaÖHoe o6pam;eHHe npaBocjiaBHbix KpecTbHH b MOJioKaHCTBO b pa3Hbix flepeBHHX BonajioBCKoro ye3fla ThcJuihcckoh ryöepHHH3 b 80-x rr. xix BeKa HpKO HJUiiocTpHpyeT o6m;ecTBeHHbie, ceMeÖHbie h nojíHTHHecKHe nocjieflCTBHH OTXofla ot npaBOCJiaBHOH UepKBH4. B KpaTKOcpoHHoň nepcneKTHBe sto o6pam;eHHe OTKpbuio iHJiK>3bi KOH(J)jiHKTa BHyTpH flepeBeHb. C HanajioM kohcJuihktob Me>Kfly HJieHaMH ceMeň h coceflHMH b «3apa>KeHHbix» flepeBHHX, UepKOBb h ro-cyflapcTBeHHbie BJiacTH BMeniHBajiHCb HanpHMyio, nbiTaHCb npoTHBO-
CTOHTb 3Jiy, KOTOpOe, KaK OHH CHHTajIH, OJIHLi;eTBOpHJIH C060Ö HOBOHB-
jieHHbie MOJioKaHe.
Bce Te npaBocjiaBHbie, KOTopbie, TaK hjih HHane, 6biJiH BOBJíeneHbi b 3TOT npou;ecc—HJieHbi flepeßeHCKHX coöpaHHÖ, MecTHbie flyxoBHbie
H pejIHrH03Hbie BJiaCTH, rpy3HHCKHH 3K3apx, ľjiaBHOHaHajIbCTByiOmHH
1 ľnaeHUM o6pa30M e depeenxx Hoeo-lloKpoBKa, Huícojiaeeica u flíicejiaji-Ozjíbi
PľMA 1284, 221-1884, ô. 72 u ByHRmoe «Bum pyccKux KpecmbRH», 103
40
HhKOJIAC EPAHďOrJIb
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
41
Cmchq. pcjiuzuu s MyjibmuKOH-cßeccuoHajibHOM KOHmeKcme
PPMA 1284, 221-1884, d. 71, Ji. 2-3, 12-13
Ha KaBKa3e A.M. /JpHflyKOB-KopcaKOB—6l-ijih cojiHflapHbi b tom, hto npoflOJi>KHTejibHoe cocyinecTBOBaHHe HOBOoöpaineHHbix MOJioKaH c npaBocjiaBHbiMH 6buio HeB03MO>KHbiM. EflHHCTBeHHoe peineHHe 3a-KJiioHajiocb b (J)H3HHecKOM OTflejieHHH flByx pejiHľH03Hbrx rpynn nyTeM H3rHaHHH MOJioKaH. B HHKOJiaeBKe, HanpHMep, 30 HJieHOB oöihhhh (b KOTopoH 6biJio 3aperHCTpHpoBaHO TOJibKO 42 ceMbH) noflnncajiH nera-UHio BJiacTHM c npocböoö HeMefljieHHoro yflajieHHH HOBOoöpaineHHbix
MOJIOKaH. ľpy3HHCKHH 3K3apX 6 OH JICH, HTO MOJIOKaHCTBO B JIHUe HOBO-
oöpaineHHbix HMeeT orpoMHbiö noTeHunaji fljin flajibHeöiiiero pacnpo-CTpaHeHHH b cpefle npaBocjiaBHbix Bepyioinnx.
ye3flHHH HaHajibHHK BopHajiHHCKoro ye3fla pa3flejijui sto MHeHHe,
BbICKa3bIBaHCb  3a  BblCbUIKy:   «COBMeCTHOe >KHTejIbCTBO  MOJIOKaH H
npaBocjiaBHbix b oflHOM cejieHHH Bcerfla conpoBO>KflaeTCH 6e3npepbiB-
HblMH Bpa>Kfle6HbIMH CTOJIKHOBeHHHMH KpeCTbHH, HTO BefleT K OCJia-ÖJieHHK) HapOflHOH HpaBCTBeHHOCTH H BMeCTe C TeM SKOHOMHHeCKOMy
oöinecTBeHHOMy pascTpoöcTBy».1
/JoHeceHHH, b KOTopbix oiiHCbiBaeTCH B3aHMHan Bpa>Kfla npaBocjiaBHbix H MOJIOKaH, yKa3bIBaiOT Ha TO, HTO CTpaXH pa3JIHHHHX CJIOeB
npaBocjiaBHoro HacejieHHH nepefl coBMecTHbiM npo^KHBaHHeM c ceK-
TaHTaMH He 6bIJIH JIHineHbl OCHOBaHHH. rioCJie CMeHbl fleHOMHHailHH, KOHBepTHTbl OÖTjHBJIHJIH O CBOeM pejIHrH03HOM BblÖOpe OTKpblTO Ha
flepeBeHCKHX cxoflax, nbiTancb TeM caMbiM npHBJíenb h flpyrnx b cboio HOByio Bepy. HoBooöpaineHHbie h3 HoBonaBJioBKH nyöJiHHHO BbicMe-HBajiH CBOHX npaBocjiaBHbix oflHocejibHaH, npeHeöperajiH CBHineHHbi-
MH UepKOBHblMH TaHHCTBaMH, HaCMeXajIHCb Hafl npaBOCJiaBHbIM CBH-
meHCTBOM h npoHBJiHJiH oöinee HeyBa>KeHHe k npaBocjiaBHoň LJepKBH.
B MHOzoKOH0eccuoHajibHoů poccuůcKoů UMnepuu XIX eerca nepexodbi U3 odnoů xpucrnuancKoů mpadui^uu e dpyzyio 6bLJiu nocmoRHHOů, mow,hoů u zjiyôoKO npoHUKaiow,eů CUJIOŮ
/JeHTejibHOCTb HOBbix MOJIOKaH cpeflH Hx npaBocjiaBHbix cocefleň co BpeMeHeM jiHiiib aKTHBH3HpoBajiacb. B OTBeT MecTHbie flyxoBHbie hh-hobhhkh nbiTajiHCb yöeflHTb KOHBepTHTOB BepHyTbCH b npaBocjiaBHe, ho Bee 3TH nonbiTKH h yBemeBaHHH He cmoüih Bbi3BaTb h MajieöniHX npoHBJíeHHH >KejiaHHH oöpaTHoro oöpaineHHH.
Bojiee toto, npaBocjiaBHbie cejibnaHe npoflOJi>KajiH >KajioBaTbCH Ha nacTO arpeccHBHbie fleňcTBHH hx hobhx MOJioKaHCKHX cocefleň, oco-öeHHO Ha ceMeÖHoe HacHJine. B OflHOM xapaKTepHOM cjiynae <Ěeflop
JIOKTHOHOB HKOÖbl H3ÖHBajI CBOK) >KeHy, nOCKOJIbKy OHa npoflOJDKajia
co6jiK)flaTb npaBocjiaBHbie oöpHflbi h coBepinaTb TaHHCTBa. /Jpyrne ho-Boo6pam;eHHbie MOJioKaHe ycneniHO oöpainajiH b cboio Bepy cbohx >KeH
H fleTeft. Te >KeHIHHHbI, KOTOpbie ÖbIJIH flOCTaTOHHO CHJIbHbl, HTOÖbl co-
npoTHBJíHTbCH nonbiTKaM cbohx Mysceň nepeMaHHTb hx h3 npaBocjia-BHH, 6buiH Bbmy>KfleHbi cjieflHTb, HTo6bi hx fleTH He BocnHTbiBajiHCb no MOJioKaHCKHM TpaflHi^HHM, nojiaraa, hto TaK OHH He oöpeTyT BeHHoro cnaceHHH. H Bee >Ke peflKHÖ nejioBeK Mor flOJiro conpoTHBJíHTbCH 4>h-3HHecKOMy h MeHTajibHOMy flaBJíeHHK). OflHa >KeHiHHHa 6buia npHBep-yneua npaBocjiaBHio, b to BpeMH KaK ee Myse nepeinen b MOJIOKaHCTBO, a hx HeflaBHO yMepninň peöeHOK obíjí noxopoHeH no MOJioKaHCKOMy oöpHfly. Eh npHHiJiocb ycTynHTb flaBJíeHHK) CBoero Mysca h npHHHTb MOJIOKaHCTBO. Bojiee Tóro, oöpaineHHbie b MOJIOKaHCTBO öojiee He CHHTajiH ceÖH oÖH3aHHbiMH 3a6oTHTbCH o cbohx ocTaBaBiHHXCH npaBO-
CJiaBHblMH pOflHTejIHX. /JoÖaBJIHH K OÖHfle OCKOpÖJieHHe, OHH BO BpeMfl
npaBocjiaBHoro nocTa npefljiarajiH cbohm poflHTejiHM nniny, k koto-poH Bepyioinne He moüih npHKacaTbCH1. B flOJirocpoHHOH nepcneKTH-Be, oöpameHHH b EopnajiHHCKOM ye3fle npHBejiH k o6pa30BaHHK> Tpe-
mHH BHyrpH pyCCKHX flepeBeHCKHX o6iHHH H (J)OpMHpOBaHHIO HOBblX
noceneHHH. rio, KaK Ka>KeTCH, B3aHMHOMy corjiaineHHio, HOBOoöpa-meHHbie MOJioKaHe noKHHyjiH cboh flOMa, b KOTopbix npo>KHJiH mhoto jieT, npnoöpejiH 3eMJiio y MecTHbix 3eMJieBJiaflejibij;eB h ocHOBajiH ho-Byio BceMOJioKaHCKyio flepeBHio b mccthocth HoBO-MnxaftjioBKa2. ßjm 3THX KOHBepTHTOB HOBaH flepeBHH flajia Hanajio h hoboh oöinecTBeH-HOH h xo3HHCTBeHHOH 5KH3HH, nocKOJibKy Tenepb HX ÖJiarOCOCTOHHHe CTajio TecHO CBH3aHO c öoraToö h BJiHHTejibHoö b perHOHe coceflHefl MOJioKaHCKOH flepeBHeö BopoHu;oBKa.3
06paw,eHue e mupoKOM KOHmeKcme. B MHoroKOH(J)eccHOHajibHOH poccHÖCKOH HMnepHH XIX BeKa nepexoflbí H3 oflHoö xpHcraaHCKOH
TpaflHI^HH B flpyryiO ÖbIJIH nOCTOHHHOH, MOmHOH H TJiyÖOKO npoHH-
Kaioinen chjioh. npou;ecc (h noTeHu;Haji) pejiHľH03Hbix o6pameHHH
flHHaMHHHO B3aHMOfleHCTBOBajI C pejIHľH03HOH, o6lI];eCTBeHHOH H nOJIHTHHeCKOH >KH3HbIO pyCCKHX CeKTaHTOB. CeKTaHTCKaH pejiHrno3-HaH HfleHTHHHOCTb CTaHOBHJiaCb MaHKOM flJIH JIHHHOH HfleHTHHHOCTH
ceKTaHTOB, npHflaßajia cmhcji hx cyinecTBOBaHHio h, b to >Ke BpeMH, Morjia Hcnojib30BaTbCH b u;ejiHX H3BJieneHHH MaTepnajibHoö, nojiHTH-necKOH HJiH connajibHOH Bbiroflbi. /JeöcTBHTejibHO, pejiHrno3HaH HfleH-THHHOCTb CTajia eine OflHoö apeHoö, Ha KOTopoö pyccKHe KpecTbHHe, MemaHe h nponne moüih HCKycHO Hcnojib30BaTb napcKHe 3aKOHbi,
aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbie CTpyKTypbl H KyjIbTypHbie yCJIOBHOCTH flJIH CBOefl
JIHHHOH HJiH KOJiJieKTHBHOH Bbiroflbi (6yflb to ocBo6o>KfleHHe OT yro-jioBHoro npecjieflOBaHHH hjih «pa3BOfl» c HejnoÖHMbiM cynpyroM hjih cynpyroö). Tohho t3khm >Ke o6pa30M rocyflapcTBeHHbie hhhobhhkh nbiTajiHCb 3afleöcTBOBaTb h Hcnojib30BaTb cboh 3aKOHbi h nojiHTHKy fljiH Toro HTo6bi BJiHHTb Ha pejiHrH03Hbiö jiaHflina(J)T no CBoeMy yc-
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couiiajibHCLR
KOMMyHUKaUUR
CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
1 Ibid., jim. IO06-I2
2 MojioKcme cmapcuiuch ne ccopumbCM c npaeocjiaeHMMU BOKpyz Hux u He BMeuiueamhCR s ux dejia. C mouKU 3peuusi npaeumejibcmea, mpuduue-CKUŮ UMnepamue He no3eojuui
BJiaCmSIM HaClUlbHO U3Z0HSimb
MOJioKaH U3 npaBocjiaBHbix depeeenb, a nomoMy ohu Hadesuiucb na doôpoeojibHoe peiuenue mojioküh noKunymb 3mu nocejieuuM. O mpuduue-CKUX ozpaHuueuusix cm.: PľHA 1284, 221-1884, d. 71, JUL. 3, 7-7o6
3 Eynamoe, «Eum pyccKux KpecmbMH», 97-145; A. M. Ap-zymuHCKUů-/JojizopyKoe, «Eop-hojiuhckuů ye3d, TutpJlUCCKOŮ zyôepmiu e 3K0H0MuuecK0M u KOMMepuecKOM omHoiuemisix»,
8 PaŮOH TlufijlUCCKO-KapCCKO-
spueaucKoů 3icejie3Hoů dopozu
8 SKOHOMUUeCKOM U KOMMep-
necKOM omHoiuemisix (PTK3) (Tutßjiuc, 1897), 1-323; u A. /J. 3puii08, «3K0H0Muue-ckuíí 6bím zocydapcmeeHHbíx KpecmbMH EopuajiuHCKOzo ye3da TiufijiuccKoů zyoepuuu» 8 Mamepuajibí djui U3yue-
HUR SKOHOMUUeCKOZO ôbíma
zocydapcmeeHHbix Kpeanbsm 3aKa8Kü3CKOzo Kpasi, m.VIl (Tutfmuc: 1887), 367-534
42
HhKOJIAC EPAHďOrJIb
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
43
-1^ -1^
- ■ -t re re ^ —
5?
,o 3
3 'a
5 »■ S
5 o
re^ °
. ST & E.
3.
■ 3'
S T O %  re 3
TO K
n
"a to
fa K
K K
MeumuHU u demu EjieuoeKU, SpueaucKOR zy6epuuR, ok. 1897z. QomozpcufiuR U3 khuzu Esther Lancraft Hovey, "The Old Post-Road From Tiflis to Erivan," National Geographic Magazine vol. 12, no. 8 (August, 1901): 304
a o
^ 3 3 I
=0
=0 ^ ON S
=0 p
■ K:
s s
IE
j: > I S
-1^ U1
3 TO
5 c
•a
K
?!
n
EHE.7IHOrPA<l>H.H
CMeua pejiuzuu
B MyjlbmUKOH-(fieCCUOHCLJlbHOM
KOHmeKcme
Aktm co6paHHbie KaBKa3CKOK) ApxeorpacjjHHecKOK) KoMHCCHeio (AKAK) (ThcJjjihc, 1866-1904)
ApryHCKHH-flojiropyKOB A.M. Eop^ajiHHCKHH ye3fl b SKOHOMH^ecKOM
H KOMMep^eCKOM OTHOineHHHX / PaHOH Tnc|)JIHCCKO-KapCCKO-3pHBaHCKOH )Kejie3HOH flOpOrH B SKOHOMHHeCKOM H KOMMep^eCKOM OTHOineHHHX (PTK3).
Thcjjjihc, 1897. C. 1-323;
Byhhtob T. Bht pyccKHX KpecTbHH JlopHHCKoro yiacTKa, Bop^ajiMHCKoro ye3fla, ThcJjjihcckoh ry6epHHn / C6opHHK MaTepnajioB fljia onncaHHH MecTHOCTeft h ruieMeH KaBKa3a. Bbin. 31. Ot#. II. ThcJjjihc, 1902.
flOJDKEHKO H . B . PejIHrH03HbIH H KyjIbTypHO-6bITOBOH ymiafl pyCCKHX KpeCTbHH-
ceKTaHTOB Boctohhoh ApMeHHH (XIX—Ha^ajio XX b.) / /J,yxo6opubi h MOJioxaHe b 3aKaBKa3be. Ilofl pefl. B.H. Ko3JioBa h A.n. IlaBJieHKO. M., 1992.
Etopob II. 3aKaBKa3CKaa flopojKHaa 3anwcKH 1851 rofla: flopora ot THc[)jiHca flo IIIeMaxH h r. EjiHcaBeTnojia. // PyccKHH HHBajiHfl. Ns 217. 11 okth6ph 1857. C. 901-903.
Hcm ahji-3a/ie fl.H. PyccKoe KpecTbHHCTBO b 3aKaBKa3be: 30-e roflbiXIX— Ha^ajio XX b. MocKBa, 1982.
HCTOPHHECKHE CBefleHHH O MOJIOKaHCKOH CeKTe. // IIpaBOCJiaBHblH
co6eceflHHK. Ns 11 (Hoa6pb 1858): 79-80.
K BOnpocy o 3aKaBKa3CKHx ceKTaHTax // KaBKa3. Ns 84. 18 anpejia 1881. LL 1-2.
Macajikhh A.M. K HCTopHH 3aKaBKa3CKHX ceKTaHTOB: I MojioxaHe//KaBKa3 Ne 306 (18 Hoa6pa 1893): 3.
IIojihoe co6paHne 3aKOHOB Pocchhckoh HMnepHH (IIC3) (1-3) 1830-1915.
C-A K. PyccKHe pacKOJibHHKH, nocejieHHbie b EaKHHCKoft ry6epHHn. no. 10 (January 24, 1868): 2-3.
CETAJib H.J1. PyccKHe nocejiHHe b EjiHcaBeTnojibCKoft ry6epHHH.//KaBKa3, 1890, Ne 40, 41, 42, 43.
Cboa CTaTHCTH^ecKHX flaHHbix o HacejieHHH 3aKaBKa3CKaro Kpaa, H3BJieHeHHbix hx noceMeftHbix cnHCKOB 1886 r. ThcJjjihc, 1893.
3phctob A./J,. SKOHOMH^ecKHH 6ht rocyflapcTBeHHbix KpeCTbHH
Eop^ajiHHCKoro ye3fla ThcJjjihcckoh ry6epHHn / MaTepwajibi fljia H3yieHH5i 3KOHOMHHecKoro 6biTa rocyflapcTBeHHbix KpecTbtm 3aKaBKa3CKoro Kpaa. T. VII. Tiflis, 1887. C. 367-534.
Bainbridge, W.S. The Sociology of Conversion. In: Handbook of Religious Conversion. Eds. H. Newton Malony and Samuel Southard. Birmingham, Alabama: Religious Education Press, 1992. P. 178-191.
Breyfogle, Nicholas. Heretics and Colonizers: Forging Russia's Empire in the South Caucasus. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.
Breyfogle, Nicholas. Heretics and Colonizers: Religious Dissent and
Russian Colonization of Transcaucasia, 1830-1890. Ph.D. diss. University of Pennsylvania, 1998.
Breyfogle, Nicholas. "The Religious World of Russian Sabbatarians
(Subbotniki)". In Holy Dissent: Jewish and Christian Mystics in Eastern Europe, ed. Glenn Dynner (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2011), 359-392.
Coleman, Heather. Russian Baptists and Spiritual Revolution, 1905-1929. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.
H e r e t z, L. Russia on the Eve of Modernity: Popular Religion and Traditional Culture under the Last Tsars. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Hollan, D. Pockets Full of Mistakes: The Personal Consequences of Religious Change in Toraja Village // Oceania 58, no. 4 (June 1988). P. 275-289.
46
HHKOJIAC EPAHt'OrJIb
Kizenko, N. Prodigal Saint: Father John of Kronstadt and the Russian People. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000.
Lofland, J., Stark, R. Becoming a World-Saver: A Theory of Conversion from a Deviant Perspective // American Sociological Review 30, 1965. P. 863-874.
Musick, M., Wilson, J. Religious Switching for Marriage Reasons// Sociology of Religion 56, no. 3. Fall 1995. P. 257-270.
Of Religion and Empire: Missions, Conversion, and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia. Ed. by Robert Geraci and Michael Khodarkovsky. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001.
Rambo, L. Understanding Religious Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.
Shevzov, V. Russian Orthodoxy on the Eve of Revolution. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Snow, D., Machalek, R. Sociology of Conversion//Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 10 (1984), P. 167-190.
Werth, Paul . At the Margins of Orthodoxy: Mission, Governance, and Confessional Politics in Russia's Volga-Kama Region, 1827-1905. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002.
Znamenski, Andrei. Shamanism and Christianity: native encounters with Russian Orthodox missions in Siberia and Alaska, 1820-1917. Greenwood, 1999.
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couuajibHasi KOMMyHmcauuR CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
HcCJIEflOBAHHJI   TARTARIA   MAGNA l'20I2
47
CbLpdapbUHckaR oôjiacmb. ľopod
jjii
TypKecman 06w,uu eud Mae30Jiesi Cyjimana AxMeda flccaeu c
W3KH0Ů CmOpOHbL. '
1865 z. 0omo U3
«TypKecmaHCKOzo
ajiböoMa».
mcmoHHUK:
http://www.wdl.org
1
n.C. LUabjieh
OPEHE-yPrCKOE MATOMETAHCKOE /jyXOBHOE COBPAHHE
ripoektbl npeobpa30bahhh mycy^bmahckhx hhcthtytob b ka3axckoíi cteiih b 5o-60 rr. xix b.
McCJIEflOBAHHH    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
The Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Congregation and the project of reformation of the islamic Institutions in the Kazakh steppe in the 185os-186os
The paper considers phases of reformation of the Muslim institutions in the Kazakh Steppe in the 1850S-1860S. One of the key issues of this process was withdrawal of the Kazakh Muslims from the jurisdiction of the Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Congregation. The author shows that the Kazakh population, local ulema and Russian officials often disagreed on the issues of significance of the Muslim institutions and the Muftiat in general. Therefore, while implementing reforms, Russian authorities had to constantly correct religious policy in order to reduce social tension
CmambM BbLnojiHeua npu noddepiiace zpauma Open Society Institute (OSI-ZUG) CARTI-J 30015465 E0043
OPEHE-yPrCKOE MATOMETAHCKOE /jyXOBHOE COEPAHHE H nPOEKTbl nPEOEPA30BAHHH MYCYJIbMAHCKHX HHCTHTYTOB B KA3AXCKOH CTEFIH B 50-60 IT. XIX B.
TI. C. Ula6jieu
KocmanaucKuu
(fiumiaji
Hejifi6uHCKOzo
zocydapcmeenHozo
ynueepcumema,
z. Kocmanau,
Pecny6jiuKa
Ka3axcmaH
no BpeMeHHOMy nojio>KeHHio 1868 r. Ka3axn nofljieiscajiH h3TjHthio H3 BeflOMCTBa OpeH6yprcKoro MaroMeTaHCKoro /lyxoBHoro Co6paHHH foMflC =My<pmuam), KOHTpojib BJia-CTeft Ha/j; pacnpocTpaHeHHeM MycynbMaHCKHX HHCTHTyTOB b Ka3axcKOH CTenn yscecTonajicH. /JaHHaa pecJiopMa, 3aTpoHyBinaH ihh-poKHH ruiacT >kh3hh MycynbMaHCKHX coo6niecTB b Ka3axcKOH cpefle, TeM He MeHee, He 6buia 6bicTpo h scJxJieKTHBHO peajiH30BaHa. B KOHne 60-x—cepeflHHe 80-x rr. xix b. BbicniHe h perHOHajibHbie BJiacra Poc-chhckoh HMnepHH no-npe>KHeMy HCKajiH Han6ojiee n,enecoo6pa3Hbie cnoco6bi perynHpoBaHHH HCJiaMa b Ka3axcKOH CTenn1. B CHJiy Toro, hto Ha Bonpoc o npeo6pa30BaHHH MycynbMaHCKHX HHCTHTyTOB y Ka3axoB
CHJIbHOe BJIHHHHe OKa3bIBajI aHTHTaTapCKHH H naHHCJiaMHCTCKHH flHCKypC, B OCHOBHOM HHHUHHpOBaHHblH BJiaCTHMH H o6lHeCTBeHHO-
CTbio HMnepHH, MHorne H3 npoeKTOB no CBoeMy coflep>KaHHio 6buiH OTpa^KeHHeM aKTyajibHbix nojiHTHHecKHX TeM, HeKOTopbie >Ke H3 hhx nbiTajiHCb flocTHHb pa3yMHOH Mepbi Me>Kfly nojiHTHHecKOH nporpaM-moh h cnenjHcJjHKOH pa3BHTHH HCJiaMa y Ka3axoB. OflHaKO MHoroo6-pa3He ToneK 3peHHH, b tom HHCJie h peaKi^HH BHflHbix npeflCTaBHTejiefl Ka3axcKoro o6niecTBa, MycyjibMaHCKHX /jyxoBHbix jihu;, noKa3ajiH bh-flHMoe pacxo>KfleHHe Me>Kfly oc|3HnHajibHbiM KypcoM BepoTepnHMOCTH
H aflMHHHCTpaTHBHHMH MepaMH B perHOHaX, H, BCJieflCTBHe 3Toro,
peajibHaH KOHcJieccHOHajibHaH nojiHTHKa He cooTBeTCTBOBajia KaKHM-
TO OflHHM CTaHflapTaM, flOnyCKaH H36HpaTejIbHOCTb H OCTOpO>KHOCTb
(oco6eHHO nocjie BBefleHHH BpeMeHHoro Ilojio>KeHHH 1868 r.) h oco3-HaBan yrpo3y B03MO>KHbix nocjieflCTBHH ot (JiopcHpoBaHHbix pecJiopM b penHrH03HOH ccjjepe.
06cyiicdeHue nodxodoe k pezna-Menmauiiu ucnamay Ka3axoe npodojiiicajiocb maioice u e Komi,e XIX-Hauajie XX e. TeM He MeHee, xpouojiozuuecKue paMKU Hacmosaufiu pa6ombi o6t>xchx-mmcR cmpeMJienueM paccMO-mpemb mecHym B3auM0CBX3b co6bimuu npeduiecmeoeaeuiux petpopme 1868 z. u peaicu.UK) Ha nee e eude hobux npoeianoe o npeo6pa3oeaHuu ucjiama so emopoii nojioeune XIX e. B 3moM omHouienuu Hyjicuo om-Memumb, umo nocjie eeedemiR BpemeHHOzo TIojioiiceHUR 1868 z., u enjiomb do npuHxmua «TIojio3iceHUR 06 ynpaejienuu Akmojiuhckou, CeMunajiamuH-ckou, CeMupeueHCKoii, Ypajib-ckou u TypzaucKou o6jiacmnMU» om 25 Mapma 1891 z., nojiu-muKa poccuiicKux ejiacmeu e KOHtpeccuoHajibHOM Bonpoce He nodeepzajiacb cymficmeeHHOMy nepecMompy (Cm.: Mamepuajiu no ucmopuu nojiumuuecKozo cmpoR Ka3axcmaHa. T.l. A-A., 1960. C. 394). Hoebiu sman Hauajicsi e 90-e zz.XIXb., Kozda aianuBHoe yuacmue Ka3axcKou UHmejuiuzeHuuu b o6w,eariBeH-HO-nojiumuuecKou 3ICU3HU Poccuuckou UMnepuu u Kpynnue nojiumuuecKue usMeneHUR cde-jiajiu Bonpoc o MycyjibMancKOM 6jiazoycmpoucmBe sjieMeumoM 6opb6u 3a cbou zpaoicdancKue npasa b MHOzoHauuonajibHou Poccuuckou umnepuu
n.C.  Ill A E ji E H
HcCJIEflOBAHHJI   TARTARIA   MAGNA l'20I2
51
OpenôypzcKoe MazoMemancKoe dyxoenoe coôpanue
1 HanpuMep, e 60-e zz. XIX 8. npotpeccop Ka3ancKozo ynueepcumema u SKcnepm npaeumejibcmea no MycyjibMaucKOMy npaey A. Ka3eM-EeK npedjioiicuji 8 VLejioM nepeajibnym
dim pOCCUŮCKOŮ
deůcmeumejibHocmu petpopmy: esedenue eduHoo6pa3UM no byxoenoMy ynpaejiemm e OpenôypzcKOM u TaepuuecKOMOKpyzax (Cm.: PrHA (Poccuůckuů zocydapcmeeHHbíů ucmopuuecKuů apxue). 0. 821. On. 8. M- 611. II. JI. 7o6.)
B flaHHOH paöoTe mh nonbiTaeMCH noKa3aTb, hto pecjjopMa o mac, KaK h b uejioM pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie Mepbi no npeo6pa30BaHHio MycyjibMaH-
CKHX HHCTHTyTOB B Ka3aXCKOH CTenH, ÖbIJIH pe3yjIbTaTOM COBOKynHO-
CTH 4>aKTopoB, a He TOJibKO cjieflCTBHeM nojiHTHHecKHX paccyacfleHHH 06 yrpo3e co CTopoHbi HCJiaMa. Kohchho, b nepByio onepeflb Ba^KHeö-inne oömecTBeHHbie h nojiHTHHecKHe noTpnceHHH (KpbiMCKaH Bořma, flBH>KeHHe HMaMa LUaMHJiH Ha CeBepHOM KaBKa3e, IIojibCKoe BoccTa-HHe b 1863 r.), npoHcxoflHBiHHe b cepeflHHe xixb.b Pocchhckoh HMne-pHH, CKa3biBajiHCb caMHM HenocpeflCTBeHHbiM o6pa30M Ha noflxoflax h TaKTHKe rocyflapcTBeHHoro noBefleHHH b ycjioBHHX pa3o6ineHHOCTH 3THHHecKHX h KOH(J)eccHOHajibHbix cooöinecTB. riosTOMy, HeCMOTpfl Ha öojibinoe >KejiaHHe HeKOTopbix hhhobhhkob h oöinecTBeHHbix fle-aTeneö ojjopMHpoBaTb öojiee hjih MeHee oöoöineHHbiö noflxofl k npe-o6pa30BaHHK) MycyjibMaHCKHX HHCTHTyroB b Pocchhckoh HMnepnn1
H TeM CaMbIM yCHJIHTb 3HaneHHe TaKHX HBJieHHH, KaK naHHCJiaMH3M,
MycyjibMaHCKHH «4>aHaTH3M», b KOHeHHOM HTore MHorne acneKTbi perjiaMeHTauHH HCJiaMa peinajiHCb b nacTHOM h pernoHajibHOM no-
pHflKe. Bo-BTOpbIX, B3ľjrafl Ha pa3BHTHe MycyjibMaHCKHX flyXOBHHX npaBJieHHH H HX fleHTejIbHOCTb HCXOflHJI He TOJIbKO H3 coo6pa>KeHHH
rocyflapcTBeHHO-HfleojiorHHecKHX, ho h h3 cyryöo 6iopoKpaTHHecKoro noflxofla, CTpeMJieHHH npoaHajiH3HpoBaTb scJxJjeKTHBHOCTb om/(C KaK oöbiHHoro BeflOMCTBeHHoro ynpe>KfleHHH, saHHMaioinerocn öojibiHHM cneKTpoM BonpocoB flyxoBHOö h rpa>KflaHCKOH nacra. B-TpeTbHX, mh
flOJI>KHbI nOHHMaTb, HTO He TOJIbKO Ha BbICineM npaBHTejIbCTBeHHOM,
ho h Ha pernoHajibHOM ypoBHe (reHepaji-ryöepHaTopbi, pa3JiHHHbie MecTHbie KOMHCCHH h flp.) He cyinecTBOBajio KaKoro-TO eflHHoro cno-
PcL3Hoo6pcL3HbLe MepbL no npeo6pcL3oeaHUK MycyjibMCLHCKiix UHcmumymoe e Ka3axcKoů cmenu, 6bLJiu pe3yjibmamoM coeorcynHocmu cßaranopoe, a ne mojibKO cjiedcmeueM nojiumimecKux paccyjKdeHuů 06 yzpo3e co cmopoHbi ucjiclmcl
co6a peineHHH npoöJieMbi npeo6pa30BamiH MycyjibMaHCKHX hhcth-TyroB b Ka3axcKOH CTenn. OneBHflHO, hto BJiacTH, noflroTaBJiHBaa 0(J)Hi];HajibHbie npoeKTbi npeo6pa30BaHHÖ, totobhjih BMecTe c sthm h 3anacHbie BapnaHTbi, npHJio:>KeHHH, o6i>HCHHTejibHbie 3anncKH. TaKHM
06pa30M (J)OpMHpOBajIHCb «nyTH flJIH OTCTynjieHHH» H KOppeKTHpOBKH
HeKOTopbix nocneniHbix peineHHÖ. PeaKUHH MecTHoro Ka3axcKoro Ha-
cejieHHH Ha pecJiopMbi npaBHTejibCTBa, KaK HaM npeflCTaBjraeTCH, 6biJia
CHJIbHbIM Cflep>KHBaiOII];HM (jjaKTOpOM, KOTOpblH noTeHunajibHO OCJia-
öjihji poccHÖCKHe BJiacTH. B TaKHX CHTyauHHX, corjiacHO n. BepTy, hc-
TOJIKOBaHHe npeo6pa30BaHHH (H3T>HTHe Ka3aXOB H3 BefleHHH OM/(C,
3aKpbiTHe MeneTeö h flp.), pacnpocTpaHHBinnxcH oöhhho nyTeM cjiy-
XOB, OrpaHHHHBajIO fleÖCTBHH BJiaCTeÖ, 3aCTaBJIHH HX HflTH Ha KOM-npOMHCC, HJIH COBCeM OTKa3bIB aTbCfl OT TOH HJIH HHOH aKUHH1. B 3TOM
OTHOineHHH HCKJiioHeHHe Ka3axoB H3 BeflOMCTBa omäc b 1868 r., no-
nblTKH yaCeCTOHeHHH KOHTpOJIH Hafl MyCyjIbMaHCKHMH HHCTHTyTaMH
cjieflyeT paccMaTpHBaTb KaK nponecc flByxcTopoHHHÖ: c oflHoö cto-poHbi, noflroTOBKa h peajiH3auHH pecJiopMbi, a c flpyroö—ee BocnpHH-THe pa3JiHHHHMH couHajibHHMH KaTeropHHMH Ka3axcKoro oömecTBa, MecTHHMH MycyjibMaHCKHMH yjieMa. Ou;eHKa opeHÖyprcKoro MycJ)THa-Ta b Ka3axcKOH cpefle CTOHJia npeHMyinecTBeHHO BHe HMnepcKoro koh-TeKCTa pecJ)opM 1868 r.2, ho BMecTe c sthm HMejia cboio pa3Hoo6pa3-Hyio BHyTpeHHioK) nepcneKTHBy
OPEHByPrCKOE MArOMETAHCKOEflyXOBHOE COB PAH H E B KA3AXCKOH C T E n HI flHCKYPC O JIETHTHMHOCTH MyíTHATA B nPEAEJIAX
MycyjibMAHCKoro cooeiiiectba h bhe eto
OpeHÖyprcKoe MaroMeTaHCKoe /JyxoBHoe CoöpaHHe no CBoeň KOMne-TeHi^HH b Pocchhckoh HMnepnn npnpaBHHBajiocb k «cpeflHHM cyfleö-HbiM MecTaM» h nosTOMy npeflCTaBJíHJio co6oh CBoeo6pa3Hyio TpeTeň-CKyio h anejuiHLi;HOHHyio HHCTaHUHio fljiH MycyjibMaH3. B flonojiHeHHH k 3TOMy b Kpyr ero o6H3aHHOCTeň BxoflHJio: HcnbiTaHHe coHCKaTejiefl Ha nojiyneHHe flyxoBHoro 3BaHHH, Hafl3op 3a coopysceHHeM MeneTeň, paccMOTpeHHe >Kajio6 Ha npnxoflCKoe flyxoBeHCTBO, HMymecTBeHHbie th5k6h, flejia o coöJiiofleHHH MycyjibMaHaMH HopM inapnaTa, Hafl3op 3a BefleHHeM MeTpmecKHX KHHr, oc|3HnHajibHoe ootsiBJieHHe rocyflap-
CTBeHHblX H npaBHTejlbCTBeHHblX nOCTaHOBJíeHHH H flp.4
ycHJieHHK) 3HaneHHH MycJ)THaTa b Ka3axcKOH CTenn cnocoöcTBOBa-jio CTpeMJieHHe npaBHTejibCTBa k BeflOMCTBeHHOH u;eHTpajiH3ai];HH h
HeOÖXOflHMOCTb y>KeCTOHeHHH KOHTpOJIH Hafl pacnpocTpaHHBiiiHMHCH MycyjibMaHCKHMH HHCTHTyTaMH. TaK KaK O M AC ÖbIJIO HaCTbK) aflMH-
HHCTpaTHBHOH CHCTeMbl Pocchhckoh HMnepnn H HenocpeflCTBeHHO noflHHHHJiocb OpeHÖyprcKOMy reHepaji-ryöepHaTopy, ero fleHTejib-
HOCTb, TaKHM o6pa30M, BKJIIOHajiaCb B KOHTeKCT Ka3aXCKO-pyCCKHX OTHOineHHH KOHua XVIII —nepBOH nojioBHHbi x 1 x b . ľlosTOMy b nepBbie roflbi cymecTBOBaHHH pojib MycJ)THaTa b ochobhom CBOflHJiacb k yqa-
CTHK) BO BHeiUHenOJIHTHHeCKHX H flHIIJIOMaTHHeCKHX aKUjHHX HMnepnn
b Ka3axcKOH CTenH, oöycjioBJieHHbix xapaKTepoM npoTeKTopaTHO-Bac-cajibHbix OTHOineHHH, a TaioKe k orpaHHHeHHOMy HH(J)opMHpoBaHHio
1 Bepm YIoji B. Om «conpomuBJiemisi» ic «nodpbí8Hoů desimejibHocmu»: ejiacmb UMnepuu, npomueocmosiHue Mecmuozo Hacejiemix u
UX 83ailM03a8UCUM0Cmb
// Poccuůacax UMnepuM e 3apy6encHoů ucmopuozpatpuu. Paôombí nocjieduux nem: Anmojiozua. Cocm. PI. Bepm, n.C. Kaôbtmoe, A.M. Miuuiep. Mockbü, 2005. C. 58
2 Ecjiu ue ôpamb b pacnem ôojiee ceKyjwpu3oeaHHbte 83zjwdbi HeKomopbix npedcmaeumejieů Ka3axcKoů UHmejumzeHVLUu. HanpuMep, Bcuiuxauoea, M.C. BaôaducaHoea. Oôsmom nodpoôuee cm. mjoice
'• Cm.: BbicoHaiíuieymeepoicdeHHoe MHeuue ľocydapcmeeHHOzo Coeema om 1 deicaôpx 1826 zoda—«O nopnÔKe npou38odcmea deji, KacamniuxcR do MazoMemau» //nC3 PM, 2-e coôpanue, T.l. § 715. Cm., 1830. C. 1265; Mamepuajibí no ucmopuu BauiKupcKoů ACCP. T.5.M., 1960. C. 684
' Cm. nodpoôuee oô smoM: A3aMamo8 /J./J. OpenôypzcKoe MazoMemancKoe /fyxoeuoe Coôpanue e oouiecmeennoů u dyxoenoů 3ICU3HU MycyjibMancKozo nacejienusi e KonvLeXVIII—XIXbb. y<f>a, 1999. C. 31-32, 140-141; YMemôaee M.H. B noMsimb cmojiemuR OpenôypzcKozo MazoMemancKozo Jlyxoenozo CoôpanuR yupeiicdennozo s z. y<pe. y<pa, 1891. C. 32; HcjiaM 8 Poccuůckoů UMnepuu (3aKonodamejibHbíe aicmu, onucanusi, cmamucmutca). Cocm. u aem. bb. cmambu Apanoe /J.K). M., 2001. C. 204-208; Aôdpawumoea A.P. OpenôypzcKoe Jlyxoenoe MazoMemancKoe Coôpanue KaK opzan ynpaejienusi MycyjibMan b XIX—nauajie XX BeKoe // BecmnuK OpenôypzcKozo zocydapcmeennozo ynueepcumema. Nel. 2001. C. 51
52
n.C. LUabjieh
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
53
1 CM.:ApxueCI16HH PAH (Apxue Cawan-Hemep6ypzcKozo UHcmumyma ucmopuu Poccuuckou aicadeMuu Hayic). 0. 267. On. 1. M.22.JI.217);ryOO «HAOO» (FocydapcmeeHHoe yupeiicdeuue Omckou o6jiacmu «HcmopuuecKuu apxue Omckou o6jiacmu»). 0. 3. On. l.fl. 369. JI. 41)
'■ OCHOBHbLe MycyjibMancKue ucmouHUKU, oceew,amw,ue pa3JiuuHue cmopoHM oSuje-cmeeHHOu 3ICU3HU, ucmopuu u xyjibmypbi Ka3axcKoii cmenu s KOHU,e XVIII—XIX e., He npudamm deiicmeusiM Eica-mepuHM II ujiu, uanpuMep, M.M. CnepaucKozo 3Haueuusi KapduHajibHozo u3MeneHUR
8 KOHtfieCCUOHCUlbHOU 3ICU3HU.
Hao6opom, e HeKomopux U3 maKux couuHeuuu pojib poccuiicKux adMuuucmpa-muBHbix ejiacmeu e Mycyjib-MaucKOM 6jiazoycmpoucmee npocjieiicueaemcx eecbMa ycjioeuo, a uuozda u ompu-liamejibuo (Cm.: History book of the City of Semipalatinsk by Akhund Ahmad-Wali b. Ali al-Qazani // Frank Allen J. and Usmanov Mirkasyim A. Materials for the Islamic History of Semipalatinsk: Two manuscripts by Ahmad-Wali al-Qazani and Qurban ali Khalidi, ANOR11. Berlin, 2001. P. 12-61; Qurban-Ali Khalidi. An Islamic Biographical Dictionary of the Eastern Kazakh Steppe (1770-1912)/Ed., translation and commentary A. Frank, M. Usmanov. Brill-Leiden-Boston, 2005. P. 46^47).
npaBHTenbCTBa o penHrH03HOH CHTyauHH h Menerax y KasaxoB1. Tojib-ko b 2o-e it. xix b. co3/jaHHe hoboh CHCTeMbi ynpaBJieHHH y cu6up-ckhx h opeH6yprcKHX Ka3axoB, noflHHHeHHbix Bbicineft pocchhckoh a/j-
MHHHCTpaUHH, IipHBejIO K CHCTeMaTHHeCKOMy B03fleHCTBHK> OMflC Ha
CHCTeMy peryjinpoBaHHH HCJiaMa b Ka3axcKOH CTenn. (JPyHKUHOHHpo-BaHHe MycyjibMaHCKHX HHCTHTyTOB (yKa3Hbix Mynji, MeneTeft, Me/xpe-ce), Be/jeHHe MeTpmecKHX KHHr (c 1829 r.) CTajio KOHTpojinpoBaTbca MycJjTHaTOM. OflHaKO 3Ty CHTyauHK), KaK h CTeneHb bjihhhhh /JyxoB-Horo Co6paHHH Ha pacnpocTpaHeHHe HCJiaMa y Ka3axoB, He cjie/jyeT nepeoueHHBaTb.
Ecjih OTMe^KeBaTbCH ot nonynHpH3HpoBaHHoro b pocchhckhx hc-
TOHHHKaX XIX B. IIOHHTHH «HCJiaMH3aUHH», noHBJieHHe KOToporo KaK
MaccoBoro (JieHOMeHa 6bmo hhhuhhpobaHO iiojihthkoh EKaTepHHbi II, h b nHBHJiH3auHOHHOM acneKTe paccMaTpHBaTb co6hthh b 6ojiee innpoKOM KOHTeKCTe npouecca «HCJiaMCKOH TpaHaJjopMainiH", mh nojiyHHM HecKOJibKO HHyio nepcneKTHBy2. KaK, HanpHMep, noKa3aji A. <DpaHK, nojiHTHKa EKaTepHHbi II 6bma 6jiaronpHHTHOH bo3mo>kho-
CTbK) flJIH C03flaHHH HHCTHTyUHOHajIbHHX OCHOB «HCJiaMCKOrO B03pO>K-
fleHHH», ho He HBJiHJiacb KopeHHHM H3MeHeHHeM ochob MycynbMaH-ckoto 6iiaroycTpoHCTBa h pejiHrH03Horo co3HaHHH3. Ph/j hctohhhkob, KOTopbie no3BOJiHK>T «ycjibiinaTb» rojioca H3 Ka3axcKOH counajibHOH cpeflbi, noKa3HBaioT 6ojiee uejiocTHbiH B3rjiH/j Ha pojib MycynbMaH-
CKHX HHCTHTyTOB y Ka3aXOB. TaK, BblCTynaH npOTHB H3T>HTHH Ka3axoB H3 Be/JOMCTBa OM/|C,B o6paiHeHHH K MHHHCTepCTBy BHyTpeHHHX flejl
bo BTopoft nojioBHHe xix b., rpynna ypajibCKHX h opeH6yprcKHX aK-caKajioB 3aHBJiHJia, hto Ka3axn «HHKor/ja He ctohjih BHe inapnaTa, a
CmpeMJienue poccuucKozo npaeumejibcmea ucnojib3oeamb opendypzcKuu Mycpmuam KaK cpedcmeo djiR peajiu3ai^uu neKomopbix ceoux nojiumimecKux 3aMbicjioe e MjiadweM kcl3clxckom jKy3e npoRGUJiocb yjiee e KOHi^e XVIII e.
Bcer/ja nojib30BajiHCb peineHHHMH MycJiTHeB hjih KaflneB Tex coceflHHX ropo/joB, r/je HcnoBe/joBajiacb MycynbMaHCKaH pejiHTHH»4. B Mycynb-
MaHCKHX HCTOHHHKaX XOpOHIO H3BeCTHbI cjiyqan, KOTfla MecTHoe Ka-
3axcKoe HaceneHHe, He npHflaBaa 3TOMy 6ojibinoro 3HaneHHH, nojib-30Bajiacb ycjiyraMH KaflneB h hm3mob, oc^HUHajibHO yTBep>KfleHHbix (jiHLreH3HpoBaHHbix) KaK b flyxoBHbix ueHTpax CpeflHeft A3HH, TaK h b Ycjje5. KoHeHHO, b stom OTHOineHHH BocnpHHTHe omac 6buio noMeine-
HO y Ka3aXOB B CHCTeMy HCTOpHHeCKH CJIO>KHBineHCH MyCyjIbMaHCKOH
^erajiH3aij;HH, CBH3aHHOH c flyxoBHHMH L^eHTpaMH CpeflHeft A3HH c eme 6ojiee paHHero BpeMeHH. IlosTOMy b npeflCTaBJieHHHX Ka3axcKOH 3JIHTH h aKcaKajioB o6pa3 MycJiTHaTa npeoflOJieBaji rpaHHii;bi nony-
^HpHOTO B HMIiepCKOM flHCKypCe MHeHHH O ^yXOBHOM Co6paHHH KaK
nacTH o6biHHoro rocyflapcTBeHHoro 6iopoKpaTHHecKoro annapaTa,
npHflaTKa aflMHHHCTpaTHBHOH CHCTeMbi H CTaHOBHJICH Heo6xOflHMbIM COCTaBJIHK)ITj;HM SJieMeHTOM peTHOHajIbHOH MyCyjIbMaHCKOH HfleHTHH-HOCTH. C 60JIbineH flOJieft BepOHTHOCTH MO>KHO flOnyCTHTb, HTO TaKoe
npeflCTaBJieHHe 06 omac b Ka3axcKOH CTenn oco6eHHO ycnjiHJiocb b nepBOH nojioBHHe xix b., BCJieflCTBHe MHrpai^HH MycynbMaHCKoro Ha-cejieHHH H3 Bojiro-ypajibCKoro pernoHa, rfle STHHHecKaH h penHrH03-
H3H HfleHTHHHOCTH 6bIJIH TeCHO BSaHMOCBHSaHbl.1
CTpeMJieHHe poccHHCKoro npaBHTejibCTBa Hcnojib30BaTb opeH-SyprcKHH MycJiTHaT KaK cpeflCTBO fljiH peajiH3aij;HH HeKOTopbix cbohx
nOJIHTHHeCKHX 3aMbICJIOB B MiiaflHieM Ka3aXCKOM >Ky3e npOHBHJIOCb
y>Ke b KOHu;e xvin b. IlepBbiH MycJiTHH, M. XycaHHOB, BOBJieHeHHbra pyccKHMH BJiacraMH b penieHHe koh(J)jihktob h peryjiHpoBaHHH caMO-ynpaBJieHHH b Ka3axcKOH CTenn, cnoco6cTBOBaji npoflBH>KeHHio npefl-
CTaBJieHHH O Ce6e He CTOJIbKO KaK O npaBHTejIbCTBeHHOM HHHOBHHKe,
a b 6ojibineH Mepe, KaK o BbicineM flyxoBHOM aBTopHTeTe, 3airj;HTHHKe HHTepecoB MycynbMaHCKoro coo6irj;ecTBa, KOTopoMy, no ero cjioBaM, noKpoBHTejibCTByioT He TOJibKO caMH Bbicinne HMnepcKHe BJiacra, ho h BceBbiniHHH2. B ocJjHnHajibHbix 6yMarax M. XycaHHOB HMeHOBaji ce6a «KHprH3-KaHcaij;KHM MycJ)THeM»3, a Ka3axcKHe CTapniHHbi b nepe-nncKe BenHHajiH ero «flyxoBHHM HaniHM HaHajibHHKOM», «noHTeHHbiM
H 6iia>KeHHbIM My(J)THeM»4. TaKHM 06pa30M, B OTJIHHHe ot cepeflHHbi
xix b., b nepBbie flecHTHJieraH cymecTBOBaHHH flyxoBHoro ynpaBJie-hhh b ycjie, ero o6pa3 b Ka3axcKOH cpefle HMen b 6ojibineH CTeneHH CHMBOJiHHecKoe h a6cTpaKTHoe 3HaneHHe5, KOTopoe (JiopMHpoBajiocb
Ha (J)OHe CTHXHHHblX npOTeKTOpaTHO-BaCCajIbHHX OTHOineHHH.
HapHfly c co6cTBeHHOH Ka3axcKOH nepcneKTHBOH npeflCTaBJieHHe 06 o mac b CTenHbix pernoHax flonojiHHJiocb h coBepineHCTBOBajiocb 3a cneT MycyjibMaHCKHX flyxoBHbix jihli;, nepecejiHBinHXCH H3 Bojiro-ypajibCKoro pernoHa. CornacHO MycynbMaHCKHM HCTOHHHKaM, MecTO MycJiTHaTa b HCJiaMCKOM flHCKypce onpeflejiHJiocb abohko. Xoth Hflen o pojiH ^yxoBHoro Co6paHHH b co3/jaHHH perHOHajibHbix MycyjibMaHCKHX HfleHTHHHOCTeH 6bIJIH Ba^KHblM SJieMeHTOM JieTHTHMHOCTH
MycyjibMaHCKHX yneMa Ha OKpaHHax Pocchhckoh HMnepHH, TeM He MeHee, b noBceflHeBHOH npaKTHKe 4>yHKLi;HH h BJiHHHHe omac 6buiH 3aHacTyio HH3Be/jeHbi /jo CTaTyca o6hhhhx aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbix yn-pe>K/j;eHHH. B MycyjibMaHCKoft /jepeBeHCKOH xpoHHKe «TaBapnx-H Ajith ATa», HanHcaHHOH b 1910 r. MyxaMMa/joM $aTHXOM aji-HjiMHHH (oxBaTHBaeT 3eMJiH HoBoy3eHbCKoro ye3/ja CaMapcKoft ry6epHHH h conpe/jejibHbie TeppHTopHH BHyTpeHHeft ByKeeBCKoft Opflbi), /jocTa-
Mup ceoux u
HyjKUX: COUUCLJlbHCLR KOMMyHUKCLUUR
cxeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbuna
nodpo6uee 0 pojiu OM/JC e ipopMupoeanuu «6yjizapacou» (mamapcKou) udeumuuHocmu cm.: Allen J. Frank. Islamic historiography and «Bulghar» identity among the Tatars and Bashkirs of Russia. Leiden-Boston-Koln. 1998. P. 42
1 Cm. nodpo6nee: TKypHaji opeu6ypzcKozo MytpmuR (ny6jiuKauuio nodzomoeuji M.n.BsimKUH) // Hcmopuuecicuu apxue. 1939. T.2. C. 170-171
'' A3aMamoe J1.J1. yjca3. cou. C. 29
' Mamepuajibi no ucmopuu Ka3oxocou CCP (1785-1828 zz.). T.W. M.-JI. 1940. C. 62, 134
54
n.C. LUabjieh
HCGIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
55
1 Allen J. Frank. Muslim Religion Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islam World ofNovouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780-1910. Leiden-Boston-Koln, 2001. P. 104-105. Mbi suduM cymficmeeHHym pa3-nuuy e ou,eHK.ax Mytfimuama Meiicdy maK Ha3bieaeMUMU
JlOKOJlbHbLMU UCmOpUM-
mu u 6ojiee o6w,umu (ue) otpuuuajibHbiMU npou3eede-hummu, aemopu Komopux caMU 6buiu eoejieueubi eo BJiacmubiu ducKypc, Kpumu-tecicu opueHmupoeauHMU no omHouieuuio k JfyxoeuoMy Co6paHUK>. B npou3eedeHUMX aemopoe pezuoHOJibHbix ucmopuii Kyp6aHzajiu Xajiudu, MyxaMMada 0amuxa oji-Hjimuhu mm npaicmuuecicu ue ecmpeuaeM KpumuuecKux naccaoiceu e adpec OMJJC u ezo Mytfimu-ee. B 3mux pa6omax pojib MytpmuR K.ok uejioeeica, necymfizo ebicwym dyxoenym BJiacmb, mojio cmaeumcR nod coMHeuue, ucnbimauue e Ytfie UMeem dojijicnym ou,eHKy c mouKU 3peuusi otpuuuajib-hozo npecmuyica u jiezumuM-Hocmu (See: Frank Allen J. and Usmanov Mirkasyim A. Materials for the Islamic History of Semipalatinsk: Two manuscripts byAhmad-Wali al-Qazani and Qurban-Ali Khalidi, ANOR11. Berlin, 2001. P. 27; Qurban-Ali Khalidi. An Islamic Biographical Dictionary of the Eastern Kazakh Steppe (1770-1912)/Ed., translation and commentary A. Frank, M. Usmanov. Brill-Leiden-Boston, 2005. P. 56-57; Allen J. Frank. A chronicle of Islamic communities on the imperial Russian frontier: The Tavarix-i Alti Ata of Muhammad Fatih al-Ilmini // Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia. Vol. 3: Arabic, Persian and Turkic Manuscripts (15th-19h Centuries). /Edited by Anke von Kgelgen, Asirbek Muminov, Michael Kemper. Berlin, 2000. P. 211-243)
tohho hcho npocjie>KHBaeTCH BocnpHHTHe omac MecTHHM Hacejie-HHeM h yneMa KaK nacra poccHHCKoro 6iopoKpaTHHecKoro annapaTa. CaM no ce6e flaHHbm hctohhhk He Bbipa>KaeT comhchhh b Ba^KHOCTH nojiyneHHH yKa30B ot MycJiTHaTa fljra hm3mob, ho b ochobhom TOJibKO b CBH3H c npH3HaHHeM flOMHHHpyioiiieH poiiH poccHHCKoro ynpaBJie-
HHH1.
TaKHM o6pa30M, BocnpHHTHe om/(C b nojiHSTHHHecKOH cpefle, koto pan nepe>KHBajia nepnofl aflanTan,HH MecTHbix HHCTHTyTOB k poccHHCKOMy npaBOBOMy h aflMHHHCTpaTHBHOMy nopHflKy, (J)OpMH-
pOBajIOCb   B   HeCKOJIbKHX  KOHTeKCTaX:   3aMKHyTOM KOH(J)eCCHOHajIb-
hom npocTpaHCTBe MycyjibMaHCKHX o6ihhh h Ha Me>KBeflOMCTBeHHOM ypoBHe, peryjiHpoBaBineM CHCTeMy OTHorneHHH ,/JyxoBHoro Co6paHHH c perHOHajibHHMH MycynbMaHCKHMH HHCTHTyTaMH. PoccHHCKoe npa-BHTejibCTBO b nepBOH nojioBHHe xix b. nbiTajiocb, b cboio onepeflb, H3BJieHb nojib3y H3 npoTHBopeHHBOH CHTyanHH, noflflep>KHBaH fleH-
TeilbHOCTb OM/JC B OCymeCTBJieHHH UHBHJIH30BaHHOH MHCCHH CpeflH
MycyjibMaHCKHX KoneBHHKOB. Ilofl jio3yHroM 6opb6bi c «ahkhmh Ka-3axcKHMH o6bmaHMH» (HanpHMep, aMaHrepcTBO2), KOTopbie b oflHHa-koboh CTeneHH npoTHBOflencTByioT poccHHCKOMy 3aKOHOflaTejibCTBy h inapnaTy, MycJiTHaT 06'BflBJiflji ce6fl npoBOflHHKOM o6meHMnepcKOH
n,HBHJIH3an,HOHHOH MHCCHH3.
OPEHBYPrCKOE MATOMETAHCKOEflYXOBHOE
C O EPA HUE H MYCyjIbMAHCKHE HHCTHTYTb]
y KA3AXOB! OT BEflOMCTBEHHOI j\ E K O H C T P y K u, vs. H
K <I>OPMyjIHPOBAHHK) « M y C yjl b M A H C K O H y T P O 3 bl »
B 20-50 rr. xix b. omac ocyiiiecTBjrHJio perjiaMeHTannio o6mecTBeH-hoh h flyxoBHoft >kh3hh MycynbMaH KaK B Ka3aXCKOH CTenH, TaK H B flpyrnx pernoHax CBoero BeflOMCTBa. OflHaKO He6ojibinoe hhcjio MycyjibMaHCKHX HHCTHTyTOB y Ka3axoB4 cymecTBeHHO ocjia6jiHJio B03-mo>khocth MycJiTHaTa KOHTpojiHpoBaTb Te hjih HHbie Bonpocbi Mycynb-MaHCKoro 6jiaroycTpoHCTBa Ha OTflajieHHbix TeppHTopHHX. BcjieflCTBHe 3Toro ,/JyxoBHoe Co6paHHe nepnoflHHecKH KpHTHKOBajiocb poccHH-ckhmh BJiacraMH b nepByio onepeflb 3a HecBoeBpeMeHHoe h HenojiHoe HHcJiopMHpoBaHHe o KOJiHHecTBe MeneTeft, flyxoBHbix Jinn, h npnxo>KaH b Ka3axcKOH CTenn5. C flpyroft CTopoHbi, njioxoe cocTOHHHe flejionpo-H3BOflCTBa MycJiTHaTa, KaK h flpyrnx aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbix ynpe>KfleHHH, OTpa>Kajio Bee OCo6eHHOCTH o6hhhoh 6iopoKpaTHHecKOH «BOJIOKHTbI».
>KypHajibi 3aceflaHHH om/(C CBHfleTenbCTByioT, hto 3HaHHTejibHaa nacTb BeflOMCTBeHHoft fleHTenbHOCTH ynpe>KfleHHH CBOflHJiacb k nepe-nncKe c flyxoBHHMH jinnaMH, KOTopbie fla>Ke b 6ojibineH CTeneHH, neM /JyxoBHoe Co6paHHe, ocymecTBJiHJiH pa36op hckob h 3JioynoTpe6jie-hhh6, BbinojiHHH TeM caMHM (J)yHKi];HH cyfle6HOH HHCTaHi^HH nepBoro
nopHflKa. B 1869 r. MHHHCTepcTBO BHyTpeHHHX fleji KOHCTarapoBajio, hto 3a nocjieflHHe 5 jieT (1865-1869 rr.) bom/ic nocTynnjio 84 flejia rpa>KflaHCKoro xapaKTepa, H3 HHCJia KOTopbix TOJibKO 12 6buiH peineHbi no cymecTBy1. Kohchho, hckob 6biJio ropa3flo 6ojibine, OflHaKO 3HaHH-TenbHaH hx nacTb OTKJioHHJiacb cpa3y >Ke no 06HHHHM, mo>kho fla>Ke CKa3aTb, KaHi^ejinpcKHM npHHHHaM. MHorne hckh 6biJiH ocJiopMJieHbi He no npaBHJiaM hjih noflaHbi Ha o6hhhoh 6yMare2. Ocjia6jieHHe no-3hij;hh MycJiTHaTa b Ka3axcKOM KOHTeKCTe npoHcxoflHJio TaKsce h H3-3a
He3(J)(J)eKTHBHOrO COTpyflHHHeCTBa C MeCTHOH nOJIHI^Heii H BJiaCTHMH.
/JyxoBHoe Co6paHHe HeoflHOKpaTHO >KajioBajiocb, hto «He pacnojiara-eT HHKaKHMH oco6eHHHMH cnoco6aMH k ony6jiHKOBaHHK) cbohx pac-nopfl}KeHHH»3, a nojiHn;HH CHHTajia fljiH ce6H HeyMecTHbiM h o6peMe-HHTejibHHM 06'bHBJieHHe yKa30B MycJiTHaTa, npefljiaraH ynpaBJieHHio b V(J)e o6pam;aTbCH HenocpeflCTBeHHO k noflBeflOMCTBeHHHM flyxoBHbiM jiHn;aM4.
OflHoft H3 ochobhhx npHHHH cjio>khoh CHTyai^HH caMoonpeflejie-hhh /JyxoBHoro Co6paHHH b Ka3axcKOM KOHTeKCTe 6biJiH rny6oKHe «jiaKyHbi» b poccHHCKOM 3aKOHOflaTenbCTBe, BbinycTHBineM H3 BHfla pHfl Ba^KHbix acneKTOB >kh3hh MycyjibMaHCKHX noflflaHHbix Pocchh-ckoh HMnepHH b nepBOH nojioBHHe xix b.5 KaK cnpaBefljiHBO 3aMe-thji H. MyxHTflHHOB c Hanajia xix b. «... b pejiHrH03HOH nojiHTHKe no OTHomeHHK) k MycynbMaHaM npeo6jiaflajiH KyjibTypojiorHHecKHe TeH-,a;eHn,HH» (udeu o uueumi3auuoHHOu muccuu, o<puuuajibHasi eepomep-nuMocmb u m.n.—TI.UI)6. C TeneHHeM BpeMeHH CHTyanHH MeHHJiacb, ho He3HaHHTejibHO. Rayae b 1859 r- B oTHeTe MHHHCTpa BHyTpeHHHX flen KOHCTaTHpoBajiocb, hto no «MaroMeTaHCKOH flyxoBHoft nacTH (e npedejiax eceu Poccuuckou wanepuu.—TI.UI.) He 6biJio npHHHMaeMO
HHK3KHX 061HHX Mep, KpOMe paCCMOTpeHHH DiaBHblM HaHajIbHHKOM
0peH6yprcKoro Kpan npeflnojio>KeHHH o hobom nopHflKe H36paHHH
npHXOflCKHX flOJI>KHOCTHbIX JIHU"7, H TOJibKO B CepeflHHe XIX B. aKTH-BH3ai^HH BHHMaHHH pOCCHHCKHX BJiaCTeft K MyCyjIbMaHaM n03BOJIHeT
roBopHTb, no MHeHHio n. BepTa, 06 «otkphthh» HCJiaMa.8
CymecTBeHHbiM inaroM b nojiHTH3an,HH HCJiaMa 6biJiH BHeniHeno-jiHTHHecKHe co6hthh: KpbiMCKaH BOHHa (1853-1856 rr.), flBH>KeHHe HMaMa LLIaMHJiH Ha KaBKa3e, npncoeflHHeHHe k Pocchhckoh HMnepHH CpeflHeft A3HH. PeaKi^HH Ha sth co6hthh npoHBJiHJiacb y pocchhckhx npoBHHi^najibHbix BJiacTeft b HecKOJibKHX CTpaTerHHX. Bo-nepBbix, b BHfle y>Ke npHBHHHbix fljiH HMnepHH onaceHHH reonojiHTHHecKoft He-CTa6HJibHOCTH Ha rpaHHnax HeflaBHO npncoeflHHeHHbix TeppHTopHH, a BO-BTopbix, b (JiopMe CTpeMJieHHH npeBeHTHBHHMH MepaMH npeflOT-BpaTHTb B03MO>KHoe ycHJieHHe «MycyjibMaHCKoro 4>aHaTH3Ma»9. KaK h b roflbi pyccKO-Typen;KHX bohh, KOHTaKTbi MycynbMaHCKoro HaceneHHH Ka3axcKOH CTenn c pejiHrH03HHMH fleHTejiHMH H3 CpeflHeft A3HH, Boji-ro-ypajibCKoro pernoHa, KaBKa3a jierKO noflBOflHJiHCb nofl flocTaTOH-ho ycjioBHoe o6o3HaxieHHe «MycynbMaHCKaH nponaraHfla»10. OflHaKO,
1 HestptpeKmuBHOcmb deuncemiR dejionpou3eodcmea OM/JC MuHucmepcmeo euympeHHUx den o6%MCHSuiocb omcymcmeueM s 3aKoue (uiapuame.—n.III.) yica3aHuu ua nopudoK u cpoK o63icajioeaHUR pemenuu, a manyice UHtpopMauuu 0 npueedeuuu peuieuuu e ucnojmeuue.
TaKUM o6pa30M, 3aKJimuajio npaeumejibcmeo, «3aicoH ue daem HUK.aK.ux zapanmuu e npouuocmu smux pa36upamejibcme» (PPHA. 0. 821. On. 8. /J. 611. II. JI. 38o6-39)
2 rAOO. 0. 6. On. 6. /],. 12603. JI. Ill
3 PPHA. 0. 821. On. 8. a. 608. JI. 5 06.
4 Tom nee. JI. 9 06.
5 He npocmo e KoumeKcme Ka-3axcKou cmenu, houb u^ejioM e Macuima6e ecezo OKpyza OMJ1C cyw,ecmeoeajiu 3HanuMbie npo-6ejiu e 3aKOHodamejibcmee no MycyjibMauaM. B nepeoii nojioeu-He XPX 8. HOpMbl MycyjibMaucKozo npuxoda no-npeoicneMy pezyjiu-poeajiucb ua ocHoeanuu 3aKona om 23 ceHma.6pn 1756 zz. OduaKO daHHMuyKa3, KOHeuuo, ueMoz yuumbieamb KOHtpeccuoHajib-Hym cneuutpuKy meppumopuu, npucoeduueuHbix k Poccuuckou UMnepuu eo emopoii nojioeuue XVIII—nepeoii nojioeuue XIX ee. (Cm.: 3azudyjuiuH H.K. HaiaM-CKue UHcmumymbi e Poccuuckou UMnepuu: Meuemu e eeponeucKou nacmu Poccuu u Cu6upu. Ka3aub, 2007. C. 381).BpoccuucKOM 3aKOHodamejibcmee omcymcmeo-eajia KaKan-jiu6o onpedejieHHan UHtpopMauuu 0 cmamyce maK ua-3bieaeMbix MOJiumeemibix doMoe (Cm. uanpuMep: UPHA PB (Ifen-mpajibHbiu zocydapcmeeuHbiu ucmopmecKuu apxue Pecny6jiuKU BauiKopmocmau). 0. 295. On.
3. JI. 3278. JI. 3, 6). Bruiomb do 1835 z. eonpoc 0 pezyjiupoeauuu dyxoeuozo 6uma MycyjibMau U3 Cpedneu A3uu, npoiicueaewux e Ka3axaaix cmenax 6e3 npuux-muR noddaucmea, manyice hocuji HeonpedejieHHbLii xapaKmep (Cm. HcjiaM e Poccuuckou UMnepuu (3aKOHodamejibHbie aKmu, onuca-hum, cmamucmuKa). Cocm. u aem. 88. cmambu Apanoe JJ.K). M. 2001, c. 112—113)
56
n.C. LUabjieh
HCGIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
57
1 Jlance eeedeuue MempuuecKux khuz eo Buympeuueů ByKeee-CKOŮ Opde 6huio ecmpeueuo c onaceuueM. Bucmynasi npomue smoů Mepu, BpeMeu-Hhiů coeem no ynpaejiemiio BuympeHHeu Byiceeeacou Opdoů nucaji e 1850 z. e OpeubypzcKym nozpauuuuyio KOMUccuK), umo srna Mepa «... Moncem nocjiyjKumb noeodoM Ko MHOZUM Hedopa3yMemisiM
U JlOÍKHbíM mOJlKÜM B Ue-06pa30eaHH0M KUpZU3CK0M
Hapode, c npedyôencdeuueM u uedoeepuueocmbio ecmpeua-KsmfiM ecRKoe Hoeoeeedemie» (HcmopuR Byiceeeacozo xaHcmea. 1801-1852 zz.: C6. doKyMenmoe u Mamepuajioe. AjiMamu. 2002. C. 775-776)
'■ PeMHee A. YKa3. cou. C. 243. CozjíacHO uccjiedoeauu-rm A. PeMueea, ôojibuioe 3uaueuue na u3Meueuue omuouieuusi k ucjiaMy u pojiu mamap kuk e u^ejioM e UMnepuu, maK e ica3axacoů cmenu, oica3ajio nonbCKoe Boccmamie 1863 z., maK kuk b ueM yuacmeoBajio cymfi-cmeeuuoe uucjio Kamojiuue-CKOzo dyxoeeucmea (PeMHee A. YKÜ3. cou. C. 243). 3ma KJiuiuupoeaHHasi (fiopMa (pe-jiuzuR kuk «eo3oy3Kdamw,asi» u npoeouupymm^afi cmia), no seed euduMocmu, e ycmax npoBuuuuajibUbix poccuů-ckux uuhobhukob npuoôpe-majia mbhmů nojiumuuecKuů ommeHOK, npocjieiicueasi e npomecmHbix deuncemiax Ka3axoe ucjiaMCKuň cued. TaK, HanpuMep, B.B. ľpuzopbee e 1861 z. nucaji openbypzcKOMy zeHepaji-zyôepHamopy, umo «6e3yuacmuM Myiui ne 060-umucb e Cmenu kuk oyum HuKJiuHu.ee e 1855 z. ua 3MÔe, maK u oyum IJíicaH-Xodíicu 8 1856 z. ua Cbip-Jlapbe» (PľMA. 0. 1291. On. 82. 11. 19. JI. 12)...
'• PľMA. 0. 821. On. 8. R. 602. JI. 83o6-84
oco3HaBaH k KaKHM nocjieflCTBHHM MoryT npHBecTH nocneniHbie h pa-flHKajibHbie Mepbi1, poccHÖCKHe BJiacTH b cepeflHHe xix b. BbmyscfleHbi öbiJiH 3aHHTb flBoňcTBeHHyio h HeonpeflejieHHyio no3HUHK> b Bonpocax peryjiHpoBaHHH HCJiaMa b Ka3axcKoö CTenn. Ecjih b 1856 r. 3anaflHO-CHÖHpcKHÖ reHepaji-ryöepHaTop ľ. X. ľaccJiopT CTaBHJi b H3BecTHOCTb BbícniHe BJiacTH, hto norpaHHHHOCTb 3anaflHoö Cuôupu Ha lore c Ko-KaHflCKO-TaniKeHTCKHMH BJiafleHHHMH co3flaeT yrpo3y b BHfle Mycyjib-MaHCKOH nponaraHflbí cpeflH Ka3axoB2, to ysce b 1867 r. hhhobhhkh h3
OMCKa 3aHBJIHJIH O TOM, «HTO BCHKHe OrpaHHHeHHH pejIHrH03HOH CBO-
öoflbi h CTecHeHHH flyxoBeHCTBa jierKO MoryT 6biTb noHHMaeMbi KaK npecjieflOBaHHe MycyjibMaHCTBa h pejiHrno3HaH HeTepnHMOCTb, hto BecbMa HeyfloÖHO fljiH bjihhhhh Hainero b coceflHHX MycyjibMaHCKHX
CTpaHaX BOCTOHHOÖ H K»KHOH A3HH»3.
OflHOBpeMeHHO c nonbiTKaMH nojiHTH3HpoB aTb «MycyjibMaHCKyio
yrp03y» B Ka3aXCKOM KOHTeKCTe pOCCHHCKHe BJiaCTH CTajIH aKTHBHO npOH3BOflHTb    KyjIbTypOJIOrHHeCKyK)   H   UHBHJIH3aUHOHHyK) fleKOH-
CTpyKUHio HCJiaMa. B nepnofl noflroTOBKH BejíHKHX pecjjopM AjieK-caHflpa II HCJiaMCKHe HHCTHTyTbi (MycyjibMaHCKHe yneÖHbie 3aBefle-HHH, pejiHrH03Hbie fleHTejiH, om/(C h flp.) CTajiH npenoflHOCHTbCH b KanecTBe CBoeo6pa3Hoö «ühtoh kojiohhh», caMO hx cyiiiecTBOBaHHe accouHHpoBajiocb c OTCTajiocTbio h OTflajieHHOCTbio ot nporpecca4. B oc^HUHajibHOM flHCKypce o6pa3 MycyjibMaHCKoro cjiyscaniero b iie-
JIOM ÖOJiee SKCnpeCCHBHO CTajI COOTHOCHTbCH co BceMH «nopoKaMH» OÖbIHHOÖ flJIH pOCCHÖCKOÖ üpOBHHI^HH ÖlOpOKpaTHHeCKOH CHCTeMbl.
HanpHMep, Ka3axcKHÖ STHorpacJ) M. C. Ea6afl>KaHOB, coctohbeihh Ha cjiy>K6e HMnepHH, b 60-ee rr. xix b. nncaji, hto TaTapcKHe cjiyacamne «BMecTe c npaBHJiaMH HCJiaMa... npnynaioT opflbiHueB k KJiny3aM h MoineHHHHecTBy»5, a norpaHHHHoe HanajibCTBO nbiTajiocb ootHCHHTb npHHHHbi nocTyiuieHHH Ha cjiy>K6y MHornx MycyjibMaH TeM, hto «6yfly-HH KynuaMH hjih npHKa3HHKaMH TaTapbi h öyxapubi, noTepHB KpeflHT HJiH Jioinaflb no HeoruiaTe flojira Hmyr Bcex cpeflCTB 6biTb Ha cjiyacöe
nHCbMOBOflHTejIHMH», HTOÖbl «He nOTepHTb CBOHX BbirOfl B CTH>KeHHH H
ynjiaTe flOJiroB, a cjiyscöa oneHb flajieKa ot Hero, oh >Ke em;e h flajibine ot Hee»6.
TaKHM o6pa30M, b cepeflHHe xix b. MycyjibMaHCKHÖ Bonpoc no-jiyHHJi nojiHTHHecKyio h KyjibTypojiorHHecKyio aKTyajiH3auHio b koh-TeKCTe He TOJibKO Ka3axcKoö CTenn, ho h b u;ejioM Pocchöckoö HMnepHH. B 3TOH CHTyaUHH CTajIH CKJiaflblBaTbCH H 0(J)OpMJIHTbCH B CHCTeMy
pa3JiHHHbie noflxoflbi no npeo6pa30BaHHK> MycyjibMaHCKHX HHCTHTy-TOB. Te hjih HHbie npoeKTbi, HcxoflKBinne H3 ryöepHCKHX KaHi^ejinpHH, OTHeTOB reHepaji-ryöepHaTopoB, MHHHCTepcKHX h pernoHajibHbix KOMHCCHÖ nocjiy>KHJiH CBoeo6pa3Hoö TpnöyHOH fljiH niHpoKoro 06-cy>KfleHHH nyTeö pa3BHTHH MycyjibMaHCKoro cooömecTBa b mhoto-Hai^HOHajibHOH Pocchöckoö HMnepHH (hjih fla>Ke nonbiTKOö yBHfleTb öyflymee HCJiaMa b KOHTeKCTe MOflepHH3au;HH HMnepHH).
cqEHAPHH oPEHEyprcKHX npoEKTOB no
nPEOBPA30BAHHK) MYCyjIbMAHCKHX HHCTHTYTOB: «nPATMATHHECKAil THEKOCTb» HJIH «KPYTblE» M E P bi ?
B 50-e. rr. xix b. MHHHCTepcTBO BHyTpeHHHX fleji HeoflHOKpaTHO 06-painajiocb k HanajibCTBy OpeHÖyprcKoro Kpan c npefljio>KeHHHMH o BbipaöoTKe HOBbix npaBHJi Bbiöopa MycyjibMaHCKHX flyxoBHbix jihli; h B03BefleHHH MeneTeö1. IleTepöyprcKHe BJiacTH CHHTajiH cyniecTBOBaB-niHe HopMbi2 b HOBOÖ peajibHOCTH He3(J)(J)eKTHBHbiMH, cnocoöcTByio-mHMH KaK pocTy MeneTeö, TaK h yBejimeHHio HHCJia MycyjibMaHCKoro flyxoBeHCTBa. HecMOTpn Ha nonbiTKH orpaHHHHTb pocT MeneTeö b 30-40-ee rr. xix b., hx HHCJio c 1838 no 1859 rr- TOJibKO b OpeHÖyprcKoö ryöepHHH yßejiHHHJiocb c 1570 flo 18503. B OTBeT Ha 3anpoc BbicniHX
HHHOBHHKOB OpeHÖyprCKaH aflMHHHCTpai^HH npeflJIO>KHJia HeCKOJIbKO
BapnaHTOB penieHHH npoöJieMbi.
CocTaBJieHHbie ryöepHCKHMH hhhobhhk3mh npoeKTbi CBHfleTejib-
CTByiOT, HTO B CepeflHHe XIX B. y MeCTHOÖ aflMHHHCTpai^HH He ÖbIJIO
KaKoro-TO onpefleneHHoro h corjiacoBaHHoro noflxofla. HanpHMep, ecjiH nporpaMMa Mep rpa>KflaHCKoro ryöepHarapa H.M. ÜOTynoBa (1856-1860) b ocHOBHOM HOCHJia HacTynaTejibHbiö xapaKTep Ha HCJiaM, to npefljio>KeHHH opeHÖyprcKoro h caMapcKoro reHepaji-ryöepHaTopa A.n. Be3aKa (1860-1864) 6buiH öojiee ocTopo>KHbi h H36HpaTejibHbi. CHHTaH Hfleio o coKpanieHHH MeneTeö h MycyjibMaHCKHX flyxoBHbix
JIHII OflHOÖ H3 OCHOBHblX B Cflep^KHB aHHH pOCTa MycyjibMaHCKHX HH-
CTHTyTOB, H. M. ÜOTynoB b 1856 r. npefljiaraji BBecra flocTaTOHHO >KecT-Kyio Mepy—orpaHHHHTb MycyjibMaHCKHÖ npnxofl b OKpyre omäc 500
OdnoepeMeHHO c nonbimicaMU nojiumu3upoeamb «MycyjibMaHCKyio yzpo3y» e Ka3axcKOM KonmeKcme poccuůcKue ejiacmu cmajiu arcmueHO npou3eodumb KyjibmypojiozuHecKym u uueujiu3auuoHHym deKOHcmpyKuum ucjiaMa
1 PľMA. 0. 821. On. 8. H. 611. II. JI. 218 06
2 Peub udem 0 3aKone om 21 ok-nw6pR 1837 z. («O nopRÖKe U3-6paHUM Myjui u dpyzux dyxoe-HbĽX UUH08 k MazoMemaHCKUM npuxodaM») u cmpeMJienuu u3Meuumb cyinecmeoeaeuiuu nopxdoK omKpbtmux Meuemu npu HOJiuuuu 200 peeu3CKUx dyiu (m.e., YKa3 Ceuama om 23 ceumsiopsi 1756 z. «O do380-jieuuu cmpoumb e mamapcKux depeeusix Meuemu no npeoicne-My» u ezo (paKmuuecKoe nod-meepiicdeHue e «HojiooiceHuu 0 TaepuuecKOM MazoMemaucKOM dyxoeeucmee u nodjie3icaw,ux ezo eedeuuio dejiax» om 29 deKaopsi 1831 z.) (HcjiaM
8Poccuůckoů UMnepuu... C. 90-91; riojiHoe Coôpauue 3aK0H08 Poccuůckoů UMnepuu. Co6panue2. T.W, omd. 2. CII6, 1832. C. 342; 3azudyjuiun M.K. YK03. cou. C. 381)
3 3azudyjuiuH H.K. ykü3. cou. C. 102; BedoMocmu 0 uucjie Meuemeů, dyxoeeucmea u npu-x03icüh oôoezo nojia MazoMe-maucKozo 3ükohü 3a 1838 z. //)KypHaji Muuucmepcmea BHympeuHux deji (}KMBIJ).
Ne 6. 1839.—Tlpujicúícenue; BedoMocmu o uucjie Meuemeů, dyxoeeucmea u npuxoiicau oôoezo nojia MazoMemaucKozo 3aKoua 3a 1859 z. //yKypucui Muuucmepcmea euympeuuux deji OKMBfí). Ns2. 1861.— Upujioyiceuue
peBH3CKHMH flyiiiaMH. OflHaKO 3TH Mepbi, no MHeHHio A. n. Be3aKa, He MorjiH 6biTb npH3HaHbi yflOBJíeTBopHTejibHbiMH. Bo3pa>KaH H.M. üo-TyjioBy, opeHÖyprcKHÖ h caMapcKHÖ reHepaji-ryöepHaTop npeflocTe-peraji neTepöyprcKHe BJiacTH ot nocjieflCTBHÖ «CTecHeHHH pennrnn MaroMeTaH», a TaioKe o peajibHOM yxyflineHHH BefleHHH MeTpnnecKHX KHHr4. Pa3BHBaH CBOK) Mbicjib, A. YÍ. Be3aK npefljiaraji npaBHTejibCTBy OTKa3aTbCH ot nocneniHbix h paflHKajibHbix MeponpHHTHÖ b Mycyjib-
PTMA. 0. 821. On. 8.
H. 611. II. JI. 215, 218 06
58
n.C. LUabjieh
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
59
1 KpaŮHue Mepu ne^Kejia-mejibHM, nucaji A.TI. Be3aic, «nomoMy umo e maicoe nepe-xoduoe epeMM ecsucoe dance Majieůuiee BMeuiamejibcmeo s dejia MazoMemaucKoů pe-muzuu Moyícem pa3Čpa3icumb pejiuzuo3Hbiů tpanamu3M
u meM noepedumb ycnexy npednojiazaeMozo npeo6pa30-8<musi» (PrMA. 0. 821. On. 8. R. 611. II. JI. 216 06.)
2 Tom otce. JI. 214
Tom Jice. JI. 215 06.
TaM líce. JI. 216
' Bepoamno, 3Čecb udem peub o
pyCCK0R3blUH0M o6p<1308aHUU
' PTHA. 0. 821. On. 8. ^ 611. II. JI. 214 06.
7 TaM líce. JI. 216 06.
'' Cm. o hěm: CeMenoe B.T., CeMeuoea B.TÍ. TyóepHamopbi OpeuoypzcKozo icpax. Opeu-lýypz, 1999. C. 201-214
60
MaHCKOM Bonpoce. Hao6opoT, oh KaTeropmecKH yTBep>K/jaji, hto b cjic»KHoe h nepexo/jHoe BpeMH (b 50-e rr. xix b. HanpjDKeHHaH CHTya-uhh Ha CeBepHOM KaBKa3e, KpbiMCKaH BOHHa, npoTecTHbie /jBH>KeHHJi cpe/jH Ka3axoB h /jp.) npaBHTejibCTBO He /joji>kho h/jth BonpeKH CBoefl o(J)Hi];HajibHOH flOKTpHHe BepoTepnHMOCTH1. IlosTOMy A. n. Be3aK /jp-
CTaTOHHO KpHTHHeCKH OTHOCHJICH K npaKTHHeCKH JIK)6bIM OrpaHHHH-
TejibHbíM no OTHOineHHK) k HCJiaMy MepaM. B CBH3H c sthm oh npH3Haji 6ecnojie3HbiM CTpeřvuieHHe HeKOTopbix MecTHbix hhhobhhkob /jpĎHTb-ch ycTpaHeHHH MycynbMaHCKHX o6inecTB ot H36paHHH /jyxoBHbix jmu, h npe/iocTaBHTb sto npaBO HCKJiioHHTejibHO b Be/ieHHe ry6epHCKoro npaBJíeHHH.2
IlpH3HaBaH TeM caMHM MHorne H3 HHHOBHHHbHX npoeKTOB «CbipbI-mh» h OT/iajieHHbíMH ot peajibHOCTH, opeHĎyprcKHH h caMapcKHH re-Hepaji-ry6epHaTop A. n. Be3aK, HanpHMep, 6bui npoTHB npe/jjio>KeHHH rpa>K/jaHCKoro ry6epHaTopa H.M. IIoTyjioBa o «...cocTaBJieHHH no/j-poĎHbix nporpaMM /jjih nocTyruieHHH b to hjih HHoe /jyxoBHoe 3BaHHe»3. no MHeHHio A. n. Be3aKa TaKoe npeo6pa30BaHHe He MO^KeT 6biTb 3§-(JjeKTHBHHM /jo Tex nop, noxa MycynbMaHCKHe /jyxoBHbie Jinija He 6y-flyT HMeTb Ha/ie>KHbie cpe/jcTBa /jjih nojiyneHHH o6pa30BaHHH4. O/jHaKO b nenoM, HecMOTpH Ha jiHĎepajibHbie B3rjiH/jbi, rjiaBHbiň HanajibHHK opeHĎyprcKoro Kpan, KOHeHHO, He 6bm «ropHHHM» 3aiHHTHHKOM hh-TepecoB HCJiaMa. OTKa3biBaHCb ot pa/jHKajibHbix Mep, oh CTaHOBHJica Ha no3HUHK) «nparMaTHHecKoň th6kocth» h, b /jeňcTBHTejibHOCTH, 06-painaji BHHMaHHe neTep6yprcKHX BJiacTeň Ha flpyrne 6ojiee ij;hbhjih30-BaHHbie h nocTynaTejibHbie Mepbi /luh orpaHHHeHHH p acnpocTp aHeHHH MycynbMaHCKHX HHCTHTyTOB. B npHHnnne, cornainaHCb c Heo6xo/jH-MOCTbio coKpameHHH HHCJieHHOCTH MycyjibMaHCKoro flyXOBeHCTBa,
A. II. Be3aK 6bIJI npOTHB >KeCTKHX a/JMHHHCTpaTHBHHX nOCTaHOBJíeHHH
h npe/jnojiaraji /jpcTHHb ycnexa b stom /jene BCJie/jcTBHe pa3BHTHH Ha-
pOflHOrO 06pa30BaHHH y MyCyjIbMaH5, pa3BHTHH CaMOCTOHTejIbHOCTH
MycynbMaHCKHX o6mecTB6. MaTepnajibi /JenapTaMeHTa /DyxoBHbix /její HHOCTpaHHbix HcnoBe/iaHHH MHHHCTepcTBa BHyTpeHHHX /jen CBH/je-TejibCTByioT, hto npe/j;jio>KeHHH A. n. Be3aKa 6buiH cepbe3HHM apry-MeHTOM fljiH npaBHTejibCTBa, hto6h b Hanajie 60-x rr. x 1 x b. OTJio>KHTb npeo6pa30BaHHH /jyxoBHoro ynpaBJíeHHH MycynbMaH OKpyra om/(C /jo Sojiee 6jiaronpHHTHoro BpeMeHH.7
Ecjiu b npoeKTax H.M. IloTynoBa h A.n. Be3aKa npocjie>KHBajiHCb b ochobhom o6iHHe TeHfleHi^HH opraHH3an;HH MycyjibMaHCKoro 6iia-roycTpoHCTBa b Be/joMCTBe om/(C (npn stom 06a npoeKTa c onpefle-
JieHHOH yCJIOBHOCTbK) fleMOHCTpHpOBajIH C060H flBe KpaHHOCTH, flBa
nojiHpHbix MHeHHH), to HaMepeHHH HeKOTopbix flpyrnx aflMHHHCTpa-TopoB opeHĎyprcKoro Kpan 6buiH 6ojiee npH3eMJieHHHMH h nojiHTH-necKH opneHTHpoBaHHbíMH no OTHOineHHK) k HCJiaMy. KaK opeHĎypr-ckhh h caMapcKHH reHepaji-ry6epHaTop B. A. IlepoBCKHH (1851-1857)8, TaK h HanajibHHK OpeHĎyprcKoň IlorpaHHHHOH komhcchh, H3BecTHbiH
n.C. IUab^eh
BOCTOKOBe/j; B.B. rpnropbeB (1854-1863)1 CHHTajiH, hto fleňcTBOBaTb Hy^KHO HeMefljieHHO h flocTaTOHHO peniHTejibHO no OTHOineHHK) k hc-jiaMy. 06a HHHOBHHKa b HCJiaMe, h b nepByio onepe/jb b Myjuiax, bh-flenH rjiaBHyio yrpo3y nepcneKTHBaM ňypysimx pocchhckhx pecJiopM b
Ka3aXCKOH CTenH H 6apbep flJIH B03M0>KH0CTeH CJIHHHHH Ka3aXCKOH H
pyccKoň KynbTyp. HMeHHO B.A. TpHropbeB flocTaTOHHO SKcnpeccHB-ho b jiorHKe HMnepcKoro flHCKypca 06 HCJiaMe y Ka3axoB o6pHCOBaji KOHTpacTHyio KyjibTypojiorHHecKyio KOHnennHio o «6jiaroHpaBHbix h HaHBHbix /jHKapHX», KOTopbie ynaTKRyr «xopoineň pyccKoň BJiacTH», h npenHTCTBylomHX 3TOMy npon;eccy TaTapax h «cpeflHea3HaTn;ax», ko-
TOpbie CĎHBaiOT Ka3aXOB C TOJIKy, pa3>KHraK)T «(J)aHaTH3M» H, TaKHM
o6pa30M, BHymaioT KoneBHHKaM «He6jiaroHaMepeHHbie n;ejiH»—bh-CTynHTb npoTHB Pocchh2. TojibKO CBoeBpeMeHHHMH npaBHTejibCTBeH-hhmhMepaMH, CHHTaji B.B. rpnropbeB, mo>khonpe/joTBpaTHTbyrpo3y
«HCJiaMH3Ma».
B CBOHX flOCTaTOHHO pe3KHX oi^eHKax BJIHHHHH HCJiaMa Ha Ka3a-
xob B. B. rpnropbeB He 6bm o/jhhok. K ero MHeHHio npHCJiyniHBajicsi flpyroň 6ojiee BJiHHTejibHbiň HenoBeK b Kpae—opeHĎyprcKHH h caMap-ckhh reHepaji-ry6epHaTop B.A. IlepoBCKHH. MHorne ro/jbi HaxoflHCb bo rnaBe OpeHĎyprcKoň ry6epHHH (c 1833 no 1844 rr. opeHĎyprcKHH BoeHHbiň ry6epHaTop, c 1851 no 1857 rr. opeHĎyprcKHH h caMapcKHH reHepaji-ry6epHaTop), oh CTaji b rna3ax neTep6yprcKHX BJiacTeň aB-TopHTeTHeňiiiHM h BJiHHTejibHeňniHM 3HaTOKOM b penieHHH pa3JIHH-hhx perHOHajibHbix flen. IlepenHCKa opeHĎyprcKoň aflMHHHCTpan;HH c MHHHCTepcTBOM BHyTpeHHHX fleji KOMflC CBHfleTenbCTByeT, hto npa-BHTenbCTBO ocTaBJíHJio Ha jiHHHoe ycMOTpeHHe B.A. IlepoBCKoro pH/i Ba^KHbix o6cTOHTejibCTB, CBH3aHHbix c perynHpoBaHHeM MycynbMaHCKHX HHCTHTyTOB y Ka3axoB3. Hcnojib3yH cbok> BJiacTb, opeHĎyprcKHH h caMapcKHH reHepaji-ry6epHaTop BbicTynnji c n;ejioH nporpaMMOH orpaHHHHTejibHbix /j;jih HCJiaMa Mep. DiaBHaH ero H/jeH 3aKJiK)Hajiacb b nonbiTKe pa3opBaTb CBH3H Ka3axoB c MycynbMaHaMH Bojiro-ypajibCKO-ro pernoHa. 18 OKra6pH 1852 r. oh npeflnncaji om/jc He BMeniHBaTbCH b ceMeňHO-6paHHbie /jena Ka3axoB c 4>opMyjiHpoBKOH, hto KoneBHHKH «hh b KaKOM OTHonieHHH» He no/jBe/joMCTBeHHbi 3TOMy ynpe>K/i;eHHK)4. y>Ke b 1853 r. B.A. IlepoBCKHH pacnopHflHJicH, hto6h KOMaHflyiomHH BaniKHpcKO-Meni;epHi];Koro BOHCKa He pa3peinaji yBOJibHHTb 6aniKHp h MemepHKOB b CTenb /j;jih 6orocjiy>KeHHH h o6yneHHH MecTHbix fleTefl TaTapcKOH rpaMOTe5. 0/jHaKO, HecMOTpn Ha to, hto OMflC b a/jMHHH-
CTpaTHBHOM OTHOHieHHH /JOJI5KHO 6bIJIO nOflHHHHTbCH OpeHĎypTCKOMy
h caMapcKOMy reHepaji-ry6epHaTopy, fleňcTBHH B. A. IlepoBCKoro HMe-jih CBoeo6pa3Hoe flBOHKoe nocjie/jcTBHe.
C OflHOH CTOpOHbl, O MAC npO/JOJDKajIO npHHHMaTb HCKH Ka3axoB,
ccbmaHCb b nepByio onepeflb He Ha a/jMHHHCTpaTHBHbie pacnopH>Ke-hhh, a Ha o6ineHMnepcKHe HopMaTHBHbie nojio>KeHHH o MycynbMaHax6. H sto, b KOHi^e kohli;ob, 3acTaBJiHJio neTep6yprcKHe BJiacTH HCKaTb
Cm. o ueM: OPPHB (Omdeji pyKonuceů Poccuůckoů HaujioHajibHoů 6u6jiuomeKu). 0. 224. On. 1.R.2
'■ BamyncKuů M.A. YK03. cou. C. 275, 277
1 Cm., uanpuMep: PTHA. 0. 821. On. 8. A. 608. JI. 2o6-3; PTHA. 0. 853. On. l.R. 66. JI. 64 06.
4 PTHA. 0. 821. On. 8. a. 602. JI. 6 06.
5 Cm.: HaeeKU c Poccueů. C6. doKyMeumoe u Mamepuajioe 8 2U.H.1. y<f>a,2007. C. 342; CyjimaHzajiueea T.C. «Tamapacasi» duacnopa e
KOHtfieCCUOHOJlbHblX CBR3MX
Ka3axcKoů cmenu (XVIII-XIX sej // Becmmiic Eepa3uu. Ne 4. 2000. Jlocmynno na: http://www.eavest.ru/
6 Cm., uanpuMep: TAOO. 0. 6. On. 6./J. 12681. JI. 3,10-11
HCGÍIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
6l
rAOO. 0. 6. On. 6. ^ 12681. JI. 20
'■ PrMA. 0. 821. On. 8. JI. 602. JI. 56-57
s CM.:PrMA. 0. 821. On. 8. JI. 990. JI. 14 o6-15; 0. 1291. On. 82. M-5a.JI.47 o6-48; 0, 821. On. 8. a. 611.1. JI. 48 06.
1 Cm.:TAOO. 0. 6. On. 6. fl. 14045/8. JI. 54-55
• Cm.:/JíikuhB.C. HauuoHajihHhiů eonpoc so BHympeHHeů nojiumwce u,apu3Ma (XX-uauajio XX b.). cm., 1998. C. 813-814
B03M0>KHbie KOMnpoMHCCH, npH3HaBaH npaBa OM/J.C B nOflOĎHHX fle-jiax, ho BMecTe c sthm BbíHyscnaH My(J)THaT coo6inaTb 060 Bcex hcko-bhx Bonpocax rpa>KflaHCKHM BJiacraM1. C flpyroň CTopoHbi, >KejiaH boc-nojiHHTb npo6ejibi b 3aKOHonaTejibCTBe no HCJiaMy h flo6aBHTb cbohm nocTaHOBJíeHHHM flonojiHHTejibHyio nonyjLspHOCTb, npaBHTejibCTBO HHorfla npHĎerajio k «BOCKpeineHHio» npe>Kfle OTMeHeHHbix peineHHH MecTHbix aflMHHHCTpaTopoB. Xoth pacnopjDKeHHe B. A. IlepoBCKoro 06 OMflC b 1852 r. 6biJio OTMeHeHO KaK H3JiHiHHe >KecTKoe, TeM He MeHee, ysce nocjie h3t>hthh Ka3axoB H3 BeneHHH My(J)THaTa BJiacTH b 1869 r. BHOBb BcnoMHHJiH o npeflnncaHHH 6biBinero reHepaji-ry6epHaTopa, nocTaBHB ero b o/j;hh pan, c BpeMeHHbíM Ilojio>KeHHeM ot 21 OKTHĎpn 1868 r.
TaKHM o6pa30M, b 50-e—Hanajie 60-x rr. xix b. opeHĎyprcKaa aflMHHHCTpaij;HH onpeflejiHJia HecKOJibKO nporpaMM fleňcTBHH no ot-HoineHHK) k HCJiaMy. OflHaKO hh oflHa H3 hhx He 6buia npH3HaHa BcecTopoHHeň h nojiHOCTbio npaKTHHHoň. Kojie6aHHH h coMHeHHH, npeyBejiHHeHHe nojiHTHHecKoň yrpo3bi co CTopoHbi HCJiaMa, a TaioKe jiHHHoe npeflB3HToe OTHomeHHe HeKOTopbix hhhobhhkob 3acTaBHJiH npaBHTe/ibCTBO OTKa3aTbCH ot Bbi6opa KaKoň-TO onpefleneHHOH h no-cjieflOBaTejibHOH TaKTHKH b npeo6pa30BaHHH MycynbMaHCKHX hhcth-TyroB. >KejiaH npencTaBHTb ce6H b pojiH CBoeo6pa3Horo CTopoHHero Ha6jiK)flaTejiH, HenpHHacTHoro k KOHíJuiHKTaM Me>Kfly om/ic, Mycynb-MaHCKHMH yneMa h MecTHbíMH BJiacTHMH, neTep6yprcKHe BJiacTH TeM
CaMblM «pa3BH3bIBajIH pyKH» HeKOTOpbIM MeCTHblM aflMHHHCTpaTOpaM
(B. A. IlepoBCKHH, B.B. TpHropbeB), nbiTaBinHMCH jihhho noBJíHHTb Ha KoppeKTHpoBKy KOH(J)eccHOHajibHoro Kypca. TeM He MeHee, caMa no ce6e HeraTHBHan peaKUHH HacejieHHH Ha >KecTKHe aflMHHHCTpaTHB-Hbie MeTOflbí 3acTaBJiHJia nepecMaTpHBaTb cjihiiikom Kpyrae Mepbi h HCKaTb 6ojiee mÚKue nonxoflbí peryjiHpoBaHHH HCJiaMa. IlosTOMy b Hanajie 60-x rr. xix b. ocHOBHbie pacnopn^KeHHH B. A. IlepoBCKoro no HCJiaMy 6biJiH npH3HaHbi b iienoM HecBoeBpeMeHHbíMH, h Bepx oflep>Ka-jia no3HUHH A. n. Be3aKa2, npH3biBaBinero neTep6yprcKHe BJiacTH OTKa-3aTbCH ot npe>KfleBpeMeHHbix h pe3KHX Mep b MycynbMaHCKOM Bonpoce. B 60-e rr. xix b. rnaBHoe BHHMaHHe npaBHTejibCTBa 6biJio npHBJíe-
HeHO K BOnpOCy O pe(J)OpMHpOBaHHH OM/IC. B OCHOBy fleHTejIbHOCTH
ry6epHCKHX h MHHHCTepcKHX KOMHTeTOB 6biJia nojio>KeHa nneH o no-HCKe npHHHH He3(J)(J)eKTHBHOCTH /JyxoBHoro Co6paHHH npe>Kfle Bcero
KaK 6lOpOKpaTHHeCKOrO HHCTHTyTa. Ha OCHOBaHHH OTHeTOB MeCTHbIX
ry6epHaTopoB, mhchhh KoMHTeTa o coKpanieHHH nepenncKH (1857-1859 rr-), fleHTenbHOCTH CTenHoň komhcchh (1865-1868 rr.), peineHHH OpeHĎyprcKoro KOMHTeTa 1870 r. neTep6yprcKHe BJiacTH flonycKajiH fla>Ke Mbicjib 06 ynpa3flHeHHH om/j,c3. Cepbe3Hbiň BKJia/j; b nporpaMMy pecJ)opMHpoBaHHH MycynbMaHCKHX HHCTHTyTOB BHec OpeHĎyprcKHH reHepaji-ry6epHaTop H.A. KpbDKaHOBCKHH (1864-1881). B cbohx ot-neTax (1865-18664, 1866-1867 rr.5) oh co3/j;aji npencTaBJíeHHe o Mycjj-
THaTe KaK o cjia6oM h 6ecnojie3HOM 6iopoKpaTHHecKOM HHCTHTyTe. PaccMaTpHBan MycynbMaHCKHX flyxoBHbix jihli; KaK HenpHMHpHMbix
npOTHBHHKOB BCHKHX HOBbIX HaHHHaHHH B OpeHĎyprCKOH Ty6epHHH
h b Ka3axcKoň CTenn, oco6eHHO b ccjiepe o6pa30BaHHH, BbicoKonocTaB-
JieHHblH HHHOBHHK B l866 T. 3aHBJLHJI, HTO OM/IC HHK3K He npOTHBO-
fleňcTByeT «BpeflHOMy bjihhhhio flyxoBeHCTBa» h «... npo/j;oji>KaeT no-npe>KHeMy npoH3BOflHTb b Myjuibi jnofleň ajiHHbix, He CBenyiHHX h He 3Haioiii;HX hh pyccKoro H3biKa, hh pyccKoň rpaMOTbi"1. OflHaKO, HecMO-Tpn Ha pe3KHe nacca>KH, b OTHeTe 1865-1866 rr. H.A. KpbDKaHOBCKHH Bce >Ke CTpeMHJicH H36e>KaTb jno6bix kohcJjjihktob c MycynbMaHaMH. npefljiaraH, «...nocTapaTbCH xoth 6h nocTeneHHO OTKJioHHTb Mycynb-MaHCKoe flyxoBeHCTBO ot npoTHBOfleňcTBHH npaBHTejibCTBy», oh BMe-CTe c sthm npH3HBaji BJiacTH «He HapyniaTb npHHn;Hna BepoTepnHMO-cth»2. Han6ojiee pa3yMHHMH, c/j;ep>KHBaioiii;HMH HCJiaM 4>aKTopaMH SbiJiH b 1866 r., cornacHO H.A. KpbDKaHOBCKOMy: ycnjieHHe kohtpojih 3a MycJ)THaTOM nepe3 Ha3HaHeHHe b ero cocTaB pyccKHX hhhobhhkob, npHHy>KfleHHe Myjui H3ynaTb pyccKHH H3HK, a TaioKe nocTeneHHoe co-KpanieHHe KOJinnecTBa MeneTeň h MycynbMaHCKHX flyxoBHbix jihli;3.
B 1867 r. H.A. KpbDKaHOBCKHH b CBoeň 3anncKe Ha hmh mhhh-CTpa BHyTpeHHHX fleji n.A. BajiyeBa h b hobom OTHeTe 3a 1866-1867 rr. ycHJiHJi KOHLi;enTyajibHyK) SKcnpeccnio4 no OTHOineHHio k HCJiaMy5. Oh y>Ke BbicTynaji 3a 6ojiee peniHTejibHbie Mepbi no OTHOineHHio k
OM/J.C H MyCyjIbMaHCKHM HHCTHTyTaM. yKa3bIBaH Ha HeOĎXOflHMOCTb
npoBefleHHH b KOHTeKCTe BenHKHX pecJiopM AjieKcaHflpa II pa3JiHH-hhx rocyflapcTBeHHbix npeo6pa30BaHHH Ha ioro-BOCTOHHbix OKpan-Hax Pocchhckoh HMnepHH, reHepaji-ry6epHaTop Bbipa>Kaji onaceHHe
HezamuenaR peaKU,ua nacejienuR na jKecmKue adMUHiicmpamuGHbLe Memodbi 3acmaejiRjia nepecMampueamb cjiuuikom Kpymbie Mepu u ucrcamb 6ojiee zuČKue nodxodbi pezyjiupoeamíR ucjiclmcl
PAOO. 0. 6. On. 6. JI. 14045/8. JI. 54
Tom Jice. JI. 54
Tom Jice. JI. 55-56
4 Plod KOHiienmyajibHoů SKcnpeccueů mm nouuMaeM
OÓOCHOBaHUe 0C03HaHH0Ů
aBmopoM no3uuuu o6pa3HO-cuMBOJiuuecKUMU cpedcmBaMU, Komopue «3anycKaK>mcR» 8 otpuuuajihHhiů ducKypc u cjiyiicam MapicepoM čjw v,ejihix
RBJíeHUŮ u UU8UJlU3aUUŮ.
B daHHOM cjiyuae jiezKO yjioBUMcm accouuauiiR djw npcLBrnifux BepxoB—srno
C8R3hl8amh OCOÓeHHO 8
nepexodubie nepuodu (boůhu, HOBhie petpopMhi) uaiaM, u ezo UHcmumymbi c omcmajiocmhKi,
«K0CH0CmhK»>
' /Jmkuh B.C. yica3. cou. C. 812-815
o HeroTOBHOCTH MycyjibMaHCKoro HaceneHHH k pecJiopMaM. Ohhhm H3 rjiaBHbix cflep>KHBaioiH,HX 4>aKTopoB fljiH Héro 6bma «KOCHOCTb» MycynbMaHCKHX flyxoBHbix jihli; h Bceň CTpyKTypbi om/j,c6. 06pyniHBaji >KecTKyio KpHTHKy Ha /JyxoBHoe Co6paHHe, oh BceMH CHJiaMH nbiTajicsi flOKa3aTb 6ecnojie3HOCTb 3Toro ynpe>KfleHHH.
B nepByio onepeflb, H.A. Kpbi>KaHOBCKHH OTMenaji, hto MycJ)THaT 3aHHMaeT HeonpefleneHHoe nojio>KeHHe c tohkh 3peHHH nponopn;HO-HajibHoro pacnpenejieHHH npaB h o6H3aHHOCTeH Me>Kfly cyneĎHHMH
' Apanos/J.IO. CucmeMa zocydapcmBeHHOzo pezyjiupoBaHUM uaiaMa e Poccuůckoů UMnepuu (Koueii, XVIII-Hauajio XIX 88.). Muce. doKmopa ucm. uayíc. M., 2005. C. 161
62
n.C. LUabjieh
HCGÍIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
63
PTHA. 0. 821. On. a. 611. II. JI. 227
1 flSLKUHB.C.
YKÜ3. cou. C. 813
'• PrMA. 0. 821. On. JI. 611. II. JI. 221
1 flsuamB.C. YKÜ3. cou. C. 814
• PTHA. 0. 821. On. 8. fl. 611. II. JI. 220 06.
h aflMHHHCTpaTHBHHMH HHCTaHUHHMH OpeHÖyprcKoro reHepaji-ry-öepHaTopcTBa. CocpeflOTOHHB b cbohx pyKax flena o pejinrHH, 6paKax, HMymecTBe, 3JioynoTpe6jieHHHX Myjui, omac, corjiacHO MHeHHio reHe-paji-ry6epHaTopa, npHCBOHJio ce6e BJiacTb oöineaflMHHHCTpaTHBHyio1, a flejia nofloÖHoro pofla (o ôpaicax, UMyw,ecmee, 83auMHbie npemeH3uu Myjui.—Ul.n.) «coBceM bhiiijih H3-nofl KOHTpojiH KpaeBoro ynpaBJíe-HHH h cocpeflOTOHHJiHCb b pyKax flyxoßeHCTBa»2. TaK KaK flejionpoH3-BOflCTBO He3(p(peKTHBHO npoflBHrajiocb B O M AC, H cyfleÖHaH BJiaCTb b öojibineö CTeneHH cocpeflOTaHHBajiacb b pyKax noflBeflOMCTBeHHbix /JyxoBHOMy CoöpaHHK) flyxoBHbix jihli;, H.A. KpbDKaHOBCKHÖ npH3bi-Baji neTepöyprcKHe BJiacTH BMeinaTbCH h b nepByio onepeflb floÖHTbca h3TjHthh H3 BefleHHH MycpTHaTa fleji o 3JioynoTpe6jieHHHX flyxoßeHCTBa, ynpa3flHHTb bck> HeHyscHyio nepenncKy/tyxoBHoro CoöpaHHH, a 3aTeM
3aMeHHTb B IiejLHX yCTpaHeHHH MeflJIHTejIbHOCTH H npOBOJIOHeK «KOJI-
jiernajibHbiH nopHflOK paccMOTpeHHH fleji Ha eflHHOJiHHHbiö»3. Bnflbi
Ha MOflepHH3aUHIO aflMHHHCTpaTHBHO-ÖlOpOKpaTHHeCKOH CHCTeMbI npOHBJIHJIHCb H B TOM, HTOÖbl ÜOBblCHTb OKJiafl HHHOBHHKaM KaHIiejIH-
pHH ,/JyxoBHoro CoöpaHHH, a MyjiJiaM, KOTopbie ßyflyr onpeflejLSTboi k flOJi>KHOCTH He no Bbiöopy, a no Ha3HaHeHHK> npaBHTejibCTBa, onpe-
flejIHTb Ka3eHHbIH OKJiafl C TeM, HTOÖbl OHH flOpO>KHJIH CBOHM MeCTOM4. TaKHM 06pa30M, 3TH MbICJIH BKJIIOHajIH B CeÖH nOnblTKy H3HKOM HOBblX
pecpopM cepeflHHbi 6o-x rr. oöpncoBaTb öyflyinee MycyjibMaHCKHX hh-
CTHTyTOB B POCCHHCKOH HMnepHH.
CuumaR MycyjibMdHCKUx dyxoenbix jiuu, «epednbiM KJiaccoM», nojiumu3upyn noHRmue «ucjiclmckuu <ßaHamu3M», openoypzcKuu zenepaji-zyčepnamop HCLcmaueaji na tiojihom ebunecHenuu mamapcKux u ôauiKupcKux MyjiJi U3 ccßepbL o6pa3oeanuR u dejionpou3eodcmea e Ka3axcKoů cmenu
KaK pe3yjibTaT, reHepaji-ryöepHaTop H.A. Kpbi>KaHOBCKHH flony-
CKajI, HTO, eCJIH npaBHTejlbCTBO COHTeT Hy^KHblM COXpaHHTb O M AC,
Torfla MycpTHaT flOJDKeH b oojibineft CTeneHH CTaTb npaBHTenbCTBeH-HbiM, HeM MycyjibMaHCKHM ynpe>KfleHHeM, T.e. Bce HHHUHaTHBH, hc-xoflHinne OT npaBHTejibCTBa, flOJi>KHbi 6biJiH 6biTb TaK nepepaöoTaHbi b flyxoBHOM ynpaBJíeHHH, KaK 6yflTO ohh hcxoaht ot jiHiia om/(Cs. OflHOBpeMeHHO c peineHHeM iienoro Kpyra caMbix pa3JiHHHbix Bonpo-coB peryjinpoBaHHH HCJiaMa b npeflenax BeflOMCTBa opeHÖyprcKoro MycpTHaTa H.A. KpbDKaHOBCKHÖ nbiTajicH onpeflejíHTb h ocHOBHbie
npHOpHTeTbl KOHTpOJIHpOBaHHH KOHCpeCCHOHajIbHOH CHTyaUHH B Ka-
3axcKoň CTenn. B stom OTHOineHHH ero y6e>KfleHHH 6buiH t3khmh >Ke )KecTKHMH h nparMaTHHHHMH, KaK h y ero HeKOTopbix npeflinecTBeH-HHKOB (B. A. üepoBCKoro, B. B. TpHropbeBa). ÜHTaH Hafle>Kflbi Ha 6y-flymyio pycHcpHKauHio Kpan, oh 6biJi ropHHHM CTopoHHHKOM npecene-HHH Jiioöbix KOHTaKTOB KOHeBHHKOB c MycyjibMaHCKHM HacejieHHeM H3 Bojiro-ypajibCKoro pernoHa h CpeflHeö A3hh. CnHTaH MycyjibMaHCKHX
flyXOBHHX JIHII «BpeflHbIM KJiaCCOM», nOJIHTH3HpyH nOHHTHe «HCJiaM-
CKHÖ (paHaTH3M», opeHÖyprcKHH reHepaji-ryöepHaTop HacTaHBaji Ha nojiHOM BbiTecHeHHH TaTapcKHX h 6aiHKHpcKHX MyjiJi H3 ccpepbi o6pa-
30BaHHH H flejIOnpOH3BOflCTBa B Ka3aXCKOH CTenn.
^CejiaHHe nojiyHHTb flyxoBHyio flOJi>KHOCTb cjieflOBajio, corjiacHO
H. A. KpbI>KaHOBCKOMy, nOCTaBHTb B 3aBHCHMOCTb OT yMeHHH «HHTaTb
h nncaTb no-pyccKH»1. Ycnex stoh Mepbi 6biJi y Hero TecHO CBH3aH h c H3MeHeHHeM caMoro noflxofla k npoH3BOflCTBy b MyjiJibi. H.A. Kpbi-)KaHOBCKHH npefljiaraji MycyjibMaH «... onpeflejíHTb k aoji>khocth He no Bbiöopy, a no Ha3HaHeHHK> npaBHTejibCTBa»2. B u;ejioM, xoth Mepbi opeHÖyprcKoro reHepaji-ryöepHaTopa h OTpa>KajiH oöinyio nojíHTH-necKyio aTMOccpepy BOKpyr HCJiaMa b Pocchhckoh HMnepHH, peaKi^HH Ha TaKHe npefljio>KeHHH b BbícniHX npaBHTenbCTBeHHbix HHCTaHi^HHX He 6biJia nojio>KHTejibHOH. HanpHMep, mhhhctp BHyTpeHHHX fleji U.A. BajiyeB flocTaTOHHO KoppeKTHO 3aMeTHJi, hto npoeKTbi H.A. Kpbi>Ka-HOBCKoro He aKTyajibHbi h coflep>KaT pHfl npoTHBopeHHÖ. B nacTHOCTH,
MHHHCTp CHHTajI HeCBOeBpeMeHHbIM TpeÖOBaTb OÖH3aTejIbHOe 3HaHHe
pyccKoro H3biKa ot Myjui. üo mhchhio U.A. BajiyeBa, 3Ta Mepa Morna npHBecTH k npoTHBonojio>KHOMy pe3yjibTaTy—yBejinneHHio TaÖHoro
flyXOBeHCTBa, KOTOpOe HBJIHeTCH COBepineHHO ÖeCKOHTpOJIbHbIM.
^CejiaHHe opeHÖyprcKoro reHepaji-ryöepHaTopa nojiHOCTbio boc-npeTHTb TaTapaM h 6aniKHpaM oöynaTb Ka3axcKHX fleTeö, TaK^Ke nofl-Beprjiocb KpHTHKe. TaKHe fleöcTBHH, noflnepKHBaji Tl. A. BajiyeB, Moryr
H BOBCe OTBpaTHTb Ka3aXOB OT niKOJI. B 3aKJIIOHeHHH MHHHCTp Bce >Ke
HaxoflHJi Hanöojiee pa3yMHbiMH npefljio>KeHHH He H.A. Kpbi>KaHOBCKO-ro, a A.n. Be3aKa, BbicKa3aHHbie, KaK 6biJio OTMeneHO Bbiine, b KOHu;e 50-x—Hanajie 60-x rr. xix b.3
flEHTEJIbHOCTb C T E n H O H KOMHCCHH (1865-I868) H nO/irOTOBKA PE<řOPMbI l868 T.
B 60-e rr. xix b. OflHOBpeMeHHO c OpeHÖyprcKHM KpaeM b 3anaflHO-CnÖHpcKOM reHepaji-ryöepHaTopcTBe TaK^Ke pa3pa6aTbiBajiHCb npo-eKTbi no npeo6pa30BaHHK> MycyjibMaHCKHX HHCTHTyTOB b Ka3axcKofl CTenn. CaMbiM 3HaHHMbiM h pe3yjibTaTHBHbiM H3 hhx 6buia fleHTejib-HOCTb cneu;HajibHOH CTenHoň komhcchh, o6pa30BaHHOH b 1865 r. OHa flOJi>KHa 6biJia pa3pa6oTaTb KOMnjieKCHbie Mepbi no pecpopMHpoBaHHio CTenHoro ynpaBJíeHHH. B cocTaB komhcchh bohijih BHflHbie npeflCTa-
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: cou,uajibHa.R KOMMynuKau,UR CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
1 MkuhB.C. YKÜ3. cou. C. 815
TaMJice. C. 814
3 Tum 3ice. C. 817. Hyiícno om-Memumb, umo H.A. Kpuiica-HoecKuů ece uče Hacmoůuueo nbtmajicx omcmoamb ceom no3uuum. OmeeuoR ua eo3-paiicemisi n.A. Bajiyeea, oh b 1868 z. nuaui, umo, Haoôopom, nocjie ycneuiHoů peopzami3a-ijuu ynpaejieHUM ôauiKupaMU, 3eMCKoň u cydeÔHoň petpopm Hacmajio epeMX dusí petfiop-
Mbí OMJ1C U MyCyjlbMÜHCKUX
UHcmumymoe. «Bbuio 6u ne-coomeemcmeeHHO epemenu,— noduepKueaji opeuôypzcKuu zeHepaji-zyôepuamop,—nod-depjKueamb pejiuzuo3Hbte yupeiicdemisi MazoMemau, e ko-mopux.... ecezda cymecmeyem cmpeMJieuue k omuyiicdemiio» (ßsüaiHB.C. YKÜ3. cou. C. 819)
64
n.C. LUabjieh
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I I
65
PeMHee A. YKÜ3. cou. C. 248-249
'■ PrMA. 0. 1291. On. 82. a. 5 a. JI.47o6-48
'• PeMHee A. Yvia3. con. C.253
4 Bajiuxauoe       O Mycyjib-Maucmee e cmenu / Bajiuxauoe. H3ÔpaHHbie npou3-eedenuR. Cepusi: Buôjiuomeica Ka3axcKoů smuozpacßuu. T.l. Acmana, 2007.C. 112-113
5 B donojiHeuuu k smoMy Bajiuxauoe ebicmynaji 3a om-cmpanemie Myjui om npaea eecmu dejia o ôpaKax u pa3-eodax (TaM líce. C. 115-116)
BHTejiH iieHTpajibHbix h perHOHajibHbix HHCTHTyroB BJiacTH. 3to HJieH coBeTa MHHHCTpa BHyTpeHHHX fleji <$>.K. ľnpc (npeflceflaTejib), noji-KOBHHK A. K. TeÖHC (npeflCTaBHTejib BoeHHoro MHHHCTepcTBa), re-Hepaji-Maňop K. K. ľyTKOBCKHH (npeflCTaBHTejib ot OpeHÖyprcKoro reHepaji-ryöepHaTopcTBa), noflnojiKOBHHK A.n. uponeHKO (npencTa-BHTejib ot 3anaflHO-CHÖHpcKoro reHepaji-ryöepHaTopcTBa) h flejio-
npOH3BOflHTejIb H.H. ľajIflHHCKHH.1
B pejIHrH03HOM OTHOineHHH KOMHCCHH npeflCTOHJIO coöpaTb flaH-
Hbie o pacnpocTpaHeHHH HCJiaMa b Ka3axcKoň CTenn, BbiHCHHTb nym npoHHKHOBeHHH «MycyjibMaHCKOH nponaraHflbi». Ylo HToraM stoh pa-öoTbi HHHOBHHKH flOJDKHbi ôhuiu npeflCTaBHTb KOHKpeTHbie coo6pa>Ke-
HHH O TOM, KaKHMH CpeflCTBaMH MO>KeT 6bITb OCTaHOBJíeHO ycHJieHHe
HCJiaMa h ocyniecTBJíeH nepexofl k pacnpocTpaHeHHio xpncTHaHCTBa. npn stom iieHTpajibHbiM nyHKTOM b HHCTpyKUHH 6biJio yKa3aHHe 06-paTHTb ocoöoe BHHMaHHe Ha BbipaöoTKy Mep no ycTpaHeHHio bjih-hhhh MycyjibMaHCKoro flyxoBeHCTBa Ha rpa>KflaHCKHH h flyxoBHbiří 6biT Ka3axoB2. Ylo HToraM CBoeň fleHTejibHocra komhcchh cocTaBHJia cnennajibHyio 3anncKy, rfle OTpa3HJia aHajiH3 pejiHľH03HOH CHTyauHH b Ka3axcKoň CTenn h Mepbi no npoTHBOfleftcTBHio pacnpocTpaHeHHH MycyjibMaHCKHX HHCTHTyroB. B KOH(J)eccHOHajibHbix Bonpocax, KaK
TOHHO 3aMeTHJI A. PeMHeB, KOMHCCHH OnHpajiaCb He TOJIbKO Ha JIHHHbie
Ha6jiK>fleHHH, ho h Ha MHeHHH HeKOTopbix npeflCTaBHTejieň Ka3axcKofl 3JIHTH, HanpHMep, H3BecTHoro Ka3axcKoro 3THorpa(J)a, afltioTaHTa 3a-naflHO-CHÖHpcKoro reHepaji-ryöepHaTopa ľ. X. ľac(J)opfla H.H. BajiHxa-HOBa. Ero 3anncKa «0 MycyjibMaHCTBe b CTenn» 6biJia H3BecTHa HJieHaM CTenHOH KOMHCCHH h, BepoHTHO, OHa OKa3ajia öojibinoe bjihhhhc Ha
OCHOBHbie BblBOflbl pOCCHHCKHX HHHOBHHKOB B HCJiaMCKOM BOnpOCe3.
HecMOTpH Ha Bce >KejiaHHe hhhobhhkob CTenHoň komhcchh cfle-jiaTb H.H. BajiHxaHOBa hbhhm cok)3hhkom hobhx pecjjopM oh, Bocnn-
TaHHblH H BbipOCUIHH B HCJiaMCKOH KyjIbType, He MOr 6bITb npOTHBHH-
KOM HCJiaMa KaK TaKOBoro. Pa3MbiuiJiHH o öynyineM cBoero Hapofla b
POCCHHCKOH HMnepHH, OH nbITajICH COBMeCTHTb npeflCTaBJíeHHH o Ha-
i^HOHajibHOH caMoöbiTHOCTH h nporpecce. nosTOMy rjiaBHHM oöteK-
TOM KpHTHKH H.H. BajIHXaHOBa 6bIJIH 4>aKTOpbI, CflepjKHBaiOmHe 3TH
HBJíeHHH. B CBH3H c 3THM >KecTKyio oneHKy nojiyHHJio o m p, c, KOTopoe accouHHpoBajiocb y Hero co BceMH nopoKaMH «3arHHBaioiiieH» 6iopo-KpaTHHecKoň CTpyKTypbi (b3htohhhh6ctbo, rpoM03flKaH nepenncKa h flp.). C flpyroH CTopoHbi, OTHomeHHe k TaTapcKHM h cpeflHea3HaT-
CKHM flyXOBHHM JIHIiaM He TOJIbKO ÖbIJIO OÖJiaHeHO B THnHHHbie CTe-
peoTHnHbie KJiHine: «KOCHOCTb», «4>aHaTH3M», ho h nponynieHO nepe3 Han;HOHajibHbie nyBCTBa4. nosTOMy, xoth h He TaK poMaHTHHecKH KaK B. B. TpHropbeB, H. H. BajiHxaHOB BHfleji b TaTapax mouihhh STHOKyjib-TypHbiö njiacT, cnocoÖHbiö nojiHOCTbio accHMHJinpoBaTb Ka3axcKHH 3THOC. Hto6h ocTaHOBHTb 3TOT nponecc Ka3axcKHH STHorpacJ) npefl-Jiaraji pan, cyniecTBeHHbix npeo6pa30BaHHH5:
1- e. OTflejíHTb KHprH3CKyio CTenb BeflOMCTBa OpeHÖyprcKoro My(J)THH, KaK Hapofl, pa3JiHHecTByioiii;HH ot TaTap no HcnoBenaHHio Bepbi, h Ha3HaHHTb ocoöoro oöJiacTHoro axyHa, KOTopbiň 6bi
COCTOHJI, nOflOÖHO COBeTHHKy OT KHprH3, npH OÖnieM npHCyTCTBHH
o6jiacTHoro npaBJíeHHH.
2- e. YTBepflHTb B 3BaHHH MyjIJI TOJIbKO KOpeHHbIX KHprH3 HJIH
KHprH3CKHX xofl>KeH, ecjiH 6y/j;yT HacTOHTejibHbie npocböbi o tom co CTopoHbi Hapofla.
3- e. He Ha3HaHaTb MyjiJi 6ojiee oflHoro b OKpyre, a flOJi>KHOCTb
yKa3HHX [MyjIJl] B BOJIOCTHX OTMeHHTb.
4- e. He fl03BOJiHTb HinaHaM h xofl>KaM, npne3>Kaioiii;HM H3 CpeflHefl
A3HH, H TaTapCKHM CeMHHapHCTaM JKWľb B KOHeBbHX KHprH3 6e3
onpeflejieHHbix 3aHHTHÖ h HMeTb CTporoe HaöJiiofleHHe, flaöbi ohh He o6pa30BajiH Me>Kfly KHprH3aMH flepBHincKHX h mhcthhcckhx oöniecTB nofloÖHO TeM, KOTopbie cyniecTByioT Tenepb b BaHH-AyjibCKOM h KapKapajiHHCKOM OKpyrax.
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couuajibHasi
KOMMyHUKaUUR
CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
Ylo HToraM CBoeň paöoTbi CTenHaH komhcchh cocTaBHJia HecKOJib-Ko npoeKTOB o npeo6pa30BaHHHX b Ka3axcKoö CTenn1. OflHH H3 hhx BKJiioHaji Bonpoc 06 ynpaBJíeHHH flyxoBHbiMH flenaMH Ka3axoB2. Xoth
B  OCHOBHblX  HaCTHX  BblBOflbl  KOMHCCHH  nOBTOpHJIH npeflJIO>KeHHH
H.H. BajiHxaHOBa, ho Bce >Ke 3anncKa 06 ynpaBJíeHHH flyxoBHbiMH fle-jiaMH Ka3axoB coflep>Kajia h 6ojiee opnrHHajibHoe h noflpoÖHoe o6o-CHOBaHHe npHHHH fljiH npoBefleHHH pecJ)opM. npefljio>KeHHe 06 H3i>-
HTHH Ka3aXOB H3 BeflOMCTBa O M R C, B HaCTHOCTH, ÖbIJIO OÖOCHOBaHO
He TOJIbKO CTpeMJieHHeM HCKyccTBeHHO pa3opBaTb CBH3b Me>Kfly TaTa-paMH, 6aniKHpaMH h Ka3axaMH, ho TaK^Ke cooTHOCHJiocb c HeoöxoflH-MOCTbK) yMeHbuiHTb HeyfloöcTBa, CBH3aHHbie c nyTemecTBHeM b Yfyy fljiH nojiyneHHH jiHu;eH3HH yKa3Horo Myjuibi.
OnaceHHe y poccHÖCKHX hhhobhhkob Bbi3biBajio h to oöcTOHTejib-CTBO, h to Ka3axcKaH CTenb HMena pa3Hyio CTeneHb hhtchchbhocth B3aHMOfleHCTBHH c MycJ)THaTOM. EcjiH 3aBHCHMOCTb opeHÖyprcKHX
Ka3aXOB OT O M p, C paCCMaTpHBajiaCb KaK HOMHHajIbHaH, TO CBH3b J\y-
xoBHoro CoöpaHHH c Ka3axaMH CnÖHpcKoro BeflOMCTBa on;eHHBajiacb KaK 6ojiee 3HaHHTenbHaH. üosTOMy flenajicH yrpo>Kaioiii;HH BbiBOfl, hto Ka3axH CHÖHpcKoro BeflOMCTBa «npHoöpeTajiH b OpeHÖyprcKOM MycJ)-THH rjiaBy flyxoBeHCTBa»3 h TeM caMbiM noHBHJiacb HeyBepeHHOCTb b ycneniHOM Hcxofle 6yflym,HX pecjjopM b CTenn (b nepByio onepeflb b c(J)epe o6pa30BaHHH) h bo3mo>khocthx 6ecKOH(J)jiHKTHOH peajiH3an;HH
MHCCHOHepCKOH fleHTejIbHOCTH4. DoflBOflH HTOr 3TOMy pa3MbIIIIJieHHIO,
CTenHaH komhcchh npefljiarajia h BOBce «He nocbiJiaTb MyjiJi b Y^sy, a HcnbiTbiBaTb Hx, ecjiH Hy^KHO, b OÖJiacTHbix npaBJieHHHX» h, b KOHen-
HOM HTOre, H31>HTb Ka3aXOB H3 BefleHHH O M/J.C 5.
KaK h H.H. BajiHxaHOB, CTenHan komhcchh BbicTynajia 3a nepeflany
flyXOBHHX flejl HCKJIIOHHTejIbHO B pyKH MeCTHblX (Ka3aXCKHX) MyjIJI, KO-
Bojiee nodpoÔHO o npoeianax CmenHoů komuccuu cm.: PTHA. 0. 1291. On. 82. M-5 6
'■ no pejiuzuo3HMM eonpocaM KOMUccuM nodzomoeujia dee ceKpemubie 3anucKu: «0 MazoMemaHcm.ee e Kupzu3-ckoíí cmenu u 06 ynpaejieuuu dyxoBHbiMU dejiaMU Kupzu-3oe» u «O pacnpocmpaueHuu xpucmuaucmea e Kupzu3CKUx cmenax». 3mu Mamepuajiu c HeÔOJlbUlUMU coKpaw,euusiMU ôbuiu onyôjiuKoeaHbi A.B. nocmHUKoebiM (IlocmHUKoe A.B. H3MeueHusi e Hauuonajib-HOM (smuuuecKOM) CaM0C03Ha-Huu (udeumuuHocmu) uapodoe nopyôeiicbsi («cßpoumupa») e npouecce co3ÔaHua poccuúcKux u,eHmpajibHoa3uamcKux ejiade-Huů e XIX e. // HdeumuuHocmb u zeozpatpuR e nocmcoeemcKoii Poccuu. Cílů., 2003. C. 38-52)
1 nocmnuKoe A.B. yicca. cou. C. 42
B uacmHocmu, smo ôbuia odua U3 npuuuH omiaioHeHUM e 1864 z. npoeicma o co3dauuu JlyxoeHoů xpucmuaucKoů Muccuu e z. riemponaejioecKe (Cm. nodpoônee: UTA PK. 0. 345. On. l.ß. 876. JI.1-2) ' nocmuuKoe A.B. yicca. cou. C. 42
66
n.C. LUabjieh
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I I
67
no mhčhwo Cmermoů komuc-cuu, «ece Myjuibt dojiiicnu 6himh paeHM Meiicdy coóoů u caMO Ha3eauue yica3Hbtx Myjui, cyw,ecmeymw,ee e 3a-nadHoů Cuóupu, ueoóxoduMO omMeHumb, mate kuk. dpyzux, He ymeepiicdeHHbtx uauieů BJiacmbio, Myjui nedomicHO 6bimb» (nocmHUKoe A.B. YK03. cou. C. 42-43)
'■ PeMH.ee A. YKa3. cou. C. 258-259
'' HocmnuKoe A.B. YKa3. cou. C. 43
1 B 1867 z. Mytpmuů OMJJC C. Teeicejiee npedjioiicuji ceoů npoeian «ycmaea ynpae-jieHUM dyxoeHbíMU dejiaMU MazoMemaH». 3mo 6bw docmamouHO npozpeccueHbtů doKyMeum, cymecmeeHHO pacuiupsiBuiuů npaea My-
CyjlbMaHCKUX ČyXOBHbLX JIUU,
u OMJJC. (3azudyjuiuH H.K. YIpoeKm «ycmaea ynpaejie-HiiR dyxoeHbíMU dejiaMU Ma-zoMemaH» 1867 z. openbypz-ckozo MytpmuR C. Teeicejieea // Facbipjiapu aea3bi—3xo eeKoe. Ne 1. 2009. /Jocmynuo Ha: http://www.protas.ru/ magazine/'go/'anonymous/ main/?path=mg:/ numbers/2011 _l_2/07/04/ 2009; PTHA. 0. 821. On. 8. JJ. 611.1. JI. 89)
Topbie flOJi>KHbi 6buiH noflHHHHTbCH TOJibKO MecTHOMy rpa>KflaHCKOMy ynpaBJíeHHio h nepe3 Hero MHHHCTepcTBy BHyTpeHHHX fleji. Hhhobhh-kh xoTejiH ynpa3flHHTb Bce BHflbí flyxoBHoň nepapxHH, y3aKOHeHHbie b Ka3axcKoň CTenn b nepnofl fleHTejibHocra My(J)THaTa (o6jiacTHbie, ye3flHbie axyHbi h T.n.), flejian nonbiTKH, TaKHM o6pa30M, MaKCHMajib-ho ynpocTHTb HOByio CHCTeMy perjiaMeHTaiiHH HCJiaMa h CHH3HTb CTa-Tyc flyxoBHbix jihu;.1
XapaKTepHoň nepToň h noKa3aTejibHHM jieňTMOTHBOM fljin 060-CHOBaHHH Heo6xoflHMOCTH nepecMOTpa npe>KHeH iiojihthkh 6bm 06-
BHHHTejIbHblH TOH H KJIHIHHpOBaHHbffl H3HK, HOIOJIb30BaHHbIH B OíJ)H-
UHajibHbix 6yMarax. ,/JpKa3biBaH Heo6xoflHMOCTb npoH3BOflCTBa MyjiJi TOJibKO H3 Ka3axoB, komhcchh y6e>Kflajia poccHHCKHe BJiacTH b Heo6-xo/j;hmocth BbiflBopeHHH H3 Ka3axcKoň CTenH «(J)aHaTHHHbix» TaTap, SaniKHp h «cpeflHea3HaTiieB», KOTopbie cbohm bjihhhhcm OTHyscflaioT Ka3axoB ot pyccKHX h TeM caMHM npenHTCTByioT pacnpocTpaHeHHio UHBHJiH3anHOHHbix Hanaji b Ka3axcKoň CTenn.2
H3i>HTHe Ka3axoB H3 BeflOMCTBa om/(C b cjieflyioíHHX BbiBOflax ko-mhcchh, oflHaKO, paccMaTpHBajiHCb He TOJibKO b KOHTeKCTe nepcneK-thb ynpoineHHH 6iopoKpaTHHecKHX nponeflyp npn paccMOTpeHHH /jy-xobhhx, rpa>K/j;aHCKHX flen h chpdkghhh «TaTapcKoň yrpo3bi», ho h b Bbiroflax CHH>KeHHH npecTH>Ka h o6inecTBeHHOH 3HaHHMOCTH Mycynb-MaHCKHX yneMa KaK flyxoBHO-yHeHoro cocjiobhh. B nenoM, OenHaH
KOMHCCHH B CBOHX peKOMeHflaUHHX OCTaBJIHJia BOnpOC 06 HCIIblTaHHH
AyxoBHbix jihli; b 3HaHHH MycynbMaHCKoro npaBa otkphthm: c oflHoří ctopohh, npefljiarajiocb HcnbiTbiBaTb Myjui b 06jiacTHOM npaBJíeHHH, ho BMecTe c 3thm flonycKajiacb B03MO>KHOCTb coBepineHHO ynpa3fl-HHTb 3Ty npoue/jypy, npH3HaB ee HeyMecTHoň b CHJiy Toro, hto BJia-cthm Tpe6oBajiHCb He 3HaTOKH KopaHa h inapnaTa, a 6jiaroHafle>KHbie b rpa>K/j;aHCKOM OTHOineHHH Jinna3. Ecjih cpaBHHTb sth nyHKTbi c flpy-thmh BapnaHTaMH noHHMaHHH TeHfleHUHH npeo6pa30BaHHH Mycynb-
MaHCKHX HHCTHTyTOB4, CTaHOBHTCH OHeBHflHHM TOT (JjaKT, HTO KaK
npe/j;jio>KeHHH H.A. KpbDKaHOBCKoro o pe(J)opMax om/ic, TaK h 3aira-CKa CTenHoň komhcchh o /jyxoBHOM ynpaBJíeHHH b Ka3axcKoň CTenn,
SbIJIH THnHHHOH nOnbITKOH B OCHOBHOM TOJIbKO aflMHHHCTpaTHBHHMH MeTOflaMH 0(J)OpMHTb pa3pbIB He TOJIbKO KOH(J)eCCHOHajIbHbIX CBH3eň, HO H y>Ke flOCTaTOHHO Hajia>KeHHbIX HHCTHTyij;HOHajIbHbIX OTHOineHHH
Me>K/jy OTflejibHbíMH BeflOMCTBaMH. XapaKTepHO, hto h H. A. Kpbi>Ka-
HOBCKHH, H H.H. BajIHXaHOB, h CTenHaH komhcchh, flyMaH O HeOĎXOflH-
mocth MO/j;epHH3anHH 6iopoKpaTHHecKOH CHCTeMbi b HMnepHH, pac-CMaTpHBajiH om/ic ee HenocpeflCTBeHHbíM «fleTHin;eM».
B nHTOM nyHKTe 3anncKH CTenHoň komhcchh 06 ynpaBJíeHHH /jy-xobhhmh flenaMH Ka3axoB Bonpoc o HopMe npHxo^KaH /j;jih MeneTefl 4>aKTHHecKH He 6bm onpefleneHHO peineH. Ecjih H. M. IloTyjioB b cbo-eM npoeKTe 50-x rr., BepoHTHO, opneHrapoBajicH Ha 6ojiee rycT03ace-jieHHyio MycynbMaHaMH OpeHĎyprcKyio ry6epHHio, a b CBoeM 6ojiee
ajibTepHaTHBHOM npoeKTe MycJ)THH C. TeBKejieB nbiTajicH npeflCTaBHTb b o6o6m;eHHOM BHfle CHTyan;Hio b OKpyre om/íc1, to HJieHbi komhcchh BecbMa TyMaHHO 3aMeTHJiH, hto hhcjio MeneTeň «He /j;oji>kho npeBbi-inaTb HopMy CTporoň h fleňcTBHTejibHOH b hhx Heo6xoflHMOCTH fljiH MecTHoro HacejieHHH»2. TeM caMHM OTKpbiBajiacb innpoKaH nepcneK-THBa nojiHOCTbio OTflaTb 3tot Bonpoc Ha ycMOTpeHHe MecTHbix rpa>K-flaHCKHX BJiacTeň.3
B cbohx BbiBOflax CTenHaH komhcchh yKa3HBajia He TOJIbKO Ha He-
OĎXOflHMOCTb CHH>KeHHH CTaTyCa MyCyjIbMaHCKHX flyXOBHHX jihli;, ho
h CTpeMHJiacb cym;ecTBeHHO orpaHHHHTb ccjiepy fleHTejibHOCTH yneMa. npefljiarajiocb H3i>HTb H3 BefleHHH Mynji Bce flejia o 6paKax, pa3BO-flax, ynacTHe b pa36ope hckob no 3aBem;aHHHM, pa3/j;ejiy HMym;ecTBa
H OCTaBHTb 3a MyCyjIbMaHCKHM flyXOBeHCTBOM TOJIbKO pejiHrH03Hbie
o6H3aHHOCTH. Ylpou,ejiypa BefleHHH MynjiaMH MeTpmecKHX KHHr TaK-yne paccMaTpHBajiacb KaK Majionojie3HaH b ycjioBHHX KoneBoro o6pa3a )KH3HH Ka3axoB, a npeflocTaBJíneMbie hmh CBefleHHH oiieHHB ajiHCb KaK HenojiHbie h oniHĎOHHbie4. OflHaKO b CHJiy h6bo3mo>khocth 6bicTporo h scJxJieKTHBHoro peineHHH 3Toro Bonpoca HJieHbi komhcchh coBeTOBa-jih npaBHTejibCTBy coxpaHHTb Ha BpeMH MeTpHHecKHe KHHrn 3a Myn-jiaMH5.
rioflBOflH HTor cbohm pa3MbiiLuieHHHM, komhcchh nojiarajia, HTO
CaMHM 3(J)(J)eKTHBHbIM CpeflCTBOM OCJia6jieHHH HCJiaMa B Ka3aXCKOH
CTenH 6yfleT pacnpocTpaHeHHe pyccKoro o6pa30BaHHH h H3biKa nepe3 pyccKHe HiKOJibi h MHCCHOHepcKyio fleHTenbHOCTb. OflHaKO TaKHe Ha-MepeHHH, KaK em;e b KOHLi;e 50-x rr. xix b. npH3HaBaji A. n. Ee3aK, He flOJi>KHbi 6buiH HflTH b pa3pe3 c o(|)HnHajibHbiM KypcoM BepoTepnHMO-
CTH H, TaKHM o6pa30M, OĎOCTpHTb 3THOKOH(J)eCCHOHajIbHyiO CHTyaUHK)
y Ka3axoB. IlosTOMy HJieHbi komhcchh npnniJiH k 3aKJiioHeHHio, hto ycnex flena He MO^KeT 6biTb rapaHTHpoBaH «KpyTbiMH» pecJiopMaMH b KOH(J)eccHOHajibHOH ccj)epe. B CBH3H c sthm pacnpocTpaHeHHe xpncTH-
aHCTBa B OCHOBHOM paCCMaTpHBajIOCb KaK OHeBHflHaH Li;HBHJIH3ai];HOH-
Han «3aflyMKa», pe3ynbTaTHBHOCTb KOTopoň MO^KeT 6biTb oĎecneneHa
TOJIbKO B 6jiarOnpHHTHbIX yCJIOBHHX.6
B iienoM npeflCTaBJíeHHbiň CTenHoň KOMnccneň MaTepnaji no npe-o6pa30BaHHio MycynbMaHCKoro flyxoBHoro ynpaBJíeHHH b Ka3axcKofl CTenH nojiyHHJi oflo6peHHe y ry6epHCKHX h neTep6yprcKHX BJiacTeň. 20 4>eBpajiH 1868 r. reHepaji-ry6epHaTop 3anaflHoň Ch6hph A. n. Xpy-m;oB nncaji BoeHHOMy MHHHCTpy J\. A. MnjiioTHHy, hto flyxoBHan nacTb OTflejia pa6oTbi komhcchh corjiacyeTCH c ero jihhhhm B3rnHflOM. Ilpefl-jio>KeHHbie Mepbi oh paccMaTpHBaji KaK cnocoĎHbie «6e3 oco6oro Ha-chjihh» «napajiH30BaTb c ycnexoM MycynbMaHCKyio nponaraHfly»7. B CBOK) onepeflb, Komhtct mhhhctpob 8 OKTHĎpn 1868 r., b KanecTBe peKOMeHflan;HH Ha y>Ke noflroTOBJíeHHbiň npoeKT pecJiopM, cocTaBJíeH-Hbiň no MaTepnajiaM komhcchh, npefljiaraji b n;ejiHX octopo>khocth He yTBep>KflaTb HOBoe Ilojio>KeHHe KaK 3aKOH nocTOHHHbiň, a flonycTHTb
1 B uacmuocmu, oh npedjiazaji mam, zde MycyjibMane oicueym s omdaneHHOcmu om namuepe-MeHHbtx u co6opHbtx Meuemeu, do3BOJiumb coopyycenue 6ozocjiynce6Hbix 3danuu sue 3a-sucuMocmu om uucjieuHocmu cemeucme (Tarn nee)
2 riocmHUKoe A.B. YKa3. cou. C. 43
3 Cmennan komuccum c zopeubm BbLHyiicdeua 6buia Koucma-mupoeamb, umo ecjiedcmeue omcymcmeusi Heuadjieiicauiezo Koumpojw Had B03eedeHueM Meuemeu z. CeMunajiamuncK «... cyw,ecmeymw,uu ecezo c npoumozo cmojiemuR, na-nojineH Hecopa3MepubLM c
ezo MycyjibMaucKUM ua-cejieuueM uucjiom Meuemeu (riocmHUKoe A.B. Yica3. cou. C.44).B60-e zz.XIXe.e CeMunajiamuHCKe 6buio yoice 8 Meuemeu (See. History book of the City of Semipalatinsk byAkhund Ahmad-Wali b. Ali al-Qazani // Frank Allen J. and Usmanov Mirkasyim A. Materials for the Islamic History of Semipalatinsk: Two manuscripts by Ahmad-Wali al-Qazani and Qurban ali Khalidi, ANOR11. Berlin, 2001. P. 12-61)
4 nocmuuKoe A.B. YKa3. cou. C. 44
5 Tom nee. C. 44
6 Tom dice. C. 45
' PTHA. 0. 1291. On. 82. /],. 5 a. JI. 121 06
68
n.C. LUabjieh
HcCÍIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I I
69
1 PFHA. 0. 1291. On. 82. JJ. 5 a. JI. 220
2 8u22 OKm. 1868 z. e iicypua-jie KoMumema MUHUcmpoe 6hmo 3anucauo, «umo6u o scex donycKaeMhix e 03Haueu-hom FIojionceHuu u3MeHenuax, Ha Heo6xoduMocmb koux yicaiicem npaicmuica, 6huio 8CRKUÜ pa3 doeedeno do ceedemw KoMumema Muhu-cmpoe. nocjie deyxjienmezo cpoKa npedocmaejuuomcR zeHepaji-zy6epHamopaMU co-omeemcmeymuiue npedjioiice-hur no ezo npeo6pa3oeaHUK>» (Tom nee, ji. 221)
3 Cm.: Mamepuajihi no ucmo-puu nojiumuuecKozo cmpoR Ka3axcmcma. T.l. A-A., 1960. C. 339-340
4 [Jo eceü euduMocmu, eapu-aum ynpa3ÖHeHUR hojihomo-Huü OMJ1C b Ka3axcKoü cme-nu 6hui uau6ojiee oueeudeu dim BJiacmeü. Kate nuiuem C. /JmdyaubOH, caMa no ce6e pe-ajiu3auun mhozux u3MeHeuuü
8 KOHCßeCCUOHOJlbHOM ÖjlüZO-
ycmpoiLcm.ee Kü3axoe npu coxpaueHuu Mytpmuama ue Mozjia 6himh 3(p(peKmuBH0Ü. B uacmnocmu, omMeuaem uccjiedoeamejib, 6e3 zjiyöo-koü pecßopMM JlyxoeHozo Coöpanua juoöue yciuiuR djuiyHutpuKauuu maputfi-HOÜ cjiyncöhi Myjui 6bUlU 6u Heeo3M03icHhiM.il (Stephane A. Dudoignon. Status, strategies and discourses of a Muslim "cleargy" under a Christian law: polemics about the collection of the zakat in late Imperial Russia // Islam in politics in Russia and Central Asia, early 18'h-late 20th centuries / ed. Stephane A. Dudoignon and Hisao Komatsu. London-New York, 2001. P. 67-68)
5 Cm.: BhiKoe A.K). Poccuü-acan npaeumejihcmeeHHan nojiumuKa e cmennux 06-jiacrrmx u mpaHccßopMau.usi mpaduuuoHHOzo ica3axacozo o6w,ecmea. /luce, doicmopa uemop. Hayn. CPI6., 2006. C. 303
6 Cm.:PAOO. 0. 6. On. 6. JI. 14243/5. JI. 70-71
ero HcnojLb30BaHHe b BHfle onbiTa Ha flBa rofla1. TaKHM o6pa30M, npa-BHTejibCTBO flonycKajio npoH3BefleHHe HeoöxoflHMbix H3MeHeHHH h flo-nojmeHHH, nenecoo6pa3HOCTb b KOTopbix oÖHapy^KHTcn Ha npaKTHKe.2
HCJIAM BO BPEMEHHOM nOJIO)KEHHH l868 T.\ BOCnPHHTHE H OqEHKA HE3ABEPIUEHHOH PE$OPMbI B HMIIEPCKOM H KA3AXCKOM flHCKYPCE
«BpeMeHHoe nojio>KeHHe 06 ynpaBJieHHH b ypajibCKOH, TyprancKOH, Akmojihhckoh h CeMHnajiaTHHCKOH oöjiacrax», yTBep>KfleHHoe 21 ok-raöpH i868 r., BCTynHJio b CHJiy i HHBapn 1869 r. MycyjibMaHCKHH Bonpoc paccMaTpHBajicH b cnen,HajibHOM pa3flejie flOKyMeHTa: «06 ynpaBJieHHH flyxoBHbiMH flejiaMH KHprH3»3. 3flecb b KpaTKOM BHfle 3a-KOHOflaTejibHyio (JjopMy npnoöpejiH ocHOBHbie npefljio>KeHHH, cocTaB-jieHHbie CTenHOH komhcchch. Kohchho, rjiaBHbiM H3 hhx 6bui nyHKT 06 h3TjHthh Ka3axoB H3 BeflOMCTBa om/ic4. OflHaKO, b nejioM, pecjjop-Ma H3HaHajibHO npofleMOHCTpHpoBajia He3aBepineHHbiH, nojioBHHHa-TbiH xapaKTep. H3 BeflOMCTBa om/jc 6biJiH BbiBefleHbi TOJibKO Ka3axH HOBoyHpe>KfleHHbix ooJiacTeft (YpajibCKOH, TyprancKOH, Akmojihhckoh h CeMHnajiaTHHCKOH). HcKJironeHHe cocTaBHJiH Ka3axn 6biBinero ByKeeBCKoro xaHCTBa, OTHOCHBiimecH k AcTpaxaHCKOH ryöepHHH5, My-cynbMaHe Ka3anbero cocjiobhh, npo^KHBaBiiiHe b YpajibCKOH oöjiacra, a TaK^Ke TaTapbi h 6aniKHpbi, HacejTHioiHHe Ka3axcKHe 3eMJiH6. BMecTe c 3thm, BpeMeHHoe riojio>KeHHe HHHero He roBopnjio o BMeinaTenb-CTBe omäc b flejia MycyjibMaH TypKecTaHCKoro reHepaji-ryöepHaTop-CTBa (TeppHTopHH KOToporo, KaK TypKecTaHCKaH o6jiacTb, BxoflHJia b cocTaB OpeHÖyprcKOH ryöepHHH flo hkdjih 1867 r.).
B Bonpocax yTBep>KfleHHH Mynji hobhh 3aKOH nojiHOCTbio onnpaji-ch Ha npefljio>KeHHH CTenHOH komhcchh8. Ylpu stom BpeMeHHoe üo-jio^KeHHe CTporo npeflnncbiBajio Ka^Kflyro BOJiocTb orpaHHHHTb oahhm MyjiJioH9. HecMOTpH Ha npefljio>KeHHH H.A. KpbDKaHOBCKoro h C. TeB-KejieBa MaTepnajibHbiH CTaTyc flyxoBHbix mm, He 6biJi ynyHineH. HoBbie npaBHJia npaKTHHecKH He H3MeHHJiH npe^KHHH nopHflOK. Myjuibi He nojiynajiH Ka3eHHoro OKJiafla h nofljie>KajiH njiaTe>Ky noflaTeö h no-
BHHHOCTeH. OcBOÖOflHTbCH >Ke OT HHX OHH MOEJIH TOJibKO no >KejiaHHK)
MecTHbix o6m;ecTB, KOTopbie b stom cjiynae nepeKJiaflbiBajiH Hajiorn
Ha CBOH IUieHH.10
He3aBepineHHOCTb BpeMeHHoro nojio>KeHHH ocTpo npoHBHJiacb b OTcyTCTBHH 6ojiee hjih MeHee nojiHbix HHCTpyKi^HH no BonpocaM
(JjyHKUHOHHpOBaHHH MeHeTeH. OrpaHHHHBaH BOJIOCTb OflHHM MyjIJIOH,
3aKOH, OflHaKO, HHHero He roBopnji o flonycKaeMOM KOJinnecTBe flyxoB-
HblX JIHU, npH OflHOH MeHeTH (nHTHBpeMeHHOH hjih cooopHoo)11. KaK
pe3ynbTaT, 3Ta HeonpeflejieHHOCTb, c OflHOH CTopoHbi, noflpa3yMeBa-jia coKpameHHe yace HMeroinHXCH MeneTeö, hto b ycjioBHHX KoneBoro
o6pa3a >kh3hh 6buio MajioscJxJieKTHBHOH Mepoö, a, c flpyroo, flaBajio HecJjopMajibHbiH noBOfl k yBejinneHHio He TOJibKO HHCJia «TaÖHbix» Mynji, ho h pocTa HejierajibHbix MeneTeö. BMecTe c sthm, coflep>Ka-HHe MeneTeö, MycyjibMaHCKHX yneÖHbix 3aBefleHHH h MyflappncoB no-npe>KHeMy ocTaBajiocb b pyKax MecTHbix oömecTB. OflHaKO fljiH Toro, HTo6bi HMeTb npaBO npenoflaBaTb, MycyjibMaHe aoji^khh 6biJiH nojiy-HHTb pa3peineHHe ot ye3flHoro HanajibHHKa1. TaKHM o6pa30M, HOBoe nojio>KeHHe o flyxoBHOM ynpaBJieHHH y Ka3axoB npofleMOHCTpHpoBajio HecKOJibKO ocoöeHHOCTeö: BO-nepBbix, oho b ochobhhx nepTax boc-npoH3Bejio BbiBOflbi CTenHOH komhcchh, xoth Bee cnopHbie momchth, ocTaBJieHHbie komhcchch 6e3 OKOHHaTenbHoro peineHHH, BpeMeHHoe nojio>KeHHe nocTapajiocb HCKJiioHHTb2. Bo-BTopbix, 6buiH coxpaHeHbi, KaK yKa3aHO Bbiine, HeKOTopbie npe>KHHe npaBHJia (JjyHKi^HOHHpoBa-
HHH MycyjibMaHCKHX HHCTHTyTOB, fleHCTBOBaBIHHe B nepHOfl OMflC.
B-TpeTbHX, (JjparMeHTapHOCTb h OTcyTCTBHe n;ejioro pHfla Ba>KHbix acneKTOB o OJiaroycTponcTBe MycyjibMaH no3BOJiHJiH TpaKTOBaTb BpeMeHHoe nojio>KeHHe He TOJibKO npeBpaTHO, ho h fleocTBHTejibHO KaK
BpeMeHHblH H HenOCTOHHHHH 3aKOH.
Bojiee Bcero poccHHCKHe BJiacTH onacajiHCb peaKi^HH Ha hobhh nopHflOK co CTopoHbi Ka3axcKoro HacejieHHH. BßefleHHe BpeMeHHoro nojio>KeHHH 1868 r. b n,ejioM npoH3Bejio HeoflH03HaHHbiH pe30HaHC. B CBOflKax aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbix flOHeceHHH 3a 18 69-1870 rr. BCTpenajiacb npoTHBopeHHBaH HH(J)opMai];HH. C OflHOH CTopoHbi, coo6m;ajiocb, hto Ka3axH (TypzaücKoü oöjiacmu—UI.TI.) npHHHJiH nojio>KeHHe «oxotho h c nyBCTBOM 6jiaroflapHOCTH»3, a c flpyron, nepnoflHHecKH nocTynajiH
1 Mamepuajihi no ucmopuu. C. 340
'■ HanpuMep, eo BpeMeHHOM PIojionceHuu coeceM Hem ynoMUHanuR 0 MempuuecKux khuzox, HopMe MycyjibMancKozo npuxoda, paenpocmpanenuu xpucmuancmea u dp.
1 McmopuM Ka3axcmaHa (c dpeeneüuiux epeMen do nauiux dueü). B namu moMox. T. 3. A/iMamu, 2000. C. 419
Bojiee ecezo poccuücKue ejiacmu onacajiucb peavmuu na HoebLÜ nopndoK co cmopoHbi
KCL3axcK.ozo HdcejieHUR. Beedenue BpeMennozo IIojiojKeHUR 1868 z. e i^ejioM npou3eejio HeoÖH03HaHHbLÜ pe30Hanc
flOHeceHHH o B03MymeHHHX Ka3axoB no noBOfly OTflenbHbix nyHKTOB HOBoro ycTpoöcTBa4. B HeKOTopbix pernoHax (YpcuibCKaR, TypzaücKaR oöjiaanb u ManzbiuuiaK.—TI.UI.) HeflOBOJibCTBa Bbipa>KajiHCb fla>Ke b
BHfle OpraHH3aUHH npOTeCTHblX BOOpy>KeHHbIX flBH^KeHHH, KOTopbie,
HyscHO 3aMeTHTb, 6biJiH HanpaBJieHbi, b nepByio onepeflb, npoTHB co-u;HajibHO-3KOHOMHHecKHX HOBOBBefleHHH5. YcHJieHHe öecnopHflKOB
pOCCHHCKHe BJiaCTH nblTajIHCb OÖTjHCHHTb B OCHOBHOM TeM, HTO Ka3aXH
noHHJiH HOBoe nojio>KeHHe npeBpaTHO, b HCKa^KeHHOM BHfle, T.e. KaK
' JJjih npodeujiceuuR hobozo PIojioiicemiR npu icaiicdoM ye3de 6hmu o6pa3oeaHU cneuuajihHhie komuccuu. B omueme oduoü U3 hux (deiLcmeoeaeuieiL e Hoeoo6pa3oeaHHOM PbieuKOM ye3de ypajibCKOü oöjiacmu.— n.III.) coo6w,ajiocb, umo «4 ayjia npuusuiu uoeoe nojiojiceuue co3Hamejibuo u 6e3 BCMKOzo nedoeepua.; ho npu apopMupoeamiu 5-zo ayjia scmpeueH ynopHbiu omKa3 Kupzu3oe npuHamh Hoeoe nojiojicenue, ho He co cmopoHU Jicumejieu smozo ayjia, a co
CmOpOHhl HeCKOJlbKUX Myjui u
cyjimanoB, mbubuiuxcm myda c BoopyjiceHHOio UiaÜKOK») (PP1IA. 0. 1291. On. 82. JJ. 5 a. JI. 322 06.)
' Cm. nodpoönee: Ucmopuu Ka3axcmaHa... C. 421-422
70
n.C. LUabjieh
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I I
71
1 TaK, uanpuMep, očhum U3 Momueoe BhicmyruiemíR
Ka3aX0B 8 YpajlhCKOŮ 06-
jiacmu 3Hauujiocb nedoBOJib-cmeo ejiusimejibHbix juodeů cyjunaHCKOzo npoucxoncde-hum, icomopbte no hobum npaBiwaM ympauuBOJiu CBoe npeoicnee BJiumme (PPMA. 0. 1291. On. 82. JJ. 5 a. JI. 322 06.)
2 TaM uce. JI. 323
3 Cm. 06 smoM nodpoónee Bbíiue 8 nacmoRiLieů cmambe
4 JJoKyMeHm 3aeepiuajicM snojine npazMamuuecKUM BbteodoM: «... Bce srno (co-BMeuienue aČMunucmpamuB-
hoů u KOHCfieCCUOHajlbHOŮ
pecpopM.—n.III.) npuBedem k CMymaM u BOJinenusíM, no-cjiedcmBUM Komopbix mpydno npedsudemb* (PrMA. 0. 821. On. 8. JJ. 602. JI. 60-61)
' Cm. o mm: 03zan6aů O. Tocy-dapcmeennasi dyMa Poccuu u Ka3axcmaH (1905-1917 zz.). AjiManibi, 2000. C. 129-130
' Kapamaee E. OÓ3op Mamepu-ajioe U3 ucmopuu kojiohu-3auuu Ka3axcKozo Kpasi e CBR3U c eoccmanueM Ka3axoB OpenbypzcKozo Kpasi b 1869 z. u 8 naučme 1870-x zz. Cocm. Aóenoea E.C. AjiMamu, 2006. C. 31
cjieflCTBHe nponaraHflbí, pacnpocTpaHHeMOH TaTapcKHMH MyjuiaMH h Ka3axcKHMH cyjiTaHaMH, KOTopbie no hobhm nopHflKaM yTpaHHBajra CBoe npe>KHee BJiHHHHe1. OflHHM H3 3JieMeHTOB pacnpocTpaHHeMbix no CTenn cjiyxoB 6buia HfleH o tom, hto H3T>HTHe Ka3axoB H3 BeflOM-CTBa om/(C «HMeeTHaMepeHHe o6paraTb hxbFIpaBocjiaBHenepe3flBa rofla, h6o riojio>KeHHe yTBep>KfleHO TOJibKO Ha flBa rofla b BHfle onbiTa»2.
Xoth penHrH03HaH nacTb riojio>KeHHH He 6biJia rnaBHbíM hctohhh-kom B03MyrneHHH h, TeM 6ojiee, cjieflCTBHeM BoopysceHHbix BbicTyruie-hhh, oflHaKO, KaK y6eflHTejibHO noKa3aji FI. BepT, cjiyxn, tojikh TaioKe SbiJiH Ba^KHHM 4>aKTopoM, noTeHnnajibHO ocjia6jiHBinHM HMnepcKyio
nOJIHTHKy3. OHH B CJIO>KHOH H npOTHBOpeHHBOH CHTyaUHH BbIHy>KflajIH
HMnepHK) MeHHTb npaBHJia nrpbi. FIosTOMy nojiHoe H3T>HTHe Ka3axoB H3 BeflOMCTBa o mač, KOTopoe, BepoHTHO, 6biJio HaMeneHO npaBH-TejibCTBOM cpa3y >Ke nocjie pecJiopMbi 1868 r., CTajio npo6jieMaTHHHHM. HanpHMep, fljra Ka3axoB 6biBinero ByKeeBCKoro xaHCTBa 3Ta pecJiopMa TaK h He 6biJia ocyinecTBJíeHa BnjioTb flo 1917 r. E[poaHajiH3HpoBaB co-i^HajibHO-nojiHTHHecKyK) CHTyannio nocjie BBefleHHH BpeMeHHoro FIo-jio>KeHHH b coceflHHX perHOHax Ka3axcKOH CTenn (YpajlhCKOŮ u Typzaů-ckoů oóJiacTnsoc.—TI.III.), npaBHTenbCTBO BbmyscfleHHO 6bmo npH3HaTb, hto «noKa BHyTpeHHHH (ByKeeBCKaH) Opfla HaxoflHTCH b nepexoflHOM coctohhhh aflMHHHCTpaTHBHoro nepeycTpoňcTBa, BCHKHe MeponpHH-thh no flyxoBHHM flejiaM 6buiH 6bi HecBoeBpeMeHHbi».4
H Bce >Ke, nonbiTaeMCH yňTH b CTopoHy ot HMnepcKoro flHCKypca h BHOBb 3aflaTb Bonpoc: noneMy pa3fleji BpeMeHHoro riojio>KeHHH 1868 r. o flyxoBHOM ynpaBJíeHHH 6bm BocnpHHHT OTflejibHbíMH KaTeropHHMH Ka3axcKoro oĎinecTBa flocTaTOHHO KpHTHHecKH? B nejioM pHfl hctoh-
HHKOB CBHfleTejIbCTByKDT, HTO HeKOTOpbie npeflCTaBHTejIH Ka3aXCKOH
HHTejuiHreHi^HH, CTapeňinHHbi (aKcaKajibi), pHflOBbie Ka3axn (uiapya), MycynbMaHCKHe yneMa BocnpHHHJiH HOBbie flyxoBHbie npeo6pa30Ba-hhh KaK cyrnecTBeHHbie orpaHHHeHHH h CTecHeHHH b hx penHrH03HOH >kh3hh. OflHaKO sto He 6buia KaKaH-TO o6m;aH h ycpeflHeHHaH oneH-Ka co6hthh, TaK KaK peaKUHH Ha pecJiopMbi 1868 r. 6bma noMeineHa b
KOHTeKCT COĎbITHH He TOJIbKO Ka3aXCKOH CTenn, HO H B nejioM Pocchh-CKOH HMnepHH.
HanpHMep, b co3HaHHH Ka3axcKOH HHTejiJiHreHUHH, BOBJíeHeH-hoh b o6m;epoccHHCKHe napjiaMeHTCKHe h o6m;ecTBeHHbie flBH^KeHHH KOHi^a xix—Hanajia xx b., H3i>HTHe Ka3axoB H3 BeflOMCTBa omac paccMaTpHBajiocb KaK flOKa3aTenbCTBO hx rpa>KflaHCKoro h KOH(J)ec-CHOHajibHoro HepaBHonpaBHH b Pocchhckoh HMnepHH. TaK, HJieH 2-h rbcyflapcTBeHHoň JXymtí B. KapaTaeB (1860-1934)5 nncaji, hto BpeMeHHoe Ilojio>KeHHe npHBejio k jiHineHHio Ka3axoB bo3mo>khocth nojib30BaTbCH ycjiyraMH cbohx flyxoBHbix jihli;, co3flajio npenHTCTBHe fljiH coBepmeHHH flyxoBHbix o6pHflOB h co6jiiofleHHH mapnaTa6. BMe-CTe c 3thm, no3Hi^HH Ka3axcKHX aKcaKajioB h CTapeňinHH 6bma MeHee
aKTyajIH3HpOBaHa C TOHKH 3peHHH nOJIHTHHeCKHX co6hthh H nosTOMy
Sojiee n;ejiocTHO npeflCTaBjnma B3rjrafl Ha H3MeHHBinyiocH CHTyan;Hio b npaKTHKe noBceflHeBHbix OTHOineHHH. B oflHOM H3 npomeHHH, noflaH-
HOM B 1888 T. Ha HMH MHHHCTpa BHyTpeHHHX fleji, yKa3HBajiocb Ha pHfl HeĎJiarOnpHHTHblX nOCJieflCTBHH, npOHBHBLUHXCH B pejIHrH03HO-6bITO-BOH 5KH3HH Ka3aXOB nOCJie BBefleHHH E[OJIO>KeHHH 1868 r.
Bo-nepBbix, cepbe3Hoň KpHTHKe 6biJi noflBeprHyT CTaTyc Mynji, yr-Bep>KflaBinHXCH no HOBOMy nopHflKy AKcaKajibi ypajibCKOH h OpeH-SyprcKoň o6jiacTeň nncajiH MHHHCTpy, hto ohh (MyjuibL.—n.III.) «... He yflOBJíeTBopHioT Ha3HaHeHHio 3a OTcyTCTBHeM y hhx o6pa30BaTejib-hoto n;eH3a, 3acBHfleTejibCTBOBaHHoro y My(J)THH»1. Bo-BTopbix, bh-pa>Kajiacb TpeBora b cbh3h c yHacTHBinHMHCH HapymeHHHMH Ba>KHbix fljiH o6in;ecTBa npaBHJi mapnaTa. B nacTHOCTH, nncajiH Ka3axcKHe CTa-peňinHHbi, b ceMeňHO-6paHHbix OTHOineHHHX cpoK 3aKJiioHeHHH 6pa-Ka nocjie CMepra My>Ka CTaji ocHOBHBaTbCH He CTOJibKO Ha mapnaTe, CKOJibKO Ha ocHOBe pa3pemeHHH MecTHbix HanajibHHKOB. H, HaKOHen,, aBTopHTeTHbie HJieHbi Ka3axcKoro o6in;ecTBa Bbipa>KajiH Hafle>Kfly, hto
B CKOpOM BpeMeHH BJiaCTH o6H3aTejIbHO flaflyT HM My(J)THH, TaK KaK
cjieflOBaHHe pemeHHHM flyxoBHbix jiHflepoB fljiH hhx Bcerfla CHHTa-
JlOCb HaCTbK) MHOrOBeKOBOH HCJiaMCKOH TpaflHUHH2. TaKHM o6pa30M,
TeKCT npomeHHH noKa3HBaeT, hto 3HaHHTejibHaH h caMaH BJiHHTejib-Han nacTb Ka3axcKoro o6in;ecTBa fla>Ke b 80-e rr. xix b. npoflOJi>Kajia BepHTb b HeflOJiroBeHHbiň xapaKTep KOH(J)eccHOHajibHbix npeo6pa30-BaHHH 1868 r.
OneHb HpKyio KapTHHy peaKi^HH Ha BpeMeHHoe Ilojio>KeHHe 1868 r. flaioT h flpyrne hctohhhkh. HanpHMep, MaTepnajibi, co6paHHbie fleH-TenHMH PyccKoň npaBocjiaBHoň LíepKBH b Ka3axcKOH CTenn. B 1889 r. MHCCHOHep C. BopncoB b nocejiKe ByKOHb3 3anncaji HHTepecHyio hcto-pmo o tom, KaK pearnpoBajiH MycynbMaHCKHe yjiejaa b Ka3axcKOH CTenn Ha nocjieflCTBHH KOH(J)eccHOHajibHbix npeo6pa30BaHHň 1868 r. DiaBHbiH nepcoHa>K noBecTBOBaHHH—Ka3axcKHň Mynjia, ycjioBHO Ha-3BaHHbiň aBTopoM CTaTbH «yKa3HHM Myjuioň»4,—b CBoeM paccKa3e, BcnoMHHaH c HOCTajibrHeň nepnofl Bxo>KfleHHH Ka3axoB b BeflOMCTBO omac5, >KajioBajicH Ha hobhh nopHflOK. TaK, HanpHMep, HOByio npo-qeflypy yTBep>KfleHHH flyxoBHbix jihli; oh paccMaTpHBaji He KaK pe3ynb-
TaT JIHHHbIX flOCTOHHCTB KaHflHflaTa HJIH eTO 3HaHHH, a KaK CJieflCTBHe
6opb6bi HHTepecoB Ka3axcKHX poflOBbix rpynn, poflCTBeHHbix CBH3eň, SoraTCTBa h T.n. B CBH3H c sthm, o6pa3 Mynjibi, no cjioBaM Ka3axa ToKnaH, Bce 6ojibine MaprHHajiH3HpoBajicH h yTpaHHBaji npe>KHHH co-i^HajibHHH aBTopHTeT. C HeroflOBaHHeM oh BOCKJiHLi;aji, hto «...Hbme KHprH3H nacTO 6e3 cepbe3Hbix npHHHH o6nflHT hx (Myjui.—n.III.), yBOJibHHH no npoH3BOJiy, hjih He OTflaBaH nojio>KeHHOH o6ni;ecTBOM njiaTbi»6. BMecTe c sthm, KaK 6bi ycjioBHO BbicTynaH onnoHeHTOM paccMOTpeHHbix HaMH Bbíme B3rjiHflOB H.H. BajinxaHOBa h M.C. Ba-6afl>KaHOBa, Ka3axcKHň Mynjia BonpeKH CHCTeMaTHHecKHM ycnjiHHM npaBHTejibCTBa b flene fleKOHCTpyKi^HH o6pa3a TaTapcKoro Myjuibi KaK
PrMA. 0. 821.
On. 8. a. 602. JI. 172
Tom otce
! HoeoKpeuiennbiů nocejioK, o6pa3oeaHHbíů e CeMunajiamuHCKOů oójiacmu 8 EyKonbCKOM MuccuonepcKOM emane. Cm. nodpoónee: http:// sobory.ru/article/index. html?object=15368
' B meKcme ucnojib3oeanue ynpa3dnennozo e 1868 z. nonn-muR «yKa3noů Myjuia», no eceů BuduMocmu, 03nauajio ecex dyxoenbíx jiuií, ymeepoicdennbix ocpuuuajibHO e 3Banuu Myjui zpaiicdancKUMU BJiacmsiMU. Cozjiacno ucmounuKy, srno nonamue npodojincajio uc-nojib30Bambcsi Ka3axaMU bo smopoů nojioBune XIX b. 3mo xopoumů npuMep mozo, KaK e napodnoů naMsimu coxpann-jiucb KJiuuiupoBannbte o6pa3bt, Komopue, odnaKO uce, mozjiu 6umb cpopMoů nocmajibzuu ujiu opuenmauueů b couuajib-nbix u3Menenuax (EopucoB C. Eeceda c yKa3HbiM Myjuioů // ToMCKue enapxuajibHbte BedoMocmu. Ns 13. 1889. C. 10)
5 3m0 BpeMR K030XCKUM Myjuioů
ToKnaeM na3bi8ajiocb nocmajib-zuuecKU «npeiicneů 8epoů» (Tom 3ice. C. 11)
72
n.C. LUabjieh
HCGÍIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I I
73
1 Eopucoe C. ykü3. cou. C. 11
' Kapamaee B. ykü3. cou. C. 225
3 HanpuMep, om Jiuu,a OMJ1C moz npou3BodumhCR c6op 3a-Ksuna (hojioz ua UMymecmeo u doxodhi), ocymecmejuunhCR c6op noiicepmeoeaHuü öjir MycyjibMau, nocmpadaeiuux om cmuxuÜHMX öedcmeuü
u dp. (See. Stephane A. Dudoignon. Status, strategies and discourses of a Muslim "cleargy" under a Christian law: polemics about the collection of the zakat in late Imperial Russia // Islam in politics in Russia and Central Asia, early 18'h-late 20th centuries / ed. Stephane A. Dudoignon and Hisao Komatsu. London-New York, 2001. P. 50; Mcxokob CM. PoccuücKue MycyjibMaue u peeojuou.ux (eecua 1917 z-Jiemo 1918 z.). M., 2004. C. 137)
4 Kapamaee E. yk03. cou. C. 225
5 PTIIA. 0. 821.
On. 8.11. 602. JI. 81
«4>aHaTHHHoro h HeBe>KecTBeHHoro» nenoBeKa 3aHBJiHJi, hto b Ka3ax-CKOM noBceflHeBHOM MHpe ohm no-npe>KHeMy 6buiH STajioHaMH My-cyjibMaHCKOH yneHOCTH. IlosTOMy ToKnaö oneHHBaji Myjui H3 TaTap öojiee npeflnoHTHTejibHO, neM cbohx MecTHbix.1
BocnpHHTHe npeo6pa30BaHHÖ MycyjibMaHCKHX HHCTHTyTOB b i868 r. co CTopoHbi flpyrnx KaTeropnö Ka3axcKoro HacejieHHH (npen-MyuiecTBeHHO b poccHÖCKHX HCTOHHHKax) npeflCTaBJieHO öojiee 4>par-
MeHTapHO. HHHOBHHHbH OTHeTbl H flOHeCeHHH, K BblBOflaM KOTOpblX
Hy^KHO OTHOCHTCH BecbMa ocTopo>KHO, noKa3biBaK>T HaM h HHyro, B OTJiHHHe OT onncaHHOH Bbiine, nepcneKTHBy. OpeHÖyprcKHÖ reHepaji-ryöepHaTop H.A. KpbDKaHOBCKHÖ, OTHHTbiBaacb nepefl mhhhctpom BHyTpeHHHX fleji A. ľ. TiiMameBbiM o CBoeö noe3flKe no ypajibCKOH 06-jiacTH b 1869 r., HanpHMep, 3aHBJiHJi, hto Ka3axH 3M6eHCKoro ye3fla
OTHOCHTCH K Ha3HaHeHHK> My(J)THH «BnOJIHe paBHOflyiHHO»2. B CBOeM
nHCbMe oh nonbiTajicH HacTOÖHHBO flOKa3aTb, hto flaHHbiö Bonpoc
B C03HaHHH pHflOBblX KOHeBHHKOB MeHee Ba>KeH,  HeM SKOHOMHHe-
CKHe h couHajibHbie thľoth. «Jlnnib TOJibKO h pa3T>HCHHJi hm,—nncaji H.A. KpbDKaHOBCKHÖ,—HTO npH My(J)THH aojdkho 6biTb nenoe 6ojib-inoe ynpaBJieHHe, coflep>KaHHe KOToporo 6yfleT CTOHTb floporo, h hto Bee pacxoflbi no coflep>KaHHio My(J)THH c ero ynpaBJieHHeM nafleT Ha KHprH3 >Ke, HTO My(J)THH, KpoMe Toro, 6yfleT 6paTb c hhx CTpaniHbie Haöopbi3, h6o 3axoneT h tkwií,, h Ha>KHTbCH Ha hx cneT; to ohh HeMefl-
JieHHO CaMH OTKa3ajIHCb OT 3TOH HfleH»4.
TaKHM 06pa30M, IK MO>KeM KOHCTaTHpOBaTb, HTO BJiaCTH aKTHB-
Ho ynacTBOBajiH b (JjopMHpoBaHHH o6pa3a My(J)THaTa cpeflH Ka3axoB.
C OflHOÖ CTOpOHbl, HHHOBHHKH, He OC03HaBaH 3TOĽO B nOJIHOH Mepe,
cflejiajiH o m ač CBoeo6pa3HbiM npHMepoM oropoKparan h «jihxohm-CTBa» b poccHÖCKHX aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbix h npHcyTCTBeHHbix yHpe>K-fleHHHX, a, c flpyroö, hcho npoBOflHJiacb Mbicjib o tom, hto pecjjopMa o m ač HBjraeTCH oöbiHHHM aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbiM npeo6pa30BaHHeM,
He CBH3aHHbIM C Cepbe3HbIMH H3MeHeHHHMH B pejIHLH03HO-6bITOBOÖ JKH3HH Ka3aXOB, KOTOpbie B HMnepCKOM flHCKypCe OÖTjHBJIHJIHCb «He-
HacTOHUTHMH» huh «cjiaöbiMH» MycyjibMaHaMH. Renan nocneniHbie bh-BOflbi, H.A. KpbDKaHOBCKHÖ ysce b 1869-1870 rr. nbiTajicH yßepHTb ne-TepöyprcKHe BJiacTH, hto «kohcbhhkh», He CTpeMHinnecH k öojibnioö yneHOCTH, ysce omyTHJiH Ha ceöe scJxJjeKTHBHOCTb pecJiopMbi 1868 r. Ohh, no mhchhio reHepaji-ryöepHaTopa, He TOJibKO He HMeioT no ho-BOMy nopHflKy flyxoBHbix jihli;, ho h He HyBCTByioT b hhx noTpeÖHOCTH5.
B nepBbie >Ke roflbi nocjie BBefleHHH hoboö chctcmh perjiaMeHTaij;HH HCJiaMa b Ka3axcKoö CTenn o6o3HaHHJiHCb h flpyrne npoöJieMbi, koto-pbie He HMejiH npHMoro OTHOineHHH k peaKiiHH MecTHoro HacejieHHH Ha pecJ)opMy 1868 r., a 6biJiH CBH3aHbi c hh3khm KanecTBOM opraHH3a-i^hohhoh noflroTOBKH h peajiH3auHH BpeMeHHoro nojio>KeHHH 1868 r. B ceHTHÖpe 1869 r., nonra nepe3 8,5 MecniieB nocjie BBefleHHH hoboľo
nOJIO>KeHHH, H. A. KpbDKaHOBCKHÖ BblHySCfleH 6bIJI npH3HaTb TOT 4>aKT,
HTO o mac no-npe>KHeMy yTBep>KflaeT flyxoBHOH jihli; b Ka3axcKOH CTe-nn H pa3ÖHpaeT hckh KasaxoB1. OnpaBflbiBaHCb, MycJ)THaT ccbiJiajicsi KaK Ha OTcyTCTBHe 6yMa>KHoro BapnaHTa caMoro nojio>KeHHH o Ka3a-
XaX, Ha OCHOBaHHH KOTOpOrO OHH H3bIMaK)TCH H3 erO BeflOMCTBa, TaK H
B u;ejioM Ha HeHMeHHe KaKHX-TO flonojiHHTejibHbix pacnopjDKeHHÖ Ha-najibCTBa no 3TOMy Bonpocy2. PeaKiiHH neTepöyprcKHX BJiacTeö Ha sto 3aHBJieHHe, no>Kajiyö, Jiyqine Bcero roBopHT 06 H3HaHajibHoö He3aBep-uieHHOCTH TeopeTHHecKoro ocMbicjieHHH njiaHa peajiH3au;HH pecJiopM. OneBHflHO, HMen comhchhh b yflaHHOM ncxofle flejia, MHHHCTepcTBO
BHyTpeHHHX flejl npOfleMOHCTpHpOBajIO flOCTaTOHHO HeyCTOÖHHByK)
no3HLi;Hio. B paccMaTpHBaeMOM hsmh cjiynae npaBHTenbCTBO npefl-jio>KHJio H.A. KpbDKaHOBCKOMy, B nepßyio onepeflb, HanoMHHTb om/ic o cyniecTBOBaHHH 1142 CTaTbH CßOfla 3aKOHOB Pocchöckoö HMnepHH3, 3aTeM HH(J)opMHpoBaTb o nojio>KeHHH 1868 T. HaKOHeii, neTepöypr-CKHe BJiacTH npH3HajiH öojiee cyniecTBeHHbiM y3aKOHHTb OTMeHeHHoe paHee aflMHHHCTpaTHBHoe pacnopjDKeHHe öbiBinero opeHÖyprcKoro h caMapcKoro reHepaji-ryöepHaTopa B.A. üepoBCKoro, KOTopbiö eine b 1852 r. npH3Haji iiejiecoo6pa3HbiM 3anpeTHTb MycJ)THaTy BMeniHBaTbCH B pa3ÖOp HCKOBblX fleji Ka3axoB.4
npoßefleHHe oflHOBpeMeHHO aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbix H flyxoBHbix pe-(J)opM Ha ocHOBe nojio>KeHHH 1868 r. npHBejio k o6pa30BaHHio oneHb CJI05KHOÖ CHTyai^HH B ypajibCKOH o6jiacTH. B CBoeM OTHeTe 3a 1869 r. BoeHHbiö ryöepHaTop o6jiacTH H. A. BepeBKHH cooöniaji, hto Mycynb-MaHe pernoHa OKa3ajiHCb b BecbMa npoTHBopennBoö CHTyai^HH. C ofl-
HOÖ CTOpOHbl, ÖbIJIH Ka3aXH, H3TjHTbie H3 BeflOMCTBa O mac, a c flpy-
roö, MycyjibMaHe Ka3anbero cocjiobhh, no-npe>KHeMy noflHHHeHHbie
üpoeedeHue odnoepeMeHHO adMUHUcmpamueHbix u dyxoeHbLX pecßopM na ocnoee nojiojKemin
1868 z. npueejio k o6pa3oeamiio onenb CJ103KHOŮ cumyauuu e YpajibCKOu oôjiacmu
opeHÖyprcKOMy My(J)THio. «3to oöcTOHTenbCTBO,—nojiaraji H.A. BepeBKHH,—MO^KeT noflaTb noBOfl KHprH3aM, ...Bbipa>KaTb pa3HbiMH cno-coöaMH CBoe HeyflOBOJibCTBHe npoTHB TaKoro nopHflKa h flOMoraTbCH ypaBHeHHH hx npaB b flyxoBHbix flejiax c ocTajibHoö nojioBHHOö Ma-roMeTaHCKoro HacejieHHH»5. H.A. KpbDKaHOBCKHÖ 6biJi corjiaceH c bo-eHHbiM ryöepHaTopoM ypajibCKOH oöjiacra, h 06a ohh HacTaHBajiH, HTO peniHTb npo6jieMy mo>kho, TOJibKO ecjiH Bcex MycyjibMaH pernoHa,
BKJIIOHaH H TaTap, HCKJIIOHHTb H3 BeflOMCTBa O M AC H nOflHHHHTb 06-
jiacTHOMy npaBJíeHHK)6. OflHaKO MHHHCTepcTBO BHyTpeHHHX fleji bo
1 PTIIA. 0. 821. On. 8.11. 608. JI. 2 06. Bmecme c amuM
so emopoü nojioeuue XIX e. Meiicdy poccuücicuMU ejiacmsi-Mu u OM1JC nepuoduuecKU 803HUK0JIU mpemiR no noeody BMewamejibcmea Mytpmuama s dejia Ka3axoe. HanpuMep, e 1888 z. OM1IC eucmynujio ne-ped Akmojiuhckum oônacmnuM npaBJieuueM c xodamaücmBOM o cmpoumejibcmBe Meuemu e z.KoKuemase (Cm.:PTUA. 0. 821. On. 8. R. 602. JI. 115 06.)
2 Tom nee. 11. 608. JI. 2 06. C dpyzoü cmopoHbí, no npu-3HaHUK> MytpmuR C. Teeicejieea, HeatptpeKmuBHOcmb pacnpo-cmpanemiR mex ujiu unbix otpuuuajibHbix pacnopsoicemm npaeumejibcmea u OM1JC ôbuia c8M3aHa c omcymcmeueM y Mytpmuama nocmommbix 803M03icHocmeú nyôjiuKoeamb doKyMeumu e KOJiuuecmee 4 muč. 3K3eMnjuipo8 (no uucjiy npuxodoe) (PTIIA. 0. 821. On. 8.11. 608. JI. 5 06.)
3 B cm. 1142, oduaKO, omMe-najiocb, umo e OKpyz OM1JC Bxodam «ece npouue zyôepuuu u oôjiacmu, icpoMe 3aicae-Ka3CKOzo Kpasi, a3uamcKux UH03eMU.ee («mauiiceHmu.ee, 6yxapu,ee»), 3icueym,ux e ue-Komopbix zopodax Cuôupu 6e3 npuHxmuK noddaucmea» (Ilum. no: Bopoôbeea E.H. Bjiacmb u MycyjibMaucKoe dyxoeeucmeo e P0CCUÜCK0Ü UMnepuu (emopasi nojioeuuaXLXe-1917z.) // Hocmynuo na: http://tatar-history. národ, ru/imper.htm)
4 PTIIA. 0. 821. On. 8. R. 608. JI. 2o6-3. KaKMuynce nucajiu ebíuie, 18 OKmaôpR 1852 z.
B. A. TlepoecKuü npednucaji OM/JC (Komopoe e aÔMunu-cmpamuBHOM omnouienuu dojiíKHO 6bmo noÔHUHambCR opeuôypzcKOMy zeuepaji-zyôep-Hamopy) ue BMeuiuBambcsi e ôpauubte dejia Ka3axoB, «hu b KOKOM omHouieuuu eMy ue noÖBedoMcmBeuHbix» (PITIA. 0. 821. On. 8. H. 608. JI. 6 06..)
5 TAOO. 0. 6. On. 6.
fl. 14243/5. JI. 70-71
6 PTIIA. 0. 821.
On. 8. M. 602. JI. 17 06
74
n.C. LUabjieh
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I I
75
1 PTHA. 0. 821.
On. 8. JJ. 602. JI. 18
2 Hauóojiee 3HauuMbte: npoeic-mu 1876 u 1885 zz., «IIojio-jicenuu 06 ynpaejieuuu Akmo-jiuhckoů, CeMunajiamuHCKOů, CeMupeuencKoů, YpcmbCKOů
u TypzaůcKoů o6jiacmsiMU», ymeepiicdeHHOM 25.03.1891 z. Tem ue Meuee, srnu áoicy-Meumbí cyw,ecmeeHHO ue omjiuuajiucb e eonpocax pejiuzuo3Hozo ynpaejiemíR om BpeMeuHozo TIojioiiceHUR 1868 z. Cm. nodpo6nee: PTHA. 0. 821. On. 8. JJ. 602. JI. 20; HMnepamopcKasi Poccur u MycyjibMaHCKUů Mup (icomu, XVIII-HauajioXXe.): C6op-huk Mamepuajioe. Cocm. u aem. ecmyn. cm., npeducji. u KQMMCHm. /J.K). Apanoe. M., 2006. C. 100-108. C. 92-99; Mamepuajibí no ucmopuu nojiumuuecKozo cmpoR Ka3axcmana. T.l. A-A., 1960. C.394
3 ílaHucjiaMucmcKue aoncemu s UMnepcKOM duacypce cmajiu sieno ouepuueambCR mojibKO e 70-e zz. XIX e. Ha-npuMep, e 1872 z. ytpuMCKuií zyóepuamop nucaji e Muhu-cmepcmeo enympeunux den, umo ynpa3ČHeHue OM/JC ue-oóxočumo u3-3a HeeuzoČHOů djw npaeumejibcmea pojiu smozo yupeiicdemw, ynpo-Hueammezo «nneMeHHoe»
u pejiuzuo3uoe eduucmeo MycyjibMcm (PTUA. 0. 821. On. 8. JJ. 611.1. JI. 143)
4 3mo xopoiuo ompancaemcR s MycyjibMaHcicux ucmou-HUKax, popMupoeaeuiuxcR s KoumeKcme ejiacmnux omHowemiů. B smux paóomax ou.eHKU Mytpmuee u e u,ejioM desimejibHocmu OM/JC coenadatom omuacmu c aKiieumaMU KpumuKU yupeiicdeHUR kok ótopoicpa-muuecKozo uucmumyma (Cm.: 0axpedduHoeP. Acap. T. 3. KasaHb, 2010. C. 558-559; Mapdíícami o mamapcKoů djiume (1789-1889) / nep.
co cmapomam. u npuMeu. K)3eeea A.H., FuMadeeea H.0. M., 2009. C. 55, 59)
H36e>KaHHe «6ecnopHflKOB» h «nocjie/j;cTBHH koh TpyflHO npeflBH/j;eTb», Korfla CTenHbie oĎJiacra He nojiyHiuiH enie OKOHHaTejibHoro 6jiaro-ycTpoňcTBa, peimuio OTJio>KHTb flaHHbiň Bonpoc.1
ypoKH peíopm: MEJK^y tpebobahhhmh
EÍOPOKPATHHECKOH 3 <ř <ř E K T H B H O C T H H nOJIHTHHECKHMH PHCKAMH
06cy>K/j;eHHe h peajiH3anHH Mep no npeo6pa30BaHHK> om/ic h My-cynbMaHCKHX HHCTHTyTOB b Ka3axcKoň CTenH b 50-60-e rr. xix b. HMe-jih, Ha Haní B3rjiHfl, HecKOJibKO oco6eHHOCTeň.
Bo-nepBbix, Bonpoc 06 H3MeHeHHH CHCTeMbi peryjiHpoBaHHH HCJia-Ma y Ka3axoB 6bui b MeHbineň CTeneHH o6ycjioBJieH nojiHTHHecKHMH (JjaKTopaMH (ycHJieHHe KOTopbix 6bmo xapaKTepHO /j;jih npoeKTOB 70-80-x rr. xix b.)2, KOTopbie 6buiH /j;jih pecjjopM CKopee HfleojiorHHecKHM (J)ohom. B ochobhom >Ke npeo6pa30BaHHH npoHCTeKajiH H3 HescJxJjeK-
THBHOCTH npe>KHeH 6lOpOKpaTHHeCKOH CHCTeMbi H CTpeMJieHHH COBMe-CTHTb MOflepHH3aij;HIO aflMHHHCTpaTHBHO-nOJIHTHHeCKOH CHCTeMbi c H3MeHeHHHMH B pejIHrH03HOH C(J)epe. B 3TOM OTHOineHHH rjiaBHblM
hctohhhkom KpHTHKH om/jc b 50-60-e rr. XIX b., KOTopoe HMeno cjia-6yio o6paTHyio CBH3b c MycynbMaHCKHMH coo6niecTBaMH b pernoHax, SbiJia He CTOJibKO yrpo3a naHHCJiaMHCTCKHX nepcneKTHB3, a ycTOHHH-Boe npeflCTaBJíeHHe o Majioc|3yHKnHOHajibHOCTH MycJ)THaTa KaK nojiHO-neHHoro aflMHHHCTpaTHBHO-flyxoBHoro yqpe>K/j;eHHH4. Bojibine Bcero
pOCCHHCKHe BJiaCTH 6bIJIH HeyflOBJíeTBOpeHHbl MeflJIHTejIbHOCTbK) flBH-)KeHHH flejIOnpOH3BOflCTBa H HeSíJxJíeKTHBHbíM Me^KBeflOMCTBeHHblM B3aHMOfleHCTBHeM.
PecpopMa no u3?>simwo KCL3axoe U3 eedoMcmea Mycpmuama 6biJia jiozimecrcuM npodojuieeHueM o6w,euMnepcKux u pezuonajibHbLX npoercmoe
no npeo6pa30Gamiio MycyjibMancKux UHcmumymoe e u\ejioM e Poccuůckoů UMnepuu
/JeHTejibHOCTb ry6epHaTopoB h cnenHajibHbix komhcchh no My-cynbMaHCKOMy Bonpocy noKa3HBajia, hto Mbicjib 06 ynpa3flHeHHH /íyxoBHoro Co6paHHH 6bma aKTyajibHa Ha BceM npora>KeHHH BTopofl nojioBHHbi xix b. CjieflOBaTenbHO, mh mo^kcm npeflnojiaraTb, hto pe-(J)opMa no h3TjHthk> Ka3axoB H3 BeflOMCTBa MycJ)THaTa 6buia jiorHHe-ckhm npoflOJi>KeHHeM o6m;eHMnepcKHX h perHOHajibHbix npoeKTOB no
npeo6pa30BaHHio MycynbMaHCKHX HHCTHTyTOB b n;ejioM b Pocchhckoh HMnepHH. B nyHKTax BpeMeHHoro Ilojio>KeHHH 1868 r., b npoeKTax no flyxoBHOMy ynpaBJíeHHio y Ka3axoB 1876 h 1885 rr. npocMaTpHBaioTCJi Hflen, o6m;He c HeKOTopbiMH npe/j;jio>KeHHHMH hhhobhhkob opeHĎypr-ckoh h CHĎHpcKoň aflMHHHCTpanHH, pa3pa6oTaHHbie em;e b 50-e h 60-e rr. xix b.
Bo-BTopbix, aHajiH3 npoeKTOB h peaKi^HH Ha hhx noKa3HBaioT, hto coBMem;eHHe aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbix h flyxoBHbix pecJiopM b Ka3axcKofl CTenH He 6bmo yflaHHHM. IlonbiTKH npeoflOJieTb TpyflHOCTH TOJibKO a/j;-MHHHCTpaTHBHbíMH MeTOflaMH TaK>Ke He npHHecjiH ycnexa. HecMOTpa Ha >KejiaHHe HeKOTopbix mccthhx hhhobhhkob yBepHTb neTep6ypr-CKHe BJiacTH b 6jiaronojiyHHOM ncxofle flejia h b nojiHOM paBHOflyinHH Ka3axoB k pacnpocTpaHeHHio MycynbMaHCKHX HHCTHTyTOB (TaK Ha-3biBaeMOM pejiHrH03HOM HHflH(J)4)epeHTH3Me), b OTBeT Ha pecJ)opMy 1868 r. CTajiH noHBJíHTbCH o(J)Hi];HajibHO HeyrBep>K/j;eHHbie rpa>K/j;aH-ckhmh BJiacTHMH Myjijibi h HejierajibHbie MeneTH. Ilpocb6bi o B03-BpameHHH Ka3axoB b BeflOMCTBO OMflC HJiH Ha3HaHeHHe CBoero co6-
CTBeHHOrO My(J)THH TaiOKe 6bIJIH nOnbITKOH He TOJIbKO OTCTOHTb CBOH
HHTepecbi KaK MycynbMaHCKHX noflflaHHbix b MHoroHai^HOHajibHOH HMnepHH, ho h no/j;/j;ep>KaTb, b nepByio onepeflb, cboh CTaTyc h nojio-ynemie b Ka3axcKOM o6m;ecTBe, a TaK^Ke npoHBJíeHHeM oco6eHHO fljiH Ka3axcKHX CTapeňinHH perHOHajibHoň MycynbMaHCKoň HfleHTHHHOCTH.
B-TpeTbHX, HecMOTpH Ha caMbie >KecTKHe h nopoň flHCKpHMHHa-nnoHHbie 3aHBJieHHH MecTHbix hhhobhhkob b aflpec TaTapCKHX MyjIJI h HCJiaMa KaK TaKOBoro, npaBHTejibCTBO hh b 70-x, hh b 80-x rr. xix b. He peiHHJiocb BHOCHTb cepbe3Hbie nonpaBKH b o(J)Hi];HajibHbiH Kype
BepOTepnHMOCTH no OTHOineHHK) K MyCyjIbMaHCKHM HHCTHTyTaM B
Ka3axcKoň CTenn. IlpeflocTaBHB pH/j; nacTHbix BonpocoB Ha coo6pa>Ke-HHe ry6epHCKoň aflMHHHCTpaiiHH, neTep6yprcKHe BJiacTH BMecTe c
3THM BCHHeCKHM o6pa30M CTpeMHJIHCb OTMe^KeBaTbCH OT BHflHMOCTH
KaKoň-jiHĎo HcxoflHmeň c hx CTopoHbi HHHUHaTHBbi no peajiH3an;HH paflHKajibHbix Mep1, KOTopbie MorjiH 6bi npHBecTH k pacnpocTpaHe-
HHK) CJiyXOB 06 OrpaHHHeHHH pejIHrH03HOH CBOĎOflbl, pejIHrH03HOH
HeTepnHMOCTH. BecbMa noKa3aTejibHO b stom OTHOineHHH cpaBHeHHe nyHKTOB BpeMeHHoro Ilojio>KeHHH 1868 r. c Ilojio>KeHHeM 1891 r.2 06a flOKyMeHTa hmoot 6ojibinoe cxo/j;ctbo h CBHfleTejibCTByioT, hto 3a 60-jiee neM flBafln;aTHJieTHHH nepno/j; b CHCTeMe peryjiHpoBaHHH HCJiaMa b Ka3axcKoň CTenn He npoH3omjio cepbe3Hbix H3MeHeHHH. #
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couuajibHasi KOMMynmcauusi CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbuna
1 HanpuMep, xpucmuaHU3au,uíi, Maccoeoe 3aKpumue Meuemeů, npecjiedoeamie u ebideopenue Myjui u m.n.
2 Cm.: Mamepuajibi no ucmopuu nojiumuuecKozo cmpon Ka3axcmana. T.l. A-A., 1960. C. 339-340, 394
76
n.C. LUabjieh
HCGÍIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I I
77
nPHMEHAHHÜ
OpenöypzcKoe MazoMemancKoe dyxoenoe coöpamie
Ha crp. 54:
3 B u^ejioM A. 0pauK npu3uaem, umo «ucjiomckosi mpaHafiopMaulusi» e Ka3axcKou cmenu Moiicem 6himh nounma uacmuuuo kclk nocjiedcmeue poccuiicKozo npaejieuux, eaiu
He poccuiicKou nojiumuKU. Baiedcmeue Muzpauuu MycyjibMaucKozo Hacejieuun U3 Bojizo-YpajibCKOzo pezuoua npou,ecc «ucjiomckou mpaHapopMauuu» cmaji MaccoehiM cfieHOMeHOM. OduaKO e afiepe KOJUieianueHozo co3Hauun u MuponomiMauua Ka3axoe uaiaM 6hm yoice zjiy6oKO yKopeueu e uapoduou mpaduuuu. (See: Frank Allen J. Islamic transformation on the Kazakh Steppe, 1742-1917: Toward an Islamic history of Kazakhstan under Russian rule // The Construction and deconstruction of national histories in Slavic Eurasia/Ed. Tadayuki Hayashi. Sapporo, 2003. P. 263). Xomsi He see MycyjibMaucKue ucmouuuKU mjisuomcR oduomunubiMU e ou,emce pejiuzuo3Hocmu Ka3axoe, ho Hau6onee aemopumemnhie U3 hux noduepKueamm bucokuu yposeub Ka3axcKozo pejiuzuo3Hozo 6jiazouecmun (Cm. nanpuMep: Xajiud vzjiu Kvp6au,Fajiu. Tayapux-u xoMca-iiu mapKU. Ka3au, 1910. B. 453-454)
4 PFVSA. 0. 821. On. 8. fl. 602. JI. 105
5 See: History of Semipalatinsk by Qurban ali Khalidi //Allen J. Frank and Mirkasyim A Usmanov. Materials for the Islamic History of Semipalatinsk: Two manuscripts by Ahmad-Wali al-Qazani and Qurban ali Khalidi, ANOR11. Berlin, 2001. P. 68
Ha crp. 55:
5 KaK noKa3aji /T./T. A30Mamoe, He mojibKO ica3axu, ho u com M. Xycaunoe ceom deamejibHocmb e nepeue zodu cymficmeoeauusi OM/JC eocnpuHUMOJi ueoduo3uauuo. «Com MyxaMediicaH Xyceünoe,—nucaji /T./T. A30Mamoe,—e uauajie eocnpuusui JTyxoeuoe coöpamie KaK dunjioMamuuecKoeyupeoicdeuue u e 6jiazodapcmeeuuoM nucbMe k UMnepampuu,e om 12 uonöpn 1789 z. UMenoeaji ceön «Kupzu3-KaücauKUM MytpmueM» (J1.J1. A30Mamoe. YKa3. cou. C. 29). BMecme c smuM, eepoamuo, opueumupyncb 6ojibuie na ducKypc Ka3axcKoü umnejuiuzeHuuu, nojiyuueuieü pyccKoe o6pa3oeauue, (ppaHuy3CKUü uccjiedoeamejib C. /IiodyaHbOH nuuiem, umo «/LyxoeHoe Coöpamie uMytpmuam 6bmu eocnpuHamu (e Ka30XCK0Ü cmenu.—n.III.) ko.KpyccK.ue u «mamapcKue», m.e. uyncdue UHcmumymu» (See. Stephane A. Dudoignon. Status, strategies and discourses of a Muslim "cleargy" under a Christian law: polemics about the collection of the zakat in late Imperial Russia // Islam in politics in Russia and Central Asia, early 18-th-late 20-th centuries / ed. Stephane A. Dudoignon and Hisao Komatsu. London-New York, 2001. P. 59)
Ha crp. 56:
2 AmaHzepcmeo (Ka3. 3Men,zepjiiK)—no o6bmuoMy npaey Ka3axoe, mpaduuuu HaaiedoeaHUM ncenbi cmapuiuM ujiu MJiaduiuM 6pamoM yMepuiezo
3 Cm. 06smoM: L\FAPK. 0. 345. On. l.fl. 1600. JI. 1-2
4 HanpuMep, e 1837-1840 zz. e Omckoü oöjiacmu, eiomuaeuieü 4 euympeHHUx u 8 BueuiHux OKpyza öbieuiezo Cpeduezo Ka3axcKozo 3icy3a, uaxodujiocb, no otpuuuajibHbiM dauHMM, 9 co6opubLX u 8 namuepeMeHHbix Meuemeü, ana numb eueumux Ka3axcKux OKpyzoe srnoü nee oöjiacmu npuxodujiocb e 1837z. ecezo 2yKa3HbixMyjuiu (Cm.: BedoMocmu 0 uucjie Meuemeü, dyxoeeucmea u npuxoiicau oöoezo nojia MazoMemaucKozo 3aKoua 3a 1837, 1840 zz. //)KypHaji Muuucmepcmea euympeHHUx deji OKMBJ1). Ne 4. 1838.—npiuio}iceHue; TaM nee. Ns 6. 1841 .—HpujionceHue; UFA PK. 0. 338. On. l.fl. 184. JI. 3, 5, 8.). /Dm cpaeueHux omMemuM, umo, nanpuMep, e Opeu6ypzcKoü zyöepmiu s 1838 z. 6buio 1570 Meuemeü u2771 dyxoeuoe jiuu.o (BedoMocmu 0 uucjie Meuemeü, dyxoeeucmea u npuxoiicau oöoezo nojia MazoMemaucKozo 3aKoua 3a 1838 z. //)KypHaji Muuucmepcmea euympeuuux deji OKMBU). Ne 6. 1839.—Hpujiooiceuue)
Cm., nanpuMep: UFA PK. 0. 345. On. 1. J\. 1557. JI. 1
6 Cm.: FAOO (FocydapcmeeuHbiü apxue OpenöypzcKoü oöjiacmu). 0. 6. On. 6. JI. 11732. JI. 46, 95, 117; M- 11820, JI. 148, 273
78
n.C. IUabäeh
Ha crp. 57:
6 BuuuieHKoea E.A. 3a6omncb 0 dyuiax noddauHbix: pejiuzuo3Hax nojiumuKa e Poccuu e nepeoü uemeepmu XIX e. Capamoe, 2002. C. 76
1 Cm.: Omuem Muuucmpa euympeHHUx deji 3a 1859 z. //}Kypuaji Muuucmepcmea BuympeHuux deji. Ns 7. 1861. C. 71-72
3 Paul W. Werth. At the Margins of Orthodoxy. Mission, Governance and Confessional Politics in Russia's Volga-kama Region, 1827-1905. Ithaca-London, 2002. P. 180. OduaKO He mojibKO e cea.3u c BKJUoueuueM MycyjibMau e uuaio maK ua3bieaeMbix «yeancaeMbix epazoe» UMnepuu (eupancemie K. Mauy3amo) (Cm.: Mauy3amo
K. Feuepaji-zyöepHamopcmea e Poccuückoü UMnepuu: om smuuuecKozo k npocmpaucmeeuHOMy nodxody // Hoeax UMnepcKan ucmopua nocmcoeemcKozo npocmpaucmea. Ka3aub, 2004. C. 450-451). B cepeduueXIXe., ocoöeuno nocjie co3ÖamiR PyccKozo FeozpatpuuecKozo o6w,ecmea, npou30umo cyw,ecmeeuHoe uaKonjiemie amuozpatfiuuecKux 3Hauuü 0 BocmoKe, eo3pocjio euuMauue k 3anojiHeuuio «jiaKyu» e poccuücKOM 3aKOHodamejibcmee 06 ucjiaMe (See. Catherine Clay B. Russian ethnographers in the service of empire, 1856-1862 // Slavic review. Vol. 54, no. 1. 1995. P. 45-61)
9 KaK uemKO noKa3aji n. Bepm, nouamue «MycyjibMaucKuü (pauamu3M» 6ojiee uiupoKO eoumo e nojiumuuecKuü jieKCUKOH Poccuückoü UMnepuu e 1836 z., ho enjiomb do deuncemiR UMOMa IHaMUJUi ua KaeKa3e u KpuMCKOü eoüuu oho ue 6bmo oicecmKO apmuKyjiupoeauo e nojiumuuecKOM CMuaie (Paul W. Werth. At the Margins of Orthodoxy. Mission, Governance and Confessional Politics in Russia's Volga-kama Region, 1827-1905. Ithaca-London, 2002. P. 181-182
wKoueuHO, eaiedcmeue npeepamuo ucmojiKoeauHoü uutfiopMauuu u cjiyxoe poccuücKue ejiacmu mozjiu omKa3bieambCR om mex ujiu uubix uaMeueHuuxpetpopM, ujiu, uaoöopom, deücmeoeamb euje 6ojiee uenoaiedoeamejibHO u uenonyjuipHO, deMoucmpupyx nojiumuKy, Komopym A. Kannejiep ua3eaji «npazMamuuecKoü zuÖKOcmbio» (Cm.: Kannejiep A. flee mpaduuuu e omuomemiax Poccuu k MycyjibMaucKUM uapodaM Poccuückoü UMnepuu // OmeuecmeeuHOR ucmopusi. 2003. Ne2. C. 129-135). HanpuMep, eaiu maKUM pbRHbiM adMuuucmpamopaM KaK B.B. rpuzopbee—uauajibmiK OpeuöypzcKoü nozpauuuHoü komuccuu, uydaeajiocb nacmoamb ua ozpauuueuuu e%e3da 6auiKupcKux Myjui e Ka3axcKym cmenb, mo e nocjiedymm^eM ejiacmu euHyiicdeubi 6buiu npu3uamb amy Mepy ueatfitfieKmuBHOü, u eaiedcmeue yzpo3bi moü nee «MycyjibMaucKoü nponazaudu» npuümu k coeceM npomueonojioiicHOMy peuiemim—onuioiicumb HaMeueuHbie npeo6pa3oeauusi dyxoeuozo ynpaejieuusi MycyjibMau u «Meumu» 0 MuccuouepcKoü deamejibuocmu (Cm.: BamyucKuü M.A. Poccuu u ucjiom. T. 2. M., 2003. C. 276-277; A. PeMuee. Poccuückor UMnepuu u ucjiom e Ka3axcKoü cmenu (60-80-ee zodbiXFX e.) // Pacbi u uapodu: coepeMenubie ammiueaaie upacoeue npoöjieMbi. Bun. 32. / ome. peä. CH. A6amuH, B.H. ByuiKoe. Mockbo, 2006. C. 241)
Ha crp. 58:
4 Paul W. Werth. At the Margins of Orthodoxy. Mission, Governance and Confessional Politics in Russia's Volga-kama Region, 1827-1905. Ithaca-London, 2002. P. 190
5 BaöadiicauoeM.C. 3aMemKU Kupzu3a 0 Kupzu3ax/M.C. Baöadiicauoe. SmuozpatfiuR Ka3axoe ByKeeecKoü Opdu. Cepun: BuöjiuomeKa Ka3axcKoü amuozpatpuu. T. 19. Acmaua, 2007. C. 85
6 U,rAPK. 0. 338. On. 1. fl. 883. JI. 52
Mup C80UX U nyjKux: couuajibHasi KOMMyHmcauuR CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
Ha crp. 70:
7 Baiedcmeue amoü 3aKouodamejibHoü uedocKa3aHuocmu eo emopoü nojioeuue XIX s. nepuoduuecKU co cmopouu TypKecmauaaix zeHepaji-zyöepuamopoe nocmynajiu o6paw,euux e Muuucmepcmeo BuympeHuux den c mpeöoeamiHMU eocnpemumb OM/JC BMeuiueambcn e pejiuzuo3Ubie u cydeÖHue dejia Mecmuozo uacejiemin (CöopuuK
HcCJIEflOBAHHJI   TARTARIA   MAGNA l'20II
79
OpenóypzcKoe MazoMemancKoe dyxoenoe co6panue
uupKyjiapoB u pacnopsoicemm MuHucmepcmea BuympeHuux deji omHocmu,uxcsi do zz. zyóepuamopoB, 8uu,e-zy6epHamopo8, coeemmiKoe zyóepucKux npaejiemiů, icaHu.ejisipuů zz. zyóepuamopoe, zyóepucKux munozpatpuů, cmpoumejibHux u epaueÓHbix omdejiemiů c 1858 no 1894 zz. Cocm. B.n. Ypycoe. CTI6., 1901. C. 16).
! Cm. pa3Čeji «06ynpaejiemiu dyxoeubiMU dejiaMU Kupzu3oe» BpeMenuozo Hojioycemisi 1868 z. n. 252, 254-256 (Mamepuajibi no ucmopuu nojiumuueacozo cmposi Ka3axcmaua. T.l.A-A., 1960. C. 339)
' B cpedueM odna ica3axacasi eojiocmb BKJUouajia om 1000 do 2000 mucm KuóumoK. C HacejiemieM npu6jiu3umejibH0 om 3-x do 5-mu mucm uejioeeic. yuumbieasi, umo KoueebR Mozjiu 6umb pa36pocanbi ua 6ojibiuue paccmomma., oduu Myjuia He 6bm e cocmommu dance (pu3uueacu o6cjiyncumb uacejiemie eojiocmu (Cm.: JlyicaMneucoea )K. Ka3axcKoe o6w,ecmeo u npaeo e nopeipopMennoů cmenu. Acmaua, 2006. C. 164)
"Mamepuajibi no ucmopuu... C. 340
1 Hpeoicnee KOJiuuecmeo dyxoenbix jiuu, npu Meuerrmx pezyjiupoeajiacb ua ocuoee ymeepoicdeHHOzo om 9 deicaópx 1835 z. Mueuusi TocydapcmeeHHOzo Coeema.—«06 onpedejieuuu Myjuioe npu Meuemax». Flo ueMy nojiazajiocb npu coóopHoů Meuemu UMemb oduozo xamuna, UMOMa, Mysd3una, a npu npocmoů—oduozo UMOMa u Mysd3una (Hcjiom 8 Poccuuckou UMnepuu... C.84-85)
Ha crp. 73:
6 TaM nee. Paccyiicdemisi 0 moM, uacKOJibKO maicax no3uuuR Mooicem e uenoM o6%eKmueHO coomuocumbcsi c cucmeMoů omHouienuů Me-yicdy uacejieuueM u MycyjibMaucKUMU dyxoeubiMU jiuu,aMU e paicypce couucuibHbix u nojiumuuecKux u3MeHeuuu, a maioice 0 npupode KOHtfijiwanoe u pojiu Myjuiu b MycyjibMaucKoů o6w,uue, mojicho naumuy A. 0pauKa (Allen J. Frank. Muslim Religion Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islam World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780-1910. Leiden-Boston-Koln, 2001)
80
n.C. IUab^eh
BHBJIHOrPA<I)HÍI
Apxhb Cn6 HH PAH (ApxHB CaHKT-IleTep6yprcKoro HHCTHTyTa hctophh Pocchhckoh axafleMHH HayK). O. 267. On. 1. fl. 22.
rocy/iAPCTBEHHbiň apxHB OpeHĎyprcKoři o6jiacTH. O. 6. On. 6. fl. 11732.
TAOO	<J>.	6	On	6	fl.	11820
TAOO	<J>.	6	On	6	fl.	12603
TAOO	<J>.	6	On	6	fl.	12681
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couuajibHasi KOMMynmcauuR CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbima
ryOO «HAOO» (TocyziapcTBeHHoe y^pejKfleHHe Omckoh o6jiacTH «HcTopnxiecKHH apxHB Omckoh o6jiacTH»). O. 3. On. 1. fl. 369.
PTHA (Pocchhckhh rocyflapcTBeHHbiři HCTopřraecKHH apxHB). O. 821. On. 8. fl. 611.
PTHA	<J>.	821. On. 8. fl	602.
PTHA	<J>.	853. On. l.fl	66.
PTHA	<J>.	1291. On. 82.	fl. 5a.
PTHA	<J>.	1291. On. 82.	fl- 19.
PTHA	<J>.	1291. On. 81.	fl- 126
LIT A PK (LíeHTpajibHbiři rocyflapcTBeHHbiři apxHB Pecny6jiHKH Ka3axcTaH). 0.338. On. l.fl. 883.
LITA PK. <J>. 338. On. 1. fl. 396.
LITA PK. <J>. 345. On. 1. fl. 876.
LIT HA PB (LíeHTpajibHbiři rocyflapcTBeHHbiři HCTopHHecKHH apxHB Pecny6jiHKH EaniKopTOCTaH). <J>. 295. On. 3. fl. 3278.
Ae/ipaihhtoba A.P. OpeHĎyprcKoe flyxoBHoe MaroMeTaHCKoe Co6paHne KaK opraH ynpaBJieHHH MycyjibMaH b XIX - Hafane XX BeKOB // BecTHHK OpeHĎyprcKoro rocyziapcTBeHHoro yHHBepcHTeTa. 2001. Ns 1. C. 49-53.
A3AMATOB fl.fl. OpeHĎyprcKoe MaroMeTaHCKoe flyxoBHoe Co6paHHe b
o6niecTBeHHoři h flyxoBHoři jkh3hh MycyjibMaHCKoro HacejieHHH b KOHiie XVIII-XIXBB.ycjja, 1999.
Apafiob fl.K). CHCTeMa rocyflapcTBeHHoro peryjiHpoBaHHH HCJiaMa b
Pocchhckoh UMnepuu (KOHeu. XVIH-Ha^ajio XIX bb.) . flucc. flOKTOpa hct. HayK. M., 2005.
ApAnOB fl.K). npoeKT nojiojKeHHH 06 ynpaBJieHHH flyxoBHHMH flejiaMH KHpra30B b o6jiacTHX CTenHoro reHepaji-ry6epHaTopcTBa, 1885 r. // HMnepaTopcKaa Pocchh H MyCyjIbMaHCKHH MHp (KOHeii XVIH-Ha^ajio XX b.): C6opHHK MaTepwajioB. Coct. h aBT. BCTyn. ct., npeflHCJi. h kommcht. fl.K). ApanoB. M., 2006. C. 100-108.
BABAflKAHOB M.C. 3aMeTKH KHprH3a o Knprn3ax/ M.C. Ba6afljKaHOB. 3THorpac[)HH Ka3axoB ByKeeBCKoři Opflbi. Cepua: En6jinoTeKa Ka3axcKoň 3THorpac[)HH. T. 19. AcTaHa, 2007. C. 85.
Babkob H.O. BocnoMHHaHHH o Moeň cjiyjKĎe b 3anaflHoň Ch6hph (1859-1875). cne., 1912.
Batyhckhh M.A. Pocchh h HCJiaM. T. 2. M., 2003.
Bophcob C. Becefla c yKa3HHM Myjuioři//ToMCKHe enapxHajibHbie BeflOMOCTH. 1889. Ne 13.
B bi K o b A. K). PoccHHCKaa npaBHTejibCTBeHHaa nojiHTHKa b CTenHbix o6jiacTHX h TpaHccjjopMaiiHH TpaflHiiHOHHoro Ka3axcKoro o6niecTBa. flucc. flOKTopa hct. HayK. Cn6., 2006.
HcCÍIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I I
8l
Open6ypzcKoe MazoMemancKoe dyxoenoe co6panue
Bajihxahob M.M. O MycyjibMaHCTBe b CTenw / M.M. BajiHxaHOB. H36paHHbie npoH3BefleHHH. Cepna: EH6jiHOTeKa Ka3axcKOH 3THorpac|)HH. T.l. AcTaHa, 2007.
Bejomocth o HHCJie Me^eTeH, flyxoBeHCTBa h npnxojKaH o6oero nojia
MaroMeTaHCKoro 3aKOHa 3a 1837 r. // /KypHaji MHHHCTepcTBa BHyrpeHHHX aeji QKMBfl). 1838. Ns 4. -npmiojKeHHe.
Bejomocth o HHCJie Me^eTeH, flyxoBeHCTBa h npnxojKaH o6oero nojia
MaroMeTaHCKoro 3aKOHa 3a 1840 r. // /KypHaji MHHHCTepcTBa BHyrpeHHHX aeji QKMBfl). 1841. Ns 6. -npmiojKeHHe.
BEPT IlOJI B. OT «COnpOTHBJieHHH» K «nOflpbIBHOH fleHTejIbHOCTH»: BJiaCTb
HMnepHH, npOTHBOCTOHHHe MeCTHOrO HaCejieHHH H HX B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTb //
PoccHHCKaa HMnepHH b 3apy6ejKHOH HCTopHorpac|)HH. Pa6oTbi nocjieflHHX jieT: AHTOJioraa. Coct. n. BepT, n.C. Ka6biTOB, A.M. Mmuiep. MocKBa, 2005.
Bhihjiehkoba E.A. 3a6oTHCb oflyrnaxnoflflaHHbix: pejiHrH03Haa nojiHTHKa b Pocchh b nepBOH HeTBepTH XIX b. CapaTOB, 2002.
BopOBbEBA E. H. BjiacTb h MycyjibMaHCKoe flyxoBeHCTBO b Pocchhckoh
HMnepHH (BTopaa nojioBHHa XIX B.-1917 r.) // /-JocTyimo Ha: http://tatar-history.narod.ru/imper.htm))
BbicoHAftniE yTBepjKfleHHoe MHeHHe TocyflapcTBeHHoro CoBeTa ot 1 fleKa6pti 1826 rofla - «0 nopaflKe npoH3BOflCTBa fleji, Kacaioninxca flo MaroMeTaH» // nC3 PH, 2-e co6paHHe, T.l. § 715. Cn6., 1830.
jMAMnEHCOJA )K. Ka3axcKoe o6niecTBO h npaBO b nopecjjopMeHHOH CTenn. AcTaHa, 2006.
fl h K h h B.C. HanHOHajibHbiH Bonpoc BO BHyTpeHHen nOJIHTHKe napH3Ma (XX-Ha^ajioXXB.). Cn6., 1998.
/KypHAJi opeH6yprcKoro MycjjTHH (ny6jiHKanHK> noflroTOBHJi M.n. Bhtkhh) // HcTopH^ecKHH apxHB. 1939. T.2.
3ArHflyjuiHH U.K. HcnaMCKHe HHCTHTyTbi b Pocchhckoh HMnepHH: Me^e™ b eBponeftcKOH nacTH Pocchh h Ch6hph. Ka3aHb, 2007.
3ArHflyjuiHH U.K. ITpoeKT «YcTaBa ynpaBJieHHH flyxoBHHMH flenaMH
MaroMeTaH» 1867 r. opeH6yprcKoro MycjjTHH C. TeBKejieBa // Facbipjiapbi aBa3bi—3xo BeKOB. 2009. Ns 1. /JocTynHO Ha: http://www.protas.ru/ magazine/go/anonymous/main/?path=mg: /numbers/201 l_l_2/07/04/ 2009.
He jiam b Pocchhckoh HMnepHH (3aKOHOflaTenbHbie aKTbi, onncaHHH, CTaTHCTHKa). Coct. h aBT. bb. CTaTbH ApanoB. fl.K). M., 2001.
Hctophu ByKeeBCKoro xaHCTBa. 1801-1852 rr.: C6. flOKyMeHTOB h MaTepnajioB. AnMaTbi. 2002.
Hctophu Ka3axcTaHa (c flpeBHeniHHX BpeMeH flo HaninxflHeft). B na™ TOMax. T. 3. AjiMara, 2000.
Hcxakob CM. PoccHHCKHe MycyjibMaHe h peBOJiionHH (BecHa 1917 r.-jieTO 1918r.).M., 2004.
Kapataeb B. 063op MaTepnajioB H3 hctophh KOJioHH3anHH Ka3axcKoro Kpaa b CBH3H c BoccTaHHeM Ka3axoB OpeH6yprcKoro Kpaa b 1869 r. h b Ha^ajie 1870-x rr. Coct. A6eHOBa B.C. AniwaTH, 2006.
Mapakahh o TaTapcKOH 3JiHTe (1789-1889) / nep. co CTapoTaT. h npHMen. ICteeeBa A.H., THMafleeBa H.O. M., 2009.
MATEPHAJIM no HCTOpHH BaiHKHpCKOH ACCP. T.5. M., 1960.
Matephajim no HCTopHH Ka3axcKOH CCP (1785-1828 rr.). T.IV. M.-Jl. 1940.
Matephajim no HCTopHH nojiHTHHecKoro CTpoH Ka3axcTaHa. T.l. A-A., 1960.
Habekh c Poccnen. C6. flOKyMeHTOB h MaTepnajioB b2i. M.l. Ycjja, 2007.
03TAHBAH O. rocyflapcTBeHHaa flyMa Pocchh h Ka3axcTaH (1905-1917 rr.). AjiMara, 2000.
OP PHB (OTflen pyKonnceft Pocchhckoh HannoHajibHOH 6h6jihot6kh) . O. 224. On. l.fl.2.
Othet MHHHCTpa BHyTpeHHHXfleji 3a 1859 r. // /KypHaji MHHHCTepcTBa BHyTpeHHHX flen. 1861. Ns 7.
IIOCTHHKOB A.B. H3MeHeHHH B HaUHOHajIbHOM (3THHHeCKOM) CaMOC03HaHHH
(HfleHTHHHOCTH) HapoflOB nopy6ejKba («c[)poHTHpa») b nponecce co3flaHHti
pOCCHHCKHX L(eHTpajIbHOa3HaTCKHX BJiafleHHH B XIX B. // HfleHTHHHOCTb H
reorpac[)HH b nocTCOBeTCKOH Pocchh. Cn6., 2003. C. 38-52.
Pemheb A.B. PoccHHCKaa HMnepHH h HCJiaM b Ka3axcKOH CTenn (60-80-ee roflbi XIX b.) // Pacbi h Hapoflbi: coBpeMeHHbie 3THHHecKHe h pacoBbie npo6jieMbi. Bbin. 32. / otb. pefl. C.H. A6aniHH, B.H. ByniKOB. MocKBa, 2006. C. 241.
Cbophhk nHpKyjrapoB h pacnopajKeHHH MHHHCTepcTBa BHyrpeHHHX fleji othochiiihxch flo rr. ry6epHaTopoB, BHne-ry6epHaTopoB, cobcthhkob ry6epHCKHX npaBJieHHH, KaHnenapHH rr. ry6epHaTopoB, ry6epHCKHX THnorpacjjHH, CTpoHTenbHbix h BpaHe6Hbix OTflejieHHH c 1858 no 1894 rr. Coct.
B.n.ypycoB. cne., 1901.
Cemehob B.T., Cemehoba B.n. ry6epHaTopbi OpeH6yprcKoro Kpaa. OpeH6ypr, 1999.
CyjITAHTAJIHEBA T.C. «TaTapCKaH» flHaCnOpa B KOHCJjeCCHOHajIbHblX CBH3HX
Ka3axcKOH CTenn (XVIII-XIX bb.) // BecTHHK EBpa3HH. 2000. Ns 4. /JocTynHO Ha: http://www.eavest.ru/
Ymetbaeb M.H. B naMHTb CTOJieTHH OpeH6yprcKoro MaroMeTaHCKoro flyxoBHoro Co6paHHH ynpejKfleHHoro b r. Ycjje. Ycjja, 1891.
Oaxpe/iahhob P. Acap. T. 3. Ka3am,, 2010.
Xajih/i Yfjih K^ypSaHrajiH. Tayapnx-H xaMca-HH inapun. Ka3aH, 1910.
Clay, Catherine. Russian ethnographers in the service of empire, 1856-1862 // Slavic review. Vol. 54. No. 1. 1995. P. 45-61.
Dudoignon, Stephane. Status, strategies and discourses of a Muslim "cleargy" under a Christian law: polemics about the collection of the zakat in late Imperial Russia // Islam in politics in Russia and Central Asia, early 18th-late 20th centuries / ed. Stephane A. Dudoignon and Hisao Komatsu. London-New York, 2001.Frank, Allen, Usmanov, Mirkasyim. Materials for the Islamic History of Semipalatinsk: Two manuscripts by Ahmad-Wali al-Qazani and Qurban-Ali Khalidi, ANOR 11. Berlin, 2001. P. 59.
Frank, Allen. Islamic historiography and «Bulghar» identity among the Tatars and Bashkirs of Russia. Leiden-Boston-Koln. 1998. P. 211-243.
Frank, Allen. Muslim Religion Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islam World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780-1910. Leiden-Boston-Koln, 2001. P. 263.
Frank, Allen. A chronicle of Islamic communities on the imperial Russian
frontier: The Tavarix-i Alti Ata of Muhammad Fatih al-Ilmini // Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia. Vol. 3: Arabic, Persian and Turkic Manuscripts (15th-19th Centuries). / Edited by Anke von K gelgen, Asirbek Muminov, Michael Kemper. Berlin, 2000.
Frank, Allen. Islamic transformation on the Kazakh Steppe, 1742-1917: Toward an Islamic history of Kazakhstan under Russian rule // The Construction and deconstruction of national histories in Slavic Eurasia / Ed. Tadayuki Hayashi. Sapporo, 2003.
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couuajibHan KOMMynuKauuR CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
82
n.C. LUabjieh
HCGIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
83
Open6ypzcKoe MazoMemancKoe dyxoenoe co6panue
Privratsky, Bruce. Muslim Turkistan: KazakReligion and Collective Memory. Richmond, Surrey, 2001.
Qurban-Ali Kh alidi . An Islamic Biographical Dictionary of the Eastern Kazakh Steppe (1770-1912)/ Ed., translation and commentary A. Frank, M. Usmanov. Brill-Leiden-Boston, 2005.Werth, Paul. At the Margins of Orthodoxy. Mission, Governance and Confessional Politics in Russia's Volga-kama Region, 1827-1905. Ithaca-London, 2002.
Iff mm-
i i ii
O.A. JlHIlEHEEPTEP
Ojihza
JIuu,eH6epzep
ylojle3hhle hhobepdibl vlj1vl onachble hytkakvl?
BocnPHHTHE 3AnA/liHbIX XPHCTHAH PyCCKHM OEIIJECTBOM H FIPABOC/IABHOH l^EPKOBblO B X-XIX BB.
KamommecKuu Kocmeji. Fopod J1,buhck, igi2 z. M3 KOJiJieKU,uu CM. npoKydima-FopcKozo. McmoHHUK: Prints & Photographs Online Catalog of Library of US Con^gres^ http://Www. loc.gov
McCJIEflOBAHHH   TARTARIA   MAGNA l'20I2
Helpful gentiles or dangerous outsiders? Perception of Western Christians by Russian society and orthodox Church in the ioth-i9thc
The paper analyzes the evolution of interrelationships between Russian Orthodox Church on one side and Catholic and Protestant population of the Russian Empire on the other in the io'h-ig'h centuries. The author considers the causes of the confessional antagonism and factors responsible for the conflict
88
O.A. JIHL(EHBEPrEP
Il0^E3HbIE HHOBEPUbl HJIH OFIACHblE HY>KAKH? BocnPHHTHE 3AnA/liHbIX XPHCTHAH PyCCKHM OEIIJECTBOM H nPABOCJIABHOH LIEPKOBbK) B X-XIX BB.
npHBep>KeHnbi KaTOJinnecKOH h JIioTepaHCKOH nepKBeft b POCCHH OTJIHHajIHCb flOCTaTOHHO 6eCKOHCpJIHKTHbIMH OT-HoineHHHMH c o6inecTBOM B IiejIOM H BblCOKOH CTeneHbio TepniiMOCTH k «MHpy». OflHaKO HHorfla h hm 6buiH cboh-
CTBeHHbl Me>KpejIHrH03Hbie KOHCpJIHKTbl H npOTHBOpeHHH, BJIHHBIHHe
Ha coiiHajibHyio HanpjDKeHHOCTb. H KaTOJiHKH, h jiioTepaHe, fleKJiapn-pyH TOJiepaHTHOCTb h HeHTpajibHOCTb no OTHOineHHK) k rocyflapcTBy h o6inecTBy, TpaHccpopMHpoBajiH HeyflOBJieTBopeHHOCTb cbohm npaBO-bhm nojio>KeHHeM b pejiHrH03Hyio HeTepnHMOCTb no OTHOineHHK) k npHBep>KeHiiaM flpyrnx KOHcpeccHH, npe>Kfle Bcero, k npaBocjiaBHio KaK k orocyflapcTBJieHHOH nepKBH.
IlpaBocjiaBHbie 3aKOHOMepHO CTpeMHJiHCb k HeflonymeHHio Ka-TOJiHHecTBa h npoTecTaHTH3Ma b PyccKOM rocyflapcTBe, onnpaHCb Ha ocpHUHajibHHH CTaTyc rocyflapcTBeHHOH pejinrHH. y HHOcjiaBHbix qepKBen B03HHKajia noTpe6HOCTb b CHMBOJinnecKOH KOMneHcanHH KOHcpeccHOHajibHbix npeflnoHTeHHH rocyflapcTBa, y npaBocjiaBHH—b 3aKpenjieHHH CBoero jierHTHMHoro npeBocxoflCTBa h TOJibKO eivry hcto-pHHecKH npHHafljie>KaBinHX npeporaTHB.
3th CTpeMJieHHH xpHCTHaH Bcex BepoHcnoBeflaHHH HepeflKO npn-
HHMajIH KpaHHHe (pOpMbl, Bbipa>KaHCb B pejIHrH03HOH HeTepnHMOCTH
no OTHOineHHK) k npeflCTaBHTejraM flpyrnx KOHcpeccHH. TocyflapcTBO TKe, npoBonnpoBaBiiiee KOHCpJIHKTbl pacnpeflejieHHeM ncnoBeflaHHH no HepapxHHecKHM ypoBHHM h Hcnojib30BaBinee pejiHrnio b nojiHTH-necKHX iiejrax, ocTaBajiocb b CTopoHe ot pejiHrH03Horo cpaHaTH3Ma h arpeccHH. B3anMOOTHOiiieHHH pa3JiHHHbix nepKBeii flpyr c flpyroM 06-jiaflajiH pa3HHM kohcpjihkthhm noTeHnnajioM. HaHMeHbinaH CTeneHb
0. A. KuueHb'epzep
TIoeOJlJKCKUU
UHcmumym ynpaejienuR um. n.A. Cmojibmuna PAHXuTC, Capamoe
HcCJIEflOBAHHJI   TARTARIA   MAGNA l'20I2
89
1 Cm.: Cumoh ľ. PyccKOM [jepicosb u poccuůcKoe zocydapcmeo e npomueocmosiHuu c UHoeepiiaMU // Jlua-JIozoc: PejiuzuM u oômecmeo. 2000-2001. AjibManax. M., 2001. C. 493
2 Cm.: [IbtnuH B., npomouepeů. B3auMoomHoiueHusi [lepiceu u zocydapcmea. KauoHuuecKue npimuunu
u ucmopuueacasi deůcmeumejibHocmb // HcmopuuecKuů eecmuuK. 2000. Ns 9-10. C. 78
KOH(J)pOHTarj;HH 3aBHCejia KaK OT yCTaHOBKH KaTOJIHKOB HJIH JIRDTepaH
Ha HHTerpauHio b pyccKoe oömecTBO, TaK h ot CTeneHH TOJiepaHTHO-
CTH npaBOCJiaBHH.
PyccKoe rocyflapcTBO h IIpaBocjiaBHaH nepKOBb, KaK ero 4>yHfla-MeHT, 6biJiH CBH3aHbi KpenKHMH, HepacTop>KHMbiMH y3aMH. ľocyflap-CTBO noflflep>KHBajio cbokd nepKOBb b iipothboctohhhh c HHOBepnaMH, npHBJíeKaH aflMHHHCTpauHK), opraHbi npaBocyflHH, nojiHUHK) h hhh-
UHHpOBajIO   Me5KKOH(J)eCCHOHajIbHbie   npOTHBOpeHHH1. HeCOMHeHHO,
B3aHMOOTHOineHHH Me>Kfly rocyflapcTBeHHOH BJiacTbK) h IIpaBocjiaB-
HOH UepKOBbK) COCTaBJIHJIH CTep>KeHb nOJIHTHHeCKOH CHCTeMbI Poc-
CHÖCKoro rocyflapcTBa2. IlosTOMy napcKoe npaBHTejibCTBO Hcnojib-30Bajio ripaBocjiaBHyK) uepKOBb KaK opyflne CBeTCKoň ltojihthkh fljra peineHHH nojíHTHHecKHX 3aflan.
rio3HLi;HH ripaBocjiaBHOH nepKBH, co BpeMeHeM npeBpaTHBineHCH b peajibHyio rocyflapcTBeHHyro CHJiy, cnocoÖHyro BJiHHTb Ha npHHHTHe
BHyTpH- H BHeiHHenOJIHTHHeCKHX peineHHH CBeTCKOH BJiaCTH, (J)OpMH-
poBajia HeraTHBHoe BocnpHHTHe pyccKHM oömecTBOM HHOcjiaBHbix
KOH(J)eCCHH, npHBOflHJia K Me>KpejIHrH03HbIM KOH(J)JIHKTaM. B 3aBH-CHMOCTH OT KOHKpeTHblX HCTOpHHeCKHX OÖCTOHTejIbCTB yCHJIHBajIOCb
huh ocjiaöJiHJiocb BocnpHHTHe 3anaflHbix xpncTHaH b KanecTBe BparoB, npenHTCTBOBaBinee hx con,HajibHOH HHTerpauHH b pyccKoe oömecTBO.
ripH paCCMOTpeHHH BOnpOCa B3aHMOfleÖCTBHH npaBOCJiaBHH C HHO-
cjiaBHeM b poccHÖCKOH HCTopHHecKoö HayKe rocnoflCTBOBajiH, KaK npaBHJio, ynpomeHHbie MH(J)OJioreMbi, KOTopbie jih6o npeflCTaBJíHJiH
KaTOJIHUH3M H JIKXľepaHCTBO HCKJIKDHHTejIbHHM BOIUIOIHeHHeM npO-
3ejiHTH3Ma, a npaBocjiaBHe—eflHHCTBeHHbiM rapaHTOM flyxoBHoro h connajibHoro ÖJiaronojiyHHH CTpaHbi, jih6o c TOHHOCTbK) flo HaoöopoT: pHCOBajiH HHOcjiaBHbie KOH(J)eccHH >KepTBaMH npaBocjiaBHH, KOTopoe Ha3biBajiocb HCTOHHHKOM o6cKypaHTH3Ma h flyiiíHTejieM BepoTepnn-MOCTH. Pa3yMeeTCH, HeKOTopbie oneHKH MorjiH 6biTb cnpaBefljiHBH b tot HJiH HHOÖ nepnofl BpeMeHH, ho OHH Bee >Ke He HcnepribiBaioT xa-paKTepHCTHK B3aHMOOTHomeHHH nepKBeň c npaBocjiaBHeM. Ilpn H3-yneHHH HCTopHH pa3JiHHHbix KOH(J)eccHH HeoöxoflHM, npe>Kfle Bcero,
OTK33 OT CTepeOTHilOB, HaBH3aHHbIX nOJIHTHHeCKOH KOHTjRDHKTypOH. HMeHHO OT 3TOTO 3aBHCHT OOteKTHBHOCTb HayHHOrO HCCJieflOBaHHH.
POCCHHCKHE «JIATHH.HHE» H «JIIOTEPbl» B X-XVI BB.i OT COCyiLIECTBOBAHHÍI K O T H y >K p, E H H K>
/JjIH nOHHMaHHH CyiHHOCTH BOCnpHHTHH 3anaflHHX XpHCTHaH pyccKHM
oömecTBOM h npaBocjiaBHeM HeoöxoflHMO oöpaTHTbCH k HCTOKaM. Hanajio B3aHMOOTHomeHHH npaBocjiaBHH c KaTOJíHKaMH yxoflHT
CBOHMH KOpHHMH B /JpeBHIOK) PyCb,  a C JLtOTepaHaMH-B XVI BeK.
B flOMOHrojibCKHÖ nepnofl pa3BHTHH Me>Kfly pyccKHM oömecTBOM h
jiaTHHCKHM 3anaflOM cymecTBOBajiH 6jiaro>KejiaTejibHbie OTHOineHHH.
KHH3bH, iipaBHBILIHe B pyCCKHX 3eMJIHX, ÖJiarOCKJIOHHO OTHOCHJIHCb K
jiaTHHCTBy, TaK KaK cpeflH hx flpyscHHHHKOB 6buio HeMajio npHBep^KeH-i^eB pHMCKoro BepoHcnoBeflaHHH. BepoTepriHMOCTb 6biJia HeoöxoflHMa npaBHTejiHM pyccKHX 3eMejib, npe>Kfle Bcero, HcxoflH H3 nojíHTHHecKHX
H COLi;HajIbHO-3KOHOMHHeCKHX npHHHH.
06lIi;eHHe C «JiaTbIHHHKaMH» ÖbIJIO CBOÖOflHbIM B HOBrOpOflCKHX
3eMJiHX, rfle npaBocjiaBHbie rpa>KflaHe He rHyinajiHCb o6pam;aTbCH k JiaTHHCKHM CBHineHHHKaM sa HcnpaBJíeHHeM Tpe6. ľaH3eHCKHe Kynrj;bi
flOBepHJIH KJIKDHH OT «BapjDKCKOH 6o>KHHLi;bI» HOBTOpOflCKOMy BJiaflblKe, KOTOpOrO BejIHHajIH CBOHM «flOÖpbIM ilOKpOBHTejieM H 3aiHHTHHKOM».
BTopoň 3K3eMiuiHp KJiioHeH (no flpyroň BepcHH, KJiKDHH ot BToporo Ka-TOJiHHecKoro xpaMa) HaxoflHJicH y HacTOHTejiH npaBocjiaBHoro KDpbe-Ba MOHacTbipH, TaioKe HBJíHBinerocH flOBepeHHbiM jihli;om jiaTHHCKoro KynenecTBa1. B 1385 r., Korfla HOBropoflUbi KOH(J)jiHKTOBajiH c MHTpo-nojiHTOM Been PycH KnnpHaHOM, ohh 3aHBHJiH BH3aHTHÖCKOMy naTpH-apxy, HTO ecjiH nocjieflHHÖ OTKa^KeT hm b ÖJiarocjioBeHHH—nepeoflyr b KaTOJiHHecKyK) Bepy: «... ame ne ÖJiarocjioBHTe Hac, xoueM 6biTb Jia-THHa»2. B 1471 r. b HoBropofle 6biJia o6pa30BaHa TaK Ha3biBaeMaH «jih-TOBCKaH uepKOBHan napTHH», KOTopan BbicTynajia 3a npncoeflHHeHHe k 3anaflHoö MHTponojiHH h OTCTyruieHHe k JiaTHHCTBy.
B rj;ejioM, HHOBepubi-KaTOJíHKH b pyccKHX ropoflax nojib30BajiHCb cjieflyroiuHMH npaBaMH3:
• HaxoflHTbCH b Pocchh b KaHecTBe nocjioB, nyTemecTBeHHHKOB, KynnoB, cnerj;HajiHCTOB pa3JiHHHbix npo(J)eccHH;
• CTpoHTb i^epKBH h npoBOflHTb 6orocjiy>KeHHH;
• 3aHHMaTbCH ToproBJíeň, peMecjiaMH, npoMbicjiaMH;
• HMeTb 3eMJIH B COÖCTBeHHOCTH;
• nocTynaTb k KHH3bHM Ha cjryscöy, flocTHraTb 6ojibniHX nonecTeň h BJiacTH npH KHH^KecKOM flBope;
• >KeHHTbCH Ha flOHepHX npaBOCJiaBHHX (B TOM HHCJie b khh^kcckhx
poflax).
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couuajibHasi
KOMMyHUKaUUR
CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
1 Cm.: HuKumcKuů A. OuepK BHympeHHeů ucmopuu ijepiceu s BejiuKOM Hoezopode. CU6., 1879. C. 46, 98
'■ CKpuHHUKoe P.r. Kpecm u Kopoua: LfepKoeb u zocydapcmeo Ha Pycu LX-XVII ee. CM., 2000. C. 102
1 Cm.: Cimaůacuů A., ceaiu,. OmHouieHue dpeeuepyccKoů liepKeu u o6uíecmea k jiamuHCKOMy 3anady (Kamojiuuecmey) (X-XVeeJ. CM., 1899. C. 113
TaKHM o6pa30M, pyccKoe oömecTBO na HanajibHOM STane pa3BHTHH npaKTHHecKH He orpaHHHHBajio npaBocnocoÖHOCTb h fleecnocoÖHOCTb
JiaTHHHH, HaflejLHH HX IHHpOKHMH npaBaMH.
MHorne 4>aKTbi HanajibHoro STana pa3BHTHH pyccKoro npaBO-
CJiaBHH CBHfleTejIbCTByiOT O ÖJIH3KHX H flpy>KejIK)6HbIX OTHOLUeHHHX
c 3anaflHoeBponeHuaMH b pejiHrH03Hoö ccjiepe: npn CTpoHTejibCTBe npaBOCJiaBHHX xpaMOB 6hjio bcjihko bjihhhhc poMaHCKoro cthjih; b npaBOCJiaBHHX n,epKBHX ynoTpeöJiHJiH 6orocjiy>Ke6Hbie npeflMeTH JiaTHHCKoro THna, innpoKO npHMeHHJiHCb TepMHHH pHMCKoro, a He rpenecKoro npoHcxo>KfleHHH; b pyccKHX MOJíHTBax ynoMHHajiHCb cbh-
Tbie, KaHOHH3HpOBaHHbie pHMCKOH I^epKOBbK). ß,0 CHX nop 25 HOHÖpjI
90
O.A. JIhlieheeptep
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
91
Tlojie3HhLe UHoeepubL ujiu onacHbLe uyxaKU?
Cm.: EbiHKoeA., HepnocaumoB II. Moufu Casunozo KjiuMeuma // Podima. 1999. Ns5. C. 36; Hanjiuu.Kuu E., o. Hcmopusi IlepKBU b Poccuu. CU6., 2000. C. 5
Cm.: KapmauieB A.B. CoôpauuecouuHeuuů: OuepKU no ucmopuu PyccKoů UepKBU. B 2-x m. M., 1992. T. 1. C. 265-266; Hanjiuuiam E., o. Hcmopusi IJepKBU b Poccuu. C. 7
Cm.:/jBopHUK í>. CBxmue Kupujui u Metpoduú // JIozoc. 1994. Ns 49. C. 57
b IlpaBocjiaBHOH nepKBH OTMenaeTCH naMHTb cbhtoto Ilanbi KjiHMeH-Ta I (88-97 it.), noKpoBHTejiH TnpacnojibCKOH pHMCKO-KaTOJiHHecKofi enapxHH, npeTepneBinero MyneHHHecKyio KOHHHHy b KpbiMy.
Hhkohobck3h jieTonncb h CTeneHHaH KHHra cooöinaioT, hto b 988 r. k KHH3K) BiiaflHMHpy «npH/joina nocjibi H3 PHMa h moihh cbhthx npHHecoina»: b ro/j KpemeHHH khh3h BjiaflHMHpa h ero flpyscHHbi liana Phmckhö HoaHH XV noflapmi pyccKoň nepKBH nacTb BejiHnaňineH Ka-
TOJIHHeCKOH CBHTblHH—moihh Cb. KjIHMeHTa PHMCKOrO, Haö/jeHHbie,
no npe/jaHHio, npn ynacTHH KHpHJiJia h MecJioflHH b XepcoHece1. üofl BJiHHHHeM jiaTHHCKOH nepKBH Ha PycH 6biji ycTaHOBJíeH, HanpHMep, npa3flHHK 9 Man, b naMHTb nepeHeceHHH Momeö Cb. HHKOJiaa MnpjiH-KHHCKoro b BapH h flp.2. JlaTHHCKHe MHCCHOHepbi CBo6oflHO nponoBe-flOBajiH Ha pyccKoň TeppHTopHH. TaK, b 1185-1186 rr. HeMeuKHÖ MOHax A. MeÖHap/j nojiyHHJi pa3peineHHe y nojiouKoro khh3h BjiaflHMHpa 06-pamaTb b pHMCKoe xpHcraaHCTBO MecTHyio nyflb h nocTpoHTb xpaM b HKCKiojie.
OTflajíHTbCH OT jiaTHHCKoro 3anafla pyccKaa nepKOBb Hanajia c XII b., nocjie toto, KaK no yKa3y Ilanbi ľpHropHH VII b BoreMHH 6biJia ynpa3flHeHa cjiaBHHCKan jíHTyprHH, a npaBocjiaBHe noTepjuio bo3mo>k-
HOCTb flOCTyna K nepBOHCTOHHHKaM B CJiaBHHH3HpOBaHHOH 4>opMe3.
OCHOBHHMH 4>aKTOpaMH, nOBJIHHBIHHMH Ha OTHySCfleHHe pyccKoň qepKBH OT JiaTHHCKOH, HapH/jy C BJIHHHHeM BH3aHTHHCKOH UepKOBHOH
HepapxHH h OTKpbiTbiM CTpeMJieHHeM Cb. üpecTOJia k pacnpocTpaHe-
HHK) JiaTHHCTBa B pyCCKHX 3eMJIHX, 6bIJIH TaKSCe 3aKOHOMepHOe HeflO-
nymeHHe BepxyniKoň upaBocjiaBHOH nepKBH pacnpocTpaHeHHH Ha PycH HHbix KOH(J)eccHH h noKpoBHT&jibCTBO yKpenjiHBineMycH npaBO-
Cmepeomun ompuu,amejibHozo eocnpuRmuR KamojiuKoe noddepjKueajicR cujiclmu pejiuzuo3HbLX meopuů, nponazandupoeaemuxcR npaeocjiaenbiM dyxoeencmeoM, 3auHmepecoeaHHbLM e coxpanenuu
HenpUR3HeHHOZO OiriHOUieHUR k jicluiuhrhclm
cjiaBHK) b ymep6 phmckoh nepKBH co CTopoHbi pyccKHX KHH3eň, koto-
pblX 3aBHCHMOCTb OT JiaTHHCTBa npHBejia 6bl K OrpaHHHeHHK) KHJDKe-CKOH BJiaCTH H nOflHHHeHHK) liane PHMCKOMy.
C TeneHHeM BpeMeHH, BCJieflCTBHe nojíHTHHecKoro h nepKOBHoro conepHHHecTBa Meyupy 3anaflOM h Boctokom 3a yKperuieHHe CBoero BJiHHHHH, y pyccKoro Hapofla BbipaöoTajiocb HeraTHBHoe OTHOineHHe k jiaTHHCTBy. CTepeoTHn OTpHuaTejibHoro BocnpHHTHH KaTOJíHKOB no/j-
flep>KHBajicH CHJiaMH pejiHrH03Hbix TeopHH, nponaraHflHpoBaBinHXCH npaBocjiaBHHM flyxoBeHCTBOM, 3aHHTepecoBaHHbiM b coxpaHeHHH
HenpHH3HeHHOrO OTHOIIieHHH K JiaTHHHHaM. HCTOHHHKH n03BOJIH-K)T npOCJieflHTb, KaK HMeHHO peajIH30BHBajICH 3TOT OTpHUaTejIbHblH
CTepeoTHn. HacTaBJíeHHH npaBocjiaBHbix MOHaxoB h MHTponojiH-TOB—(Ěeo/jocHH, ľeoprHH, HHKH(J)opa h flpyrnx—npHMO 3anpemajiH BCHKoe oömeHHe c «epeTHKaMH». He pa3peinajiocb He TOJibKO «yqeHHH Hx cjiyinaTH» h «cbohx /joHepeft 3a hhx /jaBaTH», ho h «c hhmh b eflH-
HOM COCy/je nHTH H HCTH», «HX U;ejIOBaTH, ÖpaTaTHCH H nOKJIOHHTHCH»1.
Bocnpemajiocb fla>Ke oöbifleHHoe oömeHHe c HHOCTpaHuaMH HenpaBO-cjiaBHoro BepoHcnoBe/jaHHH. B co3HaHHe pyccKoro Hapofla BHeflpH-
JiaCb HfleH, HTO Bepa JiaTHHHH «npOTHBHa yCTaHOBJieHHHM Bo>khhm» H
«nojiHa nornöejiH». LíepKOBHbie KaHOHbi PyccKoň IlpaBocjiaBHOH nepK-BH 3anpeirj;ajiH npaBocjiaBHHM coneTaTbCH 6paKOM c «jiaTHHHHaMH».
HeMHoroHHCJieHHbie jiHu;a pHMCKO-KaTOJimecKoro HcnoBe/jaHHH, npo^KHBaBiiiHe b Mockobckom rocy/japcTBe, nocTeneHHO orpaHHHH-BajiHCb b cbohx rpa>K/j;aHCKHX npaßax. Bo Bcex pyccKHX ropo/jax hho-
CTpaHHblM nOCJiaM, BOeHHOIUieHHblM H HaXOflHBHIHMCH Ha Li;apcKOH
cjryscöe KaTOJiHKaM 3anpeirj;ajiocb nocemaTb npaBocjiaBHbie nepKBH,
«flaÖbl He OCKBepHHTb cbhthhh»2.
MHoroHHCJieHHbie hctohhhkh noflTBep>K/j;aioT HajiHHHe KOH(J)eccH-OHajibHoro aHTaroHH3Ma, KOTopbiö 3aTparHBaji ccjiepy rocy/japcTBeH-
HOÖ nOJIHTHKH H HfleOJIOTHH. HenpHH3HeHHOe H Bpa^KfleÖHOe OTHO-
ineHHe k JiaTHHCTBy Bbipa>Kajiocb fla>Ke b OTKa3e H3ynaTb jiaTHHCKHH H3HK, H3HK phmckoh i^epKBH, «flaöbi He BnacTb b epecb». Pa3flejIHH npeyßejiHHeHHbie h HeocHOBaTejibHbie B3rjiHflbi npaßocjiaBHH Ha jiaTH-
HHH, pyCCKOe OÖmeCTBO ÖOHJIOCb npHHHMaTb npaKTHHeCKHe CBefleHHH,
BbipaöoTaHHbie 3anaflHOH KyjibTypoö.
J\jir no/j/jep>KaHHH HeraTHBHO OKpaineHHoro CTepeoTHna b Bocnpn-HTHH KaTOJiHi^H3Ma b cpe/je niHpOKHX HapOflHblX Mace OCOÖeHHO Ba>K-Ho 6biJio pacnpocTpaHHTb ero Ha noBceflHeBHyio >KH3HeHHyio npaK-THKy. HpKHM noflTBep>K/j;eHHeM SToro hbjihctch jiioöonbiTHbiH cjiyqaö,
KOrfla MHTpOnOJIHT riCKOBCKHÖ «EOTHH nOBejiejI OHHCTHTb MOJIHTBOK)
npoflyKTbi, nojiyneHHbie ot HeMi^eB, H3-3a 6oh3hh ocKBepHHTbCH3. TaKHM o6pa30M, b xv-xvii bb., Kor/ja OTHOineHHH Me>K/j;y PyccKHM rocyflapcTBOM h Phmom oöocTpnjiHCb, öojibinaH nacTb HacejieHHH h npaBocjiaBHaH i^epKOBHan HepapxHH BocnpHHHMajiH KaTOJinnecKyio pejiHrHK) Bpa^K/jeÖHO.
OTpHu;aTejibHoe BocnpHHTHe HHOcjiaBHOH KOH(J)eccHH 6biJio nepe-HeceHO Bnocjie/JCTBHH h Ha jiioTepaH. IloHBJieHHe b xvi b. b Mockobckom rocy/japcTBe npoTecTaHTOB TaK^Ke Bbi3biBajio npoTHBO/jeocTBHe co CTopoHbi IlpaBocjiaBHOH nepKBH. HanpHMep, b 1632 r. jnoTepaHCKan KHpxa MocKBbi 6biJia pa3pyineHa, corjiacHO noBecTBOBaHHHM coBpe-MeHHHKOB, H3-3a Toro, HTO cnop Me^Kfly npHxo^KaHaMH, nepepociHHH b flpaKy, npoH3onieji Ha rjia3ax y naTpnapxa, cjiynaOHO npoe3>KaBinero
1 Cm.: KapmauieB A.B. yicca. cou. T.l.C. 263-264
Tom oice
3 Cm.: CuHaücKuü A., cbmw,. Yica3. cou. C. 143
92
O.A. JlHIiEHEEPrEP
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
93
Tlojie3HhLe UHoeepubi umí onacHbLe
HyjtCCLKli?
1 Cm.: Ileemaee MM. 06-pyceuue 3anadHoeeponeůu,ee s Mockobckom zocydapcmBe. Bapmaea, 1903. C. 10; Jletpopmoeo—HeMeuKaR cjioôoda: 3a6umaR ucmopuR ujiu «MQjiQR poduua» ? / nod ped. E.n. MuKJiauieecKoů u M.C. IJenjmeeoů. M., 1993. C. 11
Cm.: Ileemaee jj.B. ľlpo-mecmaHmcmeo u npome-cmaumu e Poccuu do snoxu npeo6pa3oeaHuů. M., 1890. C. 212, 233, 234, 307-308
MHMO HH03eMH0Ö iiepKBH. Knpxa 6bijia cpbiTa b tot >Ke fleHb no yKa3y naTpiiapxa. IlocTpoHTb ee BHOBb no3BOJiHJiH TOJibKO 3a roponoM, no-flajibine ot npaBocjiaBHbix rjia3.
B cjie/jyioiHHH pas, 2 MapTa 1643 r., oflHHHaniiaTb npaBocjiaBHbix CBHm;eHHOcjiy>KHTejieH Mockbh bo rjiaBe c otiiom upoKonneM h otiiom (ĚefloceeM, b npenejiax npnxoflOB KOTopbix npo^KHBajiH HH03eM-uh, noflajiH napio nenoÖHTHyio, b KOTopoň npocHJiH 3anpeTHTb hho-CTpaHiiaM cejíHTbCH b iieHTpajibHOH nacTH ropofla. IlpHHHHOH TaKoro TpeöoBaHHH CTajio to, HTO HeMUbi «Ha cbohx flBopax b6jih3h nepKBeři nocTaBHJiH ponaTbi» (MOJíHTBeHHbie flOMa), hto ohh «pyccKHX jnoneří y ceÖH Ha flBopax /j,ep>KaT, h BCHKoe ocKBepHeHHe pyccKHM jik>/j,hm ot Tex HeMiieB 6biBaeT», hto «/j,ep>KaT y ceÖH b flOMax BCHKHe KopHMbi», HTO «noKynaioT ohh flBopbi h flBopoBbie MecTa floporoio neHoio», hto Bce sto npHBOflHT k onycTeHHio npaBocjiaBHbix npnxoflOB1. BcKope flBe jiioTepaHCKHe h pe(J)opMaTCKaH KHpxH 6buiH pa3pyineHbi, He noMorjio fla>Ke xoflaTaňcTBO Tpex npnflBopHbix flOKTopoB-jiioTepaH, oöparaB-ľľhxch k rocynapio c HejioOHTHoň.
B flpyroM cjiynae, jiioTepaHCKHH nacTop H. Tperopn, opraHH3aTop nepBoro npHflBopHoro TeaTpa b Pocchh, no flOHOcy 6biJi oöbhhch b tom, hto c6e>Kaji ot HaKa3aHHH H3 cojinaTCKOH poTbi b CaKCOHHH, ôypym npnroBopeHHbiM k jiHineHHio Bcex npaB h npHBHJierHÖ. KpoMe Toro, b flOHOce yKa3biBajiocb, hto Tperopn Ha opoM H3 öorocjiysceHHH, 31 Man 1668 r., Ha3biBaji pyccKHX jnofleň öecnecTHbiMH BapBapaMH h ynoMH-Hyji HMH napa AjieKceH MHxařuioBHHa jiHinb nocjie HMeH repMaHCKHX rocynapeň2. CjiencTBHe, npoBeneHHoe b IlocojibCKOM npHKa3e, nocjie pflfla flonpocoB h ohhhx CTaBOK npHHHJio onpaBflaHHe nacTopa, hto Ha 6orocjiy>KeHHH oh Hcnojib30Baji CHanajia caKCOHCKHÖ cjiy^KeÖHHK, a 3aTeM npoH3Hec MOJíHTBy 3a pyccKoro napa ot ceÖH jihhho.
«Pejiuzuo3HO-Hav,uoHajibHaíi nemepnuMocmb pyccKux», no3uv,UR TIpaeocjiaeHoů u,epKeu, omnouiemie k unocjiaeHbLM KOHcßeccuRM npaeumejibcmea nezarnueno ompajKCLJiucb na cydbôax u\epKeeů
PaccMaTpHBaH OTHOineHHe pyccKoro oöniecTBa k 3ana/j,HbiM xpn-CTHaHaM, J\. B. L^BeTaeB flenaji ocoöbiö aKiieHT Ha «HpaBCTBeHHyio pac-nymeHHOCTb npoTecTaHTOB, B3aHMHbie ccopbi h flpH3rn, pa3JiHHHbie HenpnrjiHflHbie nocTynKH OTHOCHTejibHO pyccKHX h MepKaHTHJibHbie HHTepecbi nacTopoB». «Ba>KHbi 3necb fljiH Hac...,—nncaji oh,—neň-
CTBHH h HpaBCTBeHHbie KanecTBa Maccbi HH03eMiieB, KOTopbie cno-coöcTBOBajiH Bbi30By nofloÖHbix penpeccHÖ: CBajiHBaTb BHHy, KaK He-peflKO flejiaeTCH b jíHTepaType, Ha oflHy "pejiHrH03HO-HanHOHajibHyio HeTepnHMOCTb" pyccKHX, Bce o6i>HCHHTb eio—HeBOSMOiKHO»1. Bce >Ke «pejiHrH03HO-Hai^HOHajibHaH HeTepnHMOCTb pyccKHX», no3HUHH ripa-BocjiaBHOH iiepKBH, OTHOineHHe k HHOcjiaBHbiM KOH(J)eccHHM npaBH-TejibCTBa HeraTHBHO OTpa>KajiHCb Ha cyflböax n;epKBeH.
Ileemaee JJ.B. ripomecmaHmcmeo u npomecmanmhi e Poccuu do snoxu npeo6pa3oeaHuů. C. 284
«OTBEPJKEHHblE» «KyjIbTyPTPErEPbl»: OTHOIIIEHHE K 3 A n A/J, H O-X P H C T H A H C K H M KOH4>ECCHÜM B XVII-XIX BB.
C Hanajia xvn b. OTHOineHHH jiioTepaH h KaTOJíHKOB c pyccKHM o6m;e-
CTBOM pa3BHBajIHCb B flByX HanpaBJíeHHHX. C OflHOH CTOpOHbl, HyBCTBa
pejiHrH03Horo h Han;HOHajibHoro ocKopöJieHHH, noHBHBinnecH b CMyr-Hoe BpeMH, ycHJiHJiH HeHaBHCTb npaBocjiaBHbix k 3anaflHOMy xpncTH-aHCTBy, ocoöeHHO k KaTOJiHUH3My. Rayne ecjiH KaTOJíHKH He yrpo>KajiH npaBocjiaBHK) HHKaKoň onacHOCTbio, Ha hhx Hajiarajiacb nenaTb ot-
Bep^KeHHH, flOXOflHBinaH flO KpaÖHOCTH.
C flpyroň CTopoHbi, HHKorfla paHee pyccKHe TaK He c6jiH>KajiHCb c npeflCTaBHTejiHMH 3ana/j;a, KaK b x vi i b. TnnHHHbiMH Bbipa3HTejiHMH 3anaflHbix Hfleö CTajiH H.A. Xbopocthhhh, «epeTHK, noflnaBinnö nofl BJiHHHHe KaTOJiHHecTBa»; KDpHH KpH5KaHHH, npHÖbiBiHHÖ H3 XopBa-THH, cjiy>KHBinHH u;apio AiieKceio MHxařuioBHHy h HacTaHBaBinnö Ha coK)3e c KaTOJiHHecKoö n;epKOBbio; Chmcoh i1ojioi];khh, Hfleojior npo-CBem;eHHoro a6cojiioTH3Ma, npeflCTaBHTejib «jiaTHHCKon» opneHTai^HH, co3/j;aBinHH njiaH ynpe>K/j;eHHH b Pocchh Ilanbi h neTbipex naTpnapxoB. B BbicineM poccHÖCKOM o6m;ecTBe bo3hhk HHTepec k 3anaflHoeBponeň-CKOÖ 5KH3HH, KyjibType h JíHTepaType. 06m;eH3BecTHbie 4>aKTbi toto ne-
pHOfla pyCCKOH HCTOpHH CBHfleTejIbCTByiOT He TOJIbKO o npaKTHHeCKOH nOMOIHH CO CTOpOHbl HH03eMIieB, HO H O Kyji bTy p H O M BJIHHHHH eBpO-
neHu;eB Ha 5KHTejieň MocKOBCKoro rocyflapcTBa.
BcjieflCTBHe pacnpocTpaHeHHH 3anaflHbix xpncTHaHCKHX KOH(J)ec-CHÖ b Pocchh, IlpaBocjiaBHaH n;epKOBb noflroTOBHJia iienbiň pH/j; cohh-
HeHHH npOTHB KaTOJíHKOB H npOTeCTaHTOB. ß,0 XV B., nOKa 3HaHHTejIb-
Hoe BJiHHHHe Ha pyccKoe npaBocjiaBHe OKa3biBajia rpenecKasi nepKOBb, HaxoflHBinaHCH b KOH(J)poHTai];HH c JiaTHHCKon, b ch HanpaBJíeHHan npoTHB jiaTHHHH nojieMHHecKaH jíHTepaTypa nojiHOCTbio 6buia no3a-HMCTBOBaHa y rpeKOB hjih y io>KHbix cjiaBHH2. B 1588 r. noHBHJicH Tpyfl CBHLqeHHHKa B. OcTpoBCKoro «O eflHHoň hcthhhoh npaBocjiaBHOH Bepe h o CBHTOÖ coöopHoö h anocTOJibCKoň iiepKBH, OTKyfla Hanajio npHHHJia h KaKO noBciofly pacnpocTpecH», KOTopbiň 6bui HanpaBJíeH b
OCHOBHOM npOTHB JiaTHHHH, OflHH naparpaíj) KpHTHKOBajI H OCHOBHbie
florMaTbi jiioTepaHCTBa.
: Cm.: rionoe A. McmopuKO-jiumepamypHMŮ 0630p dpeeuepyccKux nojieMuuecKux couuHeHuů npomue jiamuHRH. M., 1875; naejioe A.C. KpumuuecKue onumu no ucmopuu dpeeneůmeů zpeKO-pyccKoú nojieMUKU npomue JiamuHRH. CY16., 1878
94
O.A. JIhliehbeptep
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
95
Cm.: Ileemaee/J. B. Jlumepamypuasi 6oph6a c npomecmaHmcmeoM e MocKoecKOM zocydapcmee. C. 78
Cm.: Caapunen P. Bepa u ceamocmh. JlmmepaHCKO-npaeocjiaeHMŮ duajioz. 1959-2002. M., 2004. C. 11
'• Cm.: KJduH A. ApmeMbee PI. // KamojiuuecKOR 3HU.UKJionedusi. Tom I. A-3. C. 366
4 Cm.: BuHmep 3. Tlancmeo u u.apu3M / Tlep. c ueM. M., 1964. c. 116-117
5 cm.:K>duHA. 3epuaHUHoe A.E. // KamojiuuecKasi 3HU.UKJionedusi. Tom I. A-3. c. 1895-1896
/Jpyroe pyKonncHoe coHHHeHiie «H3Jio>KeHHe ot 6o>KecTBeHHbix niicaHHH CTaporo 3aKOHa h hobhh ÖJiaroflara Ha OKaHHHbie h 3JioHMe-HHTbiH jiioTepbi, Ha MHorne hx epecn», öojiee H3BecTHoe KaK «H3Jio>Ke-
HHe Ha JIIOTepbl», BepOHTHbIM COCTaBHTejieM KOTOpOrO 6bIJI CBHineH-
HHK H. HaceflKa, npeflCTaBJiHJio coöoö anojiornio HKOHonoHHTaHHH, KOJieHonpeKJioHeHHH, nocTOB h flpyrnx npaBocjiaBHbix oöpHflOB1.
riepBoö nenaTHOH khhtoh, noHBHBiiieHCH nocjie otkphthh Mo-ckobckoh THnorpacpHH h HanpaBJieHHOH npoTHB jiioTepaHCTBa, CTaji ricajiTbipb, npeflHa3HaHeHHbiö «fljiH yTBep>KfleHHH npaBocjiaBHbix b Bepe npoTHB HaxjibiHyBinnx b MocKOBCKoe rocyflapcTBO epeceö». B
1642 T. ÔhUl H3flaH CÖOpHHK «CilOBa, H3ÖpaHHbie O HeCTH CBHTblX HKOH H
o noKJioHeHHH», b 1644-1645 rr. noHBHJiacb «KHpHJUioBa KHHra o Bepe». JiHTepaTypHbie B3rjiHflbi pyccKHX Ha jiaTHHCTBO h jiioTepaHCTBO 6bura HaHBHbi h oniHÖOHHbi: aHacpeMa, KOTopoö noflBeprajiHCb, HanpHMep,
JIIOTepaHe, MOrjia OTHOCHTbCH JIHIIIb K KajIbBHHHCTCKOMy ÖOrOCJIOBCKO-
My yqeHHK), ho He k jiioTepaHCKOMy2. YnpeKH HHOcjiaBHbix KOHCpeccHH
MOrjIH Ohl 6bITb ÖOJiee OÖOCHOBaHHbIMH, eCJIH 6bl OTÖpOCHJIH OÖJIHHH-
TejibHbiö TOH h Hfleio nojiHoro npeBocxoflCTBa. PyccKaa >Ke nojieMH-necKaH jiHTepaTypa npeflCTaBJLsuia 3anaflHbie pejinrnn KaK HCKa^KeHHe huh nojiHoe OTpHiiaHHe xpncTHaHCTBa. IlepBbie öorocjioBCKHe cnopbi öbiJiH He TOJibKO nojiHbi Heflopa3yMeHHÖ h B3aHMHbix npefly6e>KfleHHH, ho h o6o3HaHHJiH Te >Ke caMbie Bonpocbi, KOTopbie oöcyscflaioTCH Teo-jioraMH flo CHX nop.
Ha noMecTHOM coöope npaBocjiaBHOH iiepKBH 1690 r. jiaTHHO-cpHJibCTBO öbiJio ocyscfleHO KaK epecb. 3 a cbh3h c KaTOJiHKaMH hjih jiioTepaHaMH >KecTOKO HaKa3biBajiHCb npaBocjiaBHbie CBHiiieHHHKH. TaK, peineHHeM naTpnapinero coöopa 1698 r. 6biJi paccTpn>KeH, npe-flaH aHacpeMe h cocjiaH nofl CTpornö Hafl3op b MOHacTbipb, rfle h yMep, npaBocjiaBHbiH flnaKOH üeTp ApTeMbeB, TaÖHO npHHHBiiiHH KaTOJiH-necTBO b 1688 r.3 CypoBoe HaKa3aHHe >Kflajio b 1698 r. npHHHBinero KaTOJiHHecTBO, nocBHmeHHoro b flbHKOHbi caMHM naTpnapxoM, uajuia-flHH PoroBCKoro4. üo ceKpeTHOMy yKa3aHHK> CßHiiieHHoro CHHOfla, b 1898 r. 3a OTKpbiTyio nponoBeflb KaTOJinnecKoro yneHHH ohm apecTO-BaH h 3aKJiK)HeH b apecTaHTCKoe OTflejieHHe cy3flajibCKoro MOHacTbipa «Bnpeflb flo HcnpaBJieHHH h pacKaHHHH b cbohx 3a6jry>KfleHHHX» 3ep-naHHHOB A. E., npaBocjiaBHbiH CBHiiieHHHK, nepemefliHHÖ b KaTOJinne-
CTBO5.
Bee >Ke upaBocjiaBHaH nepKOBb He Morjia ocTaßaTbCH b CTopoHe ot 3anaflHO-xpHCTHaHCKoro bjihhhhh. Bo3fleöcTBHe jiioTepaHCKoro öorocjioBHH Ha PyccKyio npaBocjiaBHyio nepKOBb HecoMHeHHO b Ha-najie XVIII b., Korfla He pa3 ocyscflaBiiiHHCH naTpHapxaMH HoaKHMOM h AflpnaHOM 3a pecpopMHpoBaHHe CTpaHbi h «BpeflHyio» flpyscöy c «epeTHKaMH-HeMiiaMH» ÜeTp I ynpa3flHHJi naTpnapinecTBO b Pocchh h BBeji flOJi>KHOCTb MecTOÖJiiocTHTejiH naTpnapiiiero npecTOJia, ko-TopbiM 6biJi Ha3HaneH öhbihhh yHHaT, ooynaBinHHCH b He3yHTCKHX
KojiJierHHX h npo3BaHHbiö «jiaTbiHHHKOM», öecpaH ÜBopcKHÖ. TaKoe peineHHe üeTpa CTajio CBoeo6pa3HbiM bh30bom no OTHOineHHio ko Bceö npaBocjiaBHOH iiepKBH. B 3anaflHoeBponeřicKOM xpHcraaHCTBe Li;apb MeHTaji yBHfleTb Hafle>KHoro coio3HHKa CBoero pecpopiviaTopcKoro Kypca. JlaTHHCKHÖ o6pa3 Mbicjieö, conyBCTBHe BceMy KaTOJimecKOMy KOHcepBaTH3M HßopcKoro npHBejiH k nocjieflyroineMy OTHy>KfleHHio ot Hero HMnepaTopa, a caMoro HßopcKoro, HecMOTpn Ha naTpnoTH3M, nocjie CMepTH oöbhhhjih b «TaÖHOM He3yHTCTBe».
B 3TOT nepHOfl b CHJiy yBJieHeHHH 3anaflHoeBponeHCKOH KyjibTy-
pOÖ H nOfl B03fleHCTBHeM MHCCHOHepOB HeKOTOpaH HaCTb pyccKO-rO flBOpHHCTBa C03HaTejIbHO npHHHMajia KaTOJIHHeCTBO. OflHHM H3
nepBbix pyccKHX noflflaHHbix b KaTOJinnecTBO nepenieji AjieKceö Jla-
flbI>KeHCKHH, COCJiaHHblÖ 3a 3TO B I737 T. B CHÖHpb B COJIflaTbl. TaK
yue 6biJi HaKa3aH h nepBbiö pyccKHÖ apncTOKpaT, nepeineflniHÖ b
KaTOJIHHeCTBO,-M. A. rOJIHUblH.
B flpyroM cjiynae, khothhü H. Tl. ,ZJ|ojiropyKaH (IbjiHiibiHa) nepe-uiJia b KaTOJiHi^H3M, öyflyqH b rojiJiaHflHH, a b Pocchio fljiH CBoeö ce-MbH npHBe3Jia yHHTejiH-a66aTa (ppaHu;y3a ^CaKa ^Cioöe. CopöoHHCKHe öorocjioBbi HanpaBHJiH ^Cioöe b CaHKT-üeTepöypr c TaÖHOH MHCcnefl
«COeflHHeHHH BejIHKOH IiepKBH MOCKOBHH C JiaTHHCKOH». üapH>KCKHe
KaTOJiHKH nncajiH ^Cioöe: «Phck orpoMeH, ho H3BecTHa Bepa, flapo-BaHHan BaM ot Bora... ynoTpeÖHTe Bce cpeflCTBa fljiH B03Öy>KfleHH}i b flocToyBa>KaeMbix enncKonax pyccKoö iiepKBH >KejiaHHH yflejiHTb BHHMaHHe 3TOMy Ba^KHOMy flejiy»1. He yflHBHTejibHO, hto nofloÖHbie CTpeMJieHHH KaTOJiHHecKoö iiepKBH Bbi3biBajiH pe3Koe HenpHHTHe co CTopoHbi npaBocjiaBHoro HacejieHHH.
CeMbH /JojiropyKOBbix h rojiHu;biHbix ocHOBajiH cajioH, rfle BCTpe-najiHCb ^Cioöe, ncnaHCKHÖ nocoji b Pocchh, KaTOJiHK repn;or fle Jlnpna, flOMHHHKaHCKHÖ MOHax Pnöeöpa h npaBocjiaBHbie nepapxH—«EeocpH-jiaKT (JIonaTHHCKHÖ), CHJibBecTp PH3aHCKHÖ, BapjiaaM (BoHaTOBm),
apXHMaHflpHT (ĚeOípHJI (KpOJIHK), EßipHMHH (KojieTTH) H flp. OflHaKO
y>Ke BCKope TaÖHaH KaHiiejiHpHH oÖBHHHJia Bcex HHOCTpaHiieB, noce-maBHiHX cajioH, b nponaraHfle KaTOJiHu;H3Ma, b nonbiTKax OTfleneHHJi pyccKoö iiepKBH ot rpenecKoö h noflHHHeHHH ee PHMy, hm 6biJi 3anpe-meH Bi>e3fl b Pocchio. KHHrHHH ,ZJ|ojiropyKaH h HeKOTopbie ee cnoflBH>K-HHKH ÖbiJiH BbicjiaHbi H3 CTOJiHUbi, a npaBocjiaBHbie nepapxH, noflo-3peBaBiiiHecH b tom, hto ohh HBJiHJiHCb «nanncTCKHMH areHTaMH», B 1738 r. nocjie >KecTOKHX flonpocoB h TejiecHbix HaKa3aHHÖ ÖbiJiH Ha-BeHHO cocjiaHbi b CnÖHpb.
PacnpocTpaHeHHeM npaBocjiaBHH cpeflH HH03eMiieB öbiJia roTOBa no^KepTBOBaTb h EKaTepHHa II, KOTopan He flyMajia, hto fljiH flocTH>Ke-HHH iieneö KOJioHH3an;HH «öbiJio 6bi nojie3HO npHHyscflaTb HHopoflu;eB... npHHHMaTb Hainy Bepy»2. Korfla b cootbctctbhh c H3BecTHbiM MaHH-
(peCTOM OT 22 HIOJIH I763 T., KaTOJiHKH H JIIOTepaHe nOJiyHHJIH, HaKOHeil,
npaBO CBo6oflHoro BepoHcnoBeflaHHH, oho conpoBO>Kflajiocb HeKOTO-
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couuajibHaR
KOMMyHU.KQ.UUR
CK603b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
1 Kapmamee A.B. YKÜ3. cou. T. 2. C. 410
1 Uum. no: TIucapeecKuů TT. fÍ3 ucmopuu UHOcmpauHou K0Jl0HU3aUUU e Poccuu ß XVIII b. (no HeU3ÔaHHbíM
apxueubíM doKyMeumaM). M., 1909. C. 45
96
O.A. JlHIIEHEEPrEP
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
97
Tlojie3HhLe UHoeepubi ujiu onacHbLe
HyjtCCLKli?
1 mdpoönee o deamejibHocmu ue3yumoe e Poccuu cm.: EjiuHoea T.E. Hesyumu e Eejiopyccuu. Muhck, 1990; MopouiKUH M., cemu,. Hesy-umu b Poccuu c u,apcmao-bühum EicamepuHM II u do nauiezo apcMCHU. Hacmb I, o6HUMamw,an ucmopuK uesyumoa b u.apcmBOBaHue EicamepuHM BejiuKoü u naBJia I. facmb II, o6humü-mm^an ucmopuKi uesyumoa e liapcmBOBüHue AneKcaudpa I. cm., 1867-1870; nonoB A. EicamepuHa u uesyumu // AudpeeB A.P. Hcmopun opdeua uesyumoa. Hesyumu 8 Poccuückoü HMnepuu. XVI-Hcmcuio XIX BeKü. M., 1998; Tojicmoü Jl.A. 06 uesyumax e MocKBe u Ylemepbypze. Hcmo-puuecKuü ompuBOK. cm., 1859; Tojicmoü Jl.A. Pumckuü Kamojiuulu3M b Poccuu: HcmopuuecKoe uccjiedoBamie. T. 1-2. cm., 1876-1877 u
mh. dp.
Cm.: Hieronimus (Joseph Kruschinsky). Die Jesuiten an der Wolga // Klemens. 1902/1903. W23-47
Cm.: MopouiKUH M., c&suj. Ykos. cou. T. 2. C. 271-272
pbiMH orpaHHHeHHHMH. nepecejieHiiaM 3anpeniajiacb MHCCHOHepcKaa fleHTejibHOCTb, a oöpanieHHe b cbokd Bepy irpaBocjiaBHbix HaKa3biBa-jiocb «nofl CTpaxoM Bceö CTporocTH HaniHX 3aKOHOB»; He pa3peinajiocb coopyjKaTb MOHacTbipn; CTpoHTb iiepKBH mo>kho 6buio b kojiohhhx, ho He b ropoflax. TojibKO IlpaBocjiaBHaH iiepKOBb HMena npaBO Ha pacnpo-CTpaHeHHe CBoero BepoyneHHH. MnccHOHepcTBO 3aKperuuuiocb b 3a-KOHe jiHiiib 3a npaBocjiaBHeM, BCJieflCTBHe nero KaTOJiHHecKHX h npo-TecTaHTCKHX fleHTeneö mo>kho 6buio jierKO oÖBHHHTb b npo3ejiHTH3Me.
HaHÖojiee npKHM npHMepoM ocyscfleHHH 3anaflHbix xpncTHaH b MHCCHOHepcTBe MO^KeT HBJiHTbCH fleHTejibHOCTb 3anpenieHHoro b Eb-pone opfleHa He3yHTOB. HecoMHeHHO, npo6jieMy «He3yHTbi h Pocchh» HeB03MO>KHO peniHTb Ha HecKOJibKHX CTpaHHiiax. B pa3BepHyroM BHfle flaHHaH TeMa npeflCTaBJieHa b paöoTax M. MoponiKHHa, ^.A. Tojicto-ro h MHornx flpyrnx1, nosTOMy orpaHHHHMCH JiHiiib KpaTKHM pac-CMOTpeHHeM fleHTejibHOCTH opfleHa. C oflHoö CTopoHbi, HeocnopHMa pojib He3yHTOB, KaK npoBOflHHKOB Hfleö npocßenieHHH. EjiaroflapH hm b iHKOJiax BBOflHJiHCb nporpeccHBHbie (JjopMbi opraHH3ai^HH yneÖHoro nponecca, npenoflaBajiHCb HHOCTpaHHbie H3HKH, opaTopcKoe HCKyc-ctbo h ocHOBbi 3anaflHoeBponeHCKOH KyjibTypbi. C flpyroii CTopoHbi, He cjienyeT npeyßejiHHHBaTb MecTO He3yHTOB b pa3BHTHH o6pa30Ba-hhh CTpaHbi h b rocyflapcTBeHHOH nOJIHTHKe.
ripuHUHOü öjir ebicbiJiKU ue3yumoe cmajio Hedoeojibcmeo IIpaeocjiaeHoü i^epKeu, marc KaK ue3yumbL, KaK zoeopumcR e YKa3e 06 ux ebLCbLJiKe,
o6paw,ajiu pyccKux noddannbix (e ochobhom, HJienoe ebiciuezo o6w,ecmea) e KamojiimecKyio eepy
MHCCHH OpfleHa 6bUIH OTKpblTbl B HeMeUKHX KOJIOHHHX CapaTOB-
ckoh h AcTpaxaHCKOH ryöepHHH, b HepHOMopcKHX kojiohhhx, a TaKace b MocKBe h b Chöhph no yKa3y AjieKcaHflpa I ot ii fleKaöpa 1802 r.
TojibKO B IlOBOJIJKbe flO l820 T. 6bUIO C03flaHO TpHflliaTb MHCCHOHep-CKHX HyHKTOB2. FlO CBHfleTejIbCTBy COBpeMeHHHKOB, He3yHTbI BBejIH flJIHTejIbHbie MeCCbl, yCHJIHJIH KOHTpOJIb 3a IiepKOBHbIMH niKOJiaMH,
noMorajiH jieHHTb öojibHbix, coönpaTb ypo>KaH, BbipaniHBaTb obo-iiih, ca>KaTb flepeBbH, 6opoTbCH c BpeflHTejLHMH nojieH. M. MoponiKHH yKa3HBaji Ha to, hto pyccKHe CBHineHHHKH fla>Ke OTnpaBJiHJiH cbohx npHxo^KaH 3a noMoinbio k He3yHTaM, nanie Bcero fljra H3ÖaBJieHHH ot SecoB: MHorne He3yHTbi—raTTOBCKHÖ, Meöep, Pninapfl h flp., no cbh-
fleTejIbCTBy COBpeMeHHHKOB, OTJIHHajIHCb JieKapCKHM HCKyCCTBOM, HC-
nejLHH npocTHM B03Jio>KeHHeM pyK3.
K CO>KajieHHIO, aKTHBHOCTb He3yHTOB BbI3Bajia HeflOBOJIbCTBO ne-
papxoB PyccKoö IlpaBocjiaBHOH iiepKBH. y>Ke b 1814 r. fleHTejibHOCTb opfleHa öbiJia BoccTaHOBJieHa b Eßpone IlanoH ilneM VII, ho BCKope nojiHOCTbio npeKpanieHa b Pocchh. B 1815 r. He3yHTbi öbiJiH BbicjiaHbi H3 MocKBbi h CaHKT-IleTepöypra b nojionK, hx KojiJierHH b CaHKT-üeTepöypre 3aKpbiTa, a HMyniecTBO KOH(J)HCKOBaHO. 13 MapTa 1820 r. opfleH 6biJi OKOHHaTejibHO H3rHaH co Bceö TeppHTopHH HMnepHH.
OcHOBaHHH TaKoro pemeHHH, Ka>Kym;erocH na nepBbrä B3rjiHfl na-paflOKCOM, no ceö fleHb Bbi3biBaioT cnopbi HccjieflOBaTejieH. IlpHHHHOH
flJIH BbICbIJIKH He3yHTOB CTajIO HeflOBOJIbCTBO IlpaBOCJiaBHOH IiepKBH,
TaK KaK He3yHTbi, KaK roßopHTCH b YKa3e 06 hx BbicbiJiKe, oöpaina-jih pyccKHX noflflaHHbix (b ochobhom, HJieHOB Bbicinero oöniecTBa) b KaTOJiHHecKyio Bepy. i1o3hi];hh npaßocjiaBHH 6biJia Hcnojib30BaHa ro-cyflapcTBOM, HeflOBOJibHbiM B030ÖHOBJieHHeM OTHOineHHH opfleHa CO Cb. ripecTOJioM h onacaBiiiHMCH BMeinaTejibCTBa BaTHKaHa bo BHy-TpeHHHe flena HMnepHH. Ha H3rHaHHe He3yHTOB OKa3ajiH BJiHHHHe h BHeniHenojiHTHHecKHe npHHHHbi—kohcJjjihkth Pocchh c AncTpneH, nofl BJiHHHHeM KOTopoö b to BpeMH HaxoflHJicH üana Phmckhh, H, KaK cjieflCTBHe, yxyflineHHe OTHOineHHH Pocchh c Phmom, a TaKsce OTKa3 He3yHTOB BCTynHTb b EHÖJiencKoe OöniecTBO h HenpHHTHe hmh 3Ky-
MeHHHeCKOH HfleH.
B 1820 r. mhhhctp flyxoBHbix fleji h HapoflHoro npocßenieHHH Tojih-u;biH npeflCTaBHJi AjieKcaHflpy I flOKJiafl c ynpeKaMH b aflpec He3yHTOB. Oh oöbhhhji HJieHOB opfleHa He TojibKO b MHCCHOHepcKoö fleHTejib-hocth h coBpanieHHH npaßocjiaBHbix, ho h b HenocjiyinaHHH cbohx KaTOJiHHecKHX nepapxoB. OflHHM H3 noBOflOB fljiH 3anpenieHHH fleH-TejibHOCTH opfleHa He3yHTOB CTaji nepexofl b KaTOJimecTBO 17-jieTHero njieMHHHHKa oöep-npoKypopa CHHOfla A. H. Tojictoto h (JjejibflMapina-jia M.H. KyTy30Ba, KHH3H AjieKcaHflpa rbjiHiiHHa. BTopbiM noBOflOM nocjiy>KHJio oÖBHHeHHe CBHiiieHHHKa iiepKBH Cb. EKaTepHHbi b CaHKT-neTepöypre EajiaHflpe b npoH3HeceHHH nponoßeflH o npeßocxoflCTBe KaTOJiHHecTBa Hafl npaBocjiaBHeM. PyccKaH npaßocjiaBHaH iiepKOBb
OCHOBHOH npHHHHOH H3rHaHHH OpfleHa C TeppHTOpHH POCCHHCKOH
HMnepHH CHHTajia ero MHCCHOHepcKyio fleHTejibHOCTb.
/^eHCTBHTejibHO jih KaTOJiHHecKaH nponaraHfla b Pocchh HMejia MecTO? RayKe M. MoponiKHH, aBTopHTeTHbiö HccjieflOBaTejib hcto-pHH He3yHTOB, paöoTa KOToporo HBJiHJiacb BbinojiHeHHeM npaBHTejib-CTBeHHoro 3aKa3a, CHHTaji, hto cpeflH jnoTepaH h eßpeeB «He3yHTCKaa nponaraHfla flenajia flOBOJibHO 3HaHHTejibHbie ycnexH», Torfla KaK oc-HOBHoe HaceneHHe Pocchh—npaßocjiaBHbie npaKTHHecKH He 6biJiH 3a-TpoHyTH He3yHTCKHMH MHCCHOHepaMH: «coßpanieHHe npaßocjiaBHbix npoH3BOflHJiocb TaK TaÖHO, hto h coßpaTHTejiH h coBpaineHHbie CKpbl-BajiHCb ot öflHTejibHOCTH npaBHTejibCTBa»1. Ecjih nepexoflbi b KaTOJiH-
HeCTBO H HMejIH MeCTO, TO OHH HOCHJIH, KaK npaBHJIO, flOÖpOBOJIbHHH,
a He HacHJibCTBeHHbiH xapaKTep. nojio>KeHHe, ccjjopMyjiHpoBaHHoe b
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couuajibHaR
KOMMyHUKÜUUR
CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbima
1 MopOUlKUH M., cbmw,. YKÜ3.
cou. C. 246, 261
98
O.A. JiHLlEHBEPrEP
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
99
Codex iuris canonici. Codex des kanonischen Rechtes. Auctoritate Ioannis Pauli Papa II. promulgatus. lateinisch-deutsche Ausgabe-Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker, 1983. S. 594
'■ Cm.: MopouiKUH M., casuj. y;ca3. cou. C. 474-480. OduaKO ua icaiicdoe U3 smux oóeuHeuuů mojicho 3adamb BcmpeuHMÜ eonpoc: 1) noueMy nee o6paw,euue e npaeocjiaeue cuumajiocb HopMoů, a eo3epaw,eHue yuuamoe bjioho ux öbieuieu u,epKBU npecmynjieHueM; 2) Heyiicejiu Mamb ue Moiicem Bocnumbteanib peóeuica e CBoeü eepe; 3) pa3ee smo He noxeajia MUJiocepÖHUM uesyumaM, 3aHUMaewuxcsi npu3penueM huw,ux u
6e3ÖOMHblX?
Cm.: Tojicmoů Jl.A. Pumckuů Kamojiuu.u3M e Poccuu. T. 1. C. 300-322
' C6opHUK doKyMenmoe,
yRCHRlOUfUX OniHOUieHUR
jiamuHO-nojibCKOů nponazaudu k pyccKoü eepe u Hapoduocmu. Bujibua, 1865. Bun. 1-2. 1865-1866; TaÜHbie HacmaejiemiR o6w,ecmea Hucyca // BecnmuK K)zo-3anadHoů u 3anaÖH0Ü Poccuu. T. 2. Kues, 1862. C. 71-76; CaMapuu KJ.0. Hesyumu u ux omHouieuue k Poccuu. YIucbMa K uesyumy MapmbtHoey. Ü3Ö. 3-e. M., 1870. C. 457-489
• nC3. T. 37. Ne 28198. C. 113-116
KofleKce KaHOHmecKoro npaBa, no ceň fleHb rjiacHT: «Hhkto npoTHB
BOJIH He npHHJOKflaeTCH K npHHHTHK) KaTOJIHHeCKOH Bepbi» (KaHOH
I35I)1-
IlpaBocjiaBHaH nepKOBb BbiflBHrajia b aflpec He3yHTOB pa3JiHHHbie oÖBHHeHHH. HanpHMep, CBHiueHHHK M. MoponiKHH ccpopMyjiHpoBaji B CBoeM Tpyfle Hanöojiee pacnpocTpaHeHHbie:
1. ÖJiaroflapH fleHTejibHocra He3yHTOB He TOJibKO npeKpaTHJiHCb HOBbie npncoeflHHeHHH k npaBocjiaBHK), ho h oöpaineHHbie H3 yHHaT B npaBocjiaBHe CHOBa coBpamaeMbi 6biJiH b yHHio h fla>Ke b
JiaTHHCTBO;
2. MaTepH-JiaTHHHHKH CKJIOHHJIH CBOHX fleTeö K KaTOJIHHeCTBy;
3. He3yHTbi BCHHecKH noflMenajiH h jiobhjih Ha yjiHiiax 6e3flOMHbix h Kpyrjibix cnpoT, öpoineHHbix h ocTaBJieHHbix BceMH Ha npoH3BOJi
CyflbÖbl, H CKJIOHHJIH HX B JiaTHHCTBO2.
06ep-npoKypop CHHOfla R.A. Tojictoh TaioKe BecbMa CTpaHHO ot-
HOCHJI K HHCJiy CnOCOÖOB COBpailieHHH pyCCKHX nOflflaHHHX B JiaTHHCTBO
«nponeccHH, ÖJiecK nepeMOHHÖ, nbiniHOCTb öorocjiysceHHÖ», «nocTpo-eHHe 6e3 Hyscflbi KOCTejioB h KaruiHii», «BocnHTaHHe fleTeö b ye3flHbix
yHHJIHHiaX, COflep>KaBinHXCH JiaTHHCKHM flyXOBeHCTBOM» H flp.3
ßjlR. OÖJIHHeHHH He3yHTOB B POCCHH HIHpOKO paCnpOCTpaHHJIHCb
pyKonncHbie Konnn HaHceKpeTHeöniHX npaBHJi opfleHa, HanncaHHbix B 1652-1654 rr. KaTOJiHHecKHe aBTopbi HeoflHOKpaTHO nbiTajiHCb flOKa-3aTb HecocTOHTejibHOCTb flOKyMeHTa, coflepjKamero, HanpHMep, TaKHe rjiaBbi: «KaK oöinecTBO MO^KeT CHHCKaTb pacnojio>KeHHe rocyflapeö h
CHJIbHblX H BJIHHTejIbHblX JIHII», «O HeOÖXOflHMOCTH yBejIHHHBaTb flOXO-
flbi KojiJierHÖ», «O tom, KaK npHBH3biBaTb k oöinecTBy öorarax BflOB». CocTaBHTejiH peKOMeHflOBajiH He TOJibKO «pa3flaßaTb noflaHHHH 6efl-
HblM», «CKpOMHO H OCTOpO>KHO 3aCJiy>KHTb paCnOJIO>KeHHe MeCTHblX JKHTejieÖ», HO H «BbIMaHHBaTb no^KepTBOBaHHH, H3o6pa>KaH KpaÖHIOIO SeflHOCTb», «OCTOpO>KHO JlbCTHTb TOCyflapHM H KHH3bHM H B03Öy>KflaTb
HecorjiacHe Me>Kfly BejibMO>KaMH h KHH3bHMH TaK, HTo6bi coKpyuia-
JIHCb CHJIbl OÖeHX CTOpOH»4.
KaK cjieflCTBHe MHoroHHCJieHHbix HanaflOK b aflpec opfleHa 13 MapTa 1820 r. 6biJi H3flaH YKa3 «O BbicbiJiKe H3 Pocchh He3yHTOB h ynpa3flHe-
HHH nOJIOUKOH He3yHTCKOÖ AKafleMHH H nOflBeflOMCTBeHHblX eö yHH-
jihih»5. YKa3 B nacTHOCTH rjiacHJi: «... B 1800 r. He3yHTbi 6biJiH flonyine-Hbi B CaHKT-rieTepöypr... He3yHTCKHÖ TeHepaji, yßejiHHHB 6e3 Hyscflbi HHCJio 3fleniHHX CBOHX IlaTepoB, 3aBeji KojiJiernio, b KOTopyio ohh Ha-najiH npHHHMaTb lOHOineö He TOJibKO flpyrnx HHOCTpaHHbix HcnoBefla-
HHH, HO H TpeKO-PoCCHHCKOH IiepKBH... OHH BOnpeKH KOpeHHbIM To-
cyflapcTBeHHHM 3aKOHaM, ocMejiHJiHCb BHymeHHeM cbohm oöojibinaTb H BBepeHHbix hm nHTOMiieB H flpyrnx jnofleö, npHHafljie>KaBiiiHX k TpeKO-PoccHHCKOH IiepKBH H npHBJieKaTb HX B CBoe BepoHcnoBeflaHHe
[...] rocyflapcTBeHHHMH 3aKOHaMH 3anpeineHO oöpainaTb TpeKO-yHH-TOB B pHMCKO-KaTOJiHHecKoe HcnoBeflaHHe... Ho He3yHTbi npHBJieKa-jiH TpeKO-yHHTOB... B 1801 r. He3yHTbi, oöpaiiiaH B Bepy fleTeö cbohx eßpeöcKHX ynoTpeöJiHJiH HacHJine [...] Hyscflbie ÖJiaroflapHOCTH ohh HapyinaioT... ÖJiaroTBopHiHHe hm 3aKOHbi... h HMeHyn ceÖH Mhccho-HepaMH [...] fleöcTByioT [...] KaK b CTpaHe cbctom xpHcraaHCTBa He-03apeHHOH... »1.
H3BecTHe 06 H3rHaHHH opfleHa 6buio c npHCKopöneM BCTpeneHO KaTOJiHKaMH Pocchh. OiieHHBan fleHTejibHOCTb He3yHTOB b Pocchh, THpacnojibCKHÖ enncKon H. Keccjiep BHfleji npHHHHbi hx BbicbiJiKH b tom, HTO «HeHaBHCTb Bbicuiero npaßocjiaBHoro flyxoBeHCTBa k chho-BbHM Cb. HrHaTHH 6biJia cjihihkom BejiHKa. Ohh onacajiHCb bjihhhhh PHMa H KaTOJiHHecKoö pejiHrHH Ha Bbicinee pyccKoe o6m;ecTBO h fla>Ke Ha npaBHTejibCTBO h caMoro n;apH»2.
HeflOBOJibCTBO PyccKoö upaBocjiaBHOH IiepKBH Bbi3biBajia He TOJib-Ko fleHTejibHOCTb He3yHTOB, ho H npocTbix CBHmeHHHKOB. Korfla Ha-3HaHeHHbiö OTBeTCTBeHHbiM 3a HcnojiHeHHe KOHKopflaTa 1847 r. peK-Top ,/JyxoBHOH AKafleMHH B üeTepöypre H. Fojiobhhckhh no yKa3aHHio nanbi flOJi>KeH 6biJi ycTaHOBHTb TOHHbie rpaHHu;bi hoboh XepcoHCKOH enapxHH, npaßocjiaBHbiö enncKon XepcoHa oöpaTHJicH b 1849 r- B Cbh-LqeHHbiö Chhoa c >Kajio6oö Ha rojioBHHCKoro, CBo6oflHO nyreinecTBO-BaBinero no lory Pocchh.
npOHBJIHH JIOHJIbHOCTb H CTpeMHCb He CnpOBOI^HpOBaTb Me^KKOH-
cpeccHOHajibHbie KOHcpjiHKTbi, 3anaflHbie xpncTHaHe nacTO ihjih Ha ycTynKH npaBocjiaBHK). TaK, HanpHMep, nocjie nepeHoca Tnpacnojib-CKOÖ KaTOJiHHecKoö enapxHH b CapaTOB, Ha3BaHHe «TnpacnojibCKaH» SbiJio peineHO coxpaHHTb b otjihhhc ot CapaTOBCKOH npaßocjiaBHOö enapxHH. O HajiHHHH BepoTepnHMOCTH CBHfleTenbCTByioT, HanpHMep, cpaKTbi cocymecTBOBaHHH B jiioTepaHCKHX KOJioHHJix K>ra yKpaHHbi—
nC3. T. 37. Ns281i C. 113-116
Kessler J. Geschichte der Diözese Tiraspol. Dickinson. N. Dakota, 1930. S. 18, 21
TlpORBJlRR JlORJlbHOCmb U CTTipeMRCb He
cnpoeov,upoeamb MejKKOH0eccuoHajibHbLe KOH<ßjiuK.mbL, 3anaÖHbie xpucmuane nacmo mjiu na ycmynKU npaeocjiaeuK
JIaHflay, Hropnxe npaßocjiaBHbix nepKBeö (nocTpoeHHbix fljiH ce30HHbix pyccKHX paöoHHx) pHflOM c eßaHrejiHHecKHMH. B kojiohhh TapyrHHO fleöcTBOBajiH jiioTepaHCKaH KHpxa, npaBocjiaBHaH n;epKOBb h CHHarora.
KaK npaBHJio, HaceneHHe OTJiHHajiocb BepoTepnHMOCTbio, KOTopo-ro He flocTaßajio CBHmeHHHKaM. upaBocjiaBHbie CBHineHHOcjiy>KHTejiH
BCHHeCKH npOTeCTOBajIH npOTHB CymeCTBOBaHHH pe3HfleHUHH KaTOJIH-
IOO
O.A. JlHLlEHBEPrEP
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
IOI
Tlojie3HhLe UHoeepubi umí onacHbLe
HyjtCCLKli?
1 ropodeuKuů M. K ucmopuu puMCKOzo icamojiuulu3Ma e Poccuu (TupacnojibCKasi ujiu Capamoeacasi Jiamunacasi enapxusi) // HcmopuuecKuů eecmnuK. 1889. T. 38. Ns 10. C. 130
Cm.: Caapunen P. Bepa u ceamocmh. JlmmepancKO-npaeocjiaeHMŮ duajioz. 1959-2002. C. 12
Cm.: AmburgerE. Geschichte des Protestantismus in Russland. Stuttgart, 1961. S. 75-76
4 Cm.:My6ununC.il. Mamepuajihi o poccuůcKux HeMiiax e cßondax Tocydapcmeennozo apxuea CaMapcKoů oôjiacmu (1851-1918) //PoccuůcKue HeMUhi: npoôjieMU ucmopuu, R3MKa u coepeMennozo nojioiicenusi. M., 1996. C. 16-17; CaeueHKO H.A., JlyôuHUH CM. PoccuůcKue HeMUhí b CaMapcKOM Kpae. CoMapa, 1994. C. 70-76
HecKoö enapxHH b CapaTOBe. IioBOflOM fljra nofloÖHoro HeflOBOJibCTBa CTajia 3HaHHTejibHaH pa3HHua b MaTepnajibHOM nojicoKeHHH KaTOJime-CKoro h npaBocjiaBHoro flyxoBeHCTBa: npaBocjiaBHbiň enncKon Capa-TOBa nojivHaji 8oo py6. b rofl, a jiaTHHCKHH—nonra 5 000 py6. TojibKO b 1857 r. Ha coflep>KaHHe hoboh enapxHH H3 rocyflapcTBeHHOH Ka3Hbi öbiJio OTnpaBJíeHO 24 075 py6. CoBpeMeHHHKH b pe3KOM TOHe nncajiH: «HaineMy enncKony He Ha hto 6buio npnoöpecTH cooTBeTCTBeHHoro 3KHna>Ka, h oh flOBOJibCTBOBajicH HeM-TO Bpofle TapaHTaca, b to BpeMH KaK enncKon KaH c TpHyM(J)OM pa3i>e3>Kaji b öoraTOM 3KHna>Ke [... ] Mh onacaeMCH oÖHfleTb KaTOJíHKOB [...] cnoKOHHO ocTaBJineM npouBeTaTb h ÖJiarofleHCTBOBaTb KaTOJiHHecKyio enapxHio b CapaTOBe b yinepö npaBocjiaBHK) h npHTOM Ha npaBHTejibCTBeHHbie cyMMbi»1.
HccjieflOBaTejiH OTMenaioT TaioKe OTcyTCTBHe KaKoro-jiHÖo 6oro-
CJIOBCKOrO B3aHMOfleÖCTBHH Me>Kfly JIRDTepaHaMH H npaBOCJiaBHblMH
Ha BceM npoTJDKeHHH XIx b.2 BcHHecKHM orpaHHHeHHHM noflBepra-jiacb h fleHTejibHOCTb npoTecTaHTCKHX CBHineHHHKOB cpeflH HenpaBO-cjiaBHoro HacejieHHH. HanpHMep, nocjie Toro, KaK b 1835 r. KaTOJíHKOc ApMHHCKOH IlpaBocjiaBHOH nepKBH oöparajicH c >Kajio6oH k npaBH-TejibCTBy Ha 6a3ejibCKHX MHCCHOHepoB, fleHCTBOBaBiirax cpeflH apMHH b LLlynie, nocjieflOBajia BbicbuiKa MHCCHOHepoB H3 3aKaBKa3bH3. B flpy-roM cjiynae nepBbiň caMapcKHH nacTop 3. HoraHceH, HanaB cjryscöy b npHxofle b 1868 r., ysce nepe3 flBa rofla 6bui OTCTpaHeH ot nponoBeflefi no flOHOcy h BbicjiaH H3 ropofla no oÖBHHeHHio «b npo3ejiHTH3Me cpeflH HHOpOflUeB»-3CTOB, XOTH OHH BXOflHJIH B CaMapCKHH JHOTepaHCKHH
npHxofl Cb. ľeopra4.
htoth:
CHMOOHHfl VERSUS BEPOTEPnHMOCTb
TaKHM o6pa30M, TepnHMbie OTHOineHHH Me>Kfly xpHcraaHCKHMH nepK-
BHMH-CeCTpaMH nOCTeneHHO CMeHHJIHCb B3aHMHOH Me>KpejIHrH03HOH
HenpHH3Hbio, rpaHHHaineö c 4>aHaTH3MOM. Mo>KeT 6biTb, hctohhhkom HeHaBHCTH k jiaTHHCTBy, BbipaöoTaBineöcH y pyccKoro Hapofla, CTajio H3HaHajibHoe CTpeMJieHHe Phmckoh Kypnn yTBepflHTb BMecTO rpene-CKoro coöcTBeHHoe BJiHHHHe, npHKpbiBaBineecH Hfleeň coeflHHeHHH nepKBen h 6ecn;epeMOHHOCTb b cnocoöe flocTH>KeHHH stoh nejiH (npn-MepoM MoryT cjryscHTb coöhthh CMyTHoro BpeMeHH)? JIioTepaHCKaH nepKOBb TaioKe 6buia nyacfloö npaBocjiaBHoň Pocchh, TeM 6ojiee hto OHa HMena 3HaHHTenbHoe BJiHHHHe Ha HMnepaTopcKHÖ flBop (ocoöeH-Ho b x v 111 b.). KpoMe toto, 3amHTa PyccKOH npaBocjiaBHoň nepKO-
BbK) COÖCTBeHHOrO HapOfla OT npOHHKHOBeHHH Ha o6o>KecTBJiHeMyio pOCCHHCKyK) TeppHTOpHK) 3anaflHbIX XpHCTHaHCKHX KOH(J)eCCHH 6bIJia BnOJIHe 3aKOHOMepHOH.
OneBHflHO, pa3JiHHHH b paccMaTpHBaeMbix pejiHrH03Hbix rpyn-nax HBJíHJiHCb BHeniHHM o(J)opMJieHHeM öojiee rjiyöoKHX kohcJuihktob,
MaCKHpOBaBLUHX CTOJIKHOBeHHH Ha STHHHeCKOH HJIH nOJIHTHHeCKOH
ocHOBe. CiiHHHHe IlpaBocjiaBHOH nepKBH c rocyflapcTBOM, KOTopoe
CTpeMHJIOCb flOÖHTbCH TOTajIbHOrO H ÖeCnpeKOCJIOBHOrO nOflHHHeHHH
3anaflHbix xpncraaHCKHX KOH(J)eccHH, npHBeno k TOMy hto TOJibKO npaBocjiaBHe, HcxoflH H3 npHHnnnoB BepoHcnoBeflHOH nojíHTHKH ro-cyflapcTBa, aoji>kho 6biJio OKa3biBaTb onpeflejiHioinee B03fleňcTBHe Ha >KH3Hb oöinecTBa, a aKTHBHOCTb HenpaBocjiaBHbix xpncTHaHCKHX nepKBeö bchhcckh orpaHHHHBajiacb. (ĚopMajibHO npH3HaBan flpyrne KOH(J)eccHH, n;apH3M npHJiaraji Bce ycHJiHH k TOMy hto6h MaKCHMajib-HO yMeHbiuHTb Hx BJiHHHHe b Pocchh. IlpaBocjiaBHaH n;epKOBb paccMa-TpHBajiacb rocyflapcTBOM KaK con;HajibHbiH HHCTHTyT, OTBeTCTBeHHbrä 3a (JjopMHpoBaHHe HeraTHBHoro BocnpHHTHH 3anaflHbix xpncTHaH pyc-
CKHM o6meCTBOM.#
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couuajibHasi
KOMMyHUKCLUUR
CK603b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
I02
O.A. JlHLIEHEEPrEP
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
IO3
Tlojie3HhLe UHoeepubi ujiu onacHbLe
HyjtCCLKli?
EHE.7IHOrPA<l>H.H
Ejihhoba T.E. He3yHTbi b EejiopyccHH. Mhhck, 1990.
EbiHKOB A., Mephocbhtob n. Moiiih Cbhtoto KjiHMeHTa//PoflHHa. 1999. Ne5.
Bhhtep 3. riancTBO h napn3M / Ilep. c HeM. M., 1964.
rOPOflEIIKHH M. K HCTOpHH pHMCKOTO KaTOJIHnH3Ma B POCCHH (THpaCnOJIbCKafl
hjih CapaTOBCKaa jiaTHHCKaa enapxHa) // HcTopH^ecKHH BecTHHK. 1889. T. 38. Ne 10.
flBOPHHK O. CBHTbie KHpHJIJI H MecjjoflHH //Jloroc. 1994. Ns 49.
flybHHHH CH. MaTepnajibi o pocchhckhx HeMuax b cjjOHflax rocyflapcTBeHHoro apxHBa CaMapcKoft oöjiac™ (1851-1918) // PoccHHCKHe HeMUbi: npoöjieMbi
HCTOpHH, H3bIKa H COBpeMeHHOrO nOJIOJKeHHH. M., 1996.
Kaptaiueb A.B. CoöpaHHe co^HHeHHH: O^epKH no HCTOpHH PyccKOH UepKBH. B 2-XT. M., 1992. T. 1.
J1e*optobo—HeMenKaa cjioöofla: 3a6biTaa hctophh hjih «Majiaa poflHHa»? / riofl pefl. E.n. MHKJiaineBCKOH h M.C. L(enjraeBOH. M., 1993.
MOPOUIKHH M ., CBHII1. He3yHTbI B POCCHH C UapCTBOBaHHH EKaTepHHbl II H flO
Hainero BpeMeHH. MacTb I, oÖHHMaiomaH HCTopnio He3yHTOB b napcTBOBaHHe EKaTepHHbl BejiHKOH h naBJia I. MacTb II, oÖHHMaiomaH HCTopnio He3yHTOB b LiapcTBOBaHHe AjieKcaHflpa I. Cn6., 1867-1870.
HHKHTCKHH A. O^epK BHyTpeHHeH HCTOpHH LiepKBH B BejIHKOM HoBropofle.
Cn6., 1879.
IIabjiob A.C. KpHTH^ecKHe onbiTbi no HCTopHH flpeBHeHinen rpeKO-pyccKofi nojieMHKH npoTHB jiaTHHHH. Cn6., 1878.
TlHCAPEBCKHH T.r. H3 HCTOpHH HHOCTpaHHOH KOJIOHH3aUHH B POCCHH B XVIII B. (no HeH3flaHHbIM apXHBHbIM flOKVMeirraM). M., 1909.
IIonOB A. EKaTepHHa h He3yHTbi // AHflpeeB A.P. HcTopna opfleHa He3yHTOB. He3yHTbi b Pocchhckoh HMnepHH. XVI-Ha^ajio XIX BeKa. M., 1998.
IIonOB A. HcTopHKO-jiHTepaTypHHH 0630p flpeBHepyccKHX nojieMH^ecKHX
COHHHeHHH npOTHB JiaTHHHH. M., 1875.
riojiHOE coöpaHHe 33KOHOB Pocchhckoh HMnepHH. CoöpaHHe nepBoe. Cn6., 1830.
Caaphheh P. Bepa h CBHTOCTb. JlioTepaHCKO-npaBocjiaBHbiH flnajior. 1959-2002. M., 2004.
Cabhehko H.A., flyBHHHH CH. PoccHHCKHe HeML(bi b CaMapcKOM Kpae. CaMapa, 1994.
Camaphh 10.0. He3yHTbi h hx OTHOineHHe k Pocchh. ÜHCbMa k He3yHTy MapTbiHOBy. H3fl. 3-e. M., 1870.
Cbophhk flOKyMeHTOB, yüCHtnoniHX OTHOineHHH jiaTHHO-nojibCKOH nponaraHflbi k pyccKOH Bepe h HapoflHOCTH. BnjibHa, 1865. Bbin. 1-2. 1865-1866.
ChMOH T. PyCCKaü UepKOBb H pOCCHHCKOe rOCyflapCTBO B npOTHBOCTOHHHH c
HHOBepnaMH // flna-Jloroc: Pejinrna h oömecTBO. 2000-2001. AjibMaHax. M., 2001.
Chhahckhh A., cbhiii. OTHOineHHe flpeBHepyccKOH nepKBH h oömecTBa k jiaTHHCKOMy 3anafly (KaTOJiH^ecTBy) (X-XVbb.). CII6., 1899.
Ckphhhhkob P.r. KpecT h KopoHa: L(epKOBb h rocyflapcTBO Ha Pycn IX-XVII bb. cne., 2000.
TAHHbiE HacTaBJieHHH oömecTBa Hncyca // BecTHHK K)ro-3anaflHOH h 3anaflHofi Pocchh. T. 2. KneB, 1862.
Tojictoö fl.A. 06 He3yHTax b MocKBe h üeTepöypre. HcTopH^ecKHH OTpbiBOK. Cn6., 1859.
Tojictoö fl.A. Phmckhh KaTOJiHiiH3M b Pocchh: HcTopn^ecKoe HccneflOBaHHe. T. 1-2. Cn6., 1876-1877.
L(betaeb j\. B. JlHTepaTypHaa 6opb6a c npoTecTaHTCTBOM b Mockobckom rocyflapcTBe. B.M., 6.r.
L(betaeb fl.B. IIpoTecTaHTCTBO h npoTecTaHTbi b Pocchh flo snoxn npeo6pa30BaHHH. M., 1890.
L(betaeb fl.M. OöpyceHHe 3anaflHoeBponeHueB b Mockobckom rocyflapcTBe. BapinaBa, 1903.
L(binHH B., npoTOHepeft. B3aHMOOTHOineHHH L(epKBH h rocyflapcTBa.
KaHOHHHeCKHe npHHUHnbl H HCTOpHHeCKaH fleHCTBHTejIbHOCTb // HCTOpHHeCKHH BeCTHHK. 2000. Ns 9-10.
MAnjiHUKHH B., o. HcTopHH L(epKBH b Pocchh. CII6., 2000.
lOflHH A., ApTEMbEB II. // KaTOJiHHecKaa 3HiiHKJioneflHH. Tom I. A-3. M., 2002.
lOflHH A., 3ephahhhob A.E. // KaTOJiHHecKaa 3HiiHKJioneflHH. Tom I. A-3. M., 2002.
Amburger, E. Geschichte des Protestantismus in Russland. Stuttgart, 1961.
Codex iuris canonici. Codex des kanonischen Rechtes. Auctoritate Ioannis Pauli Papa II. promulgatus. Lateinisch-deutsche Ausgabe-Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker, 1983.
Hieronimus (Joseph Kruschinsky) . Die Jesuiten an der Wolga//Klemens. 1902/1903. Ne 23-47.
Kessler, J. Geschichte der Diözese Tiraspol. Dickinson. N. Dakota, 1930.
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couuajibHasi
KOMMyHUKaUUR
CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
104
O.A. JImliehbeptep
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
I05
Xujibdezapd fluMÔepzep
MriEPCKOE
ft(E;iE#HE H <t<aqKPbITbIE BBMJIH»
B >KH3HH
THBETCKOH
KHHTHHH
HOHKbH
/JPOHMbl
Imperial legacies and 'Hidden lands' in the life of the Tibetan Princess chos kyi sgron ma
This paper explores the role of imperial legacies in the life of the princess Chos kyi sgron ma (1422-1455), as described in her fifteenth century biography. She was born into the royal family ofGung thang, which was considered to have originated from the ancient Tibetan emperors and had established a kingdom between Central and Western Tibet in the thirteenth century. Chos kyi sgron ma lived in a period of political fragmentation in which the revival of imperial legacies played an important role in supporting local rulers' claims to power and legitimacy, leading to a distinctive revival of Tibetan culture. This paper will show that, as a woman, Chos kyi sgron ma was not in the position to fully enact the imperial legacies associated with her lineage. However, these had an important bearing on how she fashioned her religious life and became the founding figure of the bSam sdings rDo rje Phag mo tradition. Chos kyi sgron ma's biography also provides a valuable insight into how imperial legacies shaped the wider cultural background against which the mythology of the 'hidden lands' developed in her kingdom and spread all over Tibet
108
Cmamha ocHoeueaemca Ha uccjiedoeanuu, npo-sedeHHOM npu noddepiiace British Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC Project Nr 19407) u Italian Ev-K2-CNR Committee. H ehipaoicam ocoöym öjiazo-dapHocmb Tauiu Ilepumy u Jloicuny CMumy 3a u.eHHMe coeemu u npedocmaejienue pedKux Mamepuajioe, a maKiice Bpmcy Xbmemy 3a pedaKmopcKyio noMoufb
XHJIbflETAPfl /JHMEEPrEP
HMriEPCKOE HAC-flE/JHE H «COKPblTblE 3EM.7IH» B >KH3HH THBETCKOH KHHTHHH HOHKbH /JPOHMbI
BCTaTL-e Hccjie/jyeTCH pojib HMnepcKoro HacjieflHH b >kh3hh THÖeTCKOH apHCTOKpaTKH HoHKbH /JpOHMbI (1422-I455), CO-rjiacHO ee >KH3HeonHcaHHio, flaTHpyioiiieMycH xv BeKOM. HoiiKbH /JpoHMa poflHJiacb b KopojieBCKOH ceMbe TyHTaHra. CorjiacHO TpaflHUHH, 3Ta ceMbH Bena CBoe Hanajio ot flpeBHHX ™6eT-ckhx HMnepaTopoB, H ee npe/jcTaBHTejiH ocHOBajiH b xn Bene Kopo-jieBCTBO Me>K/j;y neHTpajibHbiM h 3anaflHbiM TnöeTOM. HoHKbH /JpoHMa wvuia b nepHO/i nojiHTHHecKOH pa3flpo6jieHHOCTH, Kor/ja B03po>K/j;eHHe HMnepcKoro HacjieflHH nrpajio Ba>KHyio pojib b npeTeH3HHX MecTHbix npaBHTejien Ha BJiacTb h jierHTHMHOCTb, hto Beno h k B03po>KfleHHio THÖeTCKOH KyjibTypbi. CHHTajiocb, hto pojK/jeHHe ee fle/ja Tpn CoHaM-fle 6biJio npe/jcKa3aHO IlaflMacaMÖxaBOH b TeKCTax, OTKpbiTbix Phh/j-3hh To/jeMOM; ee OTen, Tpn JIxaBaHr rbHJineH npH3HaBajicH noTOMKOM flpeBHHX HMnepaTopoB, a 6paT Tpn HaMTbHJifle CHHTajicH nepepo>K-fleHHeM THÖeTCKoro HMnepaTopa TpncoHr /JeneHa. B CTaTbe SyfleT noKa3aHO, hto, öyflynn jKeHiiTHHOH, HoHKbH /JpoHMa He Morjia b noji-hoh Mepe Hcnojib30BaTb HMnepcKoe Hacjieflne CBoero pofla. OflHaKO 3to Hacjieflne OKa3ajio BajKHoe bjihhhhc Ha to KaK CKJiaflbiBajiacb ee penHrH03HaH >KH3Hb h KaK OHa CTajia oflHOH H3 ocHOBaTenen TpaflHUHH CaMflHHr /Jopfl>Ke IlaKMO. KpoMe Toro, >KH3HeonHcaHHe HoHKbH /^poHMbi fleMOHCTpnpyeT HaM, KaK HMnepcKoe Hacjieflne (JiopMHpo-Bajio iimpoKHH KyjibTypHbiii kohtckct, b KOTopoM b ee KopojieBCTBe pa3BHBajiacb MH(J)OJiorHH «CKpbiTbix 3eMejib», pacnpocTpaHHBinaHCH BnocjieflCTBHH no BceMy TnöeTy
Xujibdezapd fluMÖepzep
KeMÖpudjKCKUu ynueepcumem
HcCJIEflOBAHHJI   TARTARIA   MAGNA l'20I2
I09
1 CozjiacHO nymeeodumejuo PuhÖ3uh rodeMa no Hojimo, «Om Tyze do /Jokümü cymficmeyem deadu,amb odna «coicpumax3eMJW»... mpu ziiaenux U3 nux—[lapu na BocmoKe, JLpeMouionz na mze...» (Yol mognasyig, p.8)
Tashi Tsering2008, p. 123
! Tashi Tsering2008, p.132. O dajibneüuiux ynoMunanusix liapcKozo poda ManzKKm Tynmanza, npepeannozo MeuoM cm.: Tashi Tsering 2008,pp.l09, 118-119. Cm. maKiice ducxyccim o cbr3u Meiicöy PunÖ3un PodeMOM u
eZO «COKpbimbLMU 3CMJUUIMU»,
a manyice UMnepcKOM Haaieduu, eonjiow,ennoM e u,apcKOM doMe Tynmanza e: Childs 1999:126-158.
' mKhanpa lunggi lam yig, folio 3a; cm. manyice: Diemberger 1997, p.324. RE-ENACTING ROYAL ANCESTORS 233
HMlIEPCKOE HACJIEAHE, ry H TAH V
H «CKPHTHE AOJIHHbl»: CBü3b C 3EMJIEH
PHHfl3HH TofleM (1337-I408) npOBejI 3HaHHTejIbHyK) HaCTb CBOeH >KH3-
hh b pernoHe TyHTaHr h 6biJi TecHO CBH3aH c ryHTaHrcKOH KopojieB-ckoh (JiaMHJiHeH. B ero npoponecKHX TeKCTax onncbiBaioTCH BpeMH h
OÖCTOHTejIbCTBa OÖHapy>KeHHH «COKpblTblX flOJIHH» H «COKpblTblX 3e-
Mejib» (sbas yul, sbas lung) b rHMajiaöcKHX oöjiacrax, KOTopbie, Kpo-Me nponero, BKjnonaioT /JpeHMOfl>KOHr (b CHKKHMe)1. B cbjbh c hhmh nacTO ynoMHHaeTCH h KopojieBCTBO TyHTaHr, a TaKsce jihhhh ero npa-BHTejieH. B TeKCTax OTpa>KeHbi HHTpnrn, yÖHHCTBa h nojiHTHHecKHe
KOH(J)JIHKTbI, KOTOpbie pa3pbIBajIH TyHTaHrCKOe KOpOJieBCTBO B TOflbl,
npeflinecTBOBaBinHe po>KfleHHK) HoÖKbH /JpoHMbi. 3th kohcJjjihkth 3aBHcejiH ot cjiyqaÜHbix oöcTOHTejibCTB h b to se BpeMH hmcjih CBH3b c öojiee niHpoKOH KapTHHOH ocjiaöeBaioinero MoryinecTBa CaKbH h noflteMa KJiaHa IlaKMOflpyna, co3flaßaH (Jjoh, Ha KOTopoM B03HHKajiH 3TH npoponecTBa.
B TeKCTax Phha3hh TofleMa nacTO oiracbiBaioTCH flHajiorn Me>Kfly IlaflMacaMÖxaBOH h thöctckhm HMnepaTopoM TpncoHr /JeneHOM hjih ero cbiHOM MyTHK HeHno, b KOTopbix npeflCKa3HBaeTCH HcnojmeH-Hoe öeflCTBHH 6yflym.ee h H3JiaraeTCH B3rjiHfl Ha rHMajiaöcKHe pern-OHbi KaK Ha y6e>KHLu;a, b KOTopbix jnoflH öyayT TKWih b nponßeTaHHH h B03po>KflaTb BejiHKyK) cjiaßy cbohx HMnepcKHX npeflKOB. HanpHMep, BCJiefl 3a (JjparMeHTOM, b KOTopoM paccKa3HBaeTCH o «nepepo>KfleHHH cpa>KeHHoro MenoM öoflxncaTTBbi b TyHTaHre / Tofle, 3ajiHTOM KpoBbio yÖHHCTB»2, HfleT orracaHHe «ceMH coKpbiTbix 3eMejib». B nocjieflyioineM (JjparMeHTe Toro >Ke TeKCTa roBopHTCH o cepHH i^apeyÖHHCTB, KOTopbie 3axjiecTHyjiH ryHTaHrcKyio KopojieBCKyio ceMbro b KOHne xiv BeKa:
Kopojib! B ToflCKOM MaHrtioji TyHTaHre cpa>KeHHLiH MenoM OTnpHCK iiap-CKoro pofla CTaHeT HanajioM MHTapcTB TnöeTa, vöhhctbo abvx OTnpHCKOB 3HaMeHyeT Hana/io 6eflCTBHH, a Tpn HacHJibCTBeHHLie CMepTH nQ/icwcaT KOHeri CHacTbio TnöeTa. A noTOMy [b flojDKHoe BpeMa] 6ern b «coKpHTLie
3eMJIH» H KOKHLie flOTIHHH.3
«PyKOBOflCTBO k BsKDJi KeHna jiyHr» paccKa3HBaeT o tom, hto b CaMte IlaflMacaMÖxaBa b pa3roßope c KopojieM, y KOToporo 6buio bh-fleHHe öyflyinero pa3pyineHHH TnöeTa, CKa3aji cjieflyioinee: «...Korfla b HaHre nepecTaHyT CHHTaTbCH c 3aKOHOM, HacTynHT BpeMH yöra. Korfla b MaHrTjRDJi TyHTaHre pofl Kopojra SyfleT npepßaH MenoM, HacTynHT
BpeMH yHTH, HTOÖbl H3MeHHTbCH... ».4
HfleH «COKpblTblX flOJIHH» HJIH «CKpblTblX 3eMejIb», KOTOpbie SyflyT
Korfla-HHÖyflb OTKpbiTbi, 6biJia CBH3aHa c Hfleen y6e>KHiii;a b flajieKHX,
HO «H3BeCTHbIX» MeCTaX B CMyTHOe BpeMH, a TaiOKe C BHfleHHHMH HOBO-
rO OTKpblTHH MeCT, XpaHHinHX CJieflbI HCHe3HyBTHeH HHflO-THÖeTCKOH
SyflflHHCKOH u;HBHJiH3aij;HH. IloHCK flyxoBHoro y6e>KHiii;a no cjieflaM IlaflMacaMÖxaBbi TaK^Ke cofleöcTBOBaji pacnpocTpaHeHHio HMnepcKO-ro B3rjiHfla Ha pacnpocTpaHeHHe öyflflHHCKOH flyxoBHOCTH b norpa-
HHHHblX 3CMJIHX. 3TH 3eMJIH Hy^KHO ÖbIJIO nOKOpHTb BO HMH BOCCTa-HOBJieHHH CBH3H C MeCTaMH, KOTOpbie ÖbIJIH npe>Kfle OCBOeHbl BejIHKHM
YHHTejieM, a eine paHee öyflflHHCKHM 6o>KecTBOM. TeM caMHM npopo-necTBa h OTKpoBeHHH coeflHHHJiH 6yflym;ee h HeBeflOMoe c flajieKHM, ho 3HaKOMbiM npoinjibiM. Ilocjie PHHfl3HH TofleMa 3to CTajio pacnpocTpa-HeHHHM TponoM b HappaTHBe THÖeTCKOH SKcnaHCHH b norpaHHHHbie 3eivuiH BCJiefl 3a fleHHHHMH KyjibTypHbix repoeB, KOTopbie HCKajiH co-KpbiTbie 3eivuiH IlaflMacaMÖxaBbi.
B cbohx npoponecTBax Phha3hh TofleM roßopHT TaK^Ke o HJieHax ryHTaHrcKoro KopojieBCKoro flOMa, npH3biBaH hx BHOBb cbirpaTb pojib, KOTopyio Korfla-To cbirpajiH hx npeflKH. B oflHOM H3 otkphthx Phha-3hh ToAeMOM TeKCTOB oh i];HTHpyeT OTBeT IlaAMacaMÖxaBbi Ha Bonpoc MyTHK Ll^eHno o rope TyHTaHr-JIa: «Hepe3 ceMHaAn;aTb noKOJieHHH... Ha conKax CHe>KHbix rop MaHrtioji TyHTaHr noHBHTCH noTOMKH 3Toro caMoro poAa. KaK HCTHHHbie HacjieAHHKH ohh 3ainHTHT SyAAHHCKoe KopojieBCTBO. He nenajibCH Chh öotob (Iha sras), Kopojib TnöeTa!»1 KopojieM, o KOTopoM HAeT penb b npoponecTBe, h CHHTaeTCH Tpn Co-HaMAe—AeA HoHKbH /JpoHMbi2.
Mup ceoux u
HyjKUX: COUUCLJlbHCLR
KOMMynuKauuR CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbima
1 M3 meKcma CaMna JlxyHdpynMa, omicpumoM e 1403 zody, Komopbiü cmaji uacmbm öojiee u3eecmnozo pumyajibnozo meKcma Cojiden JleydynMa. Cm.: Everding 2000:244ff, 620-623
HMlIEPCKOE HACJIEAHE
B 5KH3HI HOÜKbl /(POHMbI
: O ducKyccuu eoicpyz smozo npu3nanuM cm.: Tom nee, 244ff
HoiiKbH /JpoHMa poAHJiacb b KopojieBCKOH ceMbe TyHTaHra, npnxoAH-jiacb BHyHKoii Tpn CoHaMAe (1371-1404), Aonepbio Tpn JIxaBaHr TbHJi-neHy (1404-1464) h cecTpon Tpn HaMrbHJLfle (1422-1502)3. Ee poAHbie njieMHHHHKH nojiyHHJiH npecTOJi TyHTaHra, a cpeAH ee BHynaTbix njie-mhhhhkob 6bui 3HaMeHHTbiH yHHTejib JIxau;yH Phhhch HaMrbHJi4. Oa-HaKO co3A3HHaH eio TpaAHu;HH nponBeTajia AaJieKO ot ee poAHbix MecT
H 3HaTHbIX pOACTBeHHHKOB, H 3TO CBH3aHO C TeM, HTO OHa Bejia >KH3Hb CTpaHHHI^bl.
nocjie KopoTKoro 6paKa c chhom npaBHTejiH JlaTOJixo, HoHKbH /JpoHMa ocTaBHJia ABopn;oByio >KH3Hb h npHHHJia MOHainecKHH no-CTpnr b MOHacTbipe üopoHr üejiMO HoHAHHr, CTaB nocjieAOBaTejibHH-i^eii OAHoro H3 BejiHHaHinHX MacTepoB CBoero BpeMeHH EoAOHr HoKJie HaMrbHJia (1376-1451). üocjie ero CMepra OHa CTajia yneHHi^eH TaH-TOHr TbHJino (13617-1485), BejiHKoro chaaxh, xyAO>KHHKa h CTpoHTejiH >Kejie3Hbix nenHbix moctob. CjieAyn ero npoponecKHM HacTaBJieHHHM, OHa npeAnpHHHJia nyTemecTBHe b roro-BOCTOHHbiH TnöeT, rAe CKOHHa-jiacb b MecTHOCTH LtapH, CBHTHJiHme 6o>KecTBa /JopA>Ke üaKMO, 3MaHa-i^neii KOToporo CHHTajiacb.
1 2422 zod, cozjiacno Tynmanz Tbsuipan. Cozjiacno 3icu3neonucaHUK> foüicbu JlpoHMbi, TuHaMZbsuide podiuicM, Kozda eü 6bmo 5 Jiem. llama ezo poncdenua, e smoM cjiyuae, npuxodumcx na 1426 zod
4 Jlxauyn Punuen HaMZbsui (1473-1557), ocnoeamejib neuamnu e /Jpaicap Tacco, u 6uozpacß Ilannbon Xepyicu 6bw enyKOM Tu HaMZbsuide (cm.: Ehrhard 2004, p.360)
HO
XH/lbflETAPfl /iHMEEPTEP
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
III
HMnepcKoe Hacjiedue u «coKpbLiribLe
3eMJlU»
Cm.: Diemberger 2007
7Ku3HeonucaHue
HoŮKbll /JpOHMbl,
folio 22a
3 Penh, no eceů euduMocmu, udem 06 oduoů u3 ncen Tu HaMZbsuide
4 btsun mo la khyo gral, uyiceajibHoe 3Haueuue: «Kopojieea, 3aHUMamw,asi nojioncenue MyiicuuHbi»
5 )Ku3HeonucaHue ^íoŮKbu JlpoHMbi, folio 25a
HecMompn na cdejiannbLU jiuhhuu ebi6op, Bern ceoio 3KU3Hb ona 6ydem Hocumb na ce6e omnenamoK ceoezo KopojieecKozo npoucxojKdenuR
>Kn3HeonHcaHHe HoÖKbH /JpoHMbi 6buio cocTaBJieHO ryHTaHrcKHM yneHHM, ooynaBniHMCH y Toro >Ke nyxoBHoro yHHTejiH—EonoHr HoKJie HaMrbHJia—h 3ajio>KHBiiiHM ocHOBy fljiH ynpe>KfleHHH jihhhh ee nepe-po>KfleHHH. 3Toro nejioBeKa mo>kho npennojio:>KHTejibHO HfleHTH(|)HnH-poBaTb KaK Ileji HHMeflpyna, yqeHHKa HoÖKbH /JpoHMbi, KOTopbift co-npoBO>Kflaji ee b nocjieflHeM ee nyTeinecTBHH, a nocjie 3a6oTHJicH o ee nepepo>KfleHHH—KyHra CaHMO1. BnorpacJ) HoÖKbH /JpoHMbi 6bui xopo-ino 3HaKOM c ee npoHcxo>KfleHHeM, KOTopoe b TeKCTe OTpa^KeHO b snn-TeTax H aHeKflOTax. HanpHMep, paccKa3HBaeTCH, hto, Korna HoÖKbii /IpoHMa 6biJia eine MOJiofloft neByniKOH h >KHJia b LUejiKape, OHa KaK-TO pa3 He coöJiKDJia npoTOKOJi npn oönieHHH c KaKHMH-TO HHHOBHHKaMH h Bbipa3HJia Henofloöaroniee yBa>KeHHe k npocTOMy MOHaxy. B otbct Ha 3aMenaHHH co CTopoHbi Mysca h OTHHMa, HoÖKbH /JpoHMa, hkoöh, CKa3ajia: «Xoth pa3HOCHHK BOflbi h othochtch k HH3ineMy paHry, oh Bee yue MOHax. Moh npeflKH, KOTopbie 6buiH öonxHcaTTBaMH (yab mes chos rgyal byang chub sems dpa') c öojibinoH floöpoToö OTHOCHJiHCb ko BceM )KHBbiM cyniecTBaM h npoHBjrajiH öojibinoe yBa>KeHHe ko BceM, kto ofleT B MOHainecKHe ofle>Kflbi. B HbmeniHee nypHoe BpeMH stot oobinafl
3a6bIT. Pa3HOCHHK BOflbi HBJLHeTCH CblHOM Eyflflbl, a nOTOMy flOJI>KHO
npoHBHTb K HeMy yBa>KeHHe...».2
Tot 4>aKT, hto ee pofl 6biJi Bbiine too hoboh apncTOKpaTHH, npefl-CTaBHTejLHMH KOTopoö 6biJiH HJieHbi ceMbH ee Mysca, He pa3 ynoMH-HaeTCH B TeKCTe. 3to oco6o noflnepKHBaeTCH, Korfla penb 3axoflHT o Me>KJiHHHOCTHbix OTHOLueHHHX. HanpHMep, BO BpeMH COÖpaHHH B TyH-TaHre, KOTopoe npoH3onuio, Korfla OHa 6biJia eine HeBecTKoft npaBH-TejiH JIaTOJixo, ee npHrjiacHJiH 3aHHTb MecTO Ha rnaBHOM TpoHe (gong) pHflOM c KopojieM. OHa CKa3ajia: «üycTb ßpuMe TbHiiMO3, HeBecTKa [KopojiH], CHfleT Ha rjiaBHbiö TpoH. Mbi paBHbi no pO>KfleHHIO, HO, co-rjiacHO oöbiHaro B03pacTa, h flOJi>KHa CHfleTb Ha rjiaBHOM TpoHe. OflHa-Ko ecjiH H 3aÖMy rjiaBHbiö TpoH, to 3aÖMy HenpaBHJibHoe MecTO (btsun mo la khyo gral)4, h6o OHa HeBecTKa KopojiH (mnga' bdag rgyal po), an Bcero Jinnib flOHb npaBHTejiH Hapona JlaTO».5
B 3TOM 4>parMeHTe OTpa^KaeTcn He TOJibKO npecjioByToe npeBoc-xoflCTBO ryHTaHrcKoro pofla, ho h tot 4>aKT, hto HoÖKbH /JpoHMa peniHJia He flonycKaTb KaKoö-jinöo flBycMbicjieHHOCTH b Bonpoce no-TeHi^HajibHbix npeTeH3HH Ha npecTOJi, KOTopbie OHa Morna 6bi bhabh-
HyTb. B CHTyanHH HenpeKpaniaioiiiHXCH cnopoB o npecTOJioHacjieflHH H oÖBHHeHHÖ B aflpec ee 6paTa, KOToporo CHHTajiH oflep>KHMbiM fle-MOHaMH1, OHa He >Kejiajia, htoöh ee fla>Ke CHMBOJinnecKH BocnpHHH-MajiH npeTeHfleHTKOH Ha ero MecTO, KaK noTeHLi;HajibHoro öynyniero flxapMapafl>Ky TyHTaHra. Ee nojio>KeHHe 6buio 0flH03HaHH0—OHa 6biJia HeBecTKOH B coceflHeM KopojieBCTBe, a no3flHee OHa nocjieflyeT CBoeMy
pejIHrH03HOMy BblÖOpy. STO flaCT eft B03MO>KHOCTb CTOHTb B CTOpOHe
OT KaKHX-jiHÖo MHpcKHX cnopoB H coxpaHHTb 3a C060Ö nojio>KeHHe, B KOTopoM OHa OKa3ajiacb noc^e po>KfleHHH ee 6paTa2.
HeCMOTpH Ha CflejiaHHblÖ JIHHHHH BblÖOp, ECK) CBOKD >KH3Hb OHa
6y/j;eT HOCHTb Ha ce6e OTnenaTOK CBoero KopojieBCKoro npoHcxo>Kfle-
HHH. Ba>KHO TO, HTO flHHaCTHHeCKHH SnHTeT JlXaCpe (CHH / nOTOMOK
SoroB) Hcnojib3yeTCH He TOJibKO no OTHonieHHio k ee OTLi;y h 6paTy, ho h no OTHonieHHio K Heft caMoft, fla>Ke ecjiH npn stom OTMenaeTCH ee noji nepe3 floöaBJieHHe npHJiaraTejibHoro 03eŮMa (npeKpacHaa), KaK B CTeflyronieM nacca>Ke: «...BejiHKHÖ rocnoflHH [BoflOHr HoKJie HaM-rbHJi] CKa3aji: "He Ha3biBaÖTe ee npocTO upeKpacHOH ^onepbro BoroB (jixacpe 03eŮMa); oua enie h BceBeflyniaH KopojieBa (xyHKen eaHMo)"». B flpyroM 4>parMeHTe b otbct Ha HbH-TO comhchhh oh CKa3aji: «HeT HHKaKHX npoTHBopeHHÖ! 3Ta BejiHKaH 5KeHm;HHa hh kto HHan, KaK naKMO /]|opfl>KeHeH (m.e. Bapaxu c eadjKpoů—X./T,.), MaTb Bcex 6yflfl»3. B stom 4>parMeHTe HoÖKbH /]|poHMa BnepBbie Ha3biBaeTCH 3MaHan;HeH RopRTKe naKMO, H BecbMa cyniecTBeHHO, hto snHTeTbi, yKa3biBaion];He Ha ee KopojieBCKoe npoHcxo>KfleHHe h Ha ee 6o>KecTBeHHyio npnpofly, nocTaBJieHbi pHflOM. CpaBHHTenbHoe coneTaHHe snHTeTOB noHBJiHeTcsi B flpyroM nacca>Ke, b KOTopoM UHTHpyeTCH nncbMO ot TaHTOHr TbHJi-no: «...c MOMeHTa CMepTH MaHHK JIaoflpoH He 6biJio 5KeHm;HHbi, koto-paH 6bi nocBHTHJia ceÖH noMom;H jkhbhm cyniecTBaM. Tenepb >Ke ecTb rocno>Ka, KOTopan npoHcxoflHT H3 KopojieBCKoro pona BoroB HcHoro CßeTa (Ocejixa) h nocBJiniaeT ceÖH flyxoBHOMy ocBo6o>KfleHHio h no-Mom;H BceM jkhbhm cyniecTBaM. Ee BHeniHee hmh Tocno^Ka KopojieBa-/5paron;eHHOCTb (flaKMO Kohhok TbsuiMo); ee BHyTpeHHe hmh HacTaB-HHiia CßeTHJibHHK yneHHH (JIonoHMa HoŮKbu flpoHMa); ee TaÖHoe hmh Bafl>KpaBapaxH (/JopdjKe TlaKMo)...».4
Bbiöop snHTeTOB, bo3mo>kho, OTpa>KaeT >KejiaHHe noflnepKHyTb cbh-nieHHoe MOHapxHHecKoe npoHcxo>KfleHHe HoÖKbH J\poHMb\ KaK cno-co6 noflflep>KaHHH B03HHKaK)ni;HX c ee CTopoHbi npeTeH3HÖ Ha to, hto OHa HBJiHeTCH 3MaHan;HeH Ba^KHoro TaHTpHÖCKoro 6o>KecTBa b tot ne-pnofl BpeMeHH, Korfla jihhhh ee nepepo>KfleHHH enie He yTBepflHJiacb5.
3TO MOrjIO 6bITb fleÖCTBeHHblM He TOJibKO BBHfly OHeBHflHOrO KyMyjiH-
THBHoro 3(J)4)eKTa Bcex npnnHCbiBaeMbix eft THTynoB. 3to, ko BceMy
npOHeMy, M06HJIH30BbIBajI0 H3BeCTHblÖ KOHIienT O TOM, HTO flpeBHHe
THÖeTCKHe HMnepaTopbi 6biJiH 3MaHan;HHMH öyflflHÖCKHX 6o>KecTB. /^eHHHH HoÖKbH J\poYiMb\ TaK>Ke OTpa>KaioT HOByio aKTyajiH3an;Hio
npeflCTaBJieHHH O ÖyflflHÖCKOH MOHapXHH H B3rjIHfl Ha ÖyflflHÖCKOe B03-
7Ku3HeonucaHue HoŮKbu JlpoHMbi (folio 30a-31a) u dpyzue MHOzouucjieHHbie ucmouHUKU uacmo ynoMuuamm 0 cnopax Meyicdy Tu Jlxaeauz Tbsmu.eHOM u Tu HaMZbsuide (cm. maKiice: Diemberger 2007, p.36; Everding 2002, p.536). B azuozpatpuu Bodouz totene HoMZbsuia zoeopumcR 0 ezo Medumauuu e nepuod oduozo
U3 3mUX KOHtpJIUKmOB u 0 moM,
umo 6pam ^íoŮKbu /JpoHMM 6bw odepjKUM deMOHaMU, u nomoMy ezo dyxoeuozo yuumejw npuzjiacujiu dim npoeedeuusi o6pxda oceo6o3icdeHua. (Cm. )Ku3HeonucaHue Bodouz totene HoMZbsuia, C. 310-311)
1 KaK mojibKO eecmb 0 poiicdeuuu 6pama ^íoŮKbu /JpoHMM om MJiaduieů Kopojieeu doumu do ee Mamepu, oua ucnumajia nompsiceuue. Flo smoMy cjiyuaio, KaK coo6w,aemcx, HoŮKbu /JpoHMa CKa3ajia: «e nepeoü uacmu ceoeů 3icu3HU r 6ydy nocmynamb, cozjiacuo meouM cjioeaM, u byby eecmu 3icu3Hb MupcKym. B no3ÖHeü uacmu jku3hu si npuMy o6emu u ucnojimo ceou nadeiicdbi o 6ydyw,eů 3icu3HU» ()Ku3HeonucaHue ^íoŮKbu JlpoHMbi, folio 8a)
'' )Ku3Heonucauue ^íoŮKbu JlpoHMbi, folio 63b, 64a
4 )Ku3HeonucaHue HoŮKbu JlpoHMbi, folio 127a, b
112
XHJIbflETAPfl /tHMEEPTEP
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
US
HMnepcKoe nacjiedue u «coicpbLmbLe
3eMJlU»
)Ku3Heonucamie HoŮKbu JJpoHMM, folio 110a, b
'■ 7Ku3Heonucamie HoŮKbu JlpoHMU, folio 85b-86a
'' )Ku3Heonucamie HoŮKbu JlpoHMU, folio 137b
4 )Ku3Heonucamie Tanmonz Fhsuino 282; (Cm. maioice: Steam 2007, p. 378) B
6llOZpa(pUSl ^OUKbU JlpOHMU
nem RCHhixyKa3amiů ua mo, umo nopodujio e ueů jicejianueyumu. B ueů onucbieaemcsi u.ejibiů pad ípaKmopoe, noóydueuiux HoŮKbii /JpoHMy nonpocumb npopouecKozo coeema Taumouz Tbsuino
■ Cm.: Huber 1999 ' Cm.: npuM. 2
' 3mo 6hmu Kyunauz Jlowbéd Tbsuiu^eu u Hxadouna CouaM HoKna. Cm.: Stearns 2007, p. 24
' )Ku3Heonucamie Taumouz Tbsuino 111-112; Cm. maKiíce: Stearns 2007, p.201.
pcoKfleHiie c ero HfleajiaMH nponBeTaHHH, bhcokoh MopajiH h o6pa3iio-
BOrO npaBJíeHHH. lljiaHHpyH CTpOHTejIbCTBO HOBOH CHCTeMH BOflHbIX
KaHajioB fljiH opoineHHH paBHHH IlopoHra HeflajieKO ot 03epa nejiKyfl, OHa HaxoflHT ocTaTKH flpeBHHX nojieň h, hko6h, BbicKa3biBaeTCH no 3TOMy noBOfly TaKHM o6pa30M: «...B flpeBHHe BpeMeHa jnoflH roBopii-jih, hto Ba^KHO CTpoHTb 6ojibiHOH MOHacTbipb b 6oraTOM ropofle, fla6bl
H36e>KaTb npOĎJieM C HeyCTOHHHBbIMH HppHraUHOHHblMH CHCTeMaMH;
[...] cyniecTByioíHHe BOKpyr nojra MorjiH 6bi flaBaTb mhoto piica, h Tor-fla 3/j;ecb 6bi coĎHpajiocb mhojkcctbo yneHbix MOHaxoB c pa3Hbix MecT. Tohho TaK >Ke yqeHbie H3 kwkhoto h ceBepHoro JIaTO h Hrapn flOJi>KHbi coĎnpaTbCH TyT fljiH yne6bi h npaKTHKH [...] h, 6jiaroflapH TaKHM 6jia-thm flenaM, 3Ta 3eMJLH 6biJia 6bi MHpHoň.1
OHa TaKsce noBena ce6H corjiacHO MOflenn 6yflflHHCKoro MOHapxa, Korfla B3HJia Ha ce6H 3a6oTy o noxopoHax CBoero yHHTejiH h peinnjia pacnpeflejiHTb ero ocTaHKH Me>K/jy BceMH yneHHKaMH h cbctckhmh
nOKpOBHTejLHMH.2
Bo BpeMH CBoero nocjieflHero nyTeinecTBHH b Hapn b 1454 ro/jy HoHKbH /JpoHMa noceTHJia JIxacy, rne OKa3ajia oco6oe noHTeHHe He TOJibKO HyKJiaKaHy, ho h noexajia b xpaM YinaHflo, «B03BefleHHbiň ee npeflKaMH»3, Ha k»khom 6epery peKH Kbmy. OHa npeflnpHHHJia sto nyTeinecTBHe, npeflBapHTejibHO nocoBeTOBaBinncb c TaHTOHr TbHiino, h, KaK CKa3aHO b ero >KH3HeonHcaHHH, Bbipa3HJia >KejiaHHe OTnpaBHTb-ch b coKpoBeHHyio flOJiHHy (čejiyn huk)4. Tot npefljio>KHJi eň Bbi6op: jih6o npo>KHTb flojiryio >KH3Hb y cenu Ha poflHHe, HMen He6ojibinoe HHCJio nocjieflOBaTenen, jih6o, b cjiynae ecjiH OHa OTnpaBHTCH b ny-
TeineCTBHe B K>rO-BOCTOHHblň Tn6eT, npO>KHTb KOpOTKyiO >KH3Hb, HO
HMeTb MHO^KecTBO yneHHKOB. HoHKbH /JpoHMa Bbi6pajia BTopoe H c rpynnoň yneHHKOB OTnpaBHJiacb b Hapn h yMepjia TaM cnycra KopoT-Koe BpeMH, ocTaBHB nocjie cenu, KaK CKa3aHO, CBoň nepen KaK flparo-neHHyio pejiHKBHio.
Mo>KeT 6biTb HecKOJibKO npHHHH TOMy, noneMy TaHTOHr Tbímno no-SyflHJi ee OTnpaBHTbCH b onacHoe nyTeinecTBHe b Uapn. OflHa H3 hhx npaKTHHecKaH, CBH3aHHan c BonpocaMH CBeTCKoro naTpoHHpoBaHHH h npoH3BOflCTBOM >Kejie3Hbix n;eneH      ero moctob, flpyraH >Ke—pejinrn-
03HaH. LJ^apH HBJIHeTCH CBHTHJIHLqeM 6orHHH RopRTKe IlaKMO5 H BXOflHT B
HHCJio «coKpbiTbix 3eMejib Phh/j;3hh rb/j;eMa»6. TaHTOHr TbHiino nojiynnji MHO^KecTBO yneHHH ot flByx yHHTeneň TpaflHLi;HH /j^KaHTep, KOTopbie SbuiH npHMHMH yqeHHKaMH Phh/j;3hh TofleMa7. KpoMe Toro, oh neň-CTBOBaji b TpaflHi^HH nepBOOTKpbiBaTejieň cbhthx MecT h ocBOHTenefl norpaHHHHbix 3eMejib. CornacHO ero 6Horpa(J)HH, TaHTOHr TbHiino 6bui npnrjiaineH IlejifleH JIxaMO HccjienpBaTb HOBbie 3eMJiH b LJ^apH: «npn-niJio TBoe BpeMH OTKpbiTb BpaTa cbhthx 3eMenb L^aroHra, KaK 6buio npe/j;cKa3aHO BenHKHM YHHTeneM H3yflflHHHbi: "cBHToe MecTO, KOTopoe npHHeceT nojib3y 5khbhm cymecTBaM, sto L^apH LiaroHr". IlpHinjio TaK-yue BpeMH nocTpoHTb mocth Ha/j, BOflaMH rojiy6oň peKH KbHHy».8
LJapn L^aroHr—sto MecTO, rne TaHTOHr TbHiino HajiaflHJi CBoe npo-h3bo/j;ctbo >Kejie3Hbix u;eneH h rne CKOHHajiacb HoňKbH /ipoHMa, OKa-3aB no/j;/j;ep>KKy h noMom;b b ero neHTejibHOCTH. HoňKbH /ipoHMa, TaK yue KaK h Phh/j;3hh TofleM, TaHTOHr TbHiino h MHorne flpyrne ™6eT-CKHe yHHTejiH, OKa3ajiacb BOBJieneHHOH b pncKOBaHHoe ocBoeHHe He-H3BecTHbix norpaHHHHbix 3eMejib c n;ejibiM pHflOM nyxoBHbix h npaK-THHecKHX n;ejieH b rojioBe. ^CH3Hb ee 6bma KopoTKoň, ho ee Tpa/j;HLi;HH CTajia ycTOHHHBoň, bo3mo>kho, bo MHoroM 6jiaroflapH ee BHe3anHoA CKOpOnOCTH>KHOH CMepTH b nepHO/j; 3Toro Heo6biHHoro npeflnpHHTHH.
HenojiHoe >KH3HeonHcaHHe HoňKbH /ípoHMbi ocTaBJineT Hac co
MHO^KeCTBOM BOnpOCOB, KaCaK)IIi;HXCH nOCJieflHHX MeCHIieB ee 5KH3HH1.
3tot npo6eji MO>KeT 6biTb nacTHHHO 3anojiHeH nepe3 o6pam;eHHe k na-pajuiejibHHM HCTOHHHKaM. KaK h ee 6Horpa(J)HH, b hhx TaKsce noflnep-KHBaeTCH 3HaneHHe ee KopojieBCKoro npoHcxo>K/j;eHHH, hto flaeT ocho-BaHHe npeflnojiaraTb, hto sto Morjio cbirpaTb cboio pojib b nponecce yTBep>K/j;eHHH jihhhh ee nepepo>K/j;eHHH.
JIHHHfl nEPEPO)K/(EHHH HOHKbl /(POHMH
B >KH3HeonHcaHHH TaHTOHr TbHiino HoňKbH /ipoHMa ynoMHHaeTCH He-CKOJibKO pa3,3aHacTyio c snHTeTaMH, yKa3biBaiomHMH Ha ee HMnepcKHX npeflKOB. TaM >Ke co/j;ep>KHTCH onncaHHe co6hthh, cjiyqHBinnxcH HaKa-HyHe ee CMepra:        toto hto6h coo6iHHTb o CMepTH aoctohthmoh HoHKbH /JpoHMbi rnaBHaH MOHaxHHH TejieK HoňflpeH npeflCTajia nepefl BejiHKHM yHHTejieM h cnpocHJia: "Ybhahm jih mh HOBoe nepepo5K/j,e-HHe?" [Tot OTBeTHJi:] "^eByniKa! XpaHH MOJinaHHe! OHa o6em;ajia He pa30HapoBaTb Hac! HoBoe >KeHCKoe nepepo>K/j;eHHe CKopo noHBHTCH..." B ro/j; 3eMJiH-3aHLi;a [1459 ro/j;] b KoHno 6biJia po5K/j,eHa flocTOHTHMasi KyHra CaHMO. RejieK HoňflpeH npHimia noBCTpenaTbCH c bcjikkhm yqHTeneM, B3HB c co6oň fleBOHKy, h cnpocHJia: "He HBJiHeTCH jih [3Ta fleBOHKa] HCTHHHbiM nepepo5KfleHHeM?" [B otbct] tot npoH3Hec npo-ponecKHe cjioBa: "J\a, OHa HBJiHeTCH hcthhhhm nepepo5K/j,eHHeM!" [...] Oh npenoflHec eň 3epKajio, KOTopoe CTaHOBHJiocb HCHee h HCHee, ecjiH noTepeTb ero, n;HM6ajibi h MyKy, flapyiomyio flojiryio >KH3Hb...».
Korfla >Ke MajieHbKyio fleBOHKy npHBe3JiH b TyHTaHr OHa, hko6h, y3Hajia MaTb HoňKbH /ipoHMbi h CKa3ajia: «Korfla moh MaTb conpoBO->Kflajia MeHH npn Bbie3fle H3 CTpaHbi, a. CKa3ajia: "HecoMHeHHO, a. npn-fly k Baineň KpoBaTH, Korfla bh 6yfleTe yMHpaTb. He 3a6biJiH jih bh 06 3TOM?" 3aTeM OHa noBeflajia o MHO^KecTBe co6hthh H3 CBoeň npo-
UIJIOH 5KH3HH, KaK 6yflTO 6bl TOJIbKO OTOIIIJia OTO CHa. H 3TO BbI3BajIO
Bceo6inee yflHBJieHHe».2
3tot oco6eHHO npKHH h >khboh 4>parMeHT BbiflaeT 6ecnoKoňcTBO TeneK HoňflpeH, rjiaBHoň H3 nocjieflOBaTejibHHu; HoňKbH /ipoHMbi, ko-TopaH He 6biJia roTOBa k ee BHe3anHoň CMepra h om,yni;ajia 6ojibinyio
1 HoŮKhU JJpOHMO n03HaKOMUJiaCb
c BauapamHoů e 1454 zody do mozo, KaK docmuzjia Jlxacu e ceoeM nocjiedueM nymeuiecmeuu. B 6uozpatpuu onucbieaemcsi ee nymb do 3tojia. Omcymcmeytom onucauusi 0 nocjiedneu uacmu ee nymu e Uapu, ee CMepmu e 1455/6 zz. (cozjiacHO Bodouz HoůdwyHzy, ona CKomajiacb e eo3pacme 34-xjiem, m. e. 33-x noeeponeucKou mpaduuuu ucuucjieuusi B03pacma) u co6bimusi nocjie ee CMepmu
' Buozpaipusi Tanmonz rbiuino 308-9; (Cm. maKiice: Stearns 2007, pp. 406-407
114
XHJIbflETAPfl /JhMEEPTEP
HcCÍIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
115
HMnepcKoe nacjiedue u «coKpbLiribLe
3eMJlU»
1 CaMoů eaotcHoů pejiuKeueů 6hm ee uepen, Komopbiů, no sceů euduMocmu, xpamuicR HeKomopoe epeMR e
[lapu IlazoHze, zde ona CKomcuiach. Cymecmeyem u3o6paiicemie ^cucpacaMeapu, u3zomoejieHHoe no 3aKasy HoŮKbu /JpoHMM, Komopoe BKJimuaem KpaniKuů meKcm, e KomopoM o ee nepene zoeopumcsi kük o dpazoiieuHoů pejiwceuu, tcomopbie modu dojiiicnu nocew,amb eo epemsi najioMHUuecmea
2 Cm. maKiíce: sTag hing chos 'byung. P. 449
3 B u^ejioM cuumaemcsi, umo jiceHwjma-Maxacuddxa JlaKuiMUHKapa, kük u ee 6pam Hudpaóxymu, ycvuia s VIII eeice e Yddusme. Cymficmeymm, oduaico, npednojioncenua, umo e pa3Hbie epeMeua íicujiu dpyzue 3iceHW,UHbi c nodoóubíM UMeueM. English 2002, pp. 9-10
4 ÍIodpoÓHoe uccjiedoeauue ucmopuu amozo poda cm. b: Diemberger 2007
n6
noTpeÖHOCTb Haň™ ee nepepo>K/j;eHHe. TaKOBa öbuia cpefla, b KOTopofl SbiJio HaňfleHO nepepo>K/j;eHHe HoÖKbH /JpoHMbi h coxpaHeHa naMHTb o ee >kh3hh nocpe/jcTBOM >KH3HeonHcaHHH. riponHTHpoBaHHbiH 4>par-MeHT TaioKe fleMOHCTpnpyeT HaM, HacKOJibKO Ba>KHbiMH /jjih nponecca ayTeHTH(J)HKaii,HH nepepo>K/j;eHHH 6biJiH naMHTb h peaKTyajiH3an,HH CBH3eö. AßTopHTeTHoe MHeHHe BejiHKoro CHflflxa 6biJio noflTBep>KfleHO B030ÖHOBJieHHeM CBH3eö HOBoro nepepo>K/j;eHHH HoHKbH /JpoHMbi c ee npe>KHeH MaTepbio. 3to BoccTaHOBJíeHHe OTHonieHHÖ öbuio Heoöxo-flHMO fljiH co3/jaHHH HyBCTBa npHHa/jjie>KHOCTH k oöiHHHe h peaKTya-
JIH3aiI,HH CeTH OTHOIIieHHH HoÖKbH /JpOHMbl. Bce 3TO COeflHHHJIO BO-
eflHHO jnofleří, Benni h MecTa nocpeflCTBOM HappaTHBa h pHTyajibHbix npaKTHK.
Cpedu ee coócmeeHHbLX ynenuKoe u e 6ojiee uiupoKoů cemu nocjiedoeamejieů ee ynumejiR uden, Hmo ona 6biJia nacmbio i^ejioů cepuu nepepojKÓenuů, nocmenenno Koncojiudupoeajiacb
e cßopMe cdeoeHHOů jiuHuu, e Komopoů coeduHRjiucb jKencKCLR 3Manai^uR BadjKpaeapaxu
U MyjKCKCLR dMCLHCLl^UR ^CLKpaCCLMeapbl
riaMHTb o HoHKbH /JpoHMe >KHJia b ee Moinax, b ee ÖHorpacJjHH h b ee nepepo>K/j;eHHH, h Bce sto pa3flejiHJiocb oöihhhoh ee nocjieflOBaTe-jieö1. CpeflH ee coöcTBeHHbix yneHHKOB h b öojiee nmpoKoň cera no-cjieflOBaTejieň ee yHHTejiH Hflea, hto OHa 6buia nacTbio nejioří cepHH ne-pepo>K/j;eHHH, nocTeneHHO KOHCojiHflHpoBajiacb b 4>opMe cflBoeHHofl
JIHHHH, B KOTOpOH COeflHHHJIHCb >KeHCKaH SMaHanHH Bafl>KpaBapaxH H
My^KCKan SMaHanHH HaKpacaMBapbi. CKopee Bcero, öojibinoe BJiHHHHe Ha 3tot npouecc HMeji TaKJiyHr TaHna HraBaHr /JpaKiia. 3tot nejioBeK Sbiji yneHHKOM BoflOHr HoKJie HaMrbHJia. Ero hmh nepeHHCjraeTCH cpe-flH flep>KaTejieH TpoHa TpaflHii;HH TaKJiyHr Karbio. Oh npH3Haji CBoero AyxoBHoro cbma rien HHMe IlejicaHra nepepo>K/j;eHi];eM oflHOBpeMeH-Ho Ileji HHMe /ípyna, yneHHKa h npeflnojiaraeMoro ÖHorpacJja HoÖKbH /ípoHMbi, h IlaKMOflpynbi ß,opp,yne Tbiuino (1110-1170)2. B coHHHeHHH xvi BeKa «BoflOHr Hoňfl>KyHr» onncbiBaeTCH 3Ta flBOHHaH jihhhh nepe-
p05KfleHHH, BOCXOflHITj;aH K KOpOJIK) y/JflHHHbl HHflpaÖXyTH H 5KeHITj;H-
He-MaxacH/jflxe JlaKinMHHKape3. 3a hh/j;hhckhmh nepepo^K/jeHHHMH cjieflOBajia u;ejiaH n,enb thöctckhx: IlaKMOflpyna ß,opp,yne rbHJino h ero cynpyra CoHaM ßpeuMa; KaM PHHHeH Ileji h ero cynpyra CoHaM riejiflpeH; Ileji HHMe /I,pyna h ero cynpyra HoÖKbH /JpoHMa4. Cynpyra
XHÄbflETAPfl flHMEEPrEf
PHHHeHnejia—CoHaM IlejiflpeH—CHHTajiacb npeflbi/xyiHHM nepepo>K-fleHHeM HoHKbH /ípoHMbi. CoHaM IlejiflpeH 6biJia CBH3aHa c TpaflHUHH-mh TaKJiyHr h BapoHr Karbio h npHoöpejia TaKyio cjiaBy, hto no3flHee ß^ecH CaHrbe Tbímo bjio>khji ee nepen b CTyny, B03flBHrHyTyio ÜHTOMy ^ajiaö-jiaMe1. OflHaKO co/j;ep>KaHHe ee 6Horpa(J)HH, KaK Ka>KeTCH, yKa-3biBaeT Ha to, hto xoth CoHaM IlejiflpeH h CHHTajiacb 3MaHau;HeH ^op-A>Ke IlaKMO, OHa He HBJísuiacb nacTbio ycTaHOBHBineňcH jihhhh nepe-po>KfleHHH, Beflymeö k HoÖKbH ßpouMe. HeT hbhoh npeeMCTBeHHOCTH Me>Kfly jnoflbMH, OKpyscaBíHHMH CoHaM ßpeumy h CoHaM IlejiflpeH
C OflHOH CTOpOHbl, H C JltOflbMH, OKpyjKaBinHMH HoHKbH /I,pOHMy; HH
oflHH H3 hhx He ynoMHHaeTCH b pacniHpeHHoň 6Horpa(J)HHecKOM noBe-
CTBOBaHHH HoHKbH ^pOHMH. BHOrpaípHH CoHaM IlejiflpeH, B KOTOpbIX
nepeHHCJiHioTCH >KHBbie npeuefleHTbi H3 TpaflHLi;HH Karbio, flaioT ueH-HeňniHe CBefleHHH, onHCbiBaiomne npou;ecc, b pe3ynbTaTe KOToporo,
BepOHTHO, H B03HHKJia JIHHHH nepepO>KfleHHH HoÖKbH ^pOHMH. Bo3-
mo>kho, sto o6i>HCHHeTCH BJiHHHHeM TaKJiyHr TaHna HraBaHr ^paioíH. OTO^KflecTBJíeHHe HCTopHHecKHX nepcoHa^Keň c npeflbiflym;HMH
nepepO>KfleHHHMH B KaKOÖ-JIHÖO JIHHHH 6bIJIO, B03MO>KHO, Ba^KHOH
HacTbK) toto npou;ecca, b pe3ynbTaTe KOToporo HoÖKbH ^poHMa KaK coÖHpaTejibHan SMaHai^HH ^opflace üaKMO CTajia KJHOHeBOH (J)HrypoH b yTBep^KfleHHH jihhhh nepepo>KfleHHH. H xoth hh OflHH H3 3thx nep-coHa^KeH He ynoMHHaeTCH b pacinnpeHHOö nač™ 6Horpa(J)HH, H3 >kh3-HeonHcaHHH BoflOHr HoKJie HaMrbHJia mh 3HaeM, hto HfleH o HoÖKbH
ßpOHMe KaK BOIIJIOmeHHH CBHTbIX 5KeHITj;HH H3 THÖeTCKOrO H HHflHH-
CKoro nponuioro nonuia b xofl yace b nocjieflHHe roflbí ee >kh3hh. TaM, b nacTHOCTH, roBopHTCHi «Hto KacaeTCH CaMOH COBepiIieHHOH H3 Bcex, flep>KaTejibHHi];bi TaÖHbix coKpoBHm;, b paHHHe BpeMeHa OHa nepepo-flHJiacb b üejiMO [JlaKHiMHHKapy]—cecTpy HHflpaöxyTH—b 3eMJie Yp-rbeH (XflflHHHa), 3aTeM b 6o>KecTBeHHyio npHHii;eccy MaHflapaBy—cy-npyry BejiHKoro yHHTejiH uaflMacaMOxaBbi. Tenepb >Ke b necTb 3Toro BejiHKoro HenoBeKa [BoflOHr HoKJie HaMrbHJia] caMa /IppfljKe ÜaKMO, rjiaBHaH H3 Bcex ňorHHb, BoruioTHJiacb b HoÖKbH ßpourny».2
Korfla HoÖKbH ßpouMa ynoMHHaeTCH b HHCJie Jiiofleo, npHHHMaB-uiHX ynacTHe b opraHH3au;HH noxopoH BoflOHr HoKJie HaMrbHJia, sto TaioKe conpoBO>KflaeTCH KpaTKoň ccbiJiKoň Ha ee nponuioe nepepo>Kfle-HHe b KanecTBe TaHTpHÖCKOH cynpyrn üaKMOflpynbi /I,opfl>Ke TbHJino: «KpoMe toto, Korfla-To OHa öbuia po>KfleHa b mccthocth, Ha3biBaeMOH naK, fljiH 3aBepineHHH fleHHHÖ ÜaKMOflpynbi, a Tenepb OHa copaflyeT-ch HcnojiHeHHK) fleHHHÖ BceBeflyiTj;ero, öyflynn po>KfleHa bo BpeMeHa [ryHTaHrcKoro] KopojiH, Cbma BoroB (lha sras) KaK BejiHKan Bafl>Kpa-HorHHH Ane /I,pojiMa HoÖKbH /I,poHMe».3
Abtop caMoň H3BecTHOH arHorpa(J)HH BoflOHr HoKJie HaMrbHJia AMorxacHflflXH ßjKKTMe BaHr, HJieH HpflpoKCKOH npaBHineö ceMbH h yneHHK BoflOHr HoKJie HaMrbHJia, HecoMHeHHO, 6biJi 6jih30k k ceMbe KyHra CaHMO—fleBOHKH, o6i>HBJieHHOH nepepo>KfleHHeM HoÖKbH
Cm.: Tashi Tsering, s neuamu
' BuozpacßuM BodoHZ HoKJie HaMZbsuia, 268
'■ BuozpcupufiBodoHZ HoKJie HaMZbsuia, 391
HCCJIEZIOBAHHÍI   TARTARIA   MAGNA l'20I2
117
1 Ehrhard 2002, p.79
van der Kujip 2005, 26//
van der Kuijip 2005, p.21
4 riampoHupoeaHue smozo dpeeuezo xpama eejiocb
8 meueuue Heacojibicux noKOJiemiü. Omen, foüicbu ZIpoHMM no30Jiomun Kpbiiuy xpaua (Erhard 2004, p. 83), a cama ^ioÜKbu /JpoHMa dejiaji moM noduoiueHusi ()Ku3HeonucaHue ^oÜKbu ZIpoHMbi, folio 49a)
5 van der Kuijip 2005, p.21
6 Ehrhard 2004,
pp. 294, 360 448^450
n8
/JpoHMbi. BejiHKHH nepeBOflHHK JIoneH CoHaM rbHiio BCTpeTHJi ee b 1470 ro/jy Bo BpeMH noceineHHH eio flBopna flpflpoK, hto b HaKapne1. B Te BpeMeHa KyHra CaHMO 6biJio Bcero jiHiiib oflHHHaflnaTb jieT, ho ee npHcyTCTBHe npn flBope HpflpoKa yKa3HBaeT Ha to, hto OHa ysce npH3HaBajiacb cbhtoh. Hepe3 no/j/jep>KKy npaBHTejien HpflpoKa KyHra CaHMO no3flHee BoccTaHOBHJia MOHacTbipb CaMflHHr, h hmchho 3/jecb b KOHeHHOM HTore h ycTaHOBHJiacb ee TpaflHUHH.
TeM He MeHee, nocjieflHHe roflbi >kh3hh HoHKbH /JpoHMbi nponecc yTBepjK/jeHHH jihhhh nepepojK/jeHHH J\opp?Ke IlaKMO KaK HHCTHTyTa, KajKeTCH, 6biJi Bce eine thökhm. Ilpe>K/j;e Bcero oh ocHOBbmajicH Ha ee /jocTHJKeHHHX, HejKejiH Ha npone/jype npH3HaHHH nepepojK/jeHHH. HoiiKbH /JpoHMa coeflHHHJia CBoe HMnepcKoe npoHcxojK/jeHHe co cbh-3bRD c TaHTpHHCKHM 6o>KecTBOM, KOTopyio OHa BbicTpaHBajia nepe3
CBORD JIHHHOCTb H fleHHHH. IloCJie ee CMepTH, flyXOBHOe JIHflepCTBO H Ta
pojib, KOTopyRD OHa Hrpajia b skohomhkc naTpoHa>Ka, oöycjioBHJiH He-oöxoflHMOCTb noHCKa ee nepepojK/jeHHH. Ot HHTepnpeTanHH ee jihh-hocth KaK 6o>KecTBeHHOH SMaHanHH b CBeTe ee SKCTpaopflHHapHbix fleHHHH npouecc nocTeneHHO nepenieji b noncKH cjie/joB 6o>KecTBeH-
HOH CyiHHOCTH B HOBOH JIHHHOCTH, H 3TO B03p05KflajI0 BOOIOMHHaHHH o npoiiuibix ÖOJKeCTBeHHblX SMaHaUHHX HoHKbH /JpOHMbl.
riaTpOHHpOBaHHe, nOJIHTHHeCKaH JIOHJIbHOCTb H OTHOineHHH Me>K-
fly yHHTejieM h yqeHHKOM MorjiH npeo6pa30BHBaTbCH b CBH3H c ho-boh CHTyanneH, CKJiaflbiBaBineHCH b TnöeTe c Hanajia BTopon bojihh pacnpocTpaHeHHH 6y/jflH3Ma2. JleoHap/j BaH nep Kann npocjie>KHBaeT KopHH THÖeTCKoro (JieHOMeHa nepepojK/jeHHH H3 coneTaHHH (JiaKTO-poB, KOTopbie CBOflHJiH BoeflHHO KyjibT ABajioKHTeniBapbi, H/jeio nepe-pojK/jeHHH h HMnepcKoe HCTopHHecKoe HacjieflHe. B nacTHOCTH, oh noflnepKHBaeT, KaK, cornacHO jiHTepaType TpannuHH Ka/jaM, ATHina npH3HaBaji BpoMTOH rbHJiBe /JiKyHHe ABajioKHTeniBapoH h, «cjie/joBa-TejibHO, (J)H3HHecKHM BoruioineHHeM flyxa OC03HaHHOrO COCTpa/jaHHH, HBJiHBiiierocH TaKOBbiM b TeneHHe pH/ja nepepojK/jeHHH».3 OnncaHHe ero npoiiuibix nepepojK/jeHHH BKjnonaeT oönmpHbie ccbuiKH Ha 3im-
30flbl HMnepCKOH HCTOpHH H ynOMHHaHHH HMnepaTOpCKHX (JiaMHJIHH,
npoBO/jH flyxoBHyio CBH3b Me>K/j;y hhm h CoHneH TaMno. ATHina nepe-ceK THÖeTCKyio rpaHHuy b HarapKOTe (Eejinofl30Hr) h HeKOTopoe Bpe-mh npojKHJi b MaHrtioji TyHTaHre c HaKup JIonaBOH LlyTpHM rbHJiBOH (ioii-OKOJio 1068), KOTopbiH b nocjieflCTBHH, KaK CHHTajiocb, nepe-poflHJicH b HoÖKbH rbHJino H3 KoHny (1069-1114). OÖJiacTb MaHrtioji TyHTaHr 6buia njio/jopoflHOH noHBOH /jjih bo3hhkhob6hhh jihhhh nepe-pojK/jeHHH h öoraTOH Ha HCTopmecKHe h jiereH/japHbie cjieflbi THÖeT-CKoro HMnepcKoro npoiiuioro. CpeflH sthx cjie/joB 6biJi 3HaMeHHTbrä xpaM IlaKnaBaTH, KOTopbiH m,eppo no/j/jep>KHBajia ryHTaHrcKaH Kopo-jieBCKaH ceMbH4. 3tot xpaM 6biJi neHTpoM ocoöoro KyjibTa AßajioKH-TeniBapbi, 6bui TecHO CBH3aH c mhpckhm 6y/jflH3MOM5, a TaioKe c Kyjib-
TOM JlaKIHMHHKapbl6.
XHÄbflETAPfl /JHMEEPrEP
BbiJi TaKsce xpaM /]|>KaMTpHH JIxaKaHr1, CBH3aHHbiH c cohhhchhh-mh «KaneM KaKOJiMa» h «MaHH KaMÖyM», b KOTopbix o6pa3 CoHrueH TaMno cjiHBaeTCH c KynbTOM ABajioKHTeniBapbi. HMnepcKoe HacjieflHe Morjio TaKsce OKa3aTb BJiHHHHe h Ha yTBepjK/jeHHe jihhhh nepepojK/je-hhh KapMan. KapMa riaKiiiH (1206-1283), KOTopoMy ÖHorpacJiHHecKaH jiHTepaTypa npnnHCbiBaeT HMnepcKoe npoHcxojK/jeHHe2, KaK H3BecT-Ho, npH3Haßaji ceÖH nepepojK/jeHHeM ,/JyHcyM KbeHnbi (1110-1193) h 3MaHan;HeH ABajioKHTeniBapbi. Cjie/jyioiHee nepepojK/jeHHe—KapMa PaHfljKyHr ß,opp,7Ke—noHBHJiocb Ha CBeT b MaHrijiojie3 h 6buio npH3Ha-Ho yprbeHnoH PHHHeHnejioM.
OÖCTOHTejIbCTBa B03HHKH0BeHHH paHHHX JIHHHH nepepOJKfleHHH H
co/jep>KaHHe npoponecTB Phh/j;3hh To/jeMa CBH/jeTenbCTByioT 06 oco-6oh pojiH Kopojien TyHTaHra. B nacTHOCTH, jihhhh nepepojK/jeHHH
HoHKbH ,ZJ|pOHMbI B03HHKJia Hepe3 CBH3b C HHMH H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, C
hx npeflKaMH H3 HMnepcKoro npoiiuioro TnöeTa. KpoMe Toro, b 6ho-rpa(J)HHX HoÖKbH ,ZJ|poHMbi h BoflOHr HoKJie HaMrbHJia mojkho HaÖTH yKa3aHHH Ha flpyryio, MeHee HHCTHTyajiH3HpoBaHHyio (JiopMy nepe-pojK/jeHHH, KOTopan BCTpenaeTCH b Majibix oöniecTBax4. BnorpacJjHH BoflOHr HoKJie HaMrbHJia coo6m;aeT o tom, KaK oh 6hji npHrjiaineH b TyHTaHr /jjih toto htoöh H3ÖaBHTb 6paTa HoÖKbH ,ZJ|poHMbi ot o/jep-
JKHMOCTH flyXOM. TpH yHeHHX MOHaXa H3 OÖIHHHH B0Hfl30K, KaK coo6-
maeT HaM hctohhhk, no /jopore b UeHTpajibHbiH TnöeT 6biJiH oxBane-Hbi /jeMOHaMH h yMepjiH b nyTH. Ohh nepepoflHJincb b BH/je HpocTHbix h MoryniecTBeHHbix mumüuh (acypoß) h BcejiHJiHCb b 6paTa HoÖKbH
/^pOHMbl, KOTOpblH H3-3a 3TOTO CTajI 6pOflH>KHHHaTb, flBHJKHMblH 3TH-MH flyXaMH. J\äR TOTO HTo6h H3ÖaBHTb ero OT STÜH O/jepjKHMOCTH H
1 3mom xpaM ynoMUHaemcsi so mhozux cnucKax xpaMoe, Komopue ydepjKueamm 3Jiym deMOHUuy, cuMeojiu3upymwyio muöemcKym meppumopwo (cm.: Sorensen 1994, pp. 261,561-569)
2 Cm., uanpuMep: Richardson 1998, p. 339
1 KapMa PandoicyHZ /lopdoice podiuicM b MaHZ%k>jie e Mecmuocmu, Ha3bieaeMoü ranz LHypMO
Obeysekere 2002
06cmoRmejibcmea eo3HUKHoeeHUR pannux jiuHuü nepepojKdeHuü u codepjKanue npoponecme PuhÖ3uh rodeMa ceudemejibcmeyiom 06 ocoöoü pojiu Kopojieü rynrnama. B Hacmnocmu, jiuhur nepepojKdeHuü *loÜKbu flpoHMbi eo3HUKJia nepe3 ceR3b c humu u, coomeemcmeeHHO, c ux npedrccLMU U3 UMnepcKozo npouuiozo Tuöema
SbiJi npHrjiaineH Bo/joHr HoKJie HaMrbHJi5. OöiHHHa Boh/j;30k 6biJia cbh-
3aHa C MaTepHHCKHM pO/JOM 6paTa HoHKbH ,ZJ|pOHMbI. B 3TOM MOJKHO
ycjibiinaTb OTrojiocKH BHyTpeHHea3HaTCKHX npaKTHK nepepojK/jeHHH, CBH3aHHbix c KyjibTOM yMepniHX HJieHOB po/ja hjih /jajieKHX npeflKOB. 3th npaKTHKH cjieflyioT jieKajiaM, OTJiHHaioinHMCH ot chctcmh /jo-MHHaHTHoro naTpojiHHeHHoro po/jcTBa6. /Jpyron H3BecTHbiH cjiynaH
1 EuozpatpuR EodoHZ HoKJie HaMZbsuia, 310-311
' Peöeiaca 3MncoH daem ueKomopue smHozpatfiuneaaie npuMepu u oöcyiicdaem smom (penoMen s MOHZojibCKOM KoumeKcme (58-82). Cm. maioice: Diemberger (2007:239ff)
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
119
1 dBa' bzhed folio 5a-b
'■ Humphrey 1979
nepepcoKfleHHH, CBH3aHHoro c poflCTBOM, ynoMHHaeTCH b cjieflyioiiieM (JjparMeHTe h3 «Eaiiiefl», b KOTopoM onncbiBaeTCH nepepcoKfleHiie flByx oöhhhhx yMepniHX fleTeö: «[MoHax] CKa3aji, hto chh poflHTCH 6o>Ke-CTBOM, a flOHb cbiHOM. Oh noMecTHJi >KeMHy>KHHy, HanojioBHHy OKpa-ineHHyK) KpacHbiM UBeTOM, b poT yMepineft fleBOHKH. ľoflOM no3>Ke poflHJicH chh, h BceM 6buio BHflHO, HTO cpeflH 3y6oB y Hero 6biJia Hano-jioBHHy KpacHaH >KeMHy>KHHa. Hepe3 copoK flHeft nocjie po>KfleHHH oh y3Haji CBOK) TeTyuiKy h flpyrnx jnofleö. Oh Ha3biBaji hx TaK >Ke, KaK hx Ha3biBajia flOHb nepefl CBoeö CMepTbK)».1
ByflflHÖCKHe h HeöyflflHÖCKHe Hflen nepepo>KfleHHH moüih Jier-
KO CMeiLTHBaTbCH H C03flaBaTb (J)OH, Ha KOTOpOM B T/HÖeTe B03HHKajia
HHCTHTyajiH3HpobaHHan TpaflHUHH nepepo>KfleHHH. HMnepcKoe HacjieflHe, CKopee Bcero, nrpajio Ba^KHyio pojib b (JjopMHpoBaHHH 3Toro 4>eHOMeHa, He TOJibKO CBH3biBaH KopojieBCKoe npoHcxo>KfleHHe c 60-jKecTBeHHOH 3MaHai^HeH, ho h co3flaBaH nyBCTBO caKpajibHoö npeeM-
CTBeHHOCTH.
HMnEPCKOE HACJIE/IHE H PEHHKAPHAUHÍ1 KAK B 3 ľ JI .Hfl B nPOLUJIOE
riaMHTb H B0306H0BJieHHe CBH3eÖ ÖbIJIH, BHe COMHeHHH, Ba^KHbl flJIfl
yTBep>KfleHHH jihhhh nepepo>KfleHHH c caMoro hx noHBJieHHH. OflHaKO peinaioinHM 6buio npoHTeHHe Toro, OTKyfla 6epeT Hanajio nepepo>Kfle-HHe. B cjiynae c jihhhhmh poflCTBa nponecc (JjHKcauHH hjih 3a6biBaHHH
3JieMeHTOB, COCTaBJIHIOIITHX 3TH JIHHHH, MO^KeT OTo6pa>KaTb pa3JIHH-
Hbie nepcneKTHBbi h onpeflejieHHbiö kohtckct HHTepnpeTauHH 3Ha-
HHÖ O pOflCTBeHHbIX CBH3HX.2
JIhhhh nepepo>KfleHHH xapaKTepH3yioTCH TeM >Ke. Ba>KHO yHHTbi-
BaTb, HTO peKOHCTpyKI^HH JIHHHH nepepO>KfleHIieB (ÖyKBajIbHO «JIHHHH
po>KfleHHH»—skye brgyud) ochobhbaeTCH Ha Bce tom >Ke BOKaöyjLape, OTpa>KaioineM ycjioBHyio npeeMCTBeHHOCTb, «jihhhio kocth», «jihhhio ruioTH», «jihhhio KpoBH», T.e. Ha nepeflane cyöcTaHUHH. Pojib HMnep-
CKOrO HaCJieflHH B (JjOpMHpOBaHHH THÖeTCKOÖ HfleHTHHHOCTH H HCTO-
pHorpa(J)HH, KaK npeflCTaBJLseTCH, flaeT B03MO>KHOCTb fljiH HHTepnpeTauHH npoHcxo>KfleHHH HHCTHTyTa nepepo>KfleHHH Ha cothh jieT Bnepefl. noMenieHHe HoÖKbH /JpoHMbi b uenoHKy 3HaMeHHTbix jKeHiiiHH,
BOnjIOniaBLUHX CXOflHblÖ npHHUHn >KeHCKOH CBHTOCTH B HCTOpHHeCKOH
nepcneKTHBe, 6buio cocTaBJiHioiiiHM 4>aKTopoM b yTBep>KfleHHH jihhhh nepepo>KfleHHH /I,opfl:>Ke IlaKMO. EjiaroflapH 3TOMy npoueccy, bch jihhhh HCHHCJiHJiacb HaHHHaH c THÖeTCKoro nepepo>KfleHHH hhahöckoh MaxacHflflXH JlaKLUMHHKapbi. TaKOBa HanajibHaH TOHKa Hanöojiee pacnpocTpaHeHHOH chctcmh, corjiacHO KOTopoö HoÖKbH /JpoHMa CHHTaeTCH «TpeTbeö» (HaHHHaa c nepBoö thöctckoh peHHKapHauHH CoHaM /JpeHMbi). 3to b uejioM h oönieM yKJiaflbmaeTCH b flyxoBHyio jih-
hhio riaKMOflpynbi, KOTopan b to BpeMH 6buia He TOJibKO pejiHrH03HO yMecTHOH, ho h nojiHTHHecKH 3HaHHMOH, nocKOJibKy npaBHTejiH riaKMOflpynbi Bce enie hmcjih BJiacTb b TnöeTe. Bojiee no3flHHe BapnaHTbi fleMOHCTpnpyioT cjio>KHOCTb ee jihhhh nepepo>KfleHHH h ee CBH3eö c rjiaBHbiMH flep>KaTejiHMH BJiacTH, t3khmh KaK KapMana, ^ajiaö-jiaMa
H T.fl.1
PHHfl3HH LieBaHr Hopöy (1698-1755) flaeT TaKoe HCHHCJieHHe stoh
JIHHHH nepepO>KfleHHH, H B HeM CBH3b C THÖeTCKHM HMnepCKHM Ha-
cjieflHeM BHflHTCH ropa3flo öojiee Ba^KHOH, neM flyxoBHaH npeeMCTBeH-HOCTb c IlaKMOflpynoH, MoryniecTBO KOTopoö couuio Ha HeT 3aflOJiro flo 3Toro. Oh oöpauiaeTCH k HoÖKbH ßpouMe KaK k ocHOBaTejibHHiie jihhhh nepepo>KfleHHH CaMflHHra h roBopHT, hto ee jihhhh (skye brgyud) öbuia Torfla H3BecTHa KaK HpflpoK /]|>Kei];yHMa2. 3to Morjio ootHCHHTb-CH ero pBeHHeM HCTopHKa, CTpeMHBnierocH yqecTb KanecTBeHHyio pa3-HHi^y Me>Kfly paHHeö nacTbio jihhhh, KOTopan 6biJia BecbMa TyMaHHofl
(H, B03M05KHO, peTpOCneKTHBHO CKOHCTpyHpOBaHHOÖ), H TOÖ HaCTbK)
jihhhh, koto p an cjieflOBajia 3a yTBep>KfleHHeM HHCTHTyra c HCTopn-necKH flocTOBepHHM npH3HaHHeM nepepo>KfleHHH HoÖKbH ,ZJ|pOHMbI b jiHLi;e KyHra CaHMO. BepoHTHee Bcero, oh eine CHJibHee CTpeMHJicH noflnepKHyTb HMnepcKoe HacjieflHe, CBH3aHHoe c HoÖKbH ,ZJ|poHMOH h ee KopojieBCKHM poflOM, KOTopoe CTapajicH 3acJ)HKCHpoBaTb nncbMeH-Ho b CBoeM «ryHTaHr TbHJipaöe», 3aKOHHeHHOM b 1749 rofly bo flBopn;e KopojiH MycTaHra, HCTopHH KOToporo TecHO CBH3aHa c TyHTaHroM. Th-öeTCKoe HMnepcKoe HacjieflHe 6buio, 6e3 comhchhö, Ba^KHO fljiH Hero b oöuieM CMbicjie, hto noflTBep>KflaeTCH ero fleHTejibHOCTbio b Kane-CTBe «KOJiJieKu;HOHepa flpeBHOCTeö», KOTopbiö «H30 Bcex chji coönpaji
H KOMMeHTHpOBajI TeKCTbl MHO^KeCTBa Ba^KHblX HaflnHceö BOCbMOrO
h fleBHToro CTOJieTHÖ»3, h ero paöoToö «JIxan;e6o ,ZJ|yHpan», KOTopyio
1 Tamu IlepuHZ (1993, pp. 20-53) npueodum uiupoKuü cnucoK podoe 8 CBoeü cmamhe 0 CaMÖUHZ /lopdiice IlaKMO. O moM, kükum o6pa30M pa3JiuuHbte eepcuu podoeoů jiuHuu coomHocsuncR c pa3JiuuHbíMU nojiumuuecKUMU KOHmeKcmaMU cm.: Diemberger 2007:239jf
'■ Gung thang rgyal rabs 125
1 Richardson 1998, pp.380
EydduůcKue u HeôydduucKue udeu nepepojKdenuR mozjiu jiezKO CMewueambcn u co3daeamb (poň, na KomopoM e Tuôeme eo3HUKajia UHcmumyajiu3upoeaHHasi mpaduv,UR nepepojKOenuů
oh nocBHTHJi TnöeTCKOH HMnepHH h KopojieBCTB3M 3anaflHoro Tn6e-Ta, ocHOBaHHbiM noTOMKaMH flpeBHHX HMnepaTopoB, 3a neTbipe rofla flo cocTaBJíeHHH hm xpoHHKH «ľyHTaHr TbHJipan»4. 06e paöoTbi OTpa-jKaioT ero >KejiaHHe oöpncoBaTb nopTpeTbi HCTopHHecKHX jiHHHOCTeň, KOTopbie MorjiH cjiy^KHTb npHMepaMH nojíHTHHecKHX npaBHTejieň,
Cm.: Everding 2000, p.23
120
XHJIbflETAPfl /(HMBEPrEF
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
121
Cm. : Everding 2000, p. 26
' Everding 2000, p. 10
Gung thang rgyal rabs 125
CJie/TOBaBIHHX 6y/TflHHCKHM npHHUHnaM, H BflOXHOBJIHTb BJiaCTb npH-
flep>KaiHHX ero BpeMeHH1. B nacTHOM nHCbMe IlojrxaHaio, b to BpeMH npaBHTejiK) TiiöeTa, oh oöpaniaeTCH k pacnpocTpaHeHHoň TeMe tockh
no «COKpblTbIM 3eMJIHM» KaK K 3HaKy «CMyTHblX BpeMeH»2, HCnOJIb3yH
o6biHHbiö Tpon, b KOTopoM HecTaÖHJibHoe HacTOHinee npoTHBonocTaB-jiHeTCH HMnepcKOMy nponuioMy, KOTopoe /toji>kho 6biTb BoccTaHOBJie-Ho nyreM npHHHTHH npn6e:>KHiHa b /jyxoBHbix 3eMJiHX h B030ÖHOBjre-
HHH flpeBHeft MOflejIH nOJIHTHHeCKOH H pejIHrH03HOÖ HpaBCTBeHHOCTH.
PHH/T3HH HeBaHr Hop6y nnineT o 6paTe HoÖKbH /JpoHMbi, hto tot yno-MHHaeTCH «b npoponecTBe Typy Ila/TMbi, corjiacHO KOTopoMy oh 6hji 3MaHan;HeH TpncoHr /JeBiieHa...»3. TeM caMbiM oh He TOJibKO 3aTparn-BaeT HCTopHHecKHÖ npenefleHT, hto6h Hcnojib30BaTb ero b KanecTBe apKoro npHMepa H3 HMnepcKoro TnöeTa, ho h bh/tht nepepo>KfleHHe KaK 4>opMy B03o6HOBJieHHH BJiacTH, ysce CTaBinyro pacnpocTpaHeHHofl
npaKTHKOH.
B coBpeMeHHOM TnöeTe onncaHHe HMnepcKoro HacjieflHH HoÖKbH
/JpOHMbI, KaK Ka^KeTCH, HBJLSeTCH OflHHM H3 TJiaBHblX npHOpHTeTOB B
TBopnecTBe rjiaBHoro MOHaxa MOHacTbipa CaMflHHr TynTeH HaMrbHJia h HbiHeniHero nepepo>KfleHHH CaMflHHr ,/Jppfl:>Ke IlaKMO. IlocjieflHHH
rOBOpHT O HoÖKbH /JpOHMe KaK o6 OCHOBaTejIbHHIie JIHHHH CaMflHHr
/Jopfl>Ke IlaKMO. B CTaTbe o CaMflHHr /3opfl>Ke IlaKMO o6a aBTopa Bee >Ke
OCHOBblBaKDTCH Ha nOflXOfle PHHfl3HH HeBaHra, CHHTaH HoÖKbH /JpoHMy
«nepBHM nepepo>KfleHHeM (sku phreng dang po) H3 pofla Kopojieft Th-6eTa (bod kyi btsan po gdung rgyud)»4. Ohh 6epyT b yneT paHHioio jih-hhk), ynoMHHan cepHK) nepepo>KfleHHH, npeflinecTBOBaBinHX HoÖKbH ßpouMe, oflHaKO Hx CHCTeMa HCHHCJieHHH flaeT neTKoe pa3JiHHeHHe
Me>Kfly  paHHHMH  npeflineCTBeHHHKaMH  H HHCTHTyajIH3HpOBaHHOH
jiHHHeö nepepo>KfleHHH c HoÖKbH /JpoHMoň KaK ee ocHOBaTejibHHneö. OnncbiBaH HoÖKbH /JpoHMy KaK noTOMKa flpeBHero HMnepcKoro pofla, 3TH aBTopbi Hcnojib3yK)T MopajibHbiö aBTopHTeT cjiaBHoro nponuioro TnöeTa b KOHTeKCTe MyjibTHSTHHHHoro KHTaftcKoro rocyflapcTBa nocT-
MaOHCTCKOH 3nOXH. ripOCJiaBJIHH HoÖKbH /JpOHMy KaK CBHTyK) >KeHIHH-Hy, OHH CBH3bIBaK>T ee TaHTpHHCKyK) CBHTOCTb C MOflepHHCTCKOÖ Hfle-
eö 4>eMHHH3Ma.
rDo rje Phag mo bDe dien chos sgron & Thub stan mam rgyal 1995:33
3AKJIK3HEHHE:
B030EHOBJIEHHE CBÍI3EH C nPE/IKAMH
HcTOpHH HoÖKbH /JpOHMbI paCCKa3bIBaeT HaM O HeOÖblHHOÖ >KeHIHH-
He, BonjioTHBineH b ce6e oflHOBpeMeHHO >KeHCKyio CBHTOCTb öorHHH /Jopfl>Ke IlaKMO h CBjmjeHHOCTb cBoero HMnepcKoro npoHcxo>KfleHHH. HcTopHH, CBH3aHHaH c Heft, noKa3HBaeT HaM, hto HHflHBHflyajibHoe HenoBenecKoe cyniecTBO MO>KeT HHTepnpeTHpoBaTbCH b KyjibType KaK npoHBJieHHe 6o>KecTBa, KOTopoe TaKHM o6pa30M cnocoÖHO fleö-
CTBOBaTb B MHpe JIRDfleÖ H3 nOKOJieHHH B nOKOJieHHe. TaKHM o6pa30M,
Bafl>KpaBapaxH/Bafl>KpaHorHHH, KaK h AnajroKHTeiHBapa, MO^KeT cjiy-yKWTh «peajibHoö CHJioö b THÖeTCKOH HCTopHH»1. B T3KHX (jjHrypax KaK CaMflHHr /]|opfl>Ke IlaKMO h ocoöeHHO /Jajiaö-jiaMa sth 6oflXHcaTTBbi MoryT BoruioniaTb b ce6e He TOJibKO öyflflHÖCKHe Hfleajibi, ho h HMnep-CKoe HacjieflHe. KaK h poflOBaa CBH3b, jihhhh nepepo>KfleHHH coeflHHH-eT npoinjibie noKOJieHHH c öyflyiHHM nepe3 flyxoBHbie cbh3h.
riepepo>KfleHHH h «CKpbiTbie 3eMJiH» MoryT BHfleTbCH KaK ocoöbie npoHBJieHHH THÖeTCKOH pejiHrH03HOH KyjibTypbi, KaK yHHKajibHbie nyTH B03o6HOBJieHHH CBH3eö Me>Kfly jiKDflbMH h MecTaMH. Hx H3HK na-MHTH h npoponecTB CBH3biBaeT npoiiuioe c 6yflym;HM, nacTO coneTaH b ce6e nojiHTHHecKHe h flyxoBHbie npeTeH3HH. Ohh nacTO npHBJieKaioT THÖeTCKoe HacjieflHe, KOTopoe TaKHM o6pa30M BnenaTbiBaeTCH b th-öeTCKHÖ jiaHflina(J)T h b ero oÖHTaTeneö KaK nacTb >khboh TpaflHi^HH. TaKHM o6pa30M, HoÖKbH /ipoHMa, koto p an KaK >KeHiHHHa He obrna b coctohhhh CTaTb dxapMapadjfceu, Mo6HJiH30BaB CBH3aHHoe c ee npo-Hcxo^KfleHHeM HMnepcKoe HacjieflHe, CTajia moihhoh hkohoö >KeHCKOH CBHTOCTH h HacTbK) THÖeTCKoro KyjibTypHoro jiaHflina(J)Ta. #
Samuel 1993, p. 485
1 Dhondhup and Tashi Tsering 1979, p. 12
122
XHJIbflETAPfl /tHMEEPTEP
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
123
nPHMEHAHHÍi:
BHBJIHOrPA<I)HÍI
HMnepcKoe nacjiedue u «coKpbLiribLe
3eMJlU»
Ha crp. 113:
5 B öuozpcufiuueacoM noeecmeoeauuu uem hukükux yica3aHuů ua mo, umo ee npu3Haeajiu nepeponcdemieM kukozo-jiuóo ucmopuueacozo jiuna. Ha3eauue ee 3icu3HeonucaHusi yica3bieaem ua mo, umo ona cuumanacb mpembUM nepeponcdemieM Cohüm /JpeuMM, ho srno npu3Hauue mozjio npou3oňmu e Konu^e ee íicu3hu umu dance HaKauyue ee CMepmu. JJtmce ecjiu mm ue MooiceM ucKJUouamb, umo srno ynoMUHaemcx e nocjiedueu, coKpaw,eHHOů uacmu ee öuozpatpuu, ne co30aemcsi eneuarruieuusi, umo srno kükum-mo o6pa30M noejiusuio ua ee demcmeo ujiu ua o6pa3 ee íicu3hu eooßuje (Cm. maicuce: Diemberger, 2007:239ff)
I24
XHJIbflErAPfl flHMEEPrEf
Tu6emcKue ucmouHUKU
dBa' bzhed = dBa' bzhed. Facsimile and translation of the Tibetan text by Pasang Wangdu and Hildegard Diemberger. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press and the Tibetan Academy of Social Sciences, 2000.
Biography of Bo dong Phyogs las rnam rgyal = Amoghasiddhi 'Jigs med 'bangs, Bo dong pan chen gyi rnam thar. Lhasa: Bod ljongs bod yig dpe rnying dpe skrun khang, 1990.
Biography of Chos kyi sgron ma = dPal 'chi med grub pa (?) Ye shes mkha' 'gro bsod names 'dren gyi sku skyes gsum pa rje btsun ma chos kyi sgron ma'i rnam thar. Incomplete manuscript of 144 folios.
Biography of Thang stong rgyal po = 'Gyur med bde chen, Thang rgyal rnam thar. Chengdu: Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 1982.
B o dong chos 'byung = 'Chi med 'od zer dPal de kho na nyid dus pa las bo dong chos 'byung gsal byed sgron me zhes bya ba dPal thams cad mkyen pa 'Chi med 'od zer gyis mdzad pa.
Manuscript of 35 folios, kept at Bodong E monastery.
rDo rje phag mo bDe chen chos sgron dang Grwa Thub bstan rnam rgyal 1995 = "bSam sdings rdo rje phag mo'I 'khrungs rabs dang | sku phreng rim byong gyi mdzad rnam | yar 'brog bsam sdings dgon gyi dkar chag bcas rags tsam bkos pa." Krung go'i bod kyi shes rig. Nr. 2, pp. 31-58, 1995.
G u n g thang rgyal rabs = Rig 'dzin Tshe dbang nor bu, Gung thang rgyal rabs, in Bod kyi lo rgyus deb ther khag lnga. Lhasa: Bod ljongs bod yig dpe rnying dpe skrun khang, 1990.
m Kh an pa lung gi lam yig =Rig 'dzin rGod Idem sBas yul mkhan pa lung gi lam yig sa spyad bcas pa.
Manuscript of 20 folios, private copy from a library in the Arun valley, a microfilmed copy is also available at the Nepal Research Centre.
sTag lung chos 'byung = sTag lung chos 'byung. Lhasa: Bod ljong bod yig dpe rnying dpe skrun khang, 1992.
Tashi Tsering (bKra shis tshe ring). "bSam sding rdo rje phag mo sku phreng rim byong gyi mtshan dang 'khrungs gshegs kyi lo khams star chags su 'god thabs sngon 'gro'i zhib jug mdor bsdud." In gYu mtsho 1 (1) (20-53), 1993.
Tashi Tsering (bKra shis tshe ring) = mKha' spyod 'bras mo ljongs kyi gnas yig phyogs bsdebs bzhugs (Collected Guides of the Sacred Hidden Land of Sikkim), including Rig 'dzin rGod ldem's texts: Ma ongs lung bstan sbas yul gyi them byang bzhugs and Lha sras mu tig btsan po la lha'i dbang po brgya byin gyis lung bstan sbas yul bdun gyi sbyi them ma 'ongs lung bstan bzhugs so, Namgyal Institute of Tibetology, Gangtok, and Amnye Machen Institute, Dharamsala, 2008.
Tashi Tsering (bKra shis tshe ring) = "Ye shes kyi mkha 'gro ma bsod nams dpal 'dren gyi ngo sprod mdor bsdus" to be published in g.Yu mtsho in Tibetan and Inner Asia in English, forthcoming.
Yo l mo gnas yig = rGod kyi Idem 'phru can and Sangs rgyas rdo rje, sBas yul spyi dang bye brag yol mo gangs ra'i gnas yig, Khenpo Nyima Dhondup, Kathmandu: Lusha Press, 2003.
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couuajibHasi KOMMynuKauuR CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
HCCJIEZIOBAHHÍI   TaRTARIA   MAGNA l'20I2
ISS
HMnepcKoe nacjiedue u «coKpbLiribLe
3eMJlU»
HcmoHHUKU na dpyzux R3UKax
Childs, G., 'Refuge and Revitalization: Hidden Himalayan Sanctuaries (Sbas-yul) and the preservation of Tibet's Imperial Lineage', Acta Orientalia, 60, 1999, pp. 126-158.
Dhondup, K. and Tashi Tsering, 'Samdhing Dorjee Phagmo: Tibet's Only Female Incarnation', Tibetan Review, August, 1979, pp. 11-17.
Diemberger, H., 'Beyul Khenbalung, the Hidden Valley of Artemisia: On Himalayan Communities and Their Sacred Landscape', in Mandala and Landscape, A. Macdonald (ed.), New Delhi: Printworld, 1997.
Diemberger, H. When a Woman Becomes a Religious Dynasty: the Samding Dorje Phagmo of Tibet, New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
Diemberger, H. and Pasang Wangdu, The Life of Chokyi Dronma and Other Materials from the Bodongpa Tradition: Tibetan Texts and Annotated Translations, Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press and Tibetan Academy of Social Sciences, forthcoming.
Ehrh ard, F.K., Life and Travels mo Lo-chen bSod nams rgya-mtsho, Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute, 2002.
Ehrhard F. K., Die Statue und der Temple des Aria Va-ti bzang-po, Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2004.
Empson, R., 'Enlivened Memories: Recalling Absence and Loss in Mongolia,' in Ghosts of Memory: Essays on Remembrance and Relatedness, J. Carsten (ed.), Oxford: Blackwell, 2007.
English, E., Vajrayogini: Her Visualizations, Rituals and Forms, Boston: Wisdom, 2002.
Everding, K. H., Das Königreich Mangyul Gung thang, 2 vols., Bonn: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag, 2000.
H u b e r , T., The Cult of the Pure Crystal Mountain, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Humphrey, H., 'The Uses of Genealogy, a historical study of the nomadic and sedentarised Buryat,' in: Pastoralism and Society, Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Nomadic Pastoralism, held at the Maison des Sciences de L'Homme, Paris 1976, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Richardson, H., High Peaks, Pure Earth, London: Serindia Publications, 1998.
Samuel, G., Civilized Shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan Societies, Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1993.
Sorensen, P., The Mirror Illluminating the Royal Genealogies, Translation of rGyal rabs gsal ba'i me long, Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz Verlag, 1994.
Van der Kuijp, L., 'The Dalai Lamas and the Origin of Reincarnate Lamas', in The Dalai Lamas: A Visual History, M. Brauen (ed.), Zurich: Ethographic Museum Zurich and Serindia, 2005.
126
XHJIbflETAPfl /JUMEEPTEP
XaMÔo-jiaMa Mmuzajioe c ebLcmuMU jiclmclmu
U HUH06HUK0M.
3a6aŮKajibe, 1913 z. McmoHHUK: <Pond ľ-fl. Hauoea. IjBPKHMET COPAH
b03bpaiijehhe Xameo-jiamm
htvlt3jioba
B KOHTEKCTE nOCTCOBETCKOH /J E C E K Y .71 fl P H 3 A U. H H OEIHECTBEHHOrO C03HAHM
The return of the Khambo Lama Itigelov in the context of post-soviet desecularization of public consciousness
This paper analyzes the phenomenon of the 12th Khambo Lama Dashi Dorzho Itigelov. His 'Return' in 2002 has caused an explosion of interest to Buryatia as the Buddhist center of Russia both in this country and abroad. The author argues that since the Return a special discourse around 'the Imperishable Body' has developed including religious and practical connotations, such as a considerable increase in the number of those who name themselves Buddhist believers; an ever increasing religious pilgrimage to the Ivolginsky datsan where the Khambo Lama Itigelov now resides; strengthening of the positions of the Buddhist Traditional Sangha of Russia and its present-day leader Khambo Lama Ayush-eev. The Khambo Lama Itigelov has become the symbol of the Buryat ethnocultural revival and simultaneously the principal factor allowing to make long-term plans on the development of the tourist-recreational zone in the Republic of Buryatia
MccjiedoeaHue eunojiHeHO npu noddepiiace zpamna YIpozpaMMU (ftyndaMemncuih-Hhix uccjiedoeamiü Ne 33 Ilpe3uduyMa PAH «Tpaduuuu u wmoeauuu e ucmopuu u Kyjibmype», Hanpaejiemie 2. Modepmi3auua u ee ejiumiue Ha poccuücKoe o6w,ecmeo, npoeKm Ne 1 «B3auModeü-cmeue pejiuzuo3Hbix uucmu-mymoe u o6w,uh Bypxmuu e ycjioeuax couuoKyjibmypHoü Modepmi3auuu»
Bo3bpail;ehhe Xambo-
/[AMbl HTHrB^OBA B KOHTEKCTE nOCTCOBETCKOH A E C E K y .71 fl P H 3 A Li; H H
OBIHECTBEHHOrO C03HAHHH
cnojib30BaHHoe mhord b Ha3BaHHH CTaTbH h b ee TeKCTe ^rB   noHHTHe deceKyjmpu3auuR TpeöyeT HeKOToporo noHCHe-hhh. Hop, /jeceKyjiHpH3aij;HeH h He noflpasyMeBaio npo-uecc, oöpaTHHH ceKyjrapH3aij;HH, h TOMy ecTb npHHHHbi. C oflHOH CTopoHbi, fljiH coBpeMeHHOH Pocchh xapaKTepHO B03Bpanj;e-HHe pejiHrHH h ee HHCTHTyroB, o/jo6peHHe h no/j/jep>KKa uepKBHM co CTopoHbi rocy/japcTBa, peajiH3an,HH npHHunna CBo6oflbi BepoHcno-Be/jaHHH, B03pacTaHHe pojiH pennrHH b (JjyHKUHH connajibHOH H/jeH-TH(J)HKaTj;HH, HTO /jenaeT pejinrHio HHCTpyMeHTOM couHajiH3an,HH. C
flpyrOH CTOpOHbl, B MaCCOBOM C03HaHHH 6a30BaH MHpOB033peHHeCKaH
(JjyHKUHH pejiHrHH noflHHHeHa nparMaTH3My, BKJiioHaH nparMaTHHe-CKoe OTHOineHHe k pejinrnn; pejiHrH03Han MHcJiojiorHH CTajiKHBaeTca
C paij;HOHajIbHO-JIOrHHeCKHM MHpOBOCIipHHTHeM, HTO npHBOflHT K aK-
TyajTH3au,HH (JieHOMeHa noHHMaHHH pejiHrHH KaK «jihhhoh Bepbi».1
Bcjie/JCTBHe CHHKpeTH3Ma pa3po3HeHHbix H HaCTO BecbMa npHÖJIH-
3HTejibHbix npe/jcTaBJieHHH o BbicineH CHJie, jiHHHaH pejiHrH03HOCTb CBH3aHa c amHOHauuoHajibHoil pejiHrneH jiHiiib noBepxHOCTHO, b ccjie-pe HcnojmeHHH nonyjrapHbix o6pH/joB. TeM He MeHee, yHHTbiBaa naH-Hbie 06 aTeH3au,HH HaceneHHH b cobctckhh nepno/j, nocTCOBeTCKaa fleceKyjiHpH3aij;HH Bee >Ke HBjraeTCH HenpejiojKHbiM (JiaKTOM: npoueHTbi, CBH/jeTejibCTByRDiuHe o B03BpaiHeHHH pejiHrH03HOCTH b nocTCOBeT-ckhh nepnofl, BbirjiH/jHT ocoöeHHO BneHaTJiHRDinHMH npn CpaBHeHHH co CTpeMHTejibHbiM npoueccoM BbiTecHeHHH pejiHrHH Ha nepH(|)epHiO couHajibHbix npaKTHK npn cobctckoh BJiacTH. ßjm HJUiiocTpanHH cpaB-
HHM TaKHe UHcJjpbl (npH BCeH yCJIOBHOCTH OTBeTOB H nOJIHTHHeCKOH
aHra>KHpoBaHHOCTH Jinn,, OTBenaBinHX Ha Bonpoc o CBoen penHrH03-
R.fl,. AMOzojioHoea
Hncmumym MomojioeedenuR, 6yddojiozuu u muöemojiozuu CO PAH, yjian-Yda
3mom cßeHOMeH, ecjiedcmeue Komopozo djw mhozux eepym-mux nocememie u,epKOBHbix cjiyiicö RBJinemcR eeujbra coeepiueHHO Heo6a.3ameju>-Hoü, eooßuje nodpueaem KJiaccuuecKoe onpedejieuue pejiuzuu, daHHoe maiaiM aemopumemoM KaK 3. /JmpKzeÜM: «Pejiuzux—ama eduuax cucmeMa eepoeauuu u oöpudoe, onrnocRmuxcR k ceamhiM eeujaM, mo ecmb k eeujaM o6oco6jieHHbiM, 3anpemHMM—eepoeauuu u oöpudoe, oö'beduHmomjix e odno MopajibHoe coo6w,ecmeo, Ha3bieaeMoe IlepKoebto, ecex ecmynammjix e uezo. Bmopoü sjieMemn, Komopuu, maKUM o6pa30M, uaxodum ceoe Mecmo e Hamern onpedejie-huu, MejmemcM He Menee cyw,ecmeeHHbLM, Hencemi nepebiü; nocKOJibKy udex pejiuzuu neomdejiuMa om udeu
[lepKBU, CmaHOBUmCR RCHblM,
Hmo pejiuzua dojincna 6bimb
RßJieHUeM Upe36bLUaÜH0 KOJl-
jieKmueHbLM» (E. Dürkheim. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 1964. P. 47)
130
J\ . fl, . Amotojiohoba
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
131
1 Lane J-E., Ersson S. Culture and Politics. A Comparative Approach. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2005. P. 161
2 Knox Z. Russian Society and the Orthodox Church. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005. P. 5
3 Lane J-E., Ersson S. Op. cit. P. 163
4 MumpoxuH H. Pycacan npaeocjiaeuaR ifepicoeb: coepeMeHHoe cocmomme u aKmyajihHhie npoojiemu. M.: HJIO, 2006. C. 8
• LIpecc-eunycK BIJHOM «Pejiuzux b Hauieü 3icu3HU».
-2007.-Ns 789. -11 onm. http:/'/wciom. ru/index. php?id=459&uid=8954
' Bepzep LI., JlyKMan T. CouuajihHoe KOHcmpyupoeauue peajibHocmu. Tpaicmam no couuojiozuu 3HauuM. M.: MeduyiA, 1995. C. 137, 182
' BergerP.L. Desecularization of the World//The Desecularization of the World. Resurgent Religion and World Politics. Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1999. P. 2-3
hoh Bepe b coBeTCKHÖ nepiiofl): b 1900 r. hhcjio aTeiicTOB b Pocchh cocTaBJiHJio 0,2% (hto aHajiorHHHO MiipoBHM noKasaTejiHM)1, b 1937 r.—44%2. A b 1994 r., T.e. ysce b nocTnepecTpoeHHyio snoxy, Koryia b Pocchh peajibHO ocyuiecTBJiHJicH fleMOKpaTHHecKHH npHHunn cbo6o-flbi coBecTH, HHCJio HeBepyioiiiHX b Pocchh cocTaBJiHJio 45,8 % (npn mh-poBOM noKa3aTejie 20,5%)3.
Mo>kho npeflnojio:>KHTb, hto OTcyTCTBHe MrHOBeHHoro pejiHrH03-
HOrO np03peHHH 6bIJIO npOflHKTOBaHO yCTOHHHBOCTbK) COBeTCKHX CTe-peOTHnOB B C03HaHHH, nOCKOJIbKy «HOBbie (JjOpMbI COUHajIbHblX CBH3efl
h npocJieccHOHajibHbix cooöuiecTB (npu couuami3Me—fl.A.) nocTeneH-Ho OTÖHpajiH y pejiHrHH HeKOTopbie oöuiecTBeHHbie (JjyHKiiHH»4. Ofl-HaKO c flpyroö CTopoHbi, aTeH3M b Pocchh OKa3ajicH HacTOJibKO TecHO
yBH3aH C KOMMyHHCTHHeCKOH HfleOJIOrHeH, HTO BCJiefl 3a KpaxoM C C C P CTajI TepHTb CBOH n03HUHH. HhHMH CJIOBaMH, B03BpauieHHaH pejinrHH
CTajia KOMnoHeHTOM nocTCOBeTCKOH HfleojiorHH b too >Ke Mepe, b Ka-koh aTeH3M 6hji nacTbio cobctckoh HfleojiorHH. HjuiiocTpanHeH MoryT cjiy>KHTb flaHHbie onpoca, npoBefleHHoro bijhom b aßrycTe-ceHTHÖpe 2007 r., KOTopbie noKa3ajiH, hto b Pocchh coBOKyrmoe hhcjio Bepyro-ihhx h flonycKaroiHHX cyuiecTBOBaHHe Bora cocTaBjraeT 84%, Torfla KaK jiHLUb 6 % Ha3BajiH ceÖH y6e>KfleHHbiMH aTeHCTaMH5.
CoöcTBeHHO, 3tot nponecc pocTa HHTepeca k pejinrHH h cocTaBJLH-eT coflep>KaHHe fleceKyjiHpH3an,HH. OTMeny, hto aBTop TepMHHa, I1h-Tep Beprep, BKJiaflbiBaji b Hero, rnaBHbiM o6pa30M, MeTOflOJiorHHecKHH CMbicji. B TpaKTOBKe n. Beprepa fleceKyjiHpH3an,HH öojibine CBH3aHa c cyuiecTBeHHbiM H3MeHeHHeM ero coöcTBeHHbix B033peHHH Ha npnpo-fly ceKyjiHpH3ai^HH, KOTopyro oh b öojiee paHHHX paöoTax CHHTaji HeH3-6e>KHbiM conpoBO>KfleHHeM KanHTajiHCTHHecKOH MOflepHH3aLi;HH6. Ha-HHHaH c 1990-x rr., stot HccjieflOBaTejib paflHKajibHO H3MeHHeT cboh B3rjiHflbi: oh «B03BpauiaeT» pejinrHK) b MHp, o6t>hchhh sto Tax: «Ilo MoeMy MHeHHK), npeflnojio>KeHHe o tom, hto mh >KHBeM b ceKyjrapH30-
BaHHOM MHpe, HBJIHeTCH JIO>KHbIM. CoBpeMeHHblH MHp /.../ HBJLHeTCfl
CTOJib >Ke HencTOBO pejiHrH03HHM, KaKHM 6biJi h npe>Kfle, a b HeKOTO-pbix MecTax h öojiee pejiHrH03HbiM, neM npe>Kfle. /.../ MoflepHH3an,HH fleocTBHTejibHO OKa3biBajia HeKOTopoe ceKyjLHpH3yioiiiee B03flencTBHe /.../. OflHaKO OHa TaKace BJieKJia 3a co6oh MOLUHbie aHTHceKyjrapHbie flBH>KeHHH. KpoMe Toro, ceKyjiHpH3ai^HH Ha conneTajibHOM ypoBHe He o6H3aTejibHO CBH3aHa c ceKyjiflpH3anHeii Ha ypoBHe HHflHBHflyajibHoro
C03HaHHH»7.
HfleH n. Beprepa o tom, hto ceKyjiHpH3an,HH HHKorfla He 3aTparn-Bajia rjiyÖHHHoro h MaccoBoro oöuiecTBeHHoro co3HaHHH, a Bcerfla ocTaBajiacb HfleojiorneH sjiht, OKa3biBaeTCH MeTOflOJiorHHecKH BecbMa npoflyKTHBHOH b KOHTeKCTe nocTCOBeTCKHX couHOKyjibTypHbix npo-
IieCCOB, B HaCTHOCTH, B BypHTHH. HeyflHBHTejIbHO, HTO B COBpeMeHHblX yCJIOBHHX flenOJIHTH3ai];HH 3THOCOLi;HajIbHbIX npaKTHK H OÖUieCTBeH-
Horo co3HaHHH (Ha npoTJDKeHHH 2000-x rr.) pejiHrH03Hbie iichhocth,
noHHMaeMbie KaK (JjyHflaMeHTajibHaH cocTaBJiHioiiiaH Hai^HOHajibHOH KyjibTypbi, CTaHOBHTCH ba^KHeHiiiHMH MapKepaMH HaUHOHajIbHOrO
npOCTpaHCTBa, flyXOBHO-HpaBCTBeHHbIM H HfleOJIOrHHeCKHM OCHOBa-
HHeM fljiH (JiopMHpoBaHHH HyBCTBa 061HHOCTH no «KpoBH H noHBe», no
HaUHOHajIbHOH naMHTH H Li;ejIHM.  CoUHOJIOrHHeCKHe HCCJieflOBaHHH
1990-x rr., npoBOflHBLUHecH Ha TeppHTopHH STHHHecKOH BypHTHH, no-
Ka3ajIH pOCT HHCJia 6ypHT, Ha3BaBIIIHX KOH(J)eCCHIO, K KOTOpOH OHH CeÖH npHHHCJIHIOT: 6l,2% H3 HHX Ha3BajIH CeÖH ÖyflflHCTaMH, 21,9%—
iiiaMaHHCTaMH, 0,4%—npaBocjiaBHbiMH1. 3th qncjipbi ocTaioTCH npaK-THHecKH HeH3MeHHHMH B onpocax Ha npoTH^KeHHH 2000-x rr. IlpH-neM b onpoce 2009 r., npeflnojiaraBineM flH(J)4)epeHLi;HaLi;Hio otbctob Ha «CKopee Bepyio» h «Bepyio», cyMMapHoe hhcjio coMHeBarourHXCH,
HO BCe >Ke CKÜOHHroiHHXCH K Bepe, H CHHTaiOUTHX ceÖH 6e3oroBopoHHO
BepyioiiTHMH y>Ke Bbiine, neM npn onpocax 1990-x rr. (k npHMepy, fljin
6ypHTOK-rOpO>KaHOK 3TO HHCJIO COCTaBJIHeT 96,4%)2.
riojiHTHHecKaH oöycjioBJieHHOCTb pejiHrH03Horo Bbiöopa npocjie-
JKHBaeTCH B 3HaHHTejIbHOM paCXO>KfleHHH B UjHcJjpaX, OTHOCHUTHXCH K
OTBeTaM, flaHHHM npeflCTaBHTejiHMH pa3Hbix noKOJieHHO: TaK, 75% ropoflCKHX MOJioflbix My>KHHH-6ypHT BbiöpajiH OTBeT «Bepyio» (npn-neM hhkto H3 onpoLueHHbix He Bbiöpaji BapnaHTbi «aTencT» h «CKopee He Bepyio»), Torfla KaK cpeflH My>KHHH-6ypHT CTapnie 60 jieT 37,5% OTHecjiH ceÖH k aTencTaM3. 3to CBHfleTenbCTByeT, Ha Hani B3rjiHfl, o CBH3H Me>Kfly B03po>KfleHHeM HHTepeca k «pejiHrHH npeflKOB» h coBpe-MeHHOH 3THOHan;HOHajibHOH HfleojiorneH, b KOTopoö pejinrHH otbo-flHTCH Ba>KHeHniaH HHTerpaTHBHan pojib. IlosTOMy b HacTOHniee Bpe-
MH BOnpOC O COÖCTBeHHO Bepe, T.e. O MHpOB033peHHeCKOH (JjyHKI^HH
pejinrHH, HBJiHeTCH flocTaTOHHO cnopHHM, a nocTCOBeTCKyio fleceKy-jrapH3anHK> cjieflyeT paccMaTpHBaTb c yqeTOM Bcex oöcTOHTejibCTB h cnenjHcJjHHecKHX nepT, rnaBHOH H3 KOTopbix, Ha moh B3rjiHfl, HBJineTCH
yCTOHHHBaH pe/IHrH03HaH HHflHcJxJiepeHTHOCTb, nOpO>KfleHHaH COBeT-
ckoh MOflepHH3an;HeH, BCJieflCTBHe Hero b MHpcKOH noBceflHeBHOCTH pennrHH HrpaeT He oco6o 3HaHHMyio pojib.
1 MaxauKeee A. Llopmpem uepapxa. YjiaH-Yda: munozpatpua «HoeaLIpuHm», 2010. C. 20
' Bonpocu coxpanenuR u paseumusi mojiepaumHocmu, npoöjieMhi zpaiicdaucKoü aicmußHocmu nacenenuR PecnyöjiuKU Bypamun. Yjian-Yds: Msd-eo ELY. 2010. C. 48
3 Tom nee. C. 49
4TO Mbl 3HAEM O XAMBO JIAME flAIUH-flOPJKO HTHr3JIOBE7 PEAJIbHOE >KH3HEOnHCAHHEHTHr3JIOBA
HaHÖojiee oöniHe ÖHorpacJiHHecKHe CBefleHHH o XaMÖo jiaMe ^aniH-J\opmo HTHrsjioBe nepnaioTCH, KaK npeflCTaBJiHeTCH, H3 oflHoro hc-
TOHHHKa H paenpOCTpaHHIOTCH HHCTHTyTOM ero HMeHH C OflOÖpeHHH
pyKOBOflCTBa TpaflHLi;HOHHOH öyflflHHCKOH CaHrxH Pocchh. Mo>kho ot-MeTHTb eflHHOo6pa3He noflann >KH3HeonHcaHHH HrarajioBa Ha caÖTe HHCTHTyTa IlaHflHTO XaMÖo JIaMbi HTHrsjioBa4, b flOKyMeHTajibHOM (JjHJibMe «riocjiaHHe XaMÖo-jiaMbi»5, b ra3eTax «ApryMeHTbi h $aKTbi b BypHTHH», «Eypaafl Yhsh», >KypHajiax «Hafle>KHbiH hctohhhk» h «Byfl-
http://www.etegelov.ru/
' Peiicuccep Ajieicceü Ejiuhhukob, npou3Bodcmeo mejieicoMnauuu Apuz Yc, 2005 z.
132
J\ . J\ . Amotojiohoba
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
133
Bo36paiueHue XaMÔo-jiaMU Mmuzajioea
1 XaMÔo JIaMa (JJamu-JJopiico Hmuzsjioe ) http://nervana. name/buddism/lama.htm
2 rsôuiu (mu6. dge bshes, «dpyz doopodemejiu») u zaônca (mu6. dka' bzhi «uemupe mpyÖHhix npeÖMema»)—yue-Hhie cmeneuu e muôemacoM 6yddu3Me
3 LHupssms (6ypam.) ujiu IĽ3-pssm (mohz.) jiümü M03ICH0 mpaionoeamb deosuco: e ucmopuuecKOM KoumeK-cme—smo icacßedpajibHbtu jiaMa, npedcedamejibcmeym-uiuů npu ôozocjiyncemiax. B MOHacmbtpe, siejisuomfiMCR pe3udemxueů Xüm6o jiümu, LHupssms ue ucnojmsui ica-Kux-jiu6o adMUHuempamue-Hbix (pyHKU,uů, a omeeuaji 3a npaeujibHoe eedenue pejiuzu-03Hbix cjiyncô (no3ÔHeee A.M. OuepKU 6bima oydduůcKux MOHacmbtpeů u oydduůcKozo dyxoeeucmea e Mohzojiuu e C8R3U c omHoiueHueM cezo no-cjieduezo k uapody. CPI6.: Tu-nozpcufiiiR HMnepamopcKoů AicadeMuu uayic. 3anuacu UMnepamopcKozo pycacozo zeozpcufiimecKozo o6uíecmea no omdejienuio smuozpacßuu. Tom 16. 1887. C. 156). B coepeMeuuoů Bypxmuu LHu-pssms JiaMa—smo mumyji uacmoamejui, noduuueuuozo Xqmôo JlaMe
flHCTbl POCCHH», Ha HaVHHHX KOHCJjepeHUHHX, B HaCTHOCTH, Ha Me>Kfly-
HapoflHoö ÖHeHajibHOH KOHíJjepeHUHH «<E>eHOMeH XaMÖo jiaMbi Hrara-Jioßa» (2007, 2009, 2011), opraHH3yeMoö EyflflHÖCKHM yHHBepcHTeTOM «/JaiHH HoHHXopjiHH» hm. J\.-J\. 3aHeBa, h Ha npecc-KOH(|)epeHnHH «MnpoBOH 4>eHOMeH flBeHaflnaToro IlaHflHflo XaMÖo JiaMbi Hrarajio-Ba», opraHH30BaHHOH Pocchhckom rocyflapcTBeHHHM ryMaHHTap-HbiM yHHBepcHTeTOM h npoBefleHHoň b 2004 r. B UeHTpajIbHOM 0(J)HCe areHTCTBa HHTep(J)aKC.
CorjiacHO onyöjihkobaHHHM flaHHbiM, Hanöojiee BepoHTHoň fla-toh po>KfleHHH /JaiHH-,Z]pp:>KO HraranoBa HBjraeTCH 1852 r. MecTO po>K-fleHHH—MecTHOCTb yji3bi-,Z]p6o, HbIHe HaxoflHmaHCH Ha TeppHTopHH HBOJiľHHCKoro paöoHa PecnyöJiHKH BypHTHH. PaHO ocnpoTeB, oh, no cymecTBOBaBineH TpaflHUHH, ôbui npHHHT b ceMbK) poflCTBeHHHKa, b KOTopoň c Majibix jieT 3aHHMajicH TH>KejibiM TpyflOM. OflHaKO ysce c ce-peflHHbi 1860-X roflOB h Ha npora>KeHHH 6ojiee flBaflnara JieT HrarajioB oöynajicH b Ahhhckom flanaHe, iyre nojiyHHJi pejiHrH03Hoe o6pa30Ba-HHe. no pacnopH^KeHHK) HacTOHTejiH flanaHa Xoöto JlaMxaö Akdihhh TajiflaHa, craneHflHH /JaiHH-,Z]pp:>KO BbiruiaHHBajiacb ^khtcjihmh OKpecT-Hbix cen. Ohh >Ke b TeneHHe 20 JieT bhochjih b rocyflapcTBeHHyio Ka3Hy OTCTynHbie 3a to, hto HraranoB He cjrysoui b apMHH (nocKOJibKy oh CHHTajicH BbixoflneM H3 Ka3aHbero cocjiobhh1). B pe3yjibTaTe ycnein-Horo oöyqeHHH HrarajioB cflaji 3K3aMeHbi Ha yneHbie 3BaHHH zaômu h zaÔ3KU2. KpoMe Toro, oh oöynajicH MeflHUHHe b T3mhhhckom flanaHe (Hbme nocenoK TycHHoe O3epo CejieHrHHCKoro p-Ha PecnyöJiHKH By-PHThh). B 1898 r. HrarajioB 6biJi 3aHH(ľJieH b niTaTHbie JiaMbi ÜHra>KHH-CKoro flanaHa, rfle npenoflaBaji 6yflflHHCKyio (JjhjiocoíJíhk), a b 1903 r.
OH CTaHOBHTCH LLlHp33T3 JiaMOH3 ÜHra>KHHCKOrO flaij;aHa. C 3TOH flOJI>K-
0eepajibCKaa peßOJiwv,uii 1917 z. UMejia eajKHeůwee 3Hcmemie ôjir Hai^uoHajibHbLX OKpauH Poccuu, nocKOJibKy paci^enueajiacb kclk Kpax UMnepcKoů nojiumuKU, a Hacmynuewan ceoôoda nodpcL3yMeeajia peajiu3av,um npaea nai^uů na caMoonpedejienue
HOCTbK) CBH3aHa aKTHBHaH oöiuecTBeHHafl fleHTejibHOCTb HTHrsjíoBa; b nacTHOCTH, b nepHOfl, Korfla 6ypHTbi-Ka3aKH npH3biBajiHCb Ha PyccKO-anoHCKyio BOÖHy (1904 r.), oh npoBOflHJi oöpHflbi no 3am;HTe yxoflHinHX Ha 4>poHT. KpoMe Toro, oh 3aHHMajicH npocBeTHTejibCKoň fleHTejibHO-CTbK) b n;ejiHX nponaraHflbí BepHonoflflaHHHHecKHX nyBCTB k poccHÖ-CKOMy n;apK) h rocyflapcTBy, 3a hto 6biJi yflocToeH n;apcKHX Meflajieň.
B 1910 r. HTHrsjíoB 6biJi H3ÖpaH Ha nocT IlaHflHTO XaMÖo JiaMbi Jla-MaöcKoro flyxoBeHCTBa Boctohhoö CnönpH. B1913 r. b KanecTBe rjiaBbi oflHoö H3 npH3HaHHbix uepKBeH Pocchh oh 6bui npHüiaineH b CaHKT-rieTepöypr Ha npa3flHOBaHHe 300-jieTHH flOMa PoMaHOBbix, rfle Ha Top-)KecTBeHHOM oöefle npoH3Hec no3flpaBHTejibHyio penb ot hmchh Bcex öypHT, a Ha ayflneHUHH y Hhkoji3h II nojiyqnji ot HMnepaTops opfleH Cbhtoto CTaHHCJiaBa III CTeneHH.
B rOflbl IlepBOH MHpOBOH BOHHH no HHHUHaTHBe IlaHflHTO XaMÖo
JiaMbi HTHrsjioBa b BepxHeyflHHCKe 6biJio co3flaHO «06m;e6ypHTCKoe oömecTBO» flJia c6opa cpeflCTB b noMomb rocyflapcTBy, fljiH noflflep>KKH cojiflaT, paHeHbix h ceMeň naBinHX. B npHcJjpoHTOBbie rocnHTajiH 6buiH HanpaBJíeHbi SMHH-jiaMbi1. KpoMe Toro, cpeflCTBa coönpajiHCb h nepe3 flan;aHbi2.
(ĚeBpajibCKaH peBOJiK)u;HH 1917 r. HMejia Ba>KHeHinee 3HaneHHe fljiH HauHOHajibHbix OKpaHH Pocchh, nocKOJibKy pacn;eHHBajiacb KaK Kpax HMnepcKOH nojíHTHKH, a HacTynHBinaH CBo6ofla noflpa3yMeBajia peajiH3an;HK) npaßa Hanno Ha caMoonpeflejieHHe. HecľJiynaHHO, hto b TeneHHe 3Toro rofla 6biJio npoBefleHO HecKOJibKO o6m;e6ypHTCKHX cbe3flOB, rjiaBHHM BonpocoM Ha KOTopbix 6buio co3flaHHe öypHTCKofl
aBTOHOMHH. ,ZJ|aniH-1Z]|op>KO HTHrSJIOB aKTHBHO HHTepeCOBajICH nOJIH-
THHecKHMH BonpocaMH: oh 6bui npeflceflaTejieM II 06m;e6ypHTCKoro Cbe3fla, cocTOHBinerocH b Hiojie 1917 r. b T3mhhhckom flan;3He. CpeflH o6cy>Kfl3BinHXCH H3 Cbe3fle BonpocoB 6biJio h HHHUHHpoBSHHoe Hth-
rSJIOBHM npHHHTHe HOBOrO «riOJIO>KeHHH O JiaMaHCTCKOM flyXOBeHCTBe
BocTOHHOH CnÖHpH», KOTopoe flOJi>KHO 6buio 3aMeHHTb npeflbiflymee «riojio>KeHHe o jiaMaöcKOM flyxoßeHCTBe» 1853 r.
CorjiaCHO HOBHM «IlOJIOJKeHHHM», OTMeHHBLUHM aflMHHHCTpaTHB-
Hyio oneKy Hafl flyxoBHO-pejiHrH03HOH >KH3HbK) öyflflHCTOB, öyflflHÖ-CKHe MOHacTbipH h flyxoBeHCTBO npHoöpeTajiH paBHbie c flpyrHMH KOH(J)eccHHMH npaBa Ha 3eMJienojib30BaHHe h 3eMJieBJiafleHHe, no-jryneHHe fleHe>KHbix cpeflCTB ot rocyflapcTBa, npaBO lopHflHHecKoro jínila fljiH opraHOB Bbicinero flyxoBHoro ynpaBJíeHHH, flan;aHOB, pejiH-
ľH03HbIX COKD30B H o6lIi;eCTB JiaMaHCTOB3. TaKSCe OTMeHHJIHCb CTaTbH
npeflbiflyruHX «riojio>KeHHH», KOTopbie CTporo 3anpem;ajiH B03BefleHHe HOBbix flanaHOB CBepx 34 cymecTBOBaBiiiHX h onpeflejiHJiH hhcío jiaM, yTBepflHB nocTOHHHoe KOJiHHecTBO He oöJiaraeMbix HajioroM öyflflHÖ-CKHX CBHiueHHOcjiy}KHTejieH H3 pacneTa oflHH JiaMa Ha flBecTH npnxo-ynau, to ecTb 285 «niTaTHbix JiaM». OcTajibHbie thchhh JiaM oöjiarajincb HajioroM HapaBHe c npocTbiMH KpecTbHHaMH4.
B npoeKTe hoboto Ilojio>KeHHH fleKJiapnpoBajiacb nojiHaH h He-orpaHHHeHHaH cßoöofla HcnoBeflaHHH h nponoBeflOBaHHH Bepbi, o6pa-
30BaHHH npHXOflOB, COOpy>KeHHH MOJIHTBeHHblX 3flaHHH, OTnpaBJieHHH
pejiHrH03Hbix cjiy>K6 h ycTpoöcTBa pejiHrH03Hbix nponeccHÖ h npa3fl-
HHKOB. CoBMeCTHO CO CBHIHeHHOCJiySCHTejIHMH H MHpHHaMH XaMÖO
JiaMa HTHrsjioB npHHHJi ynacTHe b oöcyscfleHHH npoöJieM BHyTpeHHefl
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couiiajibHCLR
KOMMyHUKaUUR
CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
1 Smuu-jiomo (jieicapb-MOHax)— 3eamie, Komopoe npuceaueajiocb jiuiiaM, oejiadeeuiuM muóemcKoů mpadimuoHHOů MeduiiUHOů na npomsoicemm deenadiiammienmezo
Kypca oôyuemm u ycneumo 3aHUMaeumMCR MeduiiuucKoů npaicmuKoů
2 3a yciuiuM e noddepiiace Poccuu so epeMR IMupoeoů boůhu b 1915 z. Jl.-Jl. Hmuzsjíoe 6bw ydocmoeu opdeua Ce. Ahhm 2-ů cmeneuu
1 PepacuMoea K.M. OÔHOBJíemecKoe deuiicenue 6ypxmcKozo jiaMaucmcKozo dyxoeeucmea. yjiau-Yds: BypamcKoe KmuKHoe u3damejibcmeo, 1964. C. 24-26
Tepenmbee A. Poccuůckuů 6yddu3M eXIX-Hauajie XX ee. // Byddu3M Poccuu. 2004. Ns 36. http://buddhismofrussia.ru/ sangha/50/
J\ . fl, . Amotojiohoba
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
I35
1 repacuMoea. ykq3. cou. C. 27
'■ Moucho npednojioiicumb, umo peuienue Hmuzsjíoea cjioiicumb c ce6x nojmoMouusi
XaMÓO JiaMbí C8R3CLH0 6bUlO
maKiíce u c duacycciwMU uencdy bypamcKUMU Jiude-paMU pa3Hozo momca; e 6ec-KoneuHbix oócyncdemiax pe-xuzuo3Hbte eonpocbí npocmo ymoHyjiu. K momy uce cmajio oueeuČHbtM, umo EypnauKOM (Eypamaaiů HauuoHOJibHbiů KOMumem), onpedejwewuů fýypamcKym nojiumuuecKyio JICU3Hb e 1917-1919 zz., ue npoRBJísui óojibiuozo uumepe-ca Kpejiuzuu
Očuh U3 ao3icemoe o6Hmu-zsjíoee noeecmeyem, umo 8 1921 z. oh npedynpediui 3HaMeHumozo ocHoeamejw oÓHOBJíenuecKozo deuncemíR BydduůcKoů u.epKeu Azeana flopiicueea, umo momy ne cjiedoeajio 803epaw,ambcsi e Poccum u3-3a zpamiuhi, no-momy umo CKopo uaunymcsi apecmbí jiaM. IlpuueM o ce6e Hmuzsjíoe CKa3cui, umo ezo Hoebte ejiacmu cxeamumb He ycnaom—XomSSo Jiama (Jlaum-Jlopiico Hmuzsjíoe) http:/'/nervaná, name/ buddismAama. htm
}KH3HH flaiiaHOB, HanpHMep, 06 OrpaHHHeHHH pOCKOHIH B 6bITy fly-
xoBeHCTBa h o npeKpameHHH Hpe3MepHbix no6opoB c HacejieHHH Ha co,a;ep:>KaHHe flyxoBeHCTBa bo BpeMH xypajioB1. OflHaKO flyxoBHbie hc-KaHHH, HayHHaH h npocBeTHTejibCKaH fleHTejibHOCTb 6buiH fljiH Hrara-jioBa 6ojiee Ba>KHbi, a noTOMy BCKope oh cjio>khji c cenu iiojihomohhh XaM6o JiaMbí2 h BepHyncH b flHra>KHHCKHH flanaH, rfle Hanncaji Tpyflbí no 6yflflHHCKoň cpHJiococpHH, a TaioKe cpyHflaMeHTajibHyio pa6oTy no THĎeTCKoň (papMaKOJiorHH «>Kop».
15 hkdhh 1927 r. b B03pacTe 75 jieT XII IlaHflHTO XaM6o JlaMa Hrara-jiob b npncyTCTBHH JiaM HHra>KHHCKoro flanaHa nonpocHJi npoHHTaTb fljiH Hero MOJiHTBy «Bjiarono>KejiaHHe yxoflHiiieMy» (JIxoro HaMinn). JiaMbí He MorjiH peniHTbCH h Torfla oh Hanaji ee HHTaTb caM. JiaMbí
npHCOeflHHHJIHCb K HTeHHK) MOJIHTBbl H nOCJie OKOHHaHHH OĎpHfla, B
cooTBeTCTBHH c 3aBeinaHHeM 7J-7J. HrarajioBa, noMecTHJiH ero b no3e jioToca b 6yMxaH (capKocpar) h ocTaBHJiH b 3axopoHeHHH b mccthocth Xyxs 3ypx3H (Hbme OTHOCHHieňcH k HBOJirHHCKOMy paňoHy Pecny6jiH-
KH BypHTHH).
4TO Mbl 3HAEM O XAMBO JIAME /(AUlH-/(OP)KO HTHT3JIOBE? MH$OJIOrH3HPOBAHHOE 3KH3HEOI1HCAHHE CBÍITOTO JIAMbl
B MH(pojiorH3HpoBaHHOM >KH3HeonHcaHHH HrarajioBa nepenjieTaioT-ch flocTOBepHbie ĎHorpacpHHecKHe CBefleHHH h jiereHflbí, b KOTopbix HaiiiJiH OTpa>KeHHe ero peajibHbie BbicKa3biBaHHH h nocTynKH, npnnn-CHBaeMbie eMy UHTaTbi h MHCTHHecKHe npeflCKa3aHHH, OKpysceHHbie TařÍHOH h floraflKaMH ero yxofl H3 caHcapbi h npHHHHbi ero B03Bpaine-hhh, a TaK^Ke 6e3ycneniHbie nonbiTKH paiiHOHajibHoro o6T>HCHeHHH ero (peHOMeHa. KoHTeKCTOM MHCpojiorHH cjiyacHT aTMoapepa roHeHHH Ha 6yflflH3M h CBHHieHHOcjiyscHTeneH b nepnofl cobctckoh BJiacTH3: co6-CTBeHHO, ynaflOK Bepbi h hbhjich, KaK CHHTaeTCH, rjiaBHoň npHHHHoň, no KOTopoň XaM6o jiaMa npHHHJi peineHHe flOKa3aTb Ha co6cTBeHHOM npHMepe cnpaBefljiHBOCTb 6yflflHHCKoň coTepHOJiorHH.
CyflH no coBpeMeHHHM ny6jiHKanHHM, naMHTb 06 HrarajioBe h o ero pacnopfl^KeHHH npoBepHTb coxpaHHOCTb ero Tejia nepe3 TpHfliiaTb JieT Bce >Ke nepeflaBajiacb hobhm noKOJieHHHM ot JiaM, yiieneBiiiHX bo BpeMeHa penpeccnň. OflHaKO CBefleHHH sth, BO-nepBbix, He HMejiH uiHpoKoro pacnpocTpaHeHHH, a BO-BTopbix, CHHTajiHCb nacTbio 6yfl-flHHCKoro KOMnjieKca, a noTOMy OTHOCHJiHCb k ccpepe penHrH03HOH Bepbi. B paMKax coBeTCKoro h nocTCOBeTCKoro pan;HOHajiH3HpoBaHHO-ro MHpoB033peHHH HHTepec k pejiHrH03HOMy HBJíeHHio HenpeMeHHO conpfl^KeH c flOKa3aTenbCTBOM peajibHOCTH nyfla h ero B03fleHCTBHeM Ha OKpyjKaiomHH MHp, Ha coBpeMeHHbix jnofleň h TeKyinne coShthh. riosTOMy jiHinb ceHcan;HOHHoe B03Bpam;eHHe HTHrsjíoBa, MHoroKpaT-Hbie npH3HaHHH co CTopoHbi cnen;HajiHCTOB b o6jiacTH ĎHOJiorHH h
cyfleĎHoň MeflHLi;HHbi o tom, hto oh—>khboh HenoBeK (HeMajioBa^KHO npn 3tom Hcnojib30BaHHe cyxoň HayHHoň TepMHHOJiorHH, HanpHMep: «BejiKOBaH CTpyKTypa He HapyineHa, cooTBeTCTByeT >KHBOMy HenoBe-Ky»: HJiH «0t JiaMbí HfleT HacTOHin;ee HejioBenecKoe Tenjio, 3acpHKCH-
pOBaHbl H HaCTOTbl 3JieKTpOMarHHTHbIX KOJie6aHHH, HCXOflHIHHX H3
Tena»2) y6eflHTejibHO flOKa3ajiH, hto nyflo fleHCTBHTejibHO cocTOHJiocb. HMeHHO peajibHOCTb nyfla Bbi3Bajia HHTepec k MHCpojiorH3HpoBaHHO-My >KH3HeonHcaHHio HTHrsjíoBa. TaK, b flo6aBJieHHe k «o6hhhoh» 6ho-rpacpHH noHBJíHeTCH ee HOBan BepcHH o tom, hto HTHrsjíoB noHBHJicsi Ha CBeT cpa3y b B03pacTe nHTH JieT, npnneM nyflecHHM o6pa30M, h poc cnpoTOH3. A nocKOJibKy b TpaflHLi;HOHHOM 6ypHTCKOM o6m;ecTBe TaKoro Boo6me 6biTb He Morno, flejiaeTCH BbiBOfl o tom, hto R.-R. HrarajioB «He HMen o6biHHoro po>KfleHHH, a hbíihctch cbhthm BoflXHcaTTBOH»4.
0 tom >Ke CBHfleTenbCTByioT nyfleca, KOTopbie hbjihji HTHrsjíoB: Hh->KHMa BacHJibeBa, flnpeKTop HHCTHTyTa IlaHflHflo XaM6o JiaMbí Hth-rsjíoBa, ccbiJiaHCb Ha HeKHe nojiHneňcKHe flOKyMeHTbi, ynoMHHaeT o tom, hto oflHa>Kflbi HTHrsjíoB Ha KOHe npocKaKaji no noBepxHOCTH Benoro 03epa (coBpeMeHHoe Ha3BaHHe—03. CynbcpaTHoe) KaK no mo-meHoň flopore. Em;e, no ee paccKa3aM, HrarajioB o6jiaflaji cnocoĎHO-CTbio MrHOBeHHO nepeMein;aTbCH b npocTpaHCTBe: KaK TOJibKO 3a hhm 3aKpbiBajiH flBepb, oh TOTHac >Ke OKa3biBajicH Ha paccTOHHHH n;ejioro KHJioMeTpa, npeBpamaHCb b TOHKy5. KpoMe Tóro, oh CHHTaeTCH nepe-po>KfleHLi;eM nepBoro XaM6o JiaMbí ,ZJ|aM6a-1Z]|ap>Ka 3aHeBa, nocKOJibKy yKa3aji MecTO fljiH nocTpoHKH hoboto flan;aHa, oďtjHchhb npn stom, hto TaM 3apbiTbi KOJioKOJibHHK h Bafl>Kpa, npHHafljie>KaBniHe 3aHeBy.
HanĎoiibineň MH(pojiorH3an;HH noflBeprnacb KOHHHHa HTHrsjíoBa. B H3JIO>KeHHH npHTHH 06 3TOM co6hthh H.JI. MyxaHOB nHineT, HTO yxofl HTHrsjíoBa b HOBoe po>KfleHHe (xoth, yHHTbmaH cpeHOMeH, mo>kho npeflnojio>KHTb, hto nepepo>KfleHHe He cocTOHJiocb) conpoBO>KflajicH pHflOM Heo6biHHbix (peHOMeHOB, k KOTopbiM oh othocht yMeHbineHHe pocTa JiaMbí h ero HaKa3 yneHHKaM BbmyTb h ocMOTpeTb ero Teno nepe3 TpHfln;aTb JieT. DiaBHbíM h HanĎojiee yflHBHTejibHHM (paKTOM H. JI. My-
XaHOB Ha3bIBaeT COCTOHHHe Me>Kfly >KH3HbIO H CMepTbK), B KOTOpOM
JiaMa npe6biBaji Ha npora>KeHHH ceMH flHeň: «1. He pa3roBapHBaji h He OTKpbiBaji rna3. 2. He flbiinaji. 3. HaxoflHJicH b HenoflBH>KHOM coctohhhh. 4. nyjibc He npoinynbiBajicH. /•••/ Ero Tejio npoflOJDKajio ocTaBaTbCH Te-njibiM!». Haflo CKa3aTb, hto sto onncaHHe npHHi^HnnajibHO npoTHBO-nojio>KHO TOMy, KaK yxofl HTHrajioBa onncbrnaeTCH b ero ĎHorpacpHH, ony6jiHKOBaHHOH HHCTHTyroM HTHrajioBa, nocKOJibKy npeflnojiaraeT, hto k MOMeHTy HTeHHH o6pHflOBoro TeKCTa JiaMa y>Ke noKHHyn ceň MHp. KpoMe Tóro, npHTHa BKJiioHaeT b ce6si oĎTjHCHeHHe npHHHHbi, no KOTopoň Ha ceflbMoň fleHb yneHHKH Bce >Ke peniHJiH npoBecTH o6pHfl npoBOflOB yqHTejiH: «Torfla, b 1927 rofly, y>Ke HaHHHajiHCb roHeHHJi Ha pejiHrHK), h coBeTCKoe npaBHTenbCTBO CTporo cjieflHJio 3a co6jnofleHH-eM 3aKOHa, npeflnncbiBaioíHero xopoHHTb yMepinero nepe3 Tpn flHH»6.
Tom Jice
' HerrmeHHbiů Jiaua U3jiyuaem sjíeicmpoMazHurnubte bojihu // KoMCOMOJibCKcm npaeda. 01.12.2006. C. 12
3 3moů mouKe 3penua npomuBopeuum uajiuuue
KpOBHbíX podcmBeHHUKOB
J1..-M- HmuzsjíoBa. HanpuMep, Í1.J1. BacmibeBa, dupeicmop Hucmumyma HmuzsjíoBa, Ha3MBaem ce6x ezo BHyuamoů njieMMHHUiieů
4 /JauiudoudoKOB C.C. 0eHOMeu docmonoumeuHozo Xomóo JlaMM 3muz3Ji0Ba! // MupoB033pemie Hacejiemix KJjkhoů Cuóupu
u IleHmpajibHoů A3uu e ucmopuuecKoů pempocneicmuBe. Bun I. Eapnayji, 2007. C. 229
' X0LM.60 JiaMa (/Jawu-/lop3ico HmuzsjíoB) http://nervaná, name/buddism/lama.htm
' /JoíKČb U3 liBemoB. EypamcKue 6ydduůcKue npumuu. Coúpauu 8 2002-2003 zz. nucamejieM HzopeM MyxauoebiM ua meppumopuu PecnyójiuKU EypamuR u Azuhckozo ůypamcKozo aemonoMHOzo OKpyza. M.: Ileump pyccKO-a3uamcKux uccjiedoeamiů «Azapmu» coeMecmuo c u3damejibcmeoM JI. E. MyxaHoeoů, 2005. C. 25
136
J\ . J\ . Amotojiohoba
HCGÍIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
137
Bo36paiueHue XaMÔo-jiaMU Mmuzajioea
A-THEISM: AmeucmuuecKuů caům Eejiapycu http://a-theism.com/index.php?option (12.06. 2009)
'■ Hum. no: HuMumdopxcuH r.ľ. Hucmumym naudumo XamSSo JlaiA. 1764-2004. Yuan-Yds: fÍ3Ô-eo EydduůcKozo UHcmu-myma «/Jauiu ^oimxopmm». 2004. C. 101
'■ MyKOBCKaa H.H. Eyddu3M u
UICLMCLHU3M kük cßüKmOpbl
cßopMupoeamisi bypamacozo Meumcuiumema // Pejiuzux e ucmopuu u Kyjihmype mohzo-
A0Sl3btUHbLX HapOÖOB POCCUU.
M.: Bocmouuasi Jiumepamypa, 2008. C. 15-18
CorjiacHO flaHHbiM, ysce íiojivhhbiiihm CTaTyc ocjjHUHajibHbix, no-
CKOJIbKy nOflTBep>K/TaK)TCH pyKOBOflHTejIHMH By/TflHHCKOH CaHrxH Poc-CHH H flHpeKTOpOM HHCTHTyTa XaMÖO JiaMbI HTHrSJIOBa, B COBeTCKHe
BpeMeHa capKO(J)ar BCKpbiBajiH flBa>Kflbi—b 1955 h 1972 rr. yöeflHBiHHCb b HeTJieHHOCTH Tejia, JiaMbI 3apbiBajiH capKO(J)ar BHOBb, npnneM TaK, HTO HaÖTH MecTO öbijio HenpocTO. riosTOMy SKcne/THUHH 2002 r. npefl-
CTaBJIHJia C060Ö flOBOJIbHO CJIO>KHOe MepOnpHHTHe, B KOTOpOM ÖbIJIH
3a/TeöcTBOBaHbi He TOJibKO JiaMbI, ho h MHpHHe, 3HaBinHe o npHMep-
HOM MeCTOHaXOiKfleHHH 3axopoHeHHH.
flHCKyPC B03BPAIIIEHH.H XAMBO JIAMbI HTHT3JIOBA
B CBH3H c B03BparneHHeM XaMÖo JiaMbI HrarajioBa b 2002 r. h c npn-3HaHHeM HeTJieHHOCTH ero Tejia, HeootHCHHMoro c HayqHoň tohkh
3peHHH, 3apOflHJICH H paCTIIHpfleTCfl flHCKypC HTHrSJIOBa. C OflHOH CTO-
poHbi, nonbiTKH flaTb 4>eHOMeHy paiiHOHajibHoe HayHHoe oötHCHeHHe HMeioT Bce öojiee innpoKyio reorpa(J)Hio. TaK, cbok> jienTy b peineHHe npoöJieMbi nbiTaioTCH BHecTH öejiopyccKHe aTencTbi, /TOKa3biBaioiHHe, HTO Hyfla He 6biJio h HeT, nocKOJibKy Ha caMOM nejie HrarajioB npeöbi-BaeT b aHa6no3e, BnojiHe coothochmom c HBJíeHHeM cilhhkh y >khbot-Hbix, T.e. HBJLseTCH oöpaTHMbiM nponeccoM. CoxpaHHOCTb >Ke Tejia, no-jiaraioT aTencTbi, oöecneHHBaeTCH TeM, hto BMecTO bo/th b opraHH3Me npHcyTCTByeT rjiHiiepHH. Ilpoiieflypa no 3aMeineHHio bo/th rjiHiiepH-HOM, yTBep^K/TaioT aTencTbi, 6biJia npoH3BefleHa nofl pyKOBOflCTBOM ca-
MOrO HTHrSJIOBa, KOTOpblH 6bIJI KBajIHíJjHUHpOBaHHblM MeflHKOM1.
C flpyroH CTopoHbi, HBHan Heyflana paiiHOHajibHoro o6i>HCHeHHJi
aKTHBH3HpyeT yCHJIHH CTOpOHHHKOB npOTHBOnOJIO>KHOH TOHKH 3pe-HHH, COCTOHUieH B TOM, HTO o6l>HCHeHHe 4>eHOMeHy HTHrSJIOBa M05KHO HaÖTH TOJIbKO H HCKJIIOHHTejIbHO B KOHTeKCTe ÖyflflHHCKOÖ pejIHrHH H
(J)hjioco(J)hh. 06 stom, b HacTHOCTH, TOBopHJi /Jajiaň-jiaMa XIV: «Mho-rne öyflflHÖCKHe MOHaxH no3HaioT CMepTb, yMHpan bo BpeMH Menn-
TaiIHH H TaKHM 06pa30M OCBo6o>K/TaHCb OT 3eMHoro CyiireCTBOBaHHH.
Ohh MoryT MeflHrapoBaTb flecHTKH jieT h Hx Tejia He pa3JiaraioTCH. ripHMep TOMy—Me/THTHpyioiLT,HH jiaMa b BypHTHH, Tejio KOToporo HeT-jieHHO bot ysce 75 JieT»2.
C(J)opMHpoBaBinHHCH flHCKypc 06 HrarajioBe BKjnonaeT b ceÖH ne-jibiö pH/T B3aHMOCBH3aHHbix TeM, Ka>K/TaH H3 KOTopbix CBH3aHa c onpe-flejieHHHMH con,HOKyjibTypHbiMH nponeccaMH h npaKTHKaMH. H3-BecTHbiň yneHbiH-MOHrojioBe/T H. JI. DKyKOBCKaa BbiflejuieT Tpn ypoBHH BocnpHHTHH 4>eHOMeHa HTHrsjioBa: KaK ny/To, KaK yxo/j; b caMa/TXH, KaK Heno/TflaioiiTaHCH HayHHOMy oötHCHeHHio coxpaHHOCTb Tejia no-cjie CMepTH3. OflHaKO Ha caMOM flejie 3HaHeHHe B03Bpam;eHHH Hrara-jioBa 3HaHHTejibHO niHpe. Bo-nepBbix, 6e3ycjioBHO, cjieflyeT otmcthtb 3HaHeHHe 4>eHOMeHa HrarajioBa b npon;ecce /TeceKyjiHpH3an,HH o6m;e-
CTBeHHoro co3HaHHH 5KHTejieň BypHTHH—6ypHT h He-6ypHT. HbiHein-HHÖ XaMÖo JiaMa RaMÔa AioineeB CKenTHHecKH oneHHBaeT orpoMHbrä noTOK jno/Teň, CTpeMHin,HXCH yBHfleTb HTHrsjioBa h npHKOCHyTbcsi k HeMy: «JIio/th 6biJiH He totobh k npHxo/jy HTHrsjioBa. H ceropun no-npe>KHeMy He totobh. B noflaBJíHioiiTeM öojibiHHHCTBe ohh npn BCTpene c HrarajioBbiM peinaioT jiHHHbie npoöJieMbi»1. XaMÖo JiaMa nojiaraeT, hto MHpHHe floji>KHbi He CTOJibKO CTpeMHTbCH k nojiyqeHHio
ÖJiarOCJIOBeHHH H nOMOIITH, CKOJIbKO H3MeHHTb COÖCTBeHHOe OTHOine-HHe K 5KH3HH H K flpyrHM JIIO/THM.
OflHaKO HecoMHeHHO, HTO ÖJiaroflapH Hydy HTHrsjioBa He TOJibKO
B03pOCJIO HHCJIO najIOMHHKOB B HBOJIľHHCKHH flaUjaHľ H3-3a TJIHpOKOrO
o6cy>KfleHHH TeMbi 4>eHOMeHa HrarajioBa b cpeflCTBax MaccoBoň hh-(J)opMan,HH b cjioBapb oöbifleHHoro H3biKa HaHHHaioT npoHHKaTb no-
HHTHH ÖyflflHÖCKOH pejIHrHH H 4>HJIOCO(J)HH-KapMa, CHflflXH, MOKIJia,
CaMaflXH H T.fl. IlpOHBJIHIOlUHe HHTepeC K 4>HJIOCO(J)CKHM OÖOCHOBaHH-
HM «nyfla» nojiynaioT pa3i>HCHeHHH y jiaM, MHorne H3 KOTopbix oxotho nyöJiHKyioT cboh paöoTbi b HayHHbix cöopHHKax. TaK, JiaMa CC. ß^aum-
flOHflOKOB OÖTjHCHHeT MHpHHaM CMblCJI (J)eHOMeHa TaKľ «/]|OCTOnOHTH-
Mbiö XaMÖo JiaMa /JaníH 7Jop>KO DrarajioB chjioh CBoero npeflBHfleHHJi 3Haji 3apaHee, hto npnfleT BpeMH, Korfla Bepa jnofleö ocjiaÖHeT b CHJiy flaBJíeHHH npe>KHeH HfleojiorHH, KOTopan yTBep>Kflajia, hto MaTepHH nepBHHHa. H 6ojibniHHCTBO jnofleö nofl BJiHHHHeM 3Toro 3a6jiy>KfleHH}i CTpeMHTCH TOJibKO k MaTepHajibHbiM 6jiaraM, KOTopbie Ha caMOM flejie
Uum. no: Eydaee E. Xamôo Jlama Hmuzsjioe—Heeo3MoiicHoe 803M03ICH0 //Au0 b Bypxmuu. 2007.W16.C.8
Renan neydana pau\uoHajibHozo oÔKRcnemin aKmueu3upyem ycujiuR cmoponnuKoe npomueonojiojKHOů moHKU 3penuR, cocmoRW,eú e moM, nmo oÔKRcnemie (penoMeny Mmuzajioea
MOJKHO Haůmu mojibKO u ucKJiioHumejibHO e KonmeKcme 6ydduůcKoů pejiuzuu u cßujiococßuu
1 /JaiuudoudoKoe CC. 0eHOMeu docmonoumeuHozo Xomôo Jlamu 3muz3Jioea! // Mupoeo33pemie Hacejiemix IOíichoů Cuôupu u [leumpcuibHou A3uu e ucmopuuecKoů pempocneicmuee. Bun I. Eapnayji, 2007. C. 229
HenocTOHHHbi h He cnocoÖHbi b nojiHOH Mepe npHBecTH k nofljiHHHO-My CHacTbK). H Oh peniHJi ocTaBHTb CBoe Tejio Ha ÖJiaro B03po>KfleHHJi yneHHH fljiH Toro, hto6h jiioflH, BocnpHHHMan Ero h 3Han o HeM, yr-
BepflHJIHCb B TOM, HTO flyXOBHOe pa3BHTHe MO^KeT npHBecTH K TOMy co-
CTOHHHK), Korfla co3HaHHe MO^KeT npeo6pa3HTb MaTepnio»2.
HecjiynaOHO, hto HaHHHaH c 2002 r. 3HaHHTejibHO B03pacTaeT hhc-jio jihli;, HfleHTH(J)Hn,HpyioiiTHX ceÖH KaK BepyíoinHX öyflflHCTOB3. Xoth, KOHeHHO, 3aHacTyio penb HfleT o HOMHHajibHoň pejiHrH03HOCTH h yc-JIOBHOÖ Bepe, TeM He MeHee, fleceKyjiHpH3an,HH4 oöuiecTBeHHoro c°-
1 ÍIodpoÔHee cm: ÄMOzojioHoea fl./j. CoepeMeHHasi bypsuncKOR smnoapepa. /JucKypcu, napaduzMM, comioicyjibmypHbte npaicmuKU. Ynau-yds: H3damejibcmeo Bypamacozo zocyuueepcumema, 2008. C. 176-185
B Hauajie cmambu r oô'bsicHsuo codepiicamie noHxmux deceKyjiapu3av,ur npiiMeuumejibHO k nocmcoeemcKoů deůcmeumejibHocmu
I38
J\ . /I,. Amotojiohoba
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
I39
Bo38paiueHue
XaMÓO-JldMbl
Mmuzajioea
1 Ha 100 zpaMMoe msoicejie-em... http://www.buryatia-online.ru/bol/news/11533. html?SECTION_ID=327
'■ K maKUM uydecHUM aene-husim, caKpajiu3ymw,um npocmpancmeo Bypxmuu, omnocumcR mnenue 6ozunu HnucuMhi nedaneKO om zopu Bapxan-yyjia y cena Hpwano Bapzy3uncKozo paůona, zde sdoóaeoK moucho uacmo Haójuodamb padyncnoe ceeuenue na mchom ne6e. Ha CKajie e KaxmuncKOM paůone caMonpoRBUJiach Manmpa OM MAHH BA/1 M3 XYM, neMy mouce noica ne nauuioch pauuonajihHozo oÓKXcnenusi. OdnaKO npedcmaeumejiu BydduůcKozo dyxoeencmea CBM3bíeamm srnu mjienua., paeno KaK u B03epaw,enue Hmuzsjíoea, c «oco6umu 3acjiyzaMU 6ypam» (cm. unmepehio c země Jlxa.paM.6a ZIiicuMÓa /JonbedoM: Punuu-Hoea O. Hndux—Bapzy3un: nymh k HnoicuMe // Hpaeda Bypsimuu. 2007. 4 OKm. C. 16)
' MaxauKeee A. Bopbóa Canzxu: ucmopusi u coepe-Mennocmb. BaŮKOJi Medua KoncajimuHZ. http://baik.al-media.com/2006/05/17/ borba-sangkhi-istoriya-i-sovremennost
3HaHHH   HBJTHeTCH   CyiHeCTBeHHOH   XapaKTepHCTHKOH COBpeMeHHHX
coflHOKyjibTypHbix npoueccoB. B stoh cbh3h cjieflyeT OTMeraTb, hto npHHafljie:>KHOCTb HrarajioBa k 6ypHTCKOMy coo6inecTBy cnoco6cTBy-eT yKpenjieHHio nyBCTBa HauHOHajibHOH HCKJiioHHTejibHocra; TaK
KOHCTpyHpyeTCH  6ypHTCKHH MbL-o6pa3 H HfleHTHHHOCTb. (řeHOMeH
HeTJieHHoro Tena flaeT B03MO>KHOCTb aKTHBH3HpoBaTb TeMy 6yflflHH-ckoh KyjibTypHOH npHHafljie>KHOCTH 6ypHT b rjio6ajibHOM acneKTe: «B SyflflHHCKoň npaKTHKe CHHTajiocb, hto flocTHHb npocBeTJieHHH nyTeM MeflHTauHH mo>kho TOJibKO Ha 6eperax peKH TaHr hjih b ropax THMa-jiaeB, oflHaKO XaM6o jiaMa HrarsjíoB flOKa3aji, hto h b hbojithhckoh
CTenH MO>KHO COBepiHHTb HeB03MO>KHOe»1.
Mo>kho c yBepeHHOCTbK) CKa3aTb, hto 4>eHOMeH HrarajioBa OKa-
3ajICH Ba^KHeHIIIHM 3HaKOBbIM COĎbITHeM coBpeMeHHoro 6ypHTCKoro HaUHOHajIbHOrO B03pO>KfleHHH. B OTJIHHHe OT nOJIHTHHeCKOH HfleOJIO-
thh, KynbTypHaH ccj)epa, b nepByK) onepeflb, pejinrHH, fleMOHCTpnpyeT
yCTOHHHBOCTb H TipOHHOCTb OĎpaTHOH CBH3H Me>Kfly HaUHOHajIbHblMH
sjíHTaMH h ocTajibHHM HacejieHHeM. TaKaa o6paTHan CBH3b KacaeTca He TOJibKO Hai^HOHajibHOH HfleHTHHHOCTH h fleceKyjiHpH3aii,HH o6ine-CTBeHHoro co3HaHHH. OHa HMiiJiHflHTHO coflep>KHT b ce6e Hfleio ryMa-HHTapHO-reorpa(J)HHecKoro BbiflejieHHH h OflHOBpeMeHHO noflnHTbiBa-eT HaflHOHajibHyK) Hfleio, cyinecTBeHHO noSjíeKinyio nocjie npHxofla k BJiacTH BiiaflHMHpa IlyTHHa, Korfla pa3birpbiBaHHe HauHOHajibHOH
KapTbl B POCCHH BblIIIJIO H3 nOJIHTHHeCKOH MOflbl. HcKJIRDHHTejIbHOCTb
nyfla HrarajioBa BfloxHyna b 6ypHTCKyio HauHOHajibHyio HfleK) HOByio >KH3Hb, nocKOJibKy sto Hyflo noflTBep>KflaeT HepHflOByio pojib 6ypHTCKO-ro coo6inecTBa b Pocchh. Haflo CKa3aTb, hto 6ypHTCKaH HCKJHOHHTenb-HOCTb, Bbipa>KaeMaH b paMKax pejiHrH03Horo B03po>KfleHHH, He MO>KeT pacfleHHBaTbCH b KJHone nojiHranecKOH flH^epeHijHanHH, a noTOMy He npeflCTaBjraeT rHnoTeranecKOH onacHOCTH fljra TeppHTopHajibHOH
UejIOCTHOCTH CTpaHbI.
OflHaKO nOJIHTHHeCKHH KOHTeKCT B fleHTejIbHOCTH pyKOBOflHTejiefi
SyflflHHCKoň caHrxH Pocchh Bce >Ke cyinecTByeT. Oh CBH3aH co CTaTy-com 6yflflHHCKoň uepKBH b Pocchh h b Me>KflyHapoflHOM acneKTe. B CMH flOBOJibHO aKTHBHO o6cy>KflaeTCH TeMa o tom, hto nocKOJibKy nyflo HTHrsjíoBa (a TaKsce HeKOTopbie flpyrne Heo6biHHbie co6hthh, conyT-CTBOBaBiiiHe eMy2) cocTOHJiocb HMeHHO b BypHTHH, Heo6xoflHMO npefl-
npHHHTb Mepbl flJIH «yKpeiIJieHHH He TOJIbKO aflMHHHCTpaTHBHOH, HO H flyXOBHOH aBTOKe(J)ajIbHOCTH 6yflflHHCKOH Li;epKBH b Pocchh»3. HfleH
aBTOKeíJjajibHOCTH HMiiJiHflHTHO coflep>KHT b ce6e rjiy6oKHH Me>Kfly-
HapOflHblH nOJIHTHHeCKHH KOHTeKCT, CBH3aHHbIH C OfleHKOH CHTyaflHH
b Tn6eTe h flajibHeHineH cyflb6oň HHCTHTyTa /Jajiaň-jiaM h Bcero th-
SeTCKOTO 6yflflH3Ma. Bo3MO>KHOCTb HHCTHTyflHOHajIbHOrO OTflejieHHH
TpaflHflHOHHOH 6yflflHHCKoň caHrxH Pocchh h ee CTaHOBJíeHHe b Kane-CTBe caMOCTOHTejibHoň KOH(J)eccHOHajibHOH o6m;HHbi noflKperuiHeTCH aBTopHTeTOM XaM6o jiaMbi /JaMĎbi AroineeBa, KOTopbiň «flajibHOBHflHO
CTpeMHTCH nOflrOTOBHTb nOHBy flJIH MaKCHMajIbHOrO CHH>KeHHH KHTaH-
ckoto BJiHHHHH b 6yflyLueM na yMbi 6ypHTCKHX BepyroinHX /.../ BímoTb flo OKOHHaTejibHoro o(J)opMJieHHH 6ypHTCKoň Li;epKBH KaK oco6oň 4>op-mh ceBepHoro ĎyflflHSMa)*1. OflHOBpeMeHHO cjieflyeT OTMeraTb, hto STa HfleH noKa He HaxoflHT 3HaHHTejibHoro OTKJiHKa y pHflOBbix Bepy-k)ili;hx b BypHTHH h, TeM 6ojiee, cpeflH KajiMbiKOB h TyBHHi^eB. ,/Jjih hhx no-npe>KHeMy Bbicineň flyxoBHoň HHCTaHi^HeH hbíihctch /Jajiaň-jiaMa. npHMenaTejibHO, hto /Jajiaň-jiaMa Ha BCTpene c pocchhckhmh 6yflflH-CTaMH b /JxapMacajie CKa3aji, hto oh He HCKjnonaeT bo3mo>khocth cbo-ero nepepo>KfleHHH He b Tn6eTe, a b KaKoň-jiH6o flpyroň 6yflflHHCKOH CTpaHe, HanpHMep, b Pocchh2.
HTHr3íOB-BPEH/1 BYPÍITHH
/JncKypc 06 HTHrsjíoBe b uejioM noflpa3flenHeTCH Ha o6cy>KfleHHe fly-xobhoh h npaKTHHecKoň CTopoH; npn stom nepBaH BKJiroHaeT b ce6n penHrH03Hbie CMbic^bi (reine /J>KaMna THHJieň npoKOMMeHTHpoBaji nyflo HTHrsjíoBa c tohkh 3peHHH Heo6xoflHMOCTH yKperuieHHH 6yfl-flHHCKoň Bepbi: «3to He yMepinee Tejio, ero tohkhh yM flo chx nop Ha-xoflHTCH b ero Tene. HTHrsjíoB cflenaji sto c oco6oň u,ejibK>—y Jiroflefl flOJi>KHa noHBHTbCH Bepa b flxapMy, b 6yflflHHCKoe yneHHe»3). npH3Ha-HHe yneHHMH h6bo3mo>khocth oĎTjHCHHTb (JjeHOMeH pauHOHajibHO noflKperuiHeT MajionoHHTHbiň fljiH 6ojibniHHCTBa, ho oxotho npHHH-MaeMbiň Ha Bepy Te3HC o tom, hto «XaM6o HTHrsjíoB flocTHr cocto-hhhh Byflflbí, to ecTb a6cojiK)THoro coBepineHCTBa, BceBefleHHH, npe-KpanreHHH flajibHeňniHX nepepo>KfleHHH b HanojiHeHHoň HecnacTbHMH caHcape, 6e3rpaHHHHoro cocTpaflaHHH jkhbhm cym;ecTBaM»4. LLlHpss-TS-jiaMa BaHp^Kan-jiaMxaň roBopHT o 3HaneHHH B03Bpam;eHHH XaM6o ^aMbi HrarsiioBa fljiH Bcero MHpa: «CaMoe rjiaBHoe, hto mh boihjih b HOBoe TbicHHejieTHe c XaM6o JlaMoň HTHrsjíoBbiM. 3to BejiHKoe co6bi-thc ,/Jjih MHpa em;e He Bce noTepHHO, noKa y Hac ecTb HTHrsjíoB. Hyflo HBHJIOCb H flOKa3ajIO, hto ecTb hto-to TaKoe, hto Bbiine, neM caM nejio-BeK. Hy>KHO 3HaTb, hto nyfleca ecTb, hto mo>kho no6eflHTb CMepTb. H HBJíeHHe HrarsiioBa TOMy flOKa3aTenbCTBO»5.
OaKT TOrO, HTO HyflO CJiyHHJIOCb HMeHHO B BypHTHH, OfleHHBaeTCH He TOJIbKO KaK 3H3K peajIbHOCTH 6yflflHHCKOrO B03pO>KfleHHH, HO H KaK
3HaKOBoe co6biTHe fljiH cymecTBeHHoro ynyHineHHH HMHflna pecny-Sjihkh h KaK cnoco6 peniHTb SKOHOMHHecKHe npo6jieMbi. B stom co-ctoht npaKTHHecKHH acneKT 4>eHOMeHa HTHrsjíoBa.
Pecny6jiHKa BypHTHH othochtch k HHCJiy flenpeccHBHbix pernoHOB Pocchh, ripmeM SKOHOMHHecKHe npo6jieMbi b npoMbinuieHHOCTH h cejibCKOM xo3HHCTBe cymecTBeHHO ycyry6njiHCb 3a nocTCOBeTCKHH ne-pnofl. Pecny6jiHKa jinineHa hhb6cthij;hohhoh npHBJíeKaTejibHOCTH He
TOJIbKO H3-3a CJia6bIX TeMnOB MOflepHH3ai^HH, HBJIHIOTUHXCH CJieflCTBH-
- MaxauKeee A. /Jajiaů-jiaMa yKaoicem npeeMnuica // «MK» e Bypsimuu. 2007. 19-26 deicaópx. C.23
'■ 3mo npo3eyuajio e cpujihMe «/Jne6HUK Bodxu», cnamoM s 2009 z. oícypnojiucmaMU íypamcKoů mejieicoMnanuu Tubukom e Hnduu (peoicuccep Hzopb Epuioe)
3 yuumejib eumeji e ceem //Au<i> s Bypamuu. 2005. Ns 24. C. 1
BadMapumuHOB H. Mupoeoů ípenoMen XaMÓo jiaMU Hmuzsjíoea u npoójieMa 6eccMepmuR // Bypamua.. 2006. 15 deicaópx. C. 4
5 ah^KUJioea j\. Kok ecmpemumb Hoeym eecny //Au0 e Bypsimuu. 2008. Ns6. C. 4
140
71. J\ . Amotojiohoba
HCGÍIEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
141
Bo36paiueHue XaMÔo-jiaMU Mmuzajioea
Maxauiceee A. Mmuzajioe cjiyiicum Poduue // MK e Eypsimuu. 2006. 22 aezycma. C.2
'■ 0opyM caůma oypsimcKO-20 uapoda. http:/'/www. butyatia.org/modules. php?name=Forums&file
' Eydaee E. Xamôo JJama Hmu-
Z3J10B-He603M03fCH0e 803-
M03ICH0 // Au0 e Eypsimuu. 2007. Ns18. C. 8
eM yCTOÖHHBOCTH COBeTCKHX CIIOC060B MeHe/XJKMeHTa H OTCyTCTBHH
3HeprHHHbix pyKOBOflHTejieö. 03epo EaÖKaji, HBJunoineecH rjiaBHHM öoraTCTBOM pecnyöJiHKH, oflHOBpeMeHHO nopcoK/iaeT cyinecTBeHHyio
npOÖJieMy:  IipaKTHHeCKH BCH TeppHTOpHH EypHTHH HBJIHeTCH BOflO-
cöopHHM öacceÖHOM BaÖKajia, a noTOMy Ha Hee pacnpocTpaHHeTca fleftcTBHe 4>e/jepajibHbix npnpoflooxpaHHbix 3aKOHOB. BbiflBHHyB npo-rpaMMy pa3BHTHH pecnyöJiHKH KaK TypHCTCKO-peKpeannoHHOH 30hh, pyKOBO/jcTBO HecKOJibKO jieT Ha3a/j Bbinrpajio KOHKypc rocyflapcTBeH-HOH no/j/jep>KKH /juh co3/j;aHHH MaciHTaÖHbix 30H OTflbixa Ha BaÖKajie
H Ha HHbIX TeppHTOpHHX. OflHaKO HHKaKHX OIIiyTHMblX pe3yjibTaTOB
He nocjie/joBajio: OTcyTCTBHe HH(J)pacTpyKTypbi h HHHii,HaTHBbi, a TaK-yue cypoBHH KJiHMaT hbjihiotch Henpeo/jojiHMbiMH npenHTCTBHHMH k peineHHK) skohomhhcckhx 3a/j;aH nocpe/jcTBOM npHBJieneHHH poc-chhckhx h HHOCTpaHHbix TypHCTOB. TeM He MeHee, B C M H niHpOKO flHCKyTHpyíoTCH TeMbi o pecnyöJiHKaHCKOM ôpeup,e, yHHKajibHOM h npHBJíeKaTejibHOM, cnocoÖHOM c/jenaTb H3 EypHTHH SKOHOMHHecKoe nyflo. HapHfly c BaÖKajioM b KanecTBe 6peH/ja npe/jjiaraioTCH pa3JiHH-Hbie npnpoflHbie oöteKTbi, Me>KKyjibTypHoe B3aHMOfleňcTBHe stho-KyjibTypHbix rpynn 3a6aÖKajibH, TpaflHUHOHHan KyjibTypa 6ypHT (6y/j-flH3M h inaMaHH3M).
(ĚeHOMeH HrarajioBa npn/jaji noHCKaM yHHKajibHoro «TOBapHoro 3HaKa» pecnyöJiHKH HOBoe HanpaBJíeHHe. Ha npora>KeHHH Bcero ne-pHO/ja nocjie B03Bpam,eHHH HrarajioBa c m h oöcysc/iaioT TeMy o tom, hto «öypHTCKoe ny/jo»—sto HaimoHajibHoe flocTOHHHe Pocchh, bkjiio-
HeHHOe B HeO(J)HI];HajIbHbIH peÖTHHr BCeMHpHO H3BeCTHbIX ÖpeHflOB1.
Ty >Ke TeMy aKTHBHO oöcysc/iaeT <DopyM caÖTa öypHTCKoro Hapo/ja: «0 Hainen pecnyöJiHKe 3aroBopHJiH KaK o 3eMJie, rp,e cjiyHHJiocb HacTon-uiee nyflo»2.
3HaneHHe 4>eHOMeHa noflnepKHBaioT, ccbuiaHCb Ha BbicKa3biBaHHH poccHÖCKHX nojiHTHKOB. TaK, >KypHajiHCT B. By/jaeB anejuiHpyeT k 3a-KOHO/jaTejibHOH h HcnojiHHTejibHOH BJiacTH: «HeoöbiHHO pacKpbiJia HBJieHHe XaMÖo-JIaMbi HrarajioBa "HoBaH ra3eTa". Bot hto OHa nn-ineT: "He 6y/jflHCTbi, a /jenyTaTbi ľoc/jyMbi, oöcyscflaH 4>eHOMeH 3tht3-
JIOBa, 3aHBHJIH, HTO POCCHH HMeHHO eMy OÖH3aHa COXpaHHOCTbK) CBOHX
BOCTOHHbix py6e>KeH h CTaOHJiHsaimeo skohomhkh. npHe3>KaBiiiHH b Hbojithhckhh flaij;aH nepBbiö BHije-npeMbep Cepreö HßaHOB CKa3aji, hto Hthtsjiob "npoflOJDKaeT cjryscHTb Pocchh", a BHii,e-a/j;MHpaji Bajie-pHÖ TJpporHH, /jenyTaT /JyMbi, Ha3Baji ero "cocTaBjraioiiieH HaimoHajib-Hoö 6e3onacHOCTH"»3.
nonyjiHpH3aij;HeH HTHrsjioBa KaK 6peH/ja 3aHHMaeTCH h HHCTHTyT XaMÖo jiaMbi HTHrsjioBa, opraHH3yioirj;HH b Pocchh h 3a py6e>KOM bh-
CTaBKH, KOH(J)epeHI];HH, Kpyrjlbie CTOJIH, CbeMKH KHHO(J)HJIbMOB. Ha/jo CKa3aTb, HTO yCHJIHH 3TH OKa3ajIHCb flOCTaTOHHO IUIOflOTBOpHblMH. B KHHre OT3HBOB TeX, KTO nOCeTHJI HTHTSJIOBa, M05KHO HaÖTH HMeHa
innpoKO H3BecTHbix jihli;, HanpHMep, KHH03Be3flbi PHHap/ja ľnpa. A no-
nyjiHpHbiö poccHÖCKHÖ aKTep AjieKcaHflp MnxaOJioB ocTaBHJi b KHHre
OT3HBOB 3anHCb O TOM, HTO OH BepHT B TO, HTO C HTHrSJIOBbIM POCCHH BCTaHeT C KOJieH.
Ha (J)OHe Heocjia6eBaioirj;ero HHTepeca k 4>eHOMeHy HrarsjioBa (J)opMyjiHpyioTCH 3a/jaHH no ero BKJiioHeHHio b ciihcok TypncTHHecKHX oöteKTOB BypHTHH b KaHecTBe rnaBHoro SKcnoHaTa, nocKOJibKy HHbie oöteKTbi, BKJiioHaH BaÖKaji, He o6jia/j;aioT TaKoö yHHKajibHOCTbio, ko-TopaH 3acTaBHJia 6bi npnexaTb b pecnyöJiHKy /jocTaTOHHoe hhcjio jiio-fleö /juh peineHHH ee skohommhcckhx npoöJieM nocpe/jcTBOM TypH3Ma.
C M H H3ÖpajIH, B03M05KHO, CaMblH 6e30niH6oHHbIH IipHeM flJIH npHBJie-
neHHH HHTepeca noTeHUHajibHbix TypHCTOB: b ra3eTax h HHTepHeTe no/jaeTCH no/j;TBep>K/j;aeMaH jiaMaMH HH(J)opMai];HH o tom, hto HTHrs-JIOB OKa3biBaeT peajibHyio noMom;b Ka>K/j;oMy, kto k HeMy npnxoflHT c npocböaMH. TaK, ra3eTa «Mockobckhh KOMCOMOJieij; b BypHTHH» cbh-3biBaeT c BH3HTOM k HTHrsjioBy nyflecHoe cnaceHHe rnaBHoro SHepre-THKa Pocchh AHaTOJiHH Hyöaöca b momcht noKynieHHH Ha ero >KH3Hb, Ha3HaneHHe PaniHfla HyprajineBa Ha flOJDKHOCTb MHHHCTpa mb/i, KDpHH ExaHypoBa—Ha nocT npeMbep-MHHHCTpa yKpaHHH. npe3H/jeHT Pocchh ,3|mhtphh MeflBefleB, no mhchhio >KypHajiHCTKH T. Hhkhthhoö, npnexaji b BypHTHio jieTOM 2009 r. He paflH peineHHH KaKHX-TO sko-HOMHHecKHX 3a/jaH h He /juh Toro, HTo6bi yBH/jeTb BaOKaji: «üepBoe jiHup rocy/japcTBa b CBoeM paöoneM rpacJ)HKe nocTaBHJio npHrjiaine-HHe XaMÖo-jiaMbi AioineeBa, bh3ht k CBHTbme h naenHTHe c JiaMaMH flenoM HOMep o/j;hh»48.
Bce sto, nojiaraeT >KypHajiHCTKa, aojdkho 3acTaBHTb pecnyöJiHKaH-CKHe BJiacTH HanaTb paöoTy no Hcnojib30BaHHio rjiaBHoro 6peH/ja By-pHTHH b KOMMepnecKHX nejiHX, He ccbuiaHCb Ha to, hto HTHrsjioB npn-Ha/jjie>KHT TpaflHu;HOHHOH CaHrxe Pocchh, a TOHHee—HBOJirHHCKOMy flan;aHy. KpoMe caMoö cbhthhh, peKOMeH/xyeTCH BKJiioHHTb b Typn-CTHHecKHÖ oöopoT HßOJirHHCKHH paöoH, a TaioKe h flpyrne paöoHbi
peCnyÖJIHKH, CBH3aHHbie C >KH3HbIO H fleHTejIbHOCTbK) CBHTOrO JiaMbi:
«H3 yHHKajibHoro /jjih CTpaHbi h BypHTHH pecypca pecnyöJiHKH nopa 6bi y>Ke HanaTb H3BJieKaTb Bbirofly h >KejiaTejibHO b skohomkhcckhx no-KasaTejiHX»1.
CiiynaHHO hjih HeT, ho KOHCTpyKTHBHbie npe/jjio>KeHHH no Hcnojib-30BaHHK) 4>eHOMeHa nocjie/joBajiH HeMe/jjieHHO. üociie BH3HTa /I,mh-TpHH MeflBefleBa b HßOJirHHCKHH /lanaH ynpaBJieHHe BHyTpeHHeö no-jiHTHKH aflMHHHCTpauHH npe3H/jeHTa P<Ě 3anpocHJio HH(J)opMan;Hio o «flajibHeöineM pa3BHTHH yHHKajibHoro pecypca BypHTHH»2. CornacHO HOBOMy npoeKTy, bch KOHuenuHH 6y/j;eT pa3pa6oTaHa h peajiH30BaHa HHCTHTyTOM uaHflHTO XaMÖo JiaMbi HTHrsjioBa, KOTopoMy BbiflejieH 3eMejibHbiH yqacTOK b 1,6 ra /jjih CTpoHTenbCTBa TypHCTCKO-HH(J)opMa-UHOHHoro i^eHTpa b cene Hh>khhh HßOJira. LieHTp CMO^KeT OKa3biBaTb KOMiuieKCHbie TypHCTHHecKHe ycjiyrn h 6y/jeT BKJiioHaTb b ceÖH jieK-LTHOHHbiH 3aji, My3eö, apxHB, Mara3HH, cyBeHHpHbiö khock h coBpe-
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couuajibHaR
KOMMyHUKaUUR
CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
HuKumuHa T. 0eHOMen. MKeEypamuu. 2010. Ns 3. C. 3
Tom Jice
I42
Zt . ß, . Amotojiohoba
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
Bo36paiueHue XaMÔo-jiaMU Mmuzajioea
MeHHbie cpeflCTBa KOMMVHHKauHH. (ĚHHaHCHpoBaHHe npoeKTa 6yfleT ocymecTBJiHTbCH 3a cneT 4>eflepajibHoro 6iofl:>KeTa. B npoeKTe He yno-MHHaeTCH, KaKan pojib 6yfleT OTBefleHa ByflflHHCKOH TpaflHUHOHHOH CaHrxe Pocchh, h sto BnojiHe flOKa3biBaeT, hto nyflo HrarsjioBa CTajio oflHOBpeMeHHO oöteKTOM HHTepeca rocyflapcTBa h cpeflCTBOM kom-MepnHajiH3anHH pejinrHH.
3AK/IK)4EHHE
CoBpeMeHHbie nponeccbi b 6yflflH3Me b BypHTHH xapaKTepH3yioTCfl
OÖHOBJieHHeCTBOM, OflHOH H3 HepT KOTOpOrO BblCTynaiOT H3MeHeHHH
b couHajibHbix 4>yHKLi;HHX pejinrHH. 3a nepnofl cobctckoh BJiacTH 6y-pHTbi noflBeprjiHCb BecbMa 3HaHHTenbHOH couHajiHCTHHecKOH MOflep-HH3ai^HH, conpoBO>KflaBineHCH pa3pyineHHeM TpaflHUHOHHOH KyjibTy-
pbl H MHpOB033peHHH. OflHaKO pejIHrH03HOCTb B (J)OpMe Co6jIK>fleHHfl
iiiaMaHCKHX poflOBbix oöpHflOB Bee >Ke coxpaHHJiacb, ocoöeHHO cpeflH cejibCKHX >KHTejieH. HacTynHBinaH b nepnofl nepecTpoÖKH b cccp peajibHaH CBo6ofla coBecra B03poflHJia öypHTCKHe CHHKperaHecKHe BepoBaHHH, b KOTopbix nepeiuiejiacb inaMaHCKaH h 6yflflHÖCKaH 06-
pHflHOCTb. HaiLHOHajIbHOe B03pO>KfleHHe 6ypHT MblCJIHJIOCb KaK B03-
BpanreHHe k KyjibTypHbiM kophhm; b stom nponecce rjiaBeHCTByioinHe no3HUHH sjihth OTflaBajiH 6yflflH3My, oöJiaflaioineMy, b otjihhhc ot ina-MaHH3Ma, STHOHHTerpnpyioinHM noTeHnnajioM. BiiaroflapH ycHJiHHM no aKTHBHOMy KOHCTpynpoBaHHio öypHTCKOH HauHH, cyrnecTBeHHO
B03pOCJIO HHCJIO 6ypHT, HCKpeHHe CHHTaKDLUHX CeÖH ÖyflflHCTaMH Ha oc-HOBaHHH HfleHTH(|)HKanHH CeÖH C ÖypHTCKHM HapOflOM.
OÖHOBJieHHe öyflflHHCKOH pejinrHH b BypHTHH HMeeT n;ejibiH pHfl xapaKTepHbix nepT. Penb HfleT He TOJibKO o KOJioccajibHOM pocTe hhc-
JieHHOCTH flyXOBeHCTBa H KOJIHHeCTBa KyjIbTOBblX COOpySCeHHH HJIH o
BKJiRDHeHHH jiaMCTBa b HepejiHľH03Hbie couHajibHbie npaKTHKH: b nep-Byio onepeflb, OTJiHHHTejibHOH ocoöeHHOCTbK) coBpeMeHHbix pejinrH-03HHX nponeccoB hbíihctch (JjopMHpoBaHHe 6yflflH3Ma KaK HauHOHajib-HOH pejinrHH 6ypHT. Yípu noHHMaHHH flyxoBeHCTBOM toto 4>aKTa, hto fleceKyjiHpH3an;HH oöinecTBeHHoro co3HaHHH He 03HanaeT peajibHoro
BOCCTaHOBJieHHH pejIHrH03HOCTH, ÖyflflHHCKHe CBHineHHOCJTySCHTejIH,
oöijeflHHeHHbie b EyflflHHCKyio TpaflHUHOHHyio CaHrxy Pocchh, npn-KJiaflbiBaroT oojibinne ycHJiHH fljiH CBoeft ycnenmoH aflanTauHH k ho-
BblM COUHajIbHO-SKOHOMHHeCKHM yCJIOBHHM. CoBpeMeHHblH 6yflflH3M
b BypHTHH jiHLUb HacTHHHO noflpa3yMeBaeT BoccTaHOBJieHHe 6a30Bbix 4>yHKnHH pejinrHH—MHpoB033peHHecKyio h KOMneHcaTopHyro. 3aT0 (JjyHKUHH connajibHOH HfleHTH(J)HKan;HH Hepe3 pejiHrH03Hyro npHHafl-jie^KHOCTb BbinojiHHeTCH 6yflflH3MOM b nojiHOH Mepe. HMeHHO nosTOMy CHMBOJibHaH pojib pejinrHH npHoöpeTaeT orpoMHyro Ba>KHOCTb.
CHMBOJiHHecKoe 3HaneHHe pejinrHH BbicTpaHBaeTCH He TOJibKO nepe3 MapKepbi, Bbipa>KeHHbie b pejiHrH03Hbix coopysceHHHX h b no-nbiTKax oflyxoTBopHTb noBceflHeBHOCTb. Bojiee ycneniHO stoh nejiH cjryscaT HCTopmecKHe jihhhocth, cbirpaBnine BHflHyK) pojib b 3ainHTe pennrHH, ocoöeHHO b cobctckhh nepnofl. XaMÖo jiaMa HTHrsjioB b co-BpeMeHHOM oörnecTBeHHOM co3HaHHH 6ypHT ojiHu;eTBopHeT HenpHMH-
pHMOCTb Hai^HOHajIbHOH flyXOBHOH KyjIbTypbl C nOJIHTHKOH COBeTCKOH
BJiacTH. KoHeHHO, nyflo HTHrsjioBa cnocoöcTBOBajio h npoflOJi>KaeT cnocoöcTBOBaTb fleceKyjiHpH3an;HH oörnecTBeHHoro co3HaHHH, ho narne Bcero He b CMbicjie BoccTaHOBJieHHH pejiHrH03HOH Bepbi: B03Bpa-rneHHe cbhtoto jiaMbi b oojibineo Mepe hbjihctch chmbojihh6ckhm flo-Ka3aTejibCTBOM B03po>KfleHHH Hai^HOHajibHOH KyjibTypbi h Han;HOHajib-Horo flyxa, cyrnecTBOBaHHH yHHKajibHOH STHOKyjibTypHOH o6iii;hocth, HMerorneH npaBO npeTeHflOBaTb Ha ocoöhh CTaTyc BíľJieflCTBHe CBoefl conpmacTHOCTH k bcjihkoh TaÖHe 6eccMepTHH. IlosTOMy öypHTbi (h jKHTejiH BypHTHH b uejioM) ofloöpHKDT öojibLUOH HHTepec, npoHBjrae-
MblH K 4>eHOMeHy HTHrSJIOBy CO CTOpOHbl pOCCHHCKHX HHHOBHHKOB, a
TaioKe pa3Horo pofla nyöJiHHHbix fleHTejieň, KaK OTenecTBeHHbix, TaK h 3apy6e>KHbix. Ha stom (J)OHe HeMHHyeMO BCTaeT Bonpoc 06 Hcnojib30-BaHHH HeTJieHHoro Tejia b KanecTBe TOBapHoro 3HaKa, KOTopbiň Mor 6bi npHHecTH pecnyÖJiHKe omyTHMbie SKOHOMHHecKHe Bbiroflbi.
KaK Mbi BHflHM, (JjeHOMeH XaMÖo JiaMbi HTHrsjioBa opraHHHHO BnjieTaeTCH b oöihhh kohtckct couHOKyjibTypHbix npon;eccoB b BypH-thh; ero pejiHrH03Hbiň acneKT hbjihctch cyrnecTBeHHOH, ho flajieKO He eflHHCTBeHHOH cocTaBJiHK)rneH flHCKypca, pa3BopaHHBaK)rnerocH BOKpyr HeTJieHHoro Tejia. JlroöonbiTHOH h npKOH xapaKTepncTHKOH SToro flHCKypca hbjihkdtch Hafle>Kflbi Ha to, hto HTHrsjioB cnocoöeH peníHTb He TOJibKO HacyinHbie >KHTeHCKHe npoöJieMbi Jirofleö (coBceM He oÖH3aTejibHO 6ypHT hjih öyflflHCTOB), ho h SKOHOMHHecKHe, coli;h-ajibHbie h nojíHTHHecKHe 3aflaHH, CTOHrnne nepefl Poccneň h BypHTHeň.
HhHMH CJIOBaMH, flJIH flHCKypca, CBH3aHHOrO C HTHrSJIOBblM, Hpe3BbI-
HaÖHO Ba^KHO, HTo6bi «nyflo» TaK h He 6biJio 6bi oöijHCHeHO b pan;HO-HajibHbix (HayHHbix) TepMHHax; MH(J)OJiorHHecKoe ero coflep>KaHHe npeflCTaBJíHeTCH öojiee 3HaHHMbiM h nojie3HbiM. Coöctbchho, b stom h coctoht connajibHoe coflep>KaHHe nyfla HTHrsjioBa—HCKpeHHee yno-BaHHe Ha to, hto oh cnocoöeH cflenaTb to, hto He MoryT hjih He xotht coBepniHTb oöbiHHbie jiioflH nocpeflCTBOM co3HflaTenbHoro Tpyfla. #
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couuajibHasi
KOMMyHUKaUUR
CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
144
/J. fl, . Amotojiohoba
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
I45
EHEJIHOrPA<l>H.H
AflMHHHCTPAUHa TIpe3HfleHTa POCCHH 3aHHTepeCOBajiaCb HeTJieHHbIM TejIOM //
ApryMeHTbi Heflejm. BocTOHHaa Cnönpb. 2010. Ns3. C. 16.
Amotojiohoba fl./I. CoBpeMeHHaa öypHTCKaa 3THOcc[)epa. flHCKypcbi, napaflHrMbi, counoKyjibTypHbie npaKTHKH. VjiaH-Vfls: H3flaTejibCTBO BypHTCKoro rocyHHBepcHTeTa, 2008.
Ahkhjioba fl. KaKBCTpeTHTb HOByio BecHy//AhO b BypHTHH. 2008. Ns6. C. 4.
Ea/im aphhhhhob H. MHpoBoft cjjeHOMeH XaMÖo jiaMbi H™r3JioBa h npoöjieMa 6eccMepTHH // EypaTHH. 2006. 15 fleKaöpa. C. 4.
Beptep Tl., JlyKMAH T. CounajibHoe KOHCTpynpoBaHne peajIbHOCTH. TpaKTaT no counojiorHH 3HaHHH. M.: MeflHyM, 1995.
By/i,AEB B. XaMÖo JlaMa ITrarajioB—HeB03MOJKHoe bo3mojkho // AhO b EypaTHH. 2007. Ne16.C. 8.
By/i,AEB B. XaMÖo JlaMa ITrarajioB—HeB03MOJKHoe bo3mojkho // AhO b EypaTHH. 2007. Ne18.C. 8.
Bonpocbi coxpaHeHHH h pa3BHTHH TOJiepaHTHOCTH, npoöjieMbi rpajKflaHCKOH aKTHBHOCTH HacejieHHH PecnyöjiHKH EypHTHH. YjiaH-Yfls: H3fl-BO Bry. 2010.
Tepachmoba K.M. OÖHOBJieH^ecKoe flBHJKeHHe öypHTCKoro jiaMawcTCKoro ayxoBeHCTBa. VjiaH-Yfls: BypaTCKoe KHHSKHoe H3flaTejibCTBO, 1964.
flAiiiHflOHflOKOB C.C. OeHOMeHflocTonoHTeHHoroXaMÖo JlaMbi 3™r3JioBa! // MnpoB033peHne HacejieHHH IOjkhoh Chöhph h HeHTpajibHOH A3HH b HCTopH^ecKOH peTpocneKTHBe. Bbin I. BapHayji: Asöyxa. 2007. C. 225-230.
flow/lb H3 UBeTOB. EyptiTCKHe öyflflHHCKHe npHTHH. CoöpaHbi b 2002-2003 ft. nncaTejieM HropeM MyxaHOBbiM Ha TeppHTopHH PecnyöjiHKH EypHTHH h ArHHCKoro öypHTCKoro aBTOHOMHoro oxpyra. M.: Hemp pyccKO-a3HaTCKHX HccjieflOBaHHH «ArapTH» coBMecTHO c H3flaTejibCTBOM JIT. MyxaHOBoft, 2005.
/KyKOBCKAH H.J1. ByflflH3M H inaMaHH3M KaK (jjaKTOpbl CJjOpMHpOBaHH!)
öypHTCKoro MeHTajiHTeTa // PejmrHH b hctophh h KyjibType MOHrojioH3biHHbix HapoflOB Pocchh. M.: BocTOHHan jimepaTypa, 2008. C. 9-36.
MaxaHKeeB A. Bopböa CaHrxn: hctophh h coBpeMeHHOCTb. EaHKaji MeflHa
KOHcajiTHHr. http://baikal-media.com/2006/05/17/borba-sangkhi-istoriya-i-sovremennost (11.11.2006).
Maxahkeeb A. flajiaft-jiaMa yxajKeT npeeMHHKa // «MK» b EypHTHH. 2007. 19-26 fleKaöpa.C. 23.
Maxahkeeb A. IrrarsjioB cjrysKHT PoflHHe // MK b EypHTHH. 2006. 22 aBrycTa. C.2.
Maxahkeeb A. PIopTpeT nepapxa. VjiaH-Vfls: THnorpac|)HH «HoBaTlpHHT», 2010.
Mhtpoxhh H. PyccKaa npaBocjiaBHan nepKOBb: coBpeMeHHoe cocTOHHHe h aKTyajibHbie npoöjieMbi. M.: HJIO, 2006.
Ha 100 rpaMMOB THSKejieeT xaMÖo jiaMa HTHrajioB nocjie BCTpen c BepyioniHMH. http://www.buryatia-online.ru/bol/news/11533.html?SECTION_ID=327 (11.05.2008).
Hetjiehhmh JiaMa H3JiynaeT 3JieKTpoMarHHTHbie bojihh // KoMCOMOJibCKan npaBfla. 2006. 1 fleKaöpn. C. 12.
Hhkhthha T. OeHOMeH. MK b BypHTHH. 2010. Ns3. C. 3.
II03/IHEEB A.M. OnepKH ÖblTa ÖyflflHHCKHX MOHaCTbipeft H ÖyflflHHCKOrO
ayxoBeHCTBa b MoHrojiHH b CBH3H c OTHonieHHeM cero nocjieflHero k Hapofly. Cnö: THnorpac|)HH llMnepaTopcKOH AKafleMHH HayK. 3anncKH HMnepaTopcKoro pyccKoro reorpac|)HHecKoro oönjecTBa no OTflejieHHio 3THorpac[)HH. Tom 16. 1887.
riPECC-BbinycK BITflOM «PejmrHH b Hainen jkh3hh».-2007.-Ns 789.-11 okt. http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=459&uid=8954 (01.12.2011).
Phhhhhoba O. HHflHH—Eapry3HH: nyTb KflHJKHMe // TIpaBfla EypHTHH. 2007. 4 okt. C. 16.
Caht HHCTHTyTa IlaHflHTO XaMÖo JlaMbi HTHrajioBa http://www.etegelov.ru/
TEPEHTbEB A. Pocchhckhh öyflflH3M B XIX-HaHajie XX bb. // EyflflH3M Pocchh.
2004. Ns36. http://buddhismofrussia.ru/sangha/50/ (12.12.2006).
Vhhte Jib Bbiineji b CBeT // AhO b EypHTHH. 2005. Ns24. C. 1.
Oopyin caHTa öypHTCKoro Hapofla. http://www.buryatia.org/modules. php?name=Forums&file (31.08.2007).
Xambo JiaMa (flaniH-JJopjKO IrrarajioB). Cam HoraHarpbi http://nervana.net. rubuddismlama.html. (17.01.2012).
Ihmht/iopkhh r.r. HHCTHTyT IlaHflHTO XaMÖo JlaM. 1764-2004. VjiaH-Yfls: H3/4-BO EyflflHHCKoro HHCTHTyTa «/JaniH HoHHXopjiHH», 2004.
A-THEISM: ATencTHHecKHH caHT EejiapycH http://a-theism.com/index. php?option (30.05.2009).
Berger, P.L. Desecularization of the World // The Desecularization of the World. Resurgent Religion and World Politics. Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1999. P. 1-18.
Dürkheim, E. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 1964.
Knox, Z. Russian Society and the Orthodox Church. New York: Routledge Curzon,
2005. 257 p.
Lane, J-E., Ersson, S. Culture and Politics. A Comparative Approach. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2005.
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couuajibHaR
KOMMyHUKaUUR
CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbLma
146
J\ . fl, . Amotojiohoba
HcCÄEflOBAHHS    TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
147
JIk>6oui Eejixa
Mah^ajia /Jah/japoha
41.
XortiR cmucji HeKomopbLX Mandaji, maxux kclk, nanpuMep, cuMeojiimecicaR penpe3eHmauuR eceneHHOu, eunojmeHHasi U3 zopcmu puca, mojkho o6%sicHsurib onucpumo, 6ojibuiuHcmeo Mandaji oniHocumcR Kynemiw manmpu. Kclk npaeujio, cmucji ux depjKumcR e maune. Bcjiedcmeue amozo, jiwdu, CHumamuaie Mandajiu npocmo xydojKecmeeHHUMU npou3eedemiRMU ujiu nuxozda ne nojiynaemue na amom cuem KeamKpuuupoeaHHUx o6%sicHemm, ny6jiuKywm no amoMy noeody MHOJKecmeo cneKyjiRmuenux
U 0U1U60HHUX 06'bRCHeHUU.
TIocKOJibKy eo3M03KHoe cepbe3Hoe HedonoHUMamie MOJKem 6umb 6ojiee epednuM, ueM Hacmwmoe ycmpaneHue 3aeecu mauHU, r HeodnoKpaniHO npu3ueaji k u3Ji03KeHuw 6ojiee
niOHHUX 06'bRCHeHUU
99
ETO CBflTEHUlECTBO /(AJIAH-JIAMA XIV
H3 npeflHCJIOBHH K KHHTe
Mandala: Sacred Circle in Tibetan Buddhism (Brauen 2009: 7)
JlHDBOin Eejika
Mandala of Dandaron: a visual representation of the history of the unofficial Buryat Buddhist Sangha of Soviet period
As a case-study of the history of Buddhism in Russia this paper discusses the founding of a new form of Buddhism within the traditional Buryat sangha. In the mid-1960s a small but important, Buddhist community originated in Ulan-Ude. An unofficial or clandestine micro-sangha formed around Bidia D. Dandaron, a Buryat Buddhist scholar. It existed until 1972, the year of Dandaron's imprisonment. Subsequently he was sentenced to five years in the prison, where he died on 26* October 1974. One of his first disciples was Alexandr Zheleznov, who painted the Vajrabhairava mandala which was both non-traditional and innovative. This Dandaron Mandala may be perceived as the visual part of the collective memory of one particular group of Buddhists in Buryatia. This group includes both the members of Dandaron's group who got acquainted with the mandala shortly after its origination and its present interpreters
JIiOBOin Eejika
Mah/jatia /Jah/japoha:
BH3YA/IbHAH PEnPE3EHTALT,Hfl HCTOPHH HEOOHUHAJIbHOH EYPHTCKOH Ey/J/JHHCKOH CAHfXH COBETCKOTO nEPHO/JA
OSiHHHa BHflbH /JaHflapoHa npeflCTaBjraeT co6oh yHHKajib-HblH (JieHOMeH KyjIbTypHOrO B3aHMOIipOHHKHOBeHHH 3a-nana h BocTOKa, cjiyHHBinerocH b nepnofl xpynieBCKOH OTTenejiH b Hanajie 60-x roflOB xx BeKa h b snoxy 6pe>K-HeBCKoro HeocTajiHHH3Ma Ha CTbiKe 1960-x h 1970-x roflOB.
ECJIH CHHTaTb, HTO KOJIJieKTHBHaH IiaMHTb COCTOHT H3 HHflHBHflyajIb-
Hbix naMHTeo, to paccMaTpHBaeMan b stoh CTaTbe pncoBaHHan MaHfla-
Jia /JaHflapOHa HBJTHeTCH KOJIJieKTHBHOH naMHTbK) OflHOH KOHKpeTHOH
rpynnbi öyflflHCTOB BypHTHH. 3Ta rpynna BKiironaeT h HJieHOB o6ihh-Hbi /JaHflapoHa, KOTopbie no3HaKOMHJiHCb c MaHflajioo BCKope nocjie ee co3flaHHH, h coBpeMeHHbix ee HHTepnpeTaTopoB. MaHflajia HeceT b ce6e HHcJjopManHio o noflaBJieHHH pennrHH b CoBeTCKOM CoK)3e h pa3-rpoMe TeoKpaTHHecKoro rocyflapcTBa JlyöcaHa CaHflaHa UbifleHOBa1. KoHTeKCT co3flaHHH MaHflajibi npHMenaTejieH c tohkh 3peHHH HCTopHH aHTHpejiHrH03HOH nojiHTHKH rocyflapcTBa: MaHflajia 6buia co3flaHa yqeHHKOM /JaHflapoHa, KOTopbio caM CTaji >KepTBOH penpeccHH.
IlepBbie cjiyqan noflaBJieHHH 6yflflH3Ma, hhhuhhpobaHHbie coBeT-ckoh BJiacTbK), HanajiHCb b nepnofl Tpa>KflaHCKOH bohhh, Korna cto-poHHHKH öypHTCKoro TeoKpaTHHecKoro rocyflapcTBa HanajiH 6opb6y c öojibineBHCTCKOH peBOJiKDUHeH. Hx nopa>KeHHe h nocjieflOBaBiiiee 3a 3thm 3aKJiK)HeHHe b TiopbMy h CMepTb JlyöcaHa CaHflaHa UbifleHO-
Ba 03HaMeHOBajIH HOBbffl 3Tan B pa3BHTHH pejIHrH03HOH CHTyaUHH
b CoBeTCKOH Pocchh. B nepBOH nojioBHHe 20-X roflOB xx BeKa rjiaBa pecJiopMaTopoB öyflflHHCKOH caHrxH ArBaH /Jop>KHeB nbiTajicH npn-MHpHTb 6yflflH3M c KOMMyHHCTHHecKOH HfleojiorneH. OflHaKO 3th no-nbiTKH npoBajiHJiHCb, a Korfla b 1929 rofly k BJiacTH b CTpaHe npHineji
Jhoöoui EejiKa
Ma3apbLKCKuii ynueepcumem, HexuR
cm.:puc. 14-16; 28; 0 [ludeHoee cm.: Andreyev 2009; Tsyrempilov 2007, 2008
Ohepkh h  3cce Tartaria Magna 1 ' 2 o12
151
Mandajia flandapona
CTajiHH, 6opb6a c pejiHrneň BCTynaeT b OTKpbiTyK) 4>a3y. y>Ke k KOHiry 30-x roflOB Bce 6yflflHHCKHe MOHacrapH 6buiH 3aKpbiTbi, MOHaxn H3-rHaHbi H3 MOHacTbipeň, h BnepBbie b 6ypHTCKoň HCTopHH HaHHHaeTca flecHTHJieTHe 6e3 oc|3Hn,HajibHOH pejiHrH03Hoň >kh3hh.
BnflbH ,ZJ|aHflapoBHH /JaHflapoH cbirpaji oco6eHHO HpKyro pojib b
HCTOpHH aHTHĎyflflHHCKHX penpeCCHH. OH 6bIJI HX >KepTBOH KaK B CTa-
jihhckhh nepiiofl 30-x roflOB, TaK h b HeocTajiHHHCTCKoe BpeMH 70-x. B stom CMbicjie cyflb6a /JaHflapoHa 6bma yHHKajibHoň: hhkto H3 jiaM
He npOJKHJI CTOJIb CJIO>KHyK) >KH3Hb, KaK OH.
BypHTCKoe jiaMCTBO CTajio >KepTBOH penpeccHH KaK pejiHrH03Haji h conHajibHan rpyrma. CoBeTCKaH BJiacTb BapbHpoBajia CBoe OTHonie-HHe k jiaMaM b 33bhchmocth ot hx MecTa b MOHacTbipcKoň nepapxHH h 6jiarococTOHHHH, noflpa3flejiHH hx Ha Tpn rpynnbi. IlepBaH rpyrma BKJiioHajia 6oraTbix JiaM h npeflCTaBHTejieň Bbicineň nepapxHH. 3th jnoflH yHHHTO>KajiHCb 6e3 cjieflCTBHH jih6o npHroBapHBajiHCb k pac-CTpeny, KOTopbiň b HeKOTopbix cjiynaHX 3aMeHHJicH Ha flecHTiuieraH 3a-KjnoneHHH Bry/iAre (KaK npoH3onijio b cjiynae c /JaHflapoHOM).
BrapaH rpyrma BKjnonajia CTapninx JiaM h cpeflHee 3BeHO b nepap-xhh. KaK npaBHJio, hx npHroBapHBajiH k fljiHTejibHOMy 3aKJiK>HeHHK> b r y ji a r e, a He k CMepTH. JlHiiib HeKOTopbie H3 hhx H36e>KajiH apecTOB h
CTajIH BeCTH MHpCKyK) >KH3Hb.
TpeTbH h HanĎojiee MHoroHHCJieHHaH rpyrma BKjnonajia MOJioflbix aaM h nocjiyniHHKOB (xyBapaKOB). Hx cyflb6a, b cpaBHeHHH c flByMH flpyrHMH rpynnaMH, 6bma OTHOCHTejibHO 6jiaronojiyHHoň. Ohh, KaK npaBHJio, He npHBJíeKajincb k cyay, ho aojijkhh 6biJiH noKHHyTb mo-
HaCTbipb, BeCTH >KH3Hb MHpHH H CTaTb OĎblHHblMH COBeTCKHMH rpa>K-flaHaMH-CTpOHTejIHMH COLT,HajIH3Ma. HeKOTOpbie H3 HHX o63aBOflHJIHCb CeMbflMH H nOJIHOCTbK) BOCnpHHHMajIH CBOH HOBbffl CTaTyC.
BudbR flandapoeuH flandapon cuzpaji ocočenno Rprcyio pojib e ucmopuu aHmučydduůcKux
penpeccuů. Oh 6biJi ux jKepmeoů KaK e cmajiuHCKUů nepuod 30-x zodoe, maK u e HeocmajiuHucmcKoe epeMR 70-x. B amoM CMbicjie cydbča flandapona 6biJia yHUKajibHoů: hukiuo U3 JiaM ne npojKUJi cmojib cjiojKHyio }KU3Hb, KaK oh
4epe3 flecHTiuierae nocjie He6biTHH caHrxn b BypHTHH yiieneBLUHe jiaMbi o6paTHJiHCb k CTajiHHy c npocb6oň B03o6HOBHTb cboio fleHTenb-
HOCTb. (řaKTHHeCKH OHH npOCHJIH 6jiarOCKJIOHHOCTH y BJiaCTeň, KOTO-
pbie hx h noflaBJíHJiH, ho hhoto ny™ y hhx He 6buio. HacKOJibKO HaM
H3BecTHO, sto nHCbMO c stoh npocb6oň TaK HHKorfla h He 6biJio ony-SjíHKOBaHO. Ba>KHee Bcero to, hto BiuioTb flo TaK Ha3biBaeMbix «nepe-CTpoňKH» h «rnacHOCTH», 6ypHTCKaH oc|3HLT,HajibHaH caHrxa He Morna no3BOJiHTb ce6e roBopHTb o penpeccHHX 30-x roflOB, a TeM 6ojiee bh-CTynaTb c hx kphthkoh, hto, BnponeM, OTHOCHJiocb ko BceMy coBeTCKO-My o6niecTBy HecMOTpn Ha sto, a, MO>KeT, KaK pa3 6jiaroflapH STOMy, b OKra6pe 1974 rofla co3flaeTCH MaHflajia, b KOTopoň npHMO hjih KOCBeH-ho sth penpeccHH 6buiH OTpa>KeHbi. Tot 4>aKT, hto /JaHflapoH Ha oflHOM H3 ceKTopoB MaHflajibi H3o6pa>KeH b nojiocaToň apecTaHTCKoň ofle>Kfle (cm. puc. 17), caM no ce6e napaflOKcajieH: 3aKJiK)HeHHbie ry^Ara, KaK npaBHJio, He hochjih TaKyio ofle>Kfly; sto 3anaflHbiň chmboji, KOTopbiň, BnponeM, noHHTeH h y3HaBaeM bo BceM MHpe. CKopee Bcero, aBTop MaHflajibi—AjieKcaHflp ^Cejie3HOB—hmchho no stoh npHHHHe H3o6pa-3hji ,ZJ|aHflapoHa b ofle>Kfle, KOTopyio tot, BepoHTHO, HHKorfla He hochji. H sto He eflHHCTBeHHbiň nofloĎHbiň cjiynaň: b flpyroň nacTH MaHflajibi
/JaHflapOH H3o6pa>KeH B TaHTpHHCKOM KOCTIOMe (CM. pUC. 17), OflHaKO
stot koctiom eMy He npHHafljie>Kaji, a 6bm Bcero Jinnib My3eňHbiM skc-noHaTOM (cm. puc. 18).
Bo3BpaniaHCb k Hanieň hctophh, mh mo^kcm 3aflaTbCH BonpocoM, He HaflesmcH jih >Kejie3HOB, hto ero MaHflajia nonafleT 3a npeflejibi Co-BeTCKoro Coio3a, h, 6biTb MO^KeT, noTOMy h H3o6pa3HJi CBoero yHHTejiH b apecTaHTCKoň po6e 3anaflHoro o6pa3n;a. 3to He TaK ysc h HeBepoHTHO,
eCJIH BCnOMHHTb, HTO flejIO ,ZJ|aHflapOHa CTajIO o6l>eKTOM BHHMaHHH co
CTopoHbi KecTOHCKoro HHCTHTyTa, SMHecTH HHTepHsniHJi h ocBenia-jiocb Ha PaflHO CBo6oflbi, PaflHO Cbo6oahoh EBponbi h paflno «rojioc AMepHKH». BjiaroflapH TaKHM jnoflHM, KaK AjieKcaHflp nHTHropcKHň1 h EjieHa CeMeKa2, HH(|)opManHH o penpeccHHX b OTHonieHHH eBponeň-ckhx 6yflflHCTOB bo rjiaBe c hx 6ypHTCKHM rypy npoHHKJia Ha 3anafl3.
CyniecTBOBajia oflHa 6a30BaH npeflnocbuiKa fljiH Tóro, hto6h MaH-flajia (J)yHKn,HOHHpoBajia KaK oĎTjeKTHBHpoBaHHan KOjmeKTHBHaH na-MHTb: jik)6oh, kto Hcnojib30Baji MaHflajiy KaK oĎteKT fljiH MeflHTan,HH, flOJi:>KeH 6biJi 3HaTb o ee HCTopmecKOM coflep>KaHHH. Hhbimh cjioBa-mh, MeflHTHpyroijTHe flOJi>KHbi 6buiH y3HaBaTb Tex jiereHflapHbix hjih peajibHO cyniecTBOBaBniHX HCTopHHecKHX jiHHHOCTeň, KOTopbie 6biJiH H3o6pa>KeHbi Ha MaHflajie. Ho KaKHM o6pa30M KOHKpeTHbie o6pa3bi accon,HHpoBajiHCb c HMeHaMH? BepyioniHM 6biJiH H3BecTHbi 4>oto-rpa(J)HH HCTopHHecKHX jiHHHOCTeň h H3o6pa>KeHHH jiereHflapHbix hjih MH(J)HHecKHX repoeB Ha mamca h MHHHanopax, TaK KaK ohh nacTO BbicTaBJíHJiHCb Ha flOManiHHX ajiTapHX. MaHflajia /JaHflapoHa (J)HKCHpy-eT rnaBHbix npeflCTaBHTejieň jihhhh nepepo>KfleHHH j\s¥.am<L (cm.: puc. 6-9; 11-12), h mh MO^KeM npeflnojio>KHTb, hto STa jihhhh 6biJia oneHb xoponio H3BecTHa HJieHaM rpynnbi /JaHflapoHa.
HMeeTCH oneHb HHTepecHoe CBHfleTejibCTBO HbiBaH-jiaMaxaa (JlaMbi Ll,biBaHa ,ZJ|aniHi];bipeHOBa, caMoro MOJiofloro H3 ynacTHHKOB flena ,ZJ|aHflapoHa)4:
Mup ceoux u nyjKux: couuajibnasi
KOMMyHUKaUUR
CKeo3b npu3My
pejlUZU03H0Z0
onbuna
1 Piatigorsky, 1978
2 CeMeKa, 1974
3 Cm.: Zhukovskaia 2010: 203-204; cm. maioice: Batchelor 1994; Zikmundova—Berounsky 1995; Bělka 2001b
CmpejiKoe, 2003:20
152
JIiOEom Eejika
Ohepkh  H   3CCE  Tartaria  Magna  I ' 2 O I 2
153
Korfla BecbMa o6pa30BaHHbie jiioflH H3 3anaflHOH nacTH CoBeTCKoro Coio3a CTanH npne3)KaTb k B. 71. TlaHflapoHy, 3to BbiBHBajio 6ecnoKOHCTBO BJiacTen (m.e. KFE—npuM. Moe JI. B.J. Ohh ctojikhvjihcb c hobhm HBJieHHeM, koto-poe hm TpyflHO 6buio noHHTb. OflHa>Kflbi, npnexaB H3 HpKyTCKa Ha KaHH-Kyjibi noBHflaTb CBoero OTiia AHHHHa /JaniHiibrpeHOBa, a no3HaKOMH/ica c Maadajia ero yHHTejieM EHflben TlaHflapoBHieM /JaHflapoHOM. HMeHHO Torfla EnflbJi
flandapoHa /JaHflapoH CKa3aji, hto 6yflflH3M 6yfleT pacnpocTpaHHTbca b Pocchh c reo-
MeTpHHecKOHnporpeccneH. (...) TlocjieToro, KaK/JaHflapoHh eroyneHHKH SbuiH apecTOBaHbi, MHorne (oco6eHHO noiKHJibie) 6ojuiHCb B03BpanieHHJi 1937 rofla. )3 6bvi y6e>KfleH, hto mh flOJDKHbi flepiKaTbca CBoen Bepbi h no-rpyjKaTbca b iieHTp co6biTHH. Mera vmojijijih, nyrajiH apecTOM, ho TeM ca-mhm jiHinb CHJibHee yKpeiurajiH mob Bepy. Tot rofl fljia Mens 6bui peinaio-niHM h npeflonpeflejiHJi bcio mob nocjieflyioiiryio >KH3Hb.
BojibinaH nacTb CBefleHHft o tom, KaK cjieflyeT HHTaTb hjih, roBopn TOHHee, Hcnojib30BaTb MaHflajiy TJaHflapoHa, nojiyneHa hsmh H3 khhth BjiaflHMHpa MoHTJieBHHa—oflHoro H3 nepBbix yneHHKOB EnflbH TJaHflapoHa. AnTop ynoMHHaeT HeKOTopbie o6cTOHTejibCTBa co3flaHHH MaHflajibi, b nacTHOCTH, flaTy ee OKOHHamiH (19 OKra6pH 1974 rofla, T.e. 3a HeflejiK) flo CMepTH TJaHflapoHa). OflHaKO oh He flenaeT HHKaKHX koh-KpeTHbix onHcaHHH caMHX H3o6pa>KeHHH. TJpyrne onncaHHH MaHflajibi,
KOTOpbie MOiKHO HaHTH B HHTepHeTe, He COflepjKaT 06'bHCHeHHH JIH-
hhh TJaHflapoHa h xapaKTepncTHK OTflenbHbix jiHHHOCTeft b Heft.
MaHflajia TJaHflapoHa npeflCTaBjraeT co6oft Kpyr c MHoroHHCJieHHbi-mh H3o6pa>KeHHHMH 6oiKecTBa BafliKpa6xaftpaBbi b ero neHTpe. 3tot THn MaHflaji xoponio onncaH TJeBHflOM MopraHOM. Pa3yMeeTCH, b hh-iKecjieflyioHieft UHTaTe oh He HMeeT b BHfly MaHflajiy TJaHflapoHa, ko-TopaH He 6biJia eMy H3BecTHa. Oh roBopHT o Tex MaHflajiax, KOTopbie
COflepjKaT H3o6pa>KeHHH H npHpOflHHX C03flaHHft,  H HCTOpHHeCKHX
nepcoHaiKeft, h CBepxi>ecTecTBeHHbix cynrecTB H3 Tn6eTCKoro 6yflflHH-1 Morgan, 2005:51 CKoro naHTeoHa1:
Cohm 6o>KecTBeHHbix (|>Hryp h jiaM H3o6pa>KaeTCJi BOKpyr BHeniHero Kpyra,
KOTOpblH COflep>KHT pHCVHOHHblH HappaTHB VHeHHfl. ITeHTpajIbHaH HaCTb
MaHflajibi BMeniaeT b ce6a H3o6pa>KeHHe 6o>KecTBa h ero cynpyrn. Bepy-poniHe roTOBHTca k MeflHTaixHH, TiiiaTejibHO H3yHaa MaHflajiy, nocTHraji npoiieflypy h 3HaieHHe CTaflHH MeflHTaiiHH h npoxoflH iepe3 pHTyan nocBH-
HieHHH, HTo6bI 6bITb TOTOBblM K COeflHHeHHK) C 6o>KeCTBOM. CoeflHHeHHe 6o>KeCTBa C nyCTOTHOCTbK), HJIH 6eCCaMOCTHOCTbK), HBJIHeTCH KOHeHHOH iie-
jibio MeflHTHpyioniero. TniaTejibHoe H3yneHHe MaHflajibi, KaK roBopHTca b oflHOM HccjieflOBaHHH, noMoraeT npaKTHKy BH3yajiH3HpoBaTb ce6a BHyTpH iiapcTBa 6o>KecTBa. TIonaB b coBeprneHHyio BcejieHHyio 6o>KecTBa, npaKTH-KyioniHH CTaHOBHTca Ha mar 6jiH>Ke k flyxoBHOMy TIpocBeTJieHHio.
HCTOpHH TH6eTCKOrO 6yflflH3Ma H HCTOpHH 3TOH pejIHTHH B BypHTHH1.   1 06 ucmopuu
B CBH3H C paMKaMH CTaTbH, Mbl He MOJKeM OnHCaTb H o6l>flCHHTb BCe      B3auM00mH0iueHUU Mexcdy
Poccuuckum zocyoapcmeoM u
fleTaJIH MaHflajibi, HO KOCHeMCH HaH6oJiee BaiKHblX H HHTepeCHblX MO- dypumcKOU camxou cm., nanp.: MeHTOB, CBH3aHHbIX C Heft. TaKOBblX MOJKHO BblflejIHTb TpH! TJaHflapOH      UbipcMXUlJloe, 2009, 2010
KaK TyjiKy, hjih nepepoiKfleHen,, h jihhhh, k KOTopoft oh npHHafljieiKaji; yHHTejib TJaHflapoHa JIy6caH CaHflaH ITbifleHOB h ero pojib b jkh3hh TJaHflapoHa h co3flaHHoft hm rpynribi; BaiKHbie Bexn b jkh3hh TJaHflapoHa.
BHflbH TJaHflapoH CHHTajicH HeTbipHaflrj;aTbiM nepepoiKfleHHeM TJiKa-hk JIaMbi. Ero npeflinecTBeHHHK TJiKaHK JIaMa XIII HeoflHOKpaTHO no-ceniaji BypHTHio h, KaK yTBepiKflaeT MecTHan TpaflHH,HH, b nocjieflHHft CBoft BH3HT o6eni,aji BepyioHiHM nepepoflHTbCH b paftoHe 03epa Baft-Kaji. Hepe3 HeKOTopoe BpeMH nocjie ero CMepTH JIy6caH CaHflaH IJbifle-hob npH3Haji HeflaBHO poflHBinerocH 6ypHTCKoro MJiafleHrj;a, KOTopbift BnocjieflCTBHH CTaHeT Bnflbeft TJaHflapoHOM, nepepoiKfleHHeM TJiKaHK JIaMbi h HeTbipHaflnaTbiM npeflCTaBHTeneM 3Toft jihhhh TyjiKy. OflHaKO TH6eTn,H MOHacTbipH TyM6yM He cneniHJiH npH3HaBaTb stot (paKT h, b KOHeHHOM HTore, HaniJiH «CBoe» nepepoiKfleHHe TJiKaHK JIaMbi. TaK jihhhh pa3flenHJiacb, h oflHOBpeMeHHO b BypHTHH h AMflo nepepoiKfleHHeM TJiKaHK JIaMbi 6biJiH npH3HaHbi pa3Hbie flera. #
/Jjih noHHMaHHH MaHflajibi TJaHflapoHa npeiKfle Bcero Heo6xoflHMO H3yHHTb HCTopHHecKHft KOHTeKCT, nocKOJibKy MaHflajia, KpoMe npo-nero, npeflCTaBJiHeT co6oft BH3yajibHyio HCTopnio. OnncaHHe h aHa-jih3 MaHflajibi MoryT 6biTb ocynrecTBJieHbi TOJibKO Ha ocHOBe 3HaHHft
154
JlHDBOin Eejika
Ohepkh h  bcce Tartaria Magna i ' 2 oi2
155
KOMMEHTAPHH K PHCyHKAM MAH/TAJIbl /TAH/TAPOHA
KOMMEHTAPHH K PHCYHKAM MAH/TAJIM /TAH/TAPOHA
PHC. I
MaHflajia /JaHflapoHa, aBTop AjiexcaHflp HBaHOBHH >Kejie3-hob, 1974 rofl, fleňcTBHTejibHbie pa3Mepbi, MaTepwaji h KpacKH
HeH3BeCTHbI
156
JIhdbolu Eejika
PHC. 6
<řnrypa cnpaBa: fljaaxK JlaMa XIII KejicaHr ITvjithm TeHne HHMa (yMep b 1913,
HaCTOHTejIb MOHaCTbiptT
TyMÖyM, AMflo); pncyHOK BbinojiHeH c cj)OTorpac[)HH 1912 rofla (cm. puc. 7)
PHC. 7
/TjKaüK JlaMa XIII KejicaHr ITvjithm TeHne HHMa. (řoTorpacjjHH 1912 rofla. Hctohhhk: CTpejiKOB h flp. 2006: 440
PHC. 8
O1EPKH   H   3 C C E   TaRTARIA   MAGNA l'20I2
/TjKaHK JlaMa XIII KencaHr ITvjithm TeHne HHMa. (řoTorpacjjHH. ľOfl HeH3-BecTeH
KOMMEHTAPHH K PHCyHKAM MAH/TAJIM /TAH/TAPOHA
phc. 9
AKna JlaMa (cjieBa, pHCVHOK c cj)OTorpac[)HH 1912 rofla, cm. puc. 10) h fljKaaK JlaMa XIV
KOMMEHTAPHH K PHCYHKAM MAH/TAJIM /TAH/TAPOHA
ctarypa, H3o6pa>KeHHafl Ha MaHflajie (puc. g), Ha-noMHHaeT fljKanK JIaMy XIV, 3aneHaTJieHHoro Ha (|)OTorpa(|)HH (puc. u). Ec/ih H3o6pa>KeH fleHCTBH-
TejIbHO OH, TO 3TO 3HaHHT, HTO B I974 TOfly A. H. )Ke-
jie3HOB He TOJibKO 3Haji o cymecTBOBaHHH flpyroro nepepo>K/i,eHHH fljKanK JIaMbi, iiomhmo ./TaHflapoHa,
HO H TO, KaK 3TOT HejIOBeK BbirjIHflejI. Ec/IH Ha (|>OTO-
rpac|)HH eMy ot 20 flo 30 JieT, to OHa MO)KeT flara-poBaTbca 1936-1946 rr., T.e. nepnoflOM, Korfla Ky/ib-TypHbie KOHTaKTbi Me>K/i,y BypaTHen h Amao eflBa jih 6bi/iH B03MO)KHbi. .TTpyraa ero (|>OTorpac|)Hfl (cm. puc. 12) othochtch k KOHny xx BeKa. Enie oflHa fle-Tajib, H3o6pa>KeHHaH Ha MaHfla/ie,—y3op Ha jieBOM pyxaBe ofleaHHH flmaaK JIaMbi (ceTOHKa). B o6ohx cjiynaax y3op iiohth oflHHaKOB h b tohhocth coot-BeTCTByeTcjjoTorpacljHH/lJKaflK JIaMbi XIII (puc. 7), b to BpeMH, KaK noflo6Haa (|>OTorpac|)Hfl fljKanK JlaMH XIV HeH3BecTHa, a eflHHCTBeHHaa H3BecTHaa ero (|)OTorpa(|)HH—3to chhmok ero jiHija, ony6jiHKO-BaHHbiH b>KypHajie «TaHHbi BypaTHH» (puc. 11. Cm.: Cmpemcoa, 2003: 6). TaKHM o6pa30M, A.M. >Kejie3-
HOB MOT HCnOJIb30BaTb HfflffllOIO HaCTb flJIJI H3o6pa-
>KeHHH o6ohx th6gtckhx nepepo>K/i,eHHH flmaaK
JIaMbi, nOMeHHB MeCTaMH JIHIHb HX JIHIja.
B cjiynae, ec/iH Ha (|>OTorpac|)HH (puc. 11) flen-CTBHTejibHO J\yKaaK JlaMa XIV, xyflo>KHHK A. >Kejie3-hob b 1974 rofly /1,0/DKeH 6bi/i 3HaTb 3Ty (|>OTorpa-(|)Hio H3 TyM6yMa, KOTopaa 6bi/ia cfle/iaHa oko/io 1945 rofla. BepoHTHO, KaKHe-TO CBH3H 6ypaTCKHX SyflflHCTOB c Am/i,o h Tn6eTa noflflep)KHBajiHCb h Torfla, HecMOTpa Ha to, hto b nepno/i, CTajiHHCKHX penpeccHH jno6bie HecaHKn,HOHHpoBaHHbie BJia-
CTHMH CBH3H C 3arpaHHH,eH MOTJIH CTOHTb HejIOBeKy )KH3HH. /JoCTaTOHHO BCnOMHHTb, HTO MHOJKeCTBO
SypaT Torfla npHroBapHBajiHCb k CMepTH 3a «innHO-Ha>K b nojib3y 5hiohhh». ./TaHflapoH HHKorfla He yno-MHHaji /()KaHK-jiaMy h HHKorfla He Ha3HBa/i ce6?i ero nepepo>K/i,eHii,eM. TeM He MeHee, BepoHTHO, hto Ha MaHflane H3o6pa>KeH HMeHHO fljKanK JlaMa XIV, mo 03HanaeT, hto ./TaHflapoH 3Haji o HeM (h/ih, no KpaHHeH Mepe, o HeM 3Haji >Kejie3HOB h mot BHfleTb ero (|>OTorpa(|)Hio). K co)KajieHHio, onncaHHH sthx pHcyHKOB He coxpaHHJiHCb, a noTOMy npe/HKMO->KeHHe o tom, hto Ha MaHflajie H3o6pa>KeH flmaaK JlaMa XIV, HBJiaeTCH jiHiiib cneKy/unrHeH, ochobh-
BaiOIIieHCH Ha BH3yajIbHOM CXOflCTBe.
HeTbipHafliraTHH flmaaK JlaMa, KaK h npeflbifly-niee nepepo>K/i,eHHe, npoHcxoflHJi H3 KyKyHopcKHX
MOHrOJIOB.   ByflVHH  BbIC0K006pa30BaHHbIM MOHa-
xom, oh fla>Ke HacTaBJian caMoro ElaHHeH-jiaMy X,
KOTOpblH TaiOKe 6bl/l pOflOM H3 AllflO.
kAthhckhh 3MHH-jiaMa TeneK Baji6ap, c fleTCTBa BocnHTHBaBinHHCH b TyM6yMe h JIa6paHre, jihhho 3Haji HeTbipHafliraToro flmaaK JIaMy h vhhjich y Hero. /(eflyniKa Baji6ap paccKa3HBaji HaM, hto Phh-none (HeTbipHafliraTHH fljKanK JlaMa) coxpaHan flpyscecTBeHHbie oTHOineHHH c 6ypaTCKHMH jiaMa-mh. JIohjioh, TpexMepHaa MaHflajia (puc. 13), 6buia nocTpoeHa /via fljKanK JIaMbi XIV b TyM6yMe b 1987 rofly. MaHflana /(HaMeTpoM 12 MeTpoB HaxoflHTca b
3flaHHH, B03BefleHHOM CneU,Ha/IbHO flJIH 3TOH irejiH.
HeTbipHafln,aTbiH flmaaK JlaMa MeflHTHpoBaji BHy-
TpH 3TOH MaHflajIbl B TeHeHHe TpeX JieT H nOKHHVJl
CBoe Teno b 1990 rop,y» (Cmpemcoa, 2003: 6).
PHC. 10
AKna JlaMa, cjjoto-rpacjjHH 1912 rofla. Hctohhhk: 3eMJitT BafljKpanaHH, 2008: 310
PHC. II
fljKaaK JlaMa XIV JIocaHr Terme rbtumeH (1916-1990, HacTOHTejib MOHacTbipa TyM6yM, Am/io) . Hctohhhk: CTpejiKOB, 2003: 6
PHC. 12
fljKaaK JlaMa XIV JIocaHr TeHne rbtuiijeH. Hctohhhk: 3eMJiH Bafl-)KpanaHH, 2008: 310
PHC. 13
TpexMepHaa MOflejib MaHflajibi Kajia^aKpH, MoHacTbipb TyM6yM, AMflo. OoTorpac[)H5T aBTopa
158
JIiOBOin Eejika
Ohepkh h  bcce Tartaria Magna 1 ' 2 o12
159
KOMMEHTAPHH K PHCyHKAM MAHflAJIbl flAHflAPOHA
KOMMEHTAPHH K PHCYHKAM MAHflAJIM flAHflAPOHA
PHC. 14
JlyöcaH CaHflaH IlbifleHOB (cjieBa). Phcvhok cflejiaH c cj)OTorpac[)HH 1919 rofla (cm. puc. 16)
Ha CerOflHHIHHHH fleHb H3BeCTHbI JIHIHb TpH (|>OTO-
rpac|)HH JlyöcaH CaHflaH ITbifleHOBa. riepBaa H3 hhx flaTHpyeTCH 1891 roflOM, a flBe flpyrne—1919-M. riepBaa (JpoTorpacljHfl (cm. puc. 15) npeflCTaBJia-eT C060ÍÍ THnHHHoe cajioHHoe (|)oto, nonynapHoe b KOHije XIX BeKa. ITbifleHOB, Torfla b B03pacTe 41 rofla (oh podiuicR e 1850 z. Cm. Tsyrempilov 2008: 117), 3aneHaTJieH 3flecb b TpaflHijHOHHOM MOHaine-CKOM ofleflHHH c oöpHToii rojioBoíí h ycaMH. Ha ero Horax öypHTCKaa oöyBb. BoKpyr Hero h Ha HeM ot-cyTCTByioT KaKHe-jiHÖo yKpaineHHH, iiomhmo neTOK b jieBoŕi pyKe. Oh BbiraaflHT CKpoMHHM h cnoKoŕi-HbiM. Ero npaBaa pyxa üokohtch Ha KpyraoM cto-HHKe; nofl pyKoŕi, bo3mo>kho, oöepHyrari tomhk SyflflHÍicKOH cyrpbi. HBeTHoŕi pncvHOK c MaHflajibi,
OCHOBaHHblíí Ha 3TOÍÍ (JíOTOrpacIjHH, B TOHHOCTH CO-
OTBeTCTByeT opHrHHajibHOMy (|)oto. Ha pncyHKe ero MOHainecKaa poöa opaH>KeBoro hjih KpacHoro irßeTa (cm. puc. 14).
Ha MaHflajie /(aHflapoHa 3Ta (JpoTorpacIjHfl fyax-
THHeCKH HCnOJIb30BaHa flBa>KflbI. Bo-nepBbIX, 3T0
ynoMHHVTaH yace u,BeTHaa Koima (JpoTorpacIjHH (cp.
pUC. 14 U pUC. 15), a BO-BTOpbIX, pHCOBaHHafl KOnHJ!
jinija c stoh (jjoTorpacIjHH (cm. puc. 28). Hto hh-TepecHO, Ha stom nocjieflHeM pncyHKe HbifleHOB
HapHCOBaH B CBeTCKOM KOCTIOMe C TpOCTbK), nopT-
(jjeneM h b KOTenKe. BepoHTHO, 3flecb UbifleHOB H30-
6pa>KeH bo BpeMH CBoero, hkoöh, HMeBinero MecTO nyieniecTBHH b HTajiHio.
rioMHMO (|)oto 1891 rofla HMeioTCH TaioKe flBe (jjoTorpaclíHH, flaTHpyiomHecfl 1919 roflOM (cm. puc. 16). HbifleHOB CTOHT cneBa, b npaBoŕi pyKe y Hero TOHKaa TpocTb, a b JieBoŕi neTKH. Ha (|>oto
eMy 69 JieT, OH OfleT B TpaflHIJHOHHblH ÖypHTCKHH
KOCTioM, y Hero fljiHHHbie BOJiocbi h rycTaa öopofl-Ka. no jieBVK) OT Hero CTopoHy mh TaioKe bhahm flopjKH BaflMaeBa. Xoth flBa 3thx nenoBeKa ctoht paflOM, 3aMeTHa BbipajKeHHaa Hepapxna: BaflMaeB
HaXOflHTCH n03aflH, (|>OHOM, a HblfleHOB HeMHoro
BbicTynaeT Bnepefl. Ooto cflenaHO He b aTejibe, a BHyrpH flepeBHHHoro flOMa: öejiaa npocTbiHb 3a-KpbiBaeT He bck> CTeHy, h c npaBoro yraa BHflHeioT-CH 6peBHa.
Me>Kfly (JpoTorpaclíHeH (puc. 16) h ocHOBaHHOM Ha Heß pHcyHKe H3 MaHflanbi (puc. 14) ecTb pa3-jiHHHH. DiaBHaa pa3HHĽ,a—ofle>Kfla HbifleHOBa: Ha pHCOBaHHOM H3o6pa>KeHHH Ha rojioBe y HbifleHOBa orpoMHaa KopoHa, VKpaineHHaa MajieHbKHMH ne-jioBeHecKHMH HepenaMH, a TaioKe fleKopaTHBHaa HaKHflKa Ha iraenax. JleBaa pyxa c HeTKaMH cjier-Ka BbmBHHVTa Bnepefl. KopoHa h HaraiflKa chmbo-HH3HpyioT HHCHrHHH dxapMctpadwcu, T.e. pejinrH-03Horo npaBHTena, KOTopbiM oh oömbhji ceöa b 1919 rofly.
PHC. 15
JlyöcaH CaHflaH I_(bifleHOB, cjjOTorpacjjHH 1891 rofla. Hctohhhk: Belka 2001a: 70, puc. 3
PHC. l6
JlyöcaH CaHflaH IJbmeHOB. <řoTorpac[)HH 1919 rofla. Hctohhhk: Belka 2001a: 73, puc. 4
160
JIhdbolu Eejika
Ohepkh h  3 c c e Tartaria Magna i ' 2 o i 2
161
KOMMEHTAPHH K PHCyHKAM MAHflAJIbl flAHflAPOHA
KOMMEHTAPHH K PHCYHKAM MAHflAJIM flAHflAPOHA
"13
PHC
BHflbH flaHflapoH. PhCVHOK cjieBa cflejiaH c cjjOTorpacjjHH 1965 rofla (cm. puc. 18), pn-cyHOK cnpaBa—c cjjoto 1956 rofla (cm. puc. 19). MaHflajia flaHflapoHa
PHC. l8
BHflbH flaHflapoH. OoTorpacjjHH A. 11. TIoHOMapeBa, 1965 rofl, ropofl yjiaH-Vfl3. Hctohhhk: Belka 2001a: 96, puc. 12
Elo B. MoHTJieBFray, 3Ta cepna c^oTorpacliHH 6bma cflejiaHa ynaH-yflSHCKHM (JpoTorpaclíOM A. H. rioHOMapeBbiM b 1965 rofly. EMy 6bmo nopyjeHO noflroTOBHTb c^oTorpacliHH pjia nponaraH-Ahctckoh öpoiniopbi o pacirßeTe 6yflflH3Ma b CCCP. B 3anac-HHKax 3THorpa(|>HTjecKoro My3ea HapoflOB 3a6aHKajiba b npn-ropofle ynaH-Vfls oh oÖHapysaui cpeflH npoHHX SKcnoHaTOB TaHTpHHCKHÍí KOCTioM. <E>OTorpa(|> nonpocmi KOrO-HHÖyflb H3 paöoTHHKOB My3ea HafleTb koctiom pjia (|>OTOCHHMKa. OflHa-Ko Bee OTKa3biBajiHCb: oflHH H3 CTpaxa, flpyrne H3 VBarsceHHa k TaHTpHHCKHM jiaMaM npoiiuioro. HafleTb koctiom coraacHJicji TOJibKO B. J\. /(aHflapoH, KOTopbiŕi 6bm npHraaineH b KanecTBe KOHcyjibTaHTa. «TaK 6bm co3flaH BejiHHecTBeHHbiri nopTpeT /JaHflapoHa c TaHTpHÍícKOH KopoHoíí KajianaKpbi. Bpoiniopa 6bma onyöJiHKOBaHa, h jihijo dxapMapadwcu /(aHflapoHa CTajio H3BecTHO bo BceM 6yflflHÍícKOM MHpe» (flandapoH, 2006:385)
162
JIhdbolu Eejika
PHC.20
BHflbH flaHflapoH (cnpaBa). Phcvhok cflejiaH c cjjOTorpa-
CJJHH BjiaflHMHpa MOHTJieBH
ia 1971 rofla (cm. puc. 21). CHflflx (cneBa)
pne. 19
EHflbH flaHflapoH. <řoTorpac[)HH 1956 rofla, MocKBa
PHC. 21
BHflbH flaHflapoH. <řoTorpac[)HH BjiaflH-MHpa MoHTJieBH^a. 1971 rofl. KHJKHHra, BypHTHa
OlEPKH   H   3 C C E   TaRTARIA   MAGNA l'20I2
I63
KOMMEHTAPHH K PHCyHKAM MAH/TAJIbl /TAH/TAPOHA
KOMMEHTAPHH K PHCYHKAM MAHflA/lbl /TAH/TAPOHA
PHC.22
BajibJKHMa AÖHflyeBa (1869-1973), MaTb EnflbH /JaHflapoHa (cjieBa). Pncy-HOK BbinojiHeH c cjjOTorpa-
CJJHH BjiaflHMHpa MOHTJieBH
ia 1971 rofla (cm. puc. 23)
PHC.23
BajibJKHMa AÖHflyeBa BMecTe c chhom. OoTorpa-cjjHH BjiaflHMHpa MoHTJieBH^a, 1971 rofl. KHJKHHra,
BypHTHÍT
BjiaflHMiip MoHTJieBHH cflejiaji 3tot chhmok bo BpeMH CBoeíí noe3flKH b KiKKHHry, rfle >KHJia 3Ta 3aMeHaTejibHaa jKeHiriHHa h Be/iHKaa HoriiHH. BajibJKHMa AöiiflyeBa ynijia 113 >kh3hh b B03pacTe 104 JieT 3 fleKaöpa 1973 rofla. Ee chh nepe>KHJi ee MeHee ieM Ha rofl (MmuruieauM., 2006, p. 424). Ab-Top MaHflajibi A. H. >Kejie3HOB, kohghho me, 3Haji ee jihhho, h He6e3biHTepecHO, hto, ecjiH He 6paTL b yneT flaKHHb (KOTopbie hbjihiotch CBepxtecTe-
CTBeHHblMH  CyilieCTBaMH),   OHa eflHHCTBeHHblfi
npeflCTaBHTejib >KeHCKoro nojia Ha Bceii komiio3h-
II,HH (CM. pUC. 22)
164
JIhdbolu Eejika
PHC
flopjKH BaflMaeB (okojio 1840-1920) (cnpaBa), npn-eMHbiri OTeu, BHflbH /JaHflapo-Ha. /Jajiaři-jiaMa XIII (cjieBa). PncyHOK /JopjKH BaflMaeBa OCHOBblBaeTCH Ha cj)OTorpac[)HH 1919 rofla (cm. puc. 16)
PHC. 25
flajiaři-jiaMa XIII. OoTorpacjjHH n. K. Ko3JioBa
Ha 3TOM pHcyHKe, HBJiaioiiieMCH lacTbio MaHflajibi (cm. puc. 24), H3o6pa>KeH chahitihh rejiyKiiHHCKHH MOHax (xopoina BHflHa ero jKejiTaa inanKa) c KOJioKOJibiH-KOM h BaflÄpoíí b pyKax. EcTb oflHa npHMenaTejibHaji fleTajib—nepHbie ycbi, KOTopbie BecbMa peflKO hocht
THÖeTCKHe MOHaXH. B HCTOpHH THOeTCKOľO 6yflflH3Ma
ecTb oflHO Ba>KHoe jihijo, H3BecTHoe TaKHMH me yca-MH,—/T,ajiaii-jiaMa XIII TyöfleH TbHiio (1876-1933). Oh SbiJi xopoino H3BecTeH h noHHTaeM b Pocchh h CoBeT-CKOM CoK)3e, ÖJiaroflapa cbh3hm co cbohm öypaTCKHM yHHTejieM ArBaHOM /T,op>KHeBbiM h 3HaMeHHTbiM nyTe-
IIieCTBeHHHKOM IleTpOM Ko3JIOBbIM. K03JIOB H Cflejiajl
(|)OTorpa(|)HK) /T,ajiaii-jiaMbi bo BpeMH BCTpeiH c hhm (cm. puc. 25). Bonpoc o tom, H3o6pa>KeH jih Ha MaHflajie /Tajiaií-jiaMa XIII, ocTaeTca OTKpbiTbiM
O1EPKH   H   3 C C E   TaRTARIA   MAGNA l'20I2
KOMMEHTAPHH K PHCyHKAM MAHflA/lbl /TAH/TAPOHA
KOMMEHTAPHH K PHCYHKAM MAHflA/lbl /TAH/TAPOHA
PHC.26
EHflbH flaHflapOH. PuCyHOK OCHOBaH
Ha cj)OTorpac[)HH KOHna 60-x h Havana 70-x rr. (cm. puc. 27). flaHflapoH 3ane-
laTJieH 3fleCb KaK TaHTpHHCKHH VHHTejIb B OTJIHHHe OT (|)OTOrpa(|)HH H pHcyH-
KOB (cm. puc. 17, 18), r/i,e ./TaHflapoH H3o6pa>KeH b My3ee, to ecTb He b o6bmHoíí fljra Hero cpefle, flpyrne ero <|>OTorpa(|>HH (cm. puc. 27) h hx hh-TepnpeTau,HH Ha pncyHKax MaHflajiH (cm. puc. 26, 28) öojiee ecTecTBeHHH
H peajIHCTHHHbl. ./TaHflapOH 6bUI CHAT CBOHMH VHeHHKaMH KaK TaHTpHHCKHH yHHTejib b oflejKfle, KOTopyio oh HafleBaji pjia pHTyajioB (oflHaKO, CKopee Bcero, sto He KacaeTca (|>oto-rpac|)HH, Ha KOTopoíí oh 3acHHT b jieonapflOBoii niKype, chajhuhm Ha nojiy HanpoTHB bhtphhh (cm. puc. 27). HeKOTopbie H3 sthx (|)OTorpa(|)HH
C/IV5KH/IH MOflejIHMH flJIH pHCVHKOB, KOTOpbie Mbl BHflHM B MaHflajie. H30-
6pa>KeHHe ./TaHflapoHa c Kanajioíí b npaBoíí pyKe HfleHTHHHO flpyroMy ero nopTpeTy, Ha KOTopoM oh h30-6pa>KeH b tom me nojio>KeHHH Ha Bep-niHHe TaHKH Ba/pKpa6xaíípaBbi (He MaHflajibi). 3Ta TaHKa (cm. puc. 29 u
30), KaK CHHTaeTCÍT, ÖblJia VHHHTOJKe-
Ha, a nopTpeT coxpaHK/ica TOJibKO Ha n,BeTHOíí (|)OTorpa(|)HH TaHKa
166
PHC. 27
BHflbH flaHflapoH. 3Ta
CJjOTOrpaCJjHH, BO3MC0KHO,
nyöjiHKyeTCH BnepBbie
JIiOBorn  E E ji K A
PHC.28
BHflbH flaHflapoH (b ireHTpe). PncyHOK cflejiaH c cj)OTorpac[)HH KOHna 60-x-Ha-lajia 70-x rr. JlyöcaH CaHflaH IJbifleHOB (b BepxHeM jieBOM yrjiy). PncyHOK oc-HOBbiBaeTCH Ha cj)OTorpac[)HH 1891 rofla (cm. puc. 14 u puc. 15)
Hto KacaeTCH MO/i,epHH3aii,HH 6yflflH3-Ma b ííorHHecKOH oönniHe JlyöcaHa CaHflaHa LíufleHOBa, to hvjkho CKa-3aTb, HTO TaM cyiiiecTBOBajiH onpe-
flejieHHbie VC/IOBHJI, HeB03MO)KHbie flJIH TpaflHITHOHHOrO MOHaCTbipH. no
cjioBaM A. H. >Kejie3HOBa, ähtcjih MecTHOCTH Coopxoíí (rfle pacnojiara-
JiaCb pe3HfleHUJlH LTblfleHOBa) HMejIH
nofliiHCKH Ha )KypHajibi, b t. h. hho-
CTpaHHbie. JlaMbl H3VHajIH HHOCTpaH-
Hbie H3HKH h jíHTepaTypy. OöinHHa b Coopxoíí BJiaflejia 6oraToíí pyccKO-
H3bFJHOÍÍ OHOjIHOTeKOÍi C aKireHTOM
Ha 6eji/ieTpHCTHKy. OflHaacflH, Korfla SyflflHCTbi-MHpHHe noceTHJiH Coop-xoíí, HTo6bi 3aKa3aTb npoBefleHHe
pHTyajIbHOÍÍ   CJiyjKÖbl,   HX VflHBH/IO
to, HTO CaHflaH JlaMa HHTaji eBpo-neíícKyio KHHry, 6ypy*m ofleTHM b eBponeíícKHH koctiom. HeKOTopbie roBopHT, HTO Coopxoíí 6bl/l OCBeiIieH 3JieKTpHHeCKHMH  JiaMTIOHKaMH, IIH-
TaiomHMHCH OT öaTapen, flocTaBjíeH-hoíí H3 BapinaBbi (Cmpemcoa, 2003:8)

PHC.29
ITopTpeT BHflbH flaHflapo-Ha. OparMeHT H3 BepxHeň lacTH TaHKH BafljKpaoxaŕi-paBbi (cm. pne. 30)
PHC. 30
TaHKa BafljKpaöxaripaBbi. II3 apxHBa O.O. BojiKOBOH (1926-1982). Abtop A. 11. )Kejie3HOB, 1971-72 rr., okojio 43-85 cm, aKBapejib. Bo3mojkho, yHHHTO-)KeHa. BnepBbie onyojíHKOBaH b Belka 2000: 133, pne. 6 h b Belka 2007: 15, pne. 5
Ohepkh h  3 c c e Tartaria Magna i ' 2 o i 2
167
KOMMEHTAPHH K PHCyHKAM MAH/IAJIbl flAHflAPOHA
BHB^HOrPA*MÍI
riopTpeT EHflbH
flaHflapoHa (cm. puc. 32)
PHC. 32
BHflbH /JaHflapoH (cjieBa) h AjiexcaHflp )Kejie3HOB (cnpaBa). <řoTO B. MoHTJieBH^a 1971 r. yjiaH-yfl3. Hctohhhk: flaHflapoH, 2006
PHC.33
AjiexcaHflp HBa-
HOBHH )Kejie3HOB
(1940-1996)
168
JIiOBOin Eejika
ByflflH3M: KaHOHbi, HCTopua, HCKyccTBO. MocKBa: flHK, 2006.
3em jih BafljKpanaHH; EyflflH3M b 3a6ařÍKajibe. MocKBa: flHK, 2008.
flAH/iAPOH B./J. H36paHHbie CTaTbH. MepHaa TeTpaflb. MaTepwajibi k 6norpac|)nn. «HcTopn!í KyKyHopa» CyMnbi KeHno. CaHKT-IleTepöypr, 2006.
Cemeka E. /Jejio/JaHflapoHa. Firenze, 1974.
CTPEJIKOB A.M. EHflbH /JaHflapOH: JKH3HeHHblfi
nyTb H flyxoBHbiři noflBHr // TařÍHbi EypaTHH. CneuBbinycK, 2003. C. 6.
IJbiPEMnHJiOB H.B. 3a CBHTyio flxapMy h
Bejioro IJapa. PoccHHCKaa HMnepHH rjia3aMH öypüTCKHX öyflflHCTOB XVIII-Havana XX BeKOB. // Ab Imperio, 2, 2009.
LlbiPEMnujiOB H.B. JlyöcaH CaMflaH HbifleHOB h Hflea öyflflHHCKori TeoKpaTHH b 3a6ařÍKajibe // BocTOK (Oriens), Ns 6, Hoa6pb-/JeKa6pb, 2007. C. 64-75.
LlbiPEMnujiOB H.B. «MyjKHe» jiaMbi. PoccHHCKaa nojiHTHKa B OTHonieHHH sarpaHHHHoro 6yflflHHCKoro flyxoBeHCTBa b XVIII-Hakane XX B. // BecTHHK Cnery, Cep. 13, Btm. 4, 2010. C. 9-18.
Andreyev, A. Dreams of a Pan-Mongolian state: Sandan Tsydenov, Baron Ungern, Agvan Dorjiev, Nicolas Roerich, 2009, downloaded from: http:// www. budcon. com/index.php ?option=com_content &view=article&id = l 69&Itemid = 117&lang=en.
Batchelor, S. The Awakening of the West: The Encounter of Buddhism and Western Culture, London: Aquarian 1994.
BěLKA, L. Burjatskýbuddhismus: Tradice a současnost / Buryat Buddhism: Tradition and Presence. In: Berounský Dan-Bělka Luboš-Streit Jindřich, Na konci světa / At the End of the World, Volary: Stehlík 2000, s. 113-136.
BěLKA, L. Tibetskýbuddhismus vBurjatsku, Brno: Masarykova universita 2001, 350 p. (Tibetan Buddhism in Buryatia, in Czech). (Bělka 2001a)
BěLKA, L. Bidija Dandaronič Dandaron a burjatský buddhismus ve 20. Století. In: Pecha Lukáš (ed.), Orientalia Antiqua Nova 7, Plzeň: Dryada 2007, s. 9-19.
BěLKA, L. Bidiya D. Dandaron: the case of a Buryat Buddhist and Buddhologist during the Soviet period. In: Doležalová, Iva (ed.) -Martin, Luther H. (ed.) -Papoušek, Dalibor (ed.). The academic study of religion during the Cold War: east and west. 1st ed. New York et al.; Bern et al.: Peter Lang, 2001. s. 171-182. (Bělka 2001b)
Brauen, M. Mandala: Sacred Circle in Tibetan
Buddhism. New York: Rubin Museum of Art 2009.
Morgan, D. The Sacred Gaze: Religious Visual Culture in Theory and Practice, Berkeley-LosAngeles-London: University of California Press 2005.
Piatigorsky, A.M. The departure of Dandaron. In: Kontinent-2. London: Hodderand Stoughton, 1977. P. 169-180.
Tsyrempilov, N. Samdan Tsydenov and his Buddhist Theocratic Project in Siberia. In: Biographies of Eminent Mongol Buddhists. Ed. By J. Elverskog. International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies, 2008. P. 117-137.
Zhukovskaia, N. The Revival of Buddhism in Buryatia: Problems and Prospects. In: Balzer Marjorie Mandelstam (Ed.), Religion and Politics in Russia: A Reader, New York: M. E. Sharpe 2010.
Zikmundova, V., Berounsky, D. Bidija Dandaron. In: R. Revue 28 (1995). P. 321-325.
Tartaria  Magna i ' 2 o i 2
PEIIEH3HH H 0B30PM
PyCCKHH yjIbTPA-
hau;hoha;ih3m:
AKTYAJIbHOE
COCTOHHHE
HCC/IE/ÍOBAHHH
Andpeac Ymaukô
A H      P E A C    Y M JI A H
PELIEH3HH    H    O E 3 O P bi   TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
Current state
of Russian
ultra-National ism
STUDIES
The paper provides an overview of the studies of Russian ultra-nationalism. The author critically examines approaches of various researchers and gives a detailed io-year bibliography of the sub-discipline
PyCCKHH yjIbTPAHALIHOHAJIH3M: AKTYA/IbHOE COCTOSHHE HC C JI EflO B AH H H
riocjieflHHe Mecanbi HaöjnoflaeTca OTHOCHTejib-Hoe noTeruieHHe bo B3aHMOOTHOineHHHX Mempy
PoCCHefl, C OflHOH CTOpOHLI, H pflflOM 3anaflHbIX H
BOCTOHHoeBponeHCKHX CTpaH, c flpyrofl. HecMOTpa Ha HeKyio «OTTenenb» b poccHHCKO-aMepHKaHCKHX
OTHOineHHHX 2009-2010 IT. H Ha HOBOe CÖjIHJKe-
HHe Me>Kfly Mockboh h KneBOM bgchoh 2010 r.,
flOJirOCpOHHLie TpeHflbl BO BHeniHenOJIHTHHeCKHX B3rjIHflaX KaK pOCCHHCKOH 3JIHTH, TaK H «npOCTblX»
poccHHH c KOHna nponuioro BeKa h flo ceroflHjmi-
HerO BpeMeHH HMejIH npOTHBOnOJIOJKHblH BeKTOp. B   pe3VJIbTaTe   KOpeHHblX  H3MeHeHHH   B pOCCHH-
ckom nojiHTHHecKOM flHCKypce nocneflHHX jieT, k Hana/iy BToporo flecHTHJieTHH xxi-ro CTOJieTHJi paflHKajibHoe aHTH3anaflHHHecTBO npeBpaTHJiocb b 3HaHHMoe HHTe/i/ieKTyajibHoe h nojiHTHHecKoe
flBHJKeHHe [i], a BbICKa3bIBaHHe HaUHOHajIHCTH-HeCKHX B3rjIflflOB CTajIO nOJIHTHHeCKH KOppeKTHLIM
b Pocchh[2]. PacTyniHH pyccKHH aHTHaMepHKaH-ckhh o6cKypaHTH3M, KaK h Bee 6ojiee nonyjiapHaji KOHcnnpojiorHH BOKpyr pa3JiHHHbix nojiHTHHecKHX KOH(|)poHTaii,HH P<t> c 3anaflOM hjih BOKpyr koh-
(JMHKTOB  «BJiaCTH»  C  JIHÖepajIbHOH HHTejIJIHreH-
irnen, npnflaioT poccHHCKOMy nocT-HMnepcKOMy CHHflpoMy oco6yio ocTpoTy [3]. Oh Bee öojibine HanoMHHaeT arpeccHBHyio peararHio HeMeinaix
nOJIHTHHeCKHX H HHTejIJieKTyajIbHblX JIHflepOB Ha «n030pHLIH» KOHeil BTOpOH repMaHCKOH HMnepHH
b 1918 r. c hx «jiereHfloii 06 yflape hojkom b cnHHy» («Dolchstoßlegende»)—06 HJijno3opHOH bhhg «BHy-
TpeHHHX» BparOB PepMaHHH H HX HHOCTpaHHblX
BfloxHOBHTejien b ee nopa>KeHHH b ilepBOH Mh-poBOH BOHHe [4]. B xyflineM cjivnae flajibHeHinaji napaHOHflanbHaa   HHTepnpeTanHH poccHjmaMH
rpy3HHO-pOCCHHCKHX, VKpaHHO-pOCCHHCKHX HJIH nOXOJKHX   nOCTHMnepCKHX   npOTHBOCTOHHHH MO-
>kgt BH3BaTb HOByio scKajiannio KaK Me>Krocyflap-
CTBGHHLLX KOH(|>JIHKTOB Ha TeppHTOpHH 6bIBHierO
cccp, TaK h poccHHCKO-3anaflHLix pa3HorjiacHH. PaflHKajibHoe poccHHCKoe aHTH3anaflHHHecTBO Ha 3TOM (|>OHe npeBpaniaeTCH H3 oötercra Hccneflo-
BaHHH HOBeHineH HCTOpHH nOJIHTHHeCKHX HfleH B
npeflMeT aKTyanbHO-nojiHTHHecKoro aHajiH3a co-
BpeMeHHOH GBpO-a3HaTCKOH 6e30naCHOCTH.
HecMOTpa Ha 3th Tenepb ysce MHorojieTHHe
TeHfleHUHH,  H3VHGHHG nOCTCOBeTCKOrO pyccKoro
yjibTpaHaii,HOHajiH3Ma [5] npeflCTaBJiseT co6oh Bee enie HeKOHCojiHflHpoBaHHbiH, pa3o6nj,eHHbiH Pas-
flejl CpaBHHTejIbHblX HCCJieflOBaHHH MejKflVHapOfl-
Horo npaBoro 3KCTpeMH3Ma. HanpHMep, b nyöJiH-Kaii,HHX, KacaiomHXCH oflHHX h Tex me (JieHOMeHOB,
aBTOpbl HaCTO npHXOflHT K COBepineHHO pa3HbIM BblBOflaM OTHOCHTejIbHO HCTOpHHeCKOrO OÖMCHe-HHH, HaVHHOH KJiaCCH(|>HKai],HH H nOJIHTHHeCKOH OIieHKH HCCJieflyeMblX HBJieHHH. B HeKOTOpblX CJIVHaHX TaKVK) pa3HOpOflHOCTb MO)KHO, KOHGHHO,
TOJibKO npHBeTCTBOBaTb, TaK KaK OHa npHÖaBJiaeT
CBOeo6pa3HOCTb 3THM CTaTbHM H KHHraM. OflHaKO
pa3JiHHHH b BbiBOflax, TOJiKOBaHHHX H onpeflejie-
HHHX,  npeflCTaBJieHHblX B  HeKOTOpblX aHajiH3ax
nocTCOBeTCKoro npaBoro paflHKajiH3Ma, He Bcerfla
CBH3aHbI TOJibKO C OpHTHHajIbHOCTbK) MbllllJieHHJI HX aBTOpOB, a eme H C HeflOCTaTOHHbIM pa3BHTHeM
Hainen cy6flHcrj,HHJiHHbi. Xoth o6niee nojie Hainnx HccjieflOBaHHH h HeKHH Kpyr cneuHajiHCTOB cyiiie-CTByeT h pa3BHBaeTca, noKa eme paHO roBopHTb o cocTOHBHieMCH HayHHOM cooöniecTBe (scientific community) HccjieflOBaTejien pyccKoro yjibTpaHa-u,HOHajiH3Ma. 3to Bbipa>KaeTCfl, b nepByio onepeflb,
B HaCTOM B3aHMHOM HrHOpHpOBaHHH aBTOpaMH
ny6jiHKarj,HH cbohx KOJiJier, hto b cboio onepeflb CHH)KaeT HOBH3Hy h KanecTBO iiejioro pafla aKafle-MHHecKHX ny6jiHKaii,HH Ha 3Ty TeMy.
«OJOPMJEHHAfl CyB/IHCL(HnJIHHA»?
B 3TOH CBH3H CJIOJKHO COrjiaCHTbCH C HeflaBHHM
yTBepjKfleHHeM MnxaHJia CoKOJioBa, hto yace k 2007 r. cymecTBOBajia HeKaa rpynna HccneflOBaTe-
Jiefl, KOTOpafl «C TOHKH 3peHHH HaCTOTbl B3aHMHO-
ro rj,HTHpoBaHHH ... npeflCTaBJiaeT co6oh BnojiHe
0(|)OpMJieHHyiO  Cy6flHCrj,HIIJIHHy,  HJieHbl KOTOpOH
cneflHT 3a paöoTaMH flpyr flpyra» [6]. B CBoeM 06-3ope cnerj,HajiH3HpoBaHHOH jiHTepaTypbi Cokojiob pncyeT KapTHHy pa3flejieHHoro cooömecTBa hc-cneflOBaTejieH, b KOTopoM oflHa rpynna SKcnepTOB oflepjKHMa MeTa(|>opoH «(|)ainH3Ma» h/hjih HfleeH nojiHTHHecKOH «onHfleMHH» b poccHHCKOM o6me-CTBe. no CoKOJioBy, 3tot Kpyr BefleT «^hckvcchio» (sic!) Me>Kfly cbohmh HJieHaMH, HraopHpya npn
3TOM flpyrHX aBTOpOB, pa6oTaK>HJ,HX C HHblMH KOH-
iieni],HHMH, HejKenH (|)ainH3M. Mojkho coraacHTbca, mo ecTb HeKoe cooömecTBO HHorfla jihhho 3Ha-KOMbix flpyr c flpyroM HccneflOBaTejieH, KOTopbie Sojiee hjih MeHee ocBeflOMJieHbi h p,ame u,HTHpyioT
172
AHflPEAC YmJIAH^
PELIEH3HH    H    OE30PBI   TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
173
PyCCKHH yjIbTPAHAIIHOHAJIH3M: AKTYAJIbHOE COCTOHHHE HCCJIE/IOBAHHH
CBOHX KOJiJier [7]. TaKsce BepHO, hto ineHbi 3Toro HecjjopMajibHoro Kpysom cneiinajiHCTOB name 06-niaioTCH Me>Kfly co6oh, ieM c flpyrHMH 3KcnepTaMH. Ho Bee me Hflea o fleHCTBHTenbHO coflepjKaTenbHbix, npoflOJDKHTejibHbix aKafleMHHecKHX fleöaTax, koto-
pbie MOJKHO 6bIJIO 6bl HMeHOBaTb «/jHCKyCCHeH» C
SojibinoH 6yKBbi, KaK 3to flejiaeT Cokojiob, He ro-Bopa yme 06 «ocj)opMJieHHOH cyöflHciiHiuiHHe», yBbi, Ha 2010 r. Ka>KeTCH flajieKOH ot peajibHOCTH [8]. 3a nocjie/THHe flecaTb jieT, npaBfla, cocToanHCb:
• CepHH  3HaHHMbIX  CeMHHapOB, nOCBHIIieHHblX pyCCKOMy  HaiIHOHajIH3My, HHHLyHHpOBaHHblX
MapjieH JIapiosjib bo OpaHKO-PoccHHCKOM iieH-Tpe ryMaHHTapHbix h oömecTBeHHbix HayK npH HHCTHTyTe HayHHOH HH(|)opMaiiHH oöniecTBeH-Hbix HayK b MocKBe [9];
• pHfl KOH(|)epeHlIHH, OpraHH30BaHHbIX KaTpno-
hoh KejiJiH h 3h/th EaHCj)op/i b OKCcj)opfle, TaK hjih HHane othochhihxch k pyccKOMy HaiiHOHa-jiH3My [10];
• HeCKOJIbKO aHajIOrHHHblX CeKlIHH H Kpyrjibix
CTOJioB Ha KOH(|)epeHiiHHX BeflyniHX HayiHbix cooöniecTB no BOCTOiHoeBponeHCKHM Hccjie/40-
BaHHHM, TaKHX KaK iccees[ll], AAASS[l2], BASEES[l3],  ASN[l4] HJIHECnH[l5] B TaM-
nepe, ApjiHHrTOHe, KeMÖpn/jÄe, Hbio-HopKe, MocKBe h BepjiHHe.
OflHaKO, HacKOJibKO MHe H3BecTHO, erne He 6bIJIO hh o/THoro KpynHoro KOHrpecca h He cymecTByeT hh o/thoh oc|)Hii,HajibHOH CTpyKTypbi—HanpHMep, ceKriHH npH o/thoh H3 yKa3aHHbix accoriHaiiHH hjih PAnH, [16]—nocBHiiieHHOH nocTCOBeTCKOMy pyc-CKOMy yjibTpaHaiiHOHajiH3My [17]. B HeM-TO mo-CKOBCKHe HeHTpbi «naHopaMa» [18] h «CoBa» [19]
BbinOJIHHJIH H BbinOJIHHIOT (jjyHKIIHK) HeKOerO HH-
CTHTyiiHOHanbHoro cpeflOTOHHH Hainero Hecj)op-MajibHoro cooöniecTBa [20]. Bee >Ke coTpy/XHHKH «naHopaMbi» h «CoBbi», HecMOTpa Ha orpoMHyio iieHHOCTb cbohx ny6jiHKan,HH, öojibine 3aHHMa-
POTCH e>KeflHeBHbIM MOHHTOpHHTOM, cöopoM Kaie-CTBeHHblX H KOJIHHeCTBeHHblX flaHHbLX, a TaKSCe 3M-nHpHHeCKHM aHajIH30M, He)KejIH HCTOpHHeCKHMH
hjih TeopeTHHecKHMH HccjieflOBaHHHMH pyccKoro HaiiHOHajiH3Ma.
Ha ceroflHHinHHH fleHb cymecTByioT:
• HeCKOJIbKO   flaH/DKeCTOB   HOBOCTeH   H ÖEOJIJie-
TeHeH, nocBHiiieHHbix b toh hjih HHOH Mepe HaineMy npeflMeTy, cpeflH hhx «News Releases» [21] H «Reports and Analyses» [22] UeH-Tpa «CoBa», «Bigotry Monitor» [23], «ucsj News» [24], «The Russian Nationalism Bulletin» [25], «mbhr Chronicle» [26], «National Identity in Russia from 1961: Traditions and Deterritorialisation—Newsletter» [27], «Blickpunkt Demokratie und Extremismus Newsletter Osteuropa» [28],
• pa/i CBo6oflHO flocTynHbix caHTOB no TOH me TeMe, b tom HHCJie «HaiiHOHajiH3M h
KCeHOCjJOÖHH» [29],     «HaiIHOHajIH3M-3KCTpe-
MH3M—KceHocjjoÖHH» [30], «Coalition Against Hate»[3i], «Russia-Bear in Integrating Eu-rope»[32], «OöniecTBeHHbiH cj)oh/i «AHTHCjja-
niHCT»»[33], «AHTHCjjaiHHCTCKHH MOTHB»[34],
«Antirasizm.ru» [35], «Russian Nationalism Links» [36],
• 3aKpbiTaa Linkedln-rpynna «Researchers of Russian Nationalism» [ 3 7], KaK h
• HeCKOJIbKO   JKypHajIOB,   B   KOTOpblX OTHOCH-
TejibHO HacTO nyöJiHKyioTCH HJieHbi Hainero HeclpopMajibHoro cooömecTBa, HanpHMep, «HenpHKOCHOBeHHbiH   3anac»[38], «Bonpo-
Cbl   CJJHJIOCOCJMIHo [39],   «nojIHTHHeCKaH 3KC-
nepTH3a» [40], «Ab Imperio» [41], «Pro et Contra» [42], «Demokratizatsiya» [43], «Nationalities Papers»[44], «BecTHHK o6nie-CTBeHHoro MHeHHH» [45], «Forum für osteuropäische Ideen- und Zeitgeschichte» [46] h «OopyM   HOBeHineH BOCTOHHoeBponeHCKOH
HCTOpHH H KyjIbTypbl» [47] .
Ho 3Toro Majio /yis Toro, htoöh yme Morao
SbIJIO TOBOpHTb 06 «OCj)OpMJieHHOH CyÖflHCIIHriJIH-
He», KaK npe/rnojiaraeT Cokojiob [48]. y Hac noKa
1TO HeT HH Cepbe3HOH aKafleMHieCKOH HHCTHTy-IIHOHajIbHOH 6a3bl, T.e. aCCOIIHailHH HJIH HHH, HH
nepHO/THiecKoro aKa/ieMHiecKoro H3/iaHHJi, T.e. cneiiHajiH3HpoBaHHoro >KypHajia hjih e>Kero/XHHKa, hh peryjiapHbix cj)opyMOB oÖMeHa mhghhhmh, T.e.
nOCTOHHHblX CepHH CeMHHapOB HJIH KOH(|)epeHIIHH.
B HacTOHiiiee BpeMH He/iaBHO co3flaHHaa b Tep-MaHHH aHrjio-pyccKO-HeMen,KOH3bmHaH KHHSCHaji cepHH «CoBeTCKaa h nocTCOBeTCKaa nojiHTHKa h oömecTBO»[49] flejiaeT bo3mo>khoh nyöJiHKaiiHK)
PyCCKHH yjIbTPAHAIIHOHAJIH3M: AKTYAJIbHOE COCTOSHHE HCC JIE/IOBAHHH
MOHOrpaCjJHH H CÖopHHKOB no TeMe [50]. Ho 3T0
H3flaHHe cyniecTByeT Bcero jiHiiib c 2004 r. h no-3TOMy eiiie MajioH3BecTHO. B jik>6om cjiynae, TaKaji
KHHJKHaa CepHH BpHfl JIH CTaHeT njiaTCjJOpMOH flJIJI
HHTepaKTHBHoro oÖMeHa Mempy HJieHaMH naeMO-ro HayHHoro cooöniecTBa.
flOMHMO OpraHH3ai],HOHHbIX HeflOCTaTKOB, CTOHT ynOMHHyTb CKyflHOCTb aKafleMHieCKOH JIH-
TepaTypbi, KOTopaa 6bi CMoraa KOHiienTyajibHO onepTHTb npeflnojiaraeMyio cy6flHcn,HnjiHHy. no MOHM noflcieTaM, ynoMHHyTaa rjiaBa Cokojio-Ba—Bcero Jinnib flecHTaa CTaTbH, ocBeniaioiiiaH h KpHTHKyioniaH pa3BHTHe cy6flHciiHnjiHHbi 3a no-cjieflHHe flBafln,aTb JieT [51]. 3th He oieHb noflpoö-Hbie TeKCTbi pa3ÖpocaHbi no pa3HHM )KypHajiaM h ocTaioTca B TeHH. noKa3aTenbHO, HTO Cokojiob b CBoeH CTaTbe He ynoMHHaeT hh o/ihoh H3 hhx [52]. HcTopHorpacjjHHecKaa KHHra o bo3hhkhob6hhh h pa3BHTHH HccjieflOBaHHH coBpeMeHHoro pyccKoro yjibTpaHan,HOHajiH3Ma BOBce OTcyTCTByeT [53]. CaMbie 3HaiHMbie KaK npHHHHbi, TaK H cjiefl-
CTBHH HeflOpa3BHTOCTH HanieH flHCIIHriJIHHbl, OflHa-KO, OTHOCHTCH K CaMHM HCCJieflOBaHHHM, T.e. aKa-fleMHieCKHM CTaTbHM H KHHraM, COCTaBJIHIOIIIHM
cyTb Hainen cljopMHpyioineHCfl cy6flHcn,HnjiHHbi. MHorne H3 Hac oxotho othocht npeflMeTbi h pe-
3yjIbTaTbI CBOHX aHajIH30B, B OCHOBHOM, K:
• eBponeHCKHM conocTaBHMbiM HBJieHHHM (HanpHMep,  HeMeilKOH Me)KBOeHHOH «KOHCepBa-
THBHOH peBOJiioiiHH» hjih 3anaflHoeBponeH-
CKOH nOCJieBOeHHOH «HOBOH npaBOH»),
• Me)KflyHapOflHO     npH3HaHHbIM nO/JXOflHIIIHM
KOHiienii,HHM (HanpHMep, «cj3aniH3M» hjih «Me-TanojiHTHKa») h
• 3anaflHbiM peneBaHTHbiM TeopHHM (HanpHMep, öbepa Bypflbe hjih Po/jÄepa rpHCjjcljHHa).
BojIbHIHHCTBO H3 Hac HHTaeT MHOJKeCTBO HCCJie-
flOBaTejibCKHX paöoT fljia HCTopniecKOH, KOMnapa-
THBHCTCKOH H TeopeTHHeCKOH KOHTeKCTyajIH3ail,HH CBOHX HCCJieflOBaHHH H aKTHBHO ynOTpeÖjIHeT flJIJI OCjJOpMJieHHH   CBOHX   aHajIH30B   pa3JIHHHyK) aKa-
fleMHiecKyio jiHTepaTypy. OflHaKO, TOJibKO HeKO-Topbie HJieHbi Hainero cooöniecTBa (ecjiH TaKOH TepMHH Booöiiie yMecTeH Ha flaHHHH MOMem) TaK me cepbe3HO othochtch k Hay^HOH h nyöJiHiiHCTH-lecKOH jiHTepaType no coöcTBeHHOH TeMe cbohx
HccjieflOBaHHH [54]. Bce öojibine HccneflOBaHHH
HMeiOT CHJIbHblH CpaBHHTejIbHblH SJieMeHT H OT-
jiHHHyio KOHiienTyajibHyio 6a3y. Bo3HHKaioiiiHH MaccHB jiHTepaTypbi, TeM He MeHee, ocTaeTca He-yflOBJieTBopHTenbHbiM, a HHorfla napaflOKcanbHbiM. HecMOTpa Ha Bce öojibinyio TeopeTHiecKyio H30-
IIipeHHOCTb, TOJibKO HaCTb HOBbLX HCCJieflOBaHHH, B KOHeHHOM CieTe, npHOÖpeTaeT KyMyjIHTHBHblH
xapaKTep, T.e. BbinojiHaeT cj3yHKii,HK) HHCjjopMaTHB-
HblX npOflOJDKeHHH, HeoÖXOflHMbLX KOppeKH,HH H nOJie3HbIX MOflHCj3HKaiI,HH npeflblflyillHX aHajIH30B.
3HaiHMaa nacTb HccneflOBaHHH nocTCOBeTCKoro npaBoro paflHKanH3Ma Bce enie pa3BHBaeTca cko-pee napajiJiejibHO, ieM b BCjjcljeKTHBHOM coTpy/4-HHHecTBe hjih njioflOTBopHOM cnope HX aBTOpOB. HHorfla HH3KHH ypoBeHb caMopecjjjieKCHH HanieH HeocjjopMJieHHOH cy6flHcn,HnjiHHbi ysce BHfleH b CHOCKax HOBbix HccjieflOBaHHH, rfle nopoH nonpo-CTy OTcyTCTByioT yKa3aHHH Ha npeflbiflyiiiHe aKafle-MHHecKHe ny6jiHKan,HH no toh me TeMe.
O63OP CoKOJIOBa, KOHeHHO, HBJIHeTCH O/THHM H3 HCKJIIOHeHHH H3 3TOTO «nOHTH HTO npaBHJia», TaK
KaK Becb oh nocBHiiieH npeflbiflyiiiHM HccjieflOBa-
HHHM H nblTaeTCH OTKpblTb HeKHH CjjpOHT BHyTpH
pyflHMeHTapHoro cooöniecTBa aHajiHTHKOB nocT-coBeTCKoro Han,HOHajiH3Ma. Xoth h He coBceM co-rjiaceH c TeM, KaK Cokojiob flenHT Harn HeöojibinoH Kpyr, a nojiHOCTbK) noflflepjKHBaio ero KpHTHie-CKHe pecjjjieKCHH HacieT paHHHX HccneflOBaHHH h ero nonbiTKy HfleHTHCj3Hii,HpoBaTb Heicyio CTpyK-Typy pacxojKfleHHH b noflxoflax k coBpeMeHHOMy npaBOMy 3KCTpeMH3My b Pocchh. Bce me, b cbh3h c BbinieyKa3aHHbiM nojio>KeHHeM fleji BHyTpH coo6-niecTBa, Cokojiob bboaht HHTaTejia b 3a6jiy>KfleHHe, roBopa o «BnojiHe ocjjopMJieHHOH cy6flHcn,HnjiHHe».
fl]ame cpeflH ynacTHHKOB toh «/(HCKyccHH», ko-Topyio CTapaeTca oöpncoBaTb Cokojiob, T.e. BHyTpH
3KCKJIK)3HBHOrO KJiy6a OflepjKHMbLX «SnHfleMHOJIO-
rmecKHM» noflxoflOM k pyccKOMy HaiiHOHajiH3My h «MeTacjjopoH cj3aniH3Ma» HccjieflOBaTejieH, HeT Toro flHajiora, KOTopbiH 6bi TpeöoBanca fljia Toro, hto-6bi roBopHTb o nojiHoiieHHOM scientific community. HaöjnoflaeTCH, npaBfla, nocTOHHHbiH pocT jihhhhx
3HaKOMCTB B COOÖnieCTBe H BCe ÖOJIbUiee KOJIHie-
CTBO KOJUieKTHBHbix ny6jiHKan,HH. TeM He MeHee, Kpyr HccjieflOBaTeneH pyccKoro Han,HOHajiH3Ma b SojibniHHCTBe CBoeM noKa Bce enie HanoMHHaeT CKopee npecjioByTyio Gesellschaft o6oco6jieHHO pa-
174
AHflPEAC YmJIAH^
PELI.EH3HH    H    OE30PBI   TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
175
PyCCKHH yjIbTPAHAIIHOHAJIH3M: AKTYAJIbHOE COCTOSHHE HCCJIE/IOBAHHH
SoTaioHiHX HHflHBHflyyMOB hjih aMop(|)HyK) Klasse an sich, ieM cocTOHBinyiocH Klasse für sich hjih HfleajibHyio Gemeinschaft opraHHHHO CBH3aHHbix lacTeii eflHHoro (xoth, no npHMepy cokojiobckoh apryMeHTaii,HH, Bce-TaKH flenHMoro) npoeKTa [55].
nPHMEPLI
PICTOPHOrPAOHMECKHX ynyillEHHH
B 1990-x 3Ty CHTyaiiHio Morao 6bino paccMaTpn-BaTb KaK ecTecTBeHHyio «fleTCKyio 6ojie3Hb» Hainen
JIHIHb HeflaBHO B03HHKineH «npOTO-Cy6flHCIIHIIJIH-
Hbi». K TOMy me, hto KacaeTca pocchhckhx aHajiH-
THKOB, 3fleCb HejIb3H He yiTOMJIHyTb, HTO HM npH-XOflHTCH paÖOTaTb B CJIOJKHbLX yCJIOBHHX: HMeeTCJI
b BHfly KaK njianeBHoe cocTOHHHe 6ojibniHHCTBa
pOCCHHCKHX   HayHHblX   ÖHÖjIHOTeK, orpaHHHeH-
HOCTb rpaHTOB fljia nocemeHHJi Me>KflyHapoflHbix, a HHorfla h pocchhckhx KOH(|>epeHirHH, TaK h npo-CTO-HanpocTO cjio>KHoe (|>HHaHCOBoe nojio>KeHHe noflaBJiHioniero 6ojibniHHCTBa pocchhckhx yne-Hbix—He b nocjieflHEOK) oiepe/rb oömecTBOBeflOB h ryMaHHTapneB.
Ot 3HaHHTejibHbix OHOJiHorpa^HiecKHX yny-nieHHH, oflHaKO, CTpa/iajiH h CTpaflaioT HccjieflOBa-
HHH He TOJIbKO pOCCHHCKHX, HO H 3ana/THbIX HCCJie-
flOBaTejien, HecMOTpa Ha to, hto hm OTHOCHTejibHO Hecjio)KHO nojiyHHTb flocTyn k HyscHOH aKafleMH-lecKOH jiHTepaType. HanpHMep, /^yflHT /(eBJiHH b 1999 r. onyöJiHKOBajia iienyio MOHorpac|)HK) o nocT-COBeTCKHX pOCCHHCKHX aHTHfleMOKpaTax [5 6 ], He ynoMHHyB hh o/thh H3 ocHOBonojiaraioHiHX Ha tot
MOMeHT aHajIHTHHeCKHX CnpaBOHHHKOB H KOJIJieK-
THBHbix TpyflOB areHTCTBa «riaHopaMa» 1994-1998 roflOB [57]. Bepa Tojibii, b cboeo oiepe/rb, b CBoeH b iienoM HH(|)opMaTHBHOH CTaTbe noxo)Kero HanpaB-jieHHH 1997 r. [58] nojiarajiacb npeHMyniecTBeHHO Ha flocbe h aHajiHTHHecKHe cnpaBKH «ElaHopaMbi», He ynoMHHaa 6ojibniHHCTBO yace Torfla 3HaiHMOH 3anaflHOH h pocchhckoh nyöJiHiiHCTHiecKOH h aKafleMHiecKOH jiHTepaTypbi no no3/THe- h nocTco-BeTCKOMy npaBOMy 3KCTpeMH3My [59].
Ecjih b fleBHHOCTbix TaKHe ynynieHHH npeflCTaB-
JIHJIHCb npOCTHTejIbHblMH, a HX npHHHHbl nOHHTHbl-MH, TO B HOBOM BeKe nOXOJKHe HBJieHHH Ka>KyTCJI CTpaHHbIMH. B 6H6jIHOrpa(|)HH BblHieflHieH b 2004 r. KHHTH   «OnaCHOCTb   KpaHHeTO   HaiIHOHajIH3Ma B
176
Pocchh»[6o] ToMaca ElapjiaHfla, aBTopa o/thoh H3 nepBbix (jjyHflaMeHTajibHbix MOHorpac|)HH Hamen flHciiHnnHHbi 1993-ro r. [61], He ynoMHHaeTCJi hh oflHa HayHHaa CTaTba no TeMe ero HccjieflOBa-hhh, onyöJiHKOBaHHaa b BeflyniHX aKafleMHiecraix »ypHajiax no H3yieHHK) coBpeMeHHOH Pocchh, TaKHX KaK «The Slavic Review», «The Russian Review», «Europe-Asia Studies» [62], «Post-Soviet Affairs», «Communist and Post-Communist Studies», «Problems of Post-Communism», «The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics», «EIo-jiHTHHecKHe HccneflOBaHHH», «CoiiHOJiormecKHe
HCCJieflOBaHHH», «MHpOBaH SKOHOMHKa H Me>Kfly-
HapoflHbie OTHOineHHH», «OöniecTBeHHbie HayKH
H COBpeMeHHOCTb» [63] HJIH «MoHHTOpHHr/BeCT-HHK OÖmeCTBeHHOrO MHeHHJI» [64].
rio)KajiyH, Hanöojiee noKa3aTejibHbiMH b 3tom
OTHOineHHH    nyÖjIHKailHHMH    HBJIHIOTCH HeflaB-
Ho BbinieflniHe b BeflynieM HeMeiiKOM >KypHajie «Osteuropa» (BocToiHaa Eßpona) h npecTH>KHOM aMepHKaHCKOM H3flaHHH «The Harriman Review» (BecTHHK HHCTHTyTa hm. ABepenjia TappHMSHa,
KojiyMÖHHCKHH yHHBepCHTeT r.  HbK)-HopK) TeK-
CTbi aMepHKaHCKoro nojiHTOJiora AneKcaHflpa Mo-TbiJiH[65]. yTBepjKflaa hh mhoto, hh Majio, hto poccHHCKoe rocyflapcTBO CTajio k 2009 r. «npoTO-i|)aniHCTCKHM», «c|)aniH30HflHbiM» hjih fla>Ke «(|>a-niHCTCKHM»[66], MoTbuib, HanpHMep, B CBOeH HeMeiiKOH CTaTbe «Pocchh—Hapofl, rocyflapcTBO, JiHflep: aneMeHTbi (Jouihctckoh CHCTeMbi» 06x0-
flHTCH 6e3 ynOMHHaHHH KaKHX-JIHÖO BTOpHHHbLX HCTOHHHKOB no TeMe CBOHX HayHHblX HHTepeCOB—
(|)aniH3M B nocTCOBeTCKOH Pocchh [67]. ABTop noji-HOCTbK) HrHopHpyeT KaK HayHHypo jiHTepaTypy no
BOnpOCy HfleHTH(|)HKaiIHH H KJiaCCH(|)HKaiIHH nocT-COBeTCKHX pyCCKHX (jjaniHCTCKHX TeHfleHIIHH [68], TaK H aKafleMHieCKyiO flHCKyCCHK) OTHOCHTejibHO
cpaBHeHHH Pocchhckoh OeflepaiiHH c BeHMapcKOH pecny6jiHKOH [69], He roBopa yace o flecaTKax aKafleMHiecKHX h flpyrnx aHajiHTHiecKHX nyöjin-
KailHH O nOCTCOBeTCKHX yjIbTpaHailHOHajIHCTHHe-CKHX HfleOJIOTHHX H TpynnHpOBKaX [70] . ripH 3TOM MoTbIJIb yMyflpaeTCH OÖXOflHTb CBOHM BHHMaHHeM
noflaBJiHioiiiee öojibniHHCTBO cneiiHajiHCTOB-perH-
OHOBeflOB, T.e. HCTOpHKOB, nOJIHTOJIOTOB, COIIHO-JIOTOB H T.fl., 3aHHMaiOniHXCH nOJIHTHHeCKHM 3KC-TpeMH3MOM H  aBTOpHTapH3MOM HCKJIlOHHTejIbHO
hjih npeHMyniecTBeHHO b Boctohhoh Eßpone h
AHflPEAC   y M R A H ß
PyCCKHH yjIbTPAHAITHOHAJIH3M: AKTYAJIbHOE COCTOJIHHE HCCJIEflOBAHHH
Pocchh,—He b nocjieflHioK) oiepeflb Tex aHanHTH-KOB, KOTopbie paHHee nyöJiHKOBajiH OTHOcaniHecji
K pOCCHHCKOMy yjIbTpaHaiIHOHajIH3My H aBTOpH-
TapH3My CTaTbH B Tom >Ke ÄypHajie «Osteuropa», b KOTopoM MoTbuib peniHJi BnepBbie noflpoÖHO npefl-
CTaBHTb CBOH HaXOflKH [71] .
Pa3BHBaa cboio fle(|)HHHiiHK) (|)aniH3Ma KaK poflOBoro noHHTHH, MoTbuib onHpaeTCH Ha onpe-flejieHHH 3Toro (JieHOMeHa TaKHMH KOMnapaTHBH-CTaMH, KaK MaHKJi MaHH, Ctshjih EIbhh, PoöepT riaKCTOH, Po/jÄep CKpyTOH h XyaH JIhhii, KOTopbie,
HaCKOJIbKO MHe H3BeCTHO, HHKOTfla noflpoÖHO He KOMMeHTHpOBajIH  pa3BHTHe npaBOTO 3KCTpeMH3-
Ma B nocTCOBeTCKOH Pocchh [72]. A cepbe3Hbix 3HaTOKOB Me>KflyHapoflHoro (|)ainH3Ma, KOTopbie
B TOH HJIH HHOH Mepe 3aHHMajIHCb CerOflHHUIHHM pyCCKHM yjIbTpaHaiIHOHajIH3MOM, MoTbIJIb B 3TOH
CTaTbe noieMy-TO hh cjiobom He ynoMHHaeT. 3to KacaeTca KaK Tex aBTopoB, KOTopbie, KaK AjieK-caHflp TajiKHH[73], YojiTep JIaKep[74], flpaewNic Tperop[75] hjih JleoHHfl JIeokc[76], flOBOJibHO noflpoÖHO nHcajiH o nocTCOBeTCKOM pyccKOM npa-
BOM 3KCTpeMH3Me CO CpaBHHTejIbHOH TOHKH 3pe-HHH [77], TaK H TeX BeflyUIHX KOMnapaTHBHCTOB,
TaKHX, KaK Po/jÄep rpHcfx^HH [78], Po/jÄep Ht-B3JiJi[79], MHxaenb MHHKeHÖepr [80] hjih Bojib-(jjraHr BnnnepMaHH [81], KOTopbie, TaK hjih HHaie, 3aTparHBanH npo6jieMy nocTCOBeTCKoro pyccKoro
yjIbTpaHaiIHOHajIH3Ma B CBOHX CpaBHHTejIbHblX HC-
cjieflOBaHHHx[8 2]. Ha (|>OHe nofloÖHbix ynynieHHH y>Ke He y/THBJiJieT, hto MoTbuib TaioKe nojiHOCTbio HrHopHpyeT (a, bo3mo>kho, h He ocoöeHHO xoieT
3HaTb) BTOpHHHyiO JiHTepaTypy O flHCKyCCHHX KOH-
iiemiHH (|>aniH3Ma b nocTCOBeTCKOH Pocchh [83].
Bee 3TO Morao 6bi ocTaTbca 6e3 ocoöoro bhh-MaHHH. OflHaKO, KaK a y>Ke nncaji paHee, MoTbuib OKa3biBaeT H3yHeHHio nocTCOBeTCKoro yjibTpaHa-iiHOHajiH3Ma MeflBejKbio ycjiyry, nocKOJibKy oh 3a-nyTbiBaeT o6cy>KfleHHe Bonpoca o pyccKOM (|)ainH3-Me[8 4]. /(eHCTBHTejibHO, B ceroflHHniHeH Pocchh
eCTb npeflCTaBHTejIH pa3HbIX HfleOJIOrHH, KOTOpblX MO)KHO 6bIJIO 6bl, CO CpaBHHTejIbHOH TOHKH 3peHHH,
KJiaccH(|)HiiHpoBaTb KaK «(|)aniHCTCKHe» [85]. He-
KOTOpbie H3 HHX-HanpHMep, )KHpHHOBCKHH [8 6],
/J,yrHH[8 7]—lacTHHHO HHTerpHpoBaHbi b nyTHH-CKHH pe>KHM. OflHaKO caMoro nyTHHa, ero Heno-cpeflCTBeHHoe OKpy>KeHHe hjih «EflHHyio Poccheo»
BpHfl JIH CTOHT nOHHMaTb KaK «(|)aniHCTCKHe».
noflHHMaa jiojKHyio TpeBory, MoTbuib CBoeH CTaTben OKa3biBaeT HeraTHBHoe BJiHHHHe KaK Ha
B03HHKHOBeHHe HCTOpHOrpa(|)HH nOCTCOBeTCKOTO
(|)aniH3Ma, TaK h Ha oöuihh xofl pa3BHTHH poccneBe-fleHHH nocjie pacnafla cccp. Ero KJiaccH(|)HKaiiHJi
fleBajIbBHpyeT   Ba>KHbIH   aHajIHTHHeCKHH HHCTpy-
MeHT HccjieflOBaTeneH pyccKoro HaiiHOHajiH3Ma. Ecjih ceroflHaniHHH pocchhckhh pe>KHM y>Ke, no KpaHHeH Mepe, lacTHHHO (jjaniHCTCKHH, to k Ka-KOH KaTeropHH Torfla OTHecTH Bcex Tex pocchhckhx 3KCTpeMHCTOB npaBOrO TOJIKa, KOTOpbie Bce
enie CTpeMHTca k KopeHHOMy npeo6pa30BaHHio,
no HX MHeHHEO, flO CHX nop CJIHIHKOM JIHÖepajIb-
Horo nocTCOBeTCKoro poccHHCKoro rocyflapcTBa? Ecjih nyTHHCKaa pecTaBpaiiHH iiapcKO-coBeTCKHX HMnepcKHX TpaflHiiHH H no/jxoflOB y>Ke «(|)aniH30-HflHaa» hjih «(|>aiHHCTCKaji», to KaK Torfla KJiaccn-<|>HiiHpoBaTb no iienHM, CTpyKTypaM h pa3MepaM coBeprneHHO HOBbie KOHiiemiHH pocchhckoh hm-nepHH, npefljio)KeHHbie, CKa>KeM, b «nocjieflHeM SpocKe Ha POr» >KHpHHOBCKoro hjih «OcHOBax reo-nojiHTHKH» /(yrHHa [8 8]?
Xoth HeflaBHHH CTaTbH MoTbuia, nojKajiyH,—ca-MbiH apKHH npHMep HeafleKBaTHoro no/jxofla yne-Horo K npeflMeTy npaBoro 3KCTpeMH3Ma b Pocchh, MHorne H3 Hac, HaBepHoe, MorjiH 6bi Ha3BaTb h flpyrne cnyian, Korfla tot hjih hhoh nyöJiHiiHCT b CBoeH CTaTbe hjih ramre CHOBa «OTKpbiBaeT AMe-pHKy».
HOBblH BEB-nPOEKT nO
POCCHHCKOMy AHTHSAnA/IHHHECTBy
Ha 3TOM (|)OHe AnxniTeTTCKHH HeHTp no H3yie-
HHIO HeHTpajIbHOH H BOCTOHHOH Eßponbl (ziMOS,
BepxHHH BaBapHH[8 9]) b 2009 r. Haiaji Bonjio-nieHHe neTbipexTOMHoro KOJiiieKTHBHoro npoeKTa nofl Ha3BaHHeM «AHTH3anaflHbie HfleojiorHiecKHe TeieHHH B nocTCOBeTCKOH Pocchh h hx hctokh» b paMKax CBoero sjieKTpoHHoro >KypHajia «OopyM
HOBeHUieH    BOCTOHHOeBponeHCKOH    HCTOpHH H
KyjibTypbi» [90]. OflHH H3 MOTHBOB flaHHoro npo-eKTa—3TO ynponieHHe pjm ceroflHaniHHX h nocjie-flyioniHX HccjieflOBaTejieii pyccKoro HaiiHOHanH3Ma flocTyna k Hay^HOH JiHTepaType o ero HfleHHbix oc-HOBax, ocoöeHHO o TaK Ha3biBaeMOM «HeoeBpa3HH-
CTBe» H ÖJIH3KHX eMy TeopHHX H fleHTejIHX. Mbl He
PEI1EH3HH   H   OE30PBI   TARTARIA   MAGNA l'20I2
177
PyCCKHH yjIbTPAHAITHOHAJIH3M: AKTYA/IbHOE COCTO/1HHE HC C JIE ÄOB AH H H
TOJibKO xothm no3HaKOMHTb HHTaTejien c paHee He
OnyÖjIHKOBaHHbIMH HCCJieflOBaHHHMH. Mbl TaiOKe XOTHM OÖpaTHTb BHHMaHHe VBa>KaeMHX KOJIJier Ha LiejIHH pHfl, KaK HaM Ka)KeTCH, Ba>KHHX CTaTeH, KO-
Topbie paHee neiaTanHCb b pa3Hbix >KypHajiax huh
KHHraX, HO He 6bUIH BHJIOJKeHH flJIS CBOÖOflHOrO
flocTyna b HHTepHeTe h, BcneflCTBHe 3Toro, HHor/ia ocTaBajiHCb He 3aMeneHHHMH 3aHHTepecoBaHHoft nyöJiHKOH [91].
ri03TOMy raaBHblM yCJIOBHeM npHHHTHH TeKCTa
fljis ny6jiHKaiiHH, iiomhmo KaiecTBa aHajiH3a, 6hjio
TO, HTO CTaTbH He flOJDKHa 6bUia paHee BHXOflHTb Ha
pyccKOM H3biKe b a/ieKTpoHHOM >KypHajie, aHajio-rHHHOM «OopyMy», KaK, HanpHMep, b nepHOflme-
CKHX H3flaHHHX, npeflCTaBJieHHHX B npeBOCXOflHOM pOCCHHCKOM    HHTepHeT-npoeKTe «>KypHajIbHbIH
3aji» [92]. HacTb onyöJiHKOBaHHbix b xofle Hainero npoeKTa CTaTeft paHee yme BbixoflHJiH Ha pyccKOM,
aHEJIHHCKOM HJIH HeMeilKOM H3HKaX. OhH JIHIHb He 6bL/IH flO 3TOrO CBOÖOflHO flOCTVnHH B MHpOBOH
ceTH Ha pyccKOM H3HKe hjih me 6buiH—b flByx-Tpex
CJIVHaHX-«CnpHTaHbl» Ha OTHOCHTejIbHO MajIOH3-
BecTHbix caHTax. CoöpaB 3HaiHMbie yme onyöJiH-KOBaHHbie HccjieflOBaHHH, a TaiOKe pa/i aoctohhhx
HOBblX paÖOT B OflHOM MHOrOTOMHOM MeKTpOH-HOM   CÖopHHKe,   KOTOpblH   C(|>OpMHpyK)T HeTbipe
HOMepa «OopyMa» 2009-2010 rr., mh nocTapaeMca k MOMeHTy 3aBepineHHH npoeKTa nacTHHHO H3Me-
HHTb CHTyailHK) B KOJIJieKTHBHOM MejKflVHapOflHOM H3VHeHHH COBpeMeHHblX pOCCHHCKHX aHTH3anafl-
Hbix HfleojiorHH h HfleojioroB—ocoöeHHO Tex, ko-
TOpbie B TOH HJIH HHOH (|>opMe BblCTynaiOT nofl JIO-
3yHroM «eBpa3HHCTBa». K npe/xnojio>KHTejibHOMy KOHiry npoeKTa b 2011 r. 6ojibinaa nacTb aoctohhhx BHHMaHHH CTaTefl Ha 3Ty TeMy 6yfleT onyöJiHKOBa-Ha, BO-nepBbix, Ha pyccKOM H3HKe, T.e. Ha «lingua franca» poccneBefleHHa, BO-BTopbix, Ha o/xhoh h toh me iuioiiia/rKe, T.e. b HecKOJibKHX HOMepax «OopyMa», h, B-TpeTbHX, OTKpbiTa fljia 6ecnpenHT-CTBeHHoro npoHTeHHH, T.e. pjm CBo6oflHoro Konn-pOBaHHH B (|>opMaTe PDF.
3to caMO no ce6e enie He peniHT 3aflany CTa-HOBJieHHH HHTerpHpoBaHHoro HayHHoro cooönie-CTBa HccjieflOBaTeneH poccHHCKoro paflHKanbHoro aHTH3anaflHHiecTBa. O/xHaKO mh HafleeMca, hto B3aHMHoe HrHopHpoBaHHe Kojuier, paöoTaioiiiHX
B 3TOM HanpaBJieHHH, flOJDKHO VMeHblHHTbCH. Uo
KpaHHeH Mepe, oho CTaHeT MeHee jierHTHMHHM, TaK KaK yme Hejib3H 6y/ieT ccbinaTbca Ha HeH3BecT-
HOCTb HJIH HeflOCTynHOCTb TeKCTOB OnyÖjIHKOBaH-
Hbix aBTopoB. B Hakane, KOHeiHO, Ka>KflOMy H3 Hac
3TO npHÖaBHT XJIOnOT, TaK KaK npHfleTCH-KOMy-TO,
B03M05KHO, BnepBbie 3a CBOK) ny6jIHIIHCTHHeCKyiO
Kapbepy—npoHHTaTb 6ojibinoH MaccHB btophhhoh jiHTepaTypbi Ha Hainy TeMy h npHHHTb k CBe/ieHHK)
H OIieHHTb MHOJKeCTBO HHTepeCHblX OTKpHTHH CBO-
hx «KOHKypeHTOB». OflHaKO b flOJirocpoHHOH nep-cneKTHBe mh Bee BHHrpaeM ot 6ojibinero 3HaHH?i
HTOrOB HCCJieflOBaHHH CBOHX KOJIJier H OT B03M05K-
Horo flHajiora Mempy HccjieflOBaTenflMH co cxoflHH-
MH HJIH ÖJIH3KHMH npeflMeTaMH HJIH nOflXOflaMH.
EcTb Hafle>Kfla, hto b pe3yjibTaTe npoeKTa h no-cjieflyioiiiero oöinnpHoro B3aHMHoro iTeHHH, KaK
H B03MO)KHOrO OÖlLieHHfl KOJIJier, nOBHCHTCH Te-MaTHHeCKaH C(|>OKyCHpOBaHHOCTb, HCTOpHHeCKajI OÖOCHOBaHHOCTb,   SMnHpHHeCKaH HaCHIIieHHOCTb
h KOHiienTyanbHaa HCHOCTb 6yflyniHX BKJiaflOB b Hainy (|>opMHpyioiiiyiocH cyoflHciinnnHHy.
Bojiee noflpoÖHoe H3Jio>KeHHe 3Toro oÖ3opa b KOHTeKCTe nocjieflHHX pa3BHTHH b poccHHCKOH no-
JIHTHKe H B CBH3H C HH)Ke npeflCTaBJieHHHM HOBHM
H3flaTenbCKHM npoeKTOM TieHTpa no H3yHeHHM ITeHTpajIbHOH h Boctohhoh EßponH r. AnxniTeTT [zimos, BepxHHH BaBapna) mojkho HaHTH b: Ym-jicmd A. Pacu,eem pyccmzo yjihmpaHau,uoHajiu3Ma u cmaHOBJieHue cooömecmea ezo uccjiedoeame-jieü // <PopyM Hoeeüuieü eocmoHHoeeponeücKoü ucmopuu u KyjihmypbL. 2009. T. 6. JV-i. C. 5-38. http: //wwwi. ku-ichstaett.de/ZIMOS/forum/docs/ forumrussu/iUmlandVvedenie.pdf.
91 rjiyöoKO ÖJiaroflapeH JleoHHfly JIioKcy, Ah-TOHy TIIexoBiioBy, AneKcaHflpy Hhobv, BHKTopy LllHHpejibMaHy, Bopncy CTenaHOBy h AneKcaHflpy
Ky3bMHHy 3a HX IieHHyiO KpHTHKy paHHeH BepCHH
3toh CTaTbH. EjieHa CHByfla aKTHBHO noMorana b yjiyHineHHH H3HKOBoro KanecTBa TeKCTa. 3a ocTaB-IJIHeCH HeTOHHOCTH HJIH HeBepHHe HHTepnpeTaiiHH Hecy OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb H OflHH. #
0630p enepebie onyömiKoeau Ha caume http://www.polit.ru
PyCCKHH yjl bT PAH All HO H A JIH 3 M : AKTYA/IbHOE COCTOSHHE HC C JIE/IO B AH H H
[i]    Cm., HanpHMep: CeflOB Jl. AKryajibHbie npo-
6jieMbI B OÖnieCTBeHHOM mhghhh pOCCHHH
h aMepHKaHLieB (pe3yjibTaTbi coBMecTHoro
pOCCHHCKO-aMepHKaHCKOrO HCCJieflOBaHHü) //
BecTHHK oöniecTBeHHoro MHeHHH. 2006. Ng 3(83). C. 14-17; JleBHHCOH A. AMepHKa KaK 3HaHHMbiH /Jpyroft // Pro et Contra. 2007. T. 11. Ns 2. C. 65-69; Stewart S. Die Konstruktion des Feindbilds Westen im heutigen Russland: Seine Geschichte und seine Funktionen // SWP-Studie. 2008. No. 28. http://www. swp-berlin.org/common/get_document. php?asset_id=5348; Richards S. Russians Don't Much Like the West // Open Democracy. 2009. 25 February, http://www.opendemocracy.net/ article/email/russians-don-t-much-like-the-west; Levinson A. Russian Public Opinion and the Georgian War // Open Democracy. 2009. 14 August, http://www.opendemocracy.net/ article/email/russian-public-opinion-and-the-georgia-war.
[2]     VMJiaHfl A. riOCTCOBeTCKHH HaUHOHajIH3M H
öyzrymee Pocchh // inoCMH.Ru. 2008. 5 MapTa.
http://www.inosmi.ru/translation/240039.
html.
[3]   BbipajKeHHO MHCTH^ecKHe acneKTbi ceroflHHin-Hero pyccKoro aHTH3anaflHHHecTBa, bhahmo,
CBH3aHbI C ÖOJiee 061IIHMH OCOÖeHHOCTHMH
nocTCOBeTCKOH «pyccKOH flyniH». Bopwc flyÖHH B 2001 r. yKa3HBaji Ha to, hto «[n] apancHxojio-thh, HJIO, paBHO KaK Maraa, craa3, acTpojiorHa
H XHpOMaHTHH BbI3bIBajIH [KaK nOKa3bIBaK)T
cooTBeTCTByioniHe onpocbi] y poccHHH HHTepec
TOpa3flO ÖOJIblHHH, HeM B pa3BHTbIX CTpaHax
MHpa». Cm.: flyÖHH B. 3anafl, rpaHHtia, ocoöbifi nyTb: CHMBOJiHKa «flpyroro» b nojiHTHHecKofi
MHCJjOJIOrHH POCCHH // HenpHKOCHOBeHHblH 3a-
nac. 2001. Ns 3(17). http://magazines.russ.ru/ nz/2001/3/dub.html.
[4]     HaCKOJIbKO MHe H3BeCTHO, JleOHHfl JllOKC 6bIJI
oflHHM H3 nepBbix HccneflOBaTejieft, KOTopbie enie flo pacnafla CCCP yKa3HBajiH Ha nacTHHHoe cxoflCTBO MejKfly BeHMapcKoft pecnyöjiHKofi h no3flHeft coBeTCKoft PoccHeft. Cm.: Luks L. Abschied vom Leninismus: Zur ideologischen Dynamik der Perestrojka // Zeitschrift für Politik. 1990. Vol. 37. No. 4. P. 359. rioflpo6-Hbift nepe^eHb JiHTepaTypbi no «BeftMapcKofi
POCCHH» MOJKHO HaHTH HHJKe. CpeflH HeflaBHHX
KpaTKHX CTaTbeft no 3toh TeMe: YMJiaHfl A. MejKjxy BeHMapcKHM h Bohhckhm ctieHapHH-MH // inoCMH.Ru. 2008. 11 anpejra. http:// www.inosmi.ru/translation/240759.html;
JTfOKC Jl. «BeHMapcKaa Pocchh?»—3aMeTKH 06 oflHOM cnopHOM noHHTHH // 3epKajio HeflejiH. 2008. Ns 31(710). http://www. zn.ua/1000/1600/63793/.
[5]   B OTJiHHHe ot nocTCOBeTCKoro flHCKypca, no-
HHTHe «HaL(HOHajIH3M» B MejKflyHapOflHblX
oöniecTBeHHbix HayKax npHMeHaeTca He
TOJibKO 7JJIH paflHKajIbHblX, HO H flJIH yMepeHHHX pa3HOBHflHOCTeft 3TOH HfleOJIOrHH, T.e. H 7JJIÜ
Hat(HOHajiH3MOB, coHeTaioniHXCH c jiHÖepajibHO-aeMOKpaTH^ecKHMH HfleüMH, KaK, HanpHMep,
flOKTpHHbl HeKOTOpblX aHTHKOJIOHHajIbHblX, OCBOÖOflHTejIbHblX flBHJKeHHH. H03TOMy 3fleCb
ynoTpeöjiaeTCH öojiee y3Kaa KOHi^enr^HJi «yjib-TpaHat(HOHajiH3Ma». nofl «yjibTpaHaL(HOHajiH3-mom» noflpasyMeBaioTCH Bce Kpaitae aHTHJiH-6epajibHbie h, no MeHbineft Mepe, HMnjiHt(HTHO
aHTHfleMOKpaTHHeCKHe 3THOIjeHTpHCTCKHe,
naHHauHOHajibHbie h HMnepcKO-naTpHOTH^e-CKHe HfleojiorHH. TaKHM o6pa30M, h KJiaccH^e-
CKOe eBpa3HHCTBO, H T.H. «HeOeBpa3HHCTBO» B
H3JiojKeHHH A. /TyrHHa paccMaTpHBaioTCH 3flecb KaK yjibTpaHauHOHajiHCTHHecKHe TeopHH. TeM caMbiM 3HaHeHHe «yjibTpaHaL(HOHajiH3Ma» b flaHHOM cjiy^ae innpe, neM b pocchhckoh no-jiHTH^ecKOH HayKe h ny6jiHt(HCTHKe, rfle stot
TepMHH HaCTO HCnOJIb3yeTCH KaK CHHOHHM
fljiü ÖHOJiorH^ecKoro pacH3Ma, OTKpoBeHHoro (j)aniH3Ma hjih HBHoro HeoHat(H3Ma. O6 yjibTpa-
Hat(HOHajIH3Me KaK COCTaBHOH, HO HeflOCTaTOH-HOH HaCTH «(j)aniH3Ma» KaK pOflOBOrO nOHHTHÜ
cm., Hanp.: A Fascist Century: Essays by Roger Griffin / Ed. M. Feldman. Basingstoke, 2008. P. 207-208. HHJKe Hcnojib3yeMoe noHHTHe yjibTpaHauHOHajiH3Ma TaKJKe OTJiH^aeTCH ot CBoeo6pa3Horo onpeflejieHHH «pyccKoro paflH-KajibHoro Hat(HOHajiH3Ma b CTporoM CMbicne 3Toro cjioBa» MnxaHJia CoKOJioBa, KOTopbift Ha 6a3e CBoeft cnettHcjjHHecKOH KOHLtenTyajiH3aL(HH npHxoflHT B 2008 r. k BbiBOfly, hto «[6]buio 6bi pncKOBaHHO npeflnojiaraTb, hto hctophü paflHKajibHoro Hat(HOHajiH3Ma 3aKOHHeHa, ho b Heft onpeflejieHHO HacTynmia nay3a.» Cm.: Cokojiob M. KoHeu pyccKoro paflHKajibHoro Ha-L(HOHajiH3Ma? // AHTponojiorHHecKHH cjjopyM. 2008. Ns 8. C. 197. http://anthropologie.spb. ru/pdf/008/008_sokolov.pdf.
[6]   Cokojiob M. Hsy^aa «pyccKHft c[)aniH3M»: He-
CKOJIbKO KpHTHHeCKHX 3aMeHaHHft O flHCKyCCHH 90-X // PyCCKHft HaUHOHajIH3M B nOJIHTHHeCKOM
npocTpaHCTBe (nccneflOBaHHü no HauHOHajiH3-My B Pocchh) / nofl pefl. M. Jlapiosjib. M., 2007. C. 32.
178
AHflPEAC    y M A A H ß
PELIEH3HH    H    OE30PBI   TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
179
PyCCKHH yjIbTPAHAriHOHAJIH3M: AKTyAJIbHOE COCTOSHHE HC C JIE ÄOB AH H H
[7]   CpeflH HaHÖojiee 3HaHHMbix nocjieflHHX
MOHOrpac[)HH H CÖOpHHKOB Ha 3anaflHbIX
H3biKax b xpoHOJiorH^ecKOM nopaflKe: Cosgrove S. Russian Nationalism and the Politics of Soviet Literature: The Case of Nash Sovremennik, 1981-91. Basingstoke, 2004; Lamelle M. Mythe aryen et reve imperial dans la Russie du XIXe siecle. P., 2005; Larson N. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and the Modern Russo-Jewish Question. Stuttgart, 2005; O'Connor K. Intellectuals and Apparatchiks: Russian Nationalism and the Gorbachev Revolution. Lanham, 2005; Mitrofanova A. The Politicization of Russian Orthodoxy: Actors and Ideas. Stuttgart, 2005; Likhachev V. Political Anti-Semitism in Post-Soviet Russia: Actors and Ideas in 1991-2003 / Transl. E. Veklerov. Stuttgart, 2006; Wiederkehr S. Die Eurasische Bewegung: Wissenschaft und Politik in der russischen Emigration der Zwischenkriegszeit und im postsowjetischen Russland. Köln, 2007; Ivanov V. Alexander Dugin und die rechtsextremen Netzwerke: Fakten und Hypothesen zu den internationalen Verflechtungen der russischen Neuen Rechten. Stuttgart, 2007; Lamelle M. La quete d'une identite imperiale: Le neo-eurasisme dans la Russie contemporaine. P., 2007; Höllwerth A. Das sakrale eurasische Imperium des Aleksandr Dugin: Eine Diskursanalyse zum postsowjetischen russischen Rechtsextremismus. Stuttgart, 2007; D'une edification l'autre: Socialisme et nation dans l'espace (post)-communiste / Ed. M. Lamelle, C. Servant. P., 2008; Kozhevnikova G. Ultra-Nationalism and Hate Crimes in Contemporary Russia: The 2004-2006 Annual Reports of Moscows SOVA Center / Ed. A. Verkhovskii, E. Veklerov. Stuttgart, 2008; Lamelle M. Russian Eurasianism: An Ideology of Empire. Baltimore, 2008; idem. In the Name of the Nation: Nationalism and Politics in Contemporary Russia. Basingstoke, 2009; Russian Nationalism and the National Reassertion of Russia / Ed. M. Lamelle. L., 2009; Sheiko K. Nationalist Imaginings of the Russian Past: Anatolii Fomenko and the Rise of Alternative History in Post-Communist Russia / Ed. S. Brown. Stuttgart, 2009; Lamelle M. Le nouveau nationalisme russe: Des reperes pour comprendre. P., 2010.
[8]   Cm. TaKJKe: Umland A. Guest Editor's
Introduction // Theorizing Post-Soviet Russia's Extreme Right: Comparative Political, Historical and Sociological Approaches (=Russian Politics
l80
and Law. Vol. 46. No. 4) / Transl. S. Shenfield. Ed. A. Umland. Armonk, 2008. P. 3-5; Umland A. Issues in the Study of the Russian Extreme Right: Guest Editor's Introduction // The Nature of Russian «Neo-Eurasianism»: Approaches to Aleksandr Dugin's Post-Soviet Movement of Radical Anti-Americanism (=Russian Politics and Law. Vol. 47. No. 1) / Transl. S. Shenfield. Ed. A. Umland. Armonk, 2009. P. 4-6.
[9]   Mpe3BbiHaHHO nojie3Hbie flHCKyccHH, opraHH30-BaHHbie JlapK)3Jib b HHHOHe, xoth h Ha3biBa-
JIHCb «KOHCJjepeHUHHMH», OflHaKO KajKflaH OT-
aenbHaa H3 sthx BCTpen caMa no ceöe coönpajia HacTOJibKO y3KHH Kpyr cneuHajmcTOB, hto r
peiHHJI KnaCCHCJjHUHpOBaTb 3fleCb 3TH BajKHbie
aeöaTbi Bce-TaKH KaK «ceMHHapbi». TaKHMH )Ke 3HaHHMbiMH fljiH CTaHOBJieHHH Haiiiero co-
OÖnieCTBa 6bDIH CÖOpHHKH, KOTOpbie JlapK)3JIb
H3flana Ha 6a3e 3thx ceMHHapoB. Cm.: PyccKHH HauHOHajiH3M b nojiHTHHecKOM npocTpaHCTBe; CoBpeMeHHbie HHTepnpeTauHH pyccKoro Ha-UHOHajiH3Ma / nofl pefl. M. Jlapiosjib. Stuttgart, 2007; Le rouge et le noir: Extreme droite et nationalisme en Russie / Ed. M. Lamelle. P., 2007; PyccKHH HauHOHajiH3M: CouHajibHbiH h
KyjIbTypHblH KOHTeKCT / CoCT. M. JlapK)3JIb. M.,
2008.
http: //www.mod-langs .ox.ac.uk/russian/ nationalism/conferences.htm.
http: //www.iccees .org/.
http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~aaass/.
http: //www.basees .org.uk/.
http: //www.nationalities .org/.
http://www.espi.ru/news/.
http://www.rapn.ru/.
B OKCcjjopfle HHCTHTyajiH3HpoBaH npoeKT AHRC no coBpeMeHHOMy pyccKOMy HaunoHa-jiH3My «Russian National Identity from 1961: Traditions & Deterritorialisation». Cm.: http:// www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/russian/nationalism/.
OflHaKO, pyCCKHH yjIbTpaHaUHOHajIH3M B OCHOB-
hom ocTaeTCH 3a npeflejiaMH 3Toro npoeKTa.
[18] http://www.panorama.ru/.
[19] http://xeno.sova-center.ru/.
[20] Torfla KaK «naHopaMa» 6buia Beflynjeft hc-
cjieflOBaTenbCKoft h H3flaTejibCKOH CTpyKTypofi b 90-bix roflax, Bbiineflinaa H3 Hee «CoBa» 3a no-cjieflHHe roflbi npoflejiajia orpoMHyio paöoTy b OTHOineHHH flOKyMeHTat(HH h aHajiH3a aKTyajib-Hbix pa3BHTHH B oöjiacTH pyccKoro yjibTpaHauH-
OHajIH3Ma. OcOÖeHHO CTOHT BblflejIHTb KOJUieK-
AHflPEAC   y M R A H ß
[10]
[II]
[12]
[13] [14] [15] [16] [17]
PyCCKHH yjIbTPAHAriHOHAJIH3M: AKTyAJIbHOE COCTOflHHE HC C Jl EflO B AH H H
THBHbie Tpyflbl H CÖOpHHKH, H3flaHHbie «CoBOH»
3a nocjieflHHe roflbi: nyTHMH HecBoöoflbi / Coct. A. BepxoBCKHH. M., 2005; LleHa HeHaBHCTH:
Hat(HOHajIH3M B POCCHH H npOTHBOfleHCTBHe
pacHCTCKHM npecTynjieHHHM / Coct. A. Bep-xobckhh. M., 2005; Bepxw h HH3H pyccKoro Ha-L(HOHajiH3Ma / Coct. A. BepxoBCKHH. M., 2007;
KojKeBHHKOBa T. PaflHKajIbHblH Hat(HOHajIH3M B
Pocchh h npoTHBOfleftcTBHe eMy: CÖOpHHK flO-miaflOB IieHTpa «CoBa» 3a 2004-2007 rr. / nofl pefl. A. BepxoBCKoro. Stuttgart, 2007; KojKeB-HHKOBa T., LUexoBnoB A. h flp. PaflHKajibHbifi pyccKHH Hat(HOHajiH3M: CTpyKTypa, Hflew, Jiraia. M., 2009.
[21] http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB41EE.
[22] http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208.
[23] http://www.ucsj.org/bigotry-monitor.
[24] http://www.ucsj.org/news.
[25] http://groups.yahoo.com/group/russian_ nationalism/messages.
[26] http://antirasizm.rn/index.php/mbhr-chronicle.
[27] http://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/russian/ nationalism/newsletter.htm.
[28] http://www.austausch.org/projekte/ deutschland/rechtsextremismus.html.
[29] http://xeno.sova-center.ru/.
[30] http://www.panorama.ru/works/patr/index. html.
[31] http://www.coalitionagainsthate.org/.
[32] http://www.toya.net.pl/~delazari/index_pliki/ RussiaBear.htm.
[33] http://www.aha.rn/~ofa/Oglav_l.htm.
[34] http://tumbalalaika.memo.ru/.
[35] http://antirasizm.rn/.
[36] http://groups.yahoo.com/group/russian_ nationalism/links.
[37] http://www.linkedin.com/groups?about=&gid = 157897&trk=anet_ug_grppro.
[38] http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/. Cm., HanpHMep: BaftHMaHH v., TynHKHH B. JleBbie h Har^noHa-JIH3M b Pocchh // HenpHKOCHOBeHHbift 3anac. 2005. Ns 1(39). http://magazines.russ.ru/ nz/2005/l/vai8.html.
[39] http://vphil.ru/. Cm., HanpHMep: CeHflepoB B. KoHcepBaTHBHaa peBOJiioLiHH b nocjiecoBeTCKOM
H3BOfle: KpaTKHH OHepK OCHOBHblX Hfleft // Bo-
npocbi (jjHJiococjjHH. 2007. Ns 10. C. 3-18.
[40] http://www.politex.info/. Cm., HanpHMep:
Ky3bMHH A. YjIbTpanpaBbie CKHHXeflbl b co-
BpeMeHHoft Pocchh: sbojuouhh nojiHTHHecKofi
HfleOJIOTHH H npaKTHKH // HojIHTHHeCKaH 3KC-
nepTH3a. 2001. Ns 1. http://www.politex.info/ content/view/668/30/.
[41] http://abimperio.net/. Cm., HanpHMep: Co-
KOJioB M. HoBbie npaBbie HHTenjieKTyajibi b Pocchh: CTpaTerHH jierHTHMar^HH // Ab Imperio. 2006. Ne 3. C. 321-354.
[42] http://www.carnegie.ru/en/pubs/procontra/. Cm., HanpHMep: TyflKOB Jl., flyöirn B. Cßoeoöpa-3He pyccKoro Hat(HOHajiH3Ma // Pro et Contra. 2005. T. 9. Ne 2. C. 6-24.
[43] http://www.demokratizatsiya.org/. Cm., HanpHMep: Zvonovsky V. The New Russian Identity and the United States // Demokratizatsiya. 2005. Vol. 13. No. 1. P. 101-114.
[44] http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/cnap. Cm., HanpHMep: Lamelle L. The Two Faces of Contemporary Eurasianism: An Imperial Version of Russian Nationalism // Nationalities Paper. 2004. Vol. 32. No. 1. P. 115-136.
[45] http://www.levada.ru/zhurnal.html. Cm., HanpHMep: JleoHOBa A. HacTpoeHHH KceHocjjoÖHH h 3JieKTopajibHbie npeflnoHTeHHH b Pocchh b 1994-2003 rr. // BecTHHK o6m;ecTBeHHoro MHeHHH. 2004. Ne 4(72). C. 83-91.
[46] http://wwwl.ku-eichstaett.de/ZIMOS/
forum/index.htm. Cm., HanpHMep: Ignatow A. Esoterik als Geschichtsdeutung: Lev Gumilevs «historiosophische» Lehren // Forum für osteuropäische Ideen- und Zeitgeschichte. 2002. Vol. 6, No. l.P. 13-41.
[47] http://wwwl .ku-eichstaett.de/ZIMOS/ forumruss.html. Cm., HanpHMep: CycjioB M. VTonHHecKHH npoeKT T.M. ILlHMaHOBa B KOHTeKCTe npaBoro flHCCHfleHTCKoro abh-/KeHHH B CCCP B 1960-1980-x rr. // OopyM
HOBeftnieH BOCTOHHOeBpOneftcKOH HCTOpHH H
KyjibTypbi. 2008. T. 5. Ns 2. C. 73-98. http:// wwwl.ku-eichstaett.de/ZIMOS/forum/docs/ forumrusslO/4suslovFR10.pdf.
[48] CoKOJioB M. Ü3yiaa «pyccKHH c[)aniH3M».
[49] http://www.ibidem-verlag.de/spps.html.
[50] http://www.amazon.com/gp/blog/post/ PLNK3 8GJQXL0CN9AM.
[51] B xpoHOJiorH^ecKOM nopaflKe: Otto R. Contemporary Russian Nationalism // Problems of Communism. 1990. Vol. 39.
PEL1EH3HH    H    OE30PBI   TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
l8l
PyCCKHH yjIbTPAHALJ,HOHAJIH3M: AKTYA/IbHOE COCTOSHHE HCC/IEflOBAHHH
No. 6. P. 96-105; CojioBeft B. PyccKoe Ha-UHOHajibHoe flBHJKeHHe 60-80-x XX Bexa b ocBenieHHH 3apy6ejKHoft HCTopHorpacjjHH // OTenecTBeHHaH HCTopHH. 1993. Ns 2. C. 107-111; Rowley D. Russian Nationalism and the Cold War // The American Historical Review. 1994. Vol. 99. No. 1. P. 155-171; Schützler H. Faschismus—ein Thema in der russischen Historiographie der 90er Jahre? // Rassismus, Faschismus, Antifaschismus. Forschungen und Betrachtungen gewidmet Kurt Pätzold zum 70. Geburtstag / Ed. M. Weißbecker, R. Kühnl, E. Schwarz. Köln, 2000. P. 231-242; Umland A. The Post-Soviet Russian Extreme Right // Problems of Post-Communism. 1997. Vol. 44. No. 4. P. 53-61. http://ku-eichstaett.academia. edu/AndreasUmland/Papers/85215/The-Post-Soviet-Russian-Extreme-Right-Review-Essay-; MHcyxHH T. Pocchh B BeHMapcKOM 3epKajie, hjih Co6jia3H jierKoro y3HaBaHHH // Pro et Contra. 1998. Vol. 3. No. 3. P. 111-123. http:// uisrussia.msu.ru/docs/nov/pec/1998/3/ ProEtContra_1998_3_08.pdf; YanovA. Russian Nationalism in Western Studies: Misadventures of a Moribund Paradigm // Demokratizatsiya. 2001. Vol. 9. No. 4. P. 552-568; VMJiaHfl A.
flpaBblH 3KCTpeMH3M B nOCTCOBeTCKOH POCCHH // OÖHieCTBeHHbie HayKH H COBpeMeHHOCTb.
2001. Ns 4. C. 71-84. http://ecsocman.edu. ru/images/pubs/2003/12/13/0000139422/ uMLANDx20a..pdf; oh jKe. OcjjHUHajibHbiH coBeTCKHH aHTHceMHTH3M nocjiecTajiHHCKoro nepnofla // Pro et contra. 2002. T. 7. Ns 2. C. 158-168. http://www.carnegie.ru/ru/ print/62024-print.htm; oh JKe. CoBpeMeHHbie KOHuenuHH cj)aniH3Ma b Pocchh h Ha 3ana-fle // HenpHKOCHOBeHHbiH 3anac. 2003. Ng 5(31). C. 116-122. http://magazines.russ.ru/ nz/2003/5/umland.html; Umland A. Concepts of Fascism in Contemporary Russia und the West // Political Studies Review. 2005. Vol. 3. No. 1. P. 34-49.
[52] CoKOJioB M. H3VHaü «pyccKHH cj)aniH3M». Ha-npHMep, cpeflH BbimeHa3BaHHbix CTaTeft 3cce MncyxHHa h Tpn mohx nocjieflHHX oöcyjKfleHHH jiHTepaTypbi KacaioTCH, cpeflH npo^HX TeM, h Tex BonpocoB, KOTopbie 3aTparHBaeT Cokojiob. no yKa3aHHHM aflpecaM sth TeKCTbi CB060/4HO aocTynHbi b HHTepHeTe Ha pyccKOM H3biKe yjKe
HeCKOJIbKO JieT.
[53] Ecjih 6bi HaniejicH 3HTy3HacT, roTOBHH coöpaTb, nepeBecTH Ha 0/4HH H3biK, cthjihcthhcckh 06-paöoTaTb h TinaTejibHO OTpeflaKTHpoBaTb Bbime yKa3aHHbie h flpyrae paHee onyöjiHKOBaHHbie
HCTOpHOrpaCJjHHeCKHe CTaTbH h peueH3HH, 1To6bI H3 HHX COCTaBHTb c6opHHK no pa3BH-
thk) HccneflOBaHHH no3flHe- h nocTCOBeTCKoro pyccKoro HauHOHajiH3Ma, to Taxyio pa6oTy mojkho 6buio 6bi ony6jiHKOBaTb b ynoMHHyTofi
KHHJKHOH CepHH «CoBeTCKaH H nOCTCOBeTCKaH
nOJIHTHKa H o6niecTBO».
[54] Hanp.: Shenfield S. Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements. Armonk, 2001.
[55] Cokojiob M. H3yiaa «pyccKHH c[)aniH3M».
[56] Devlin J. Slavophiles and Commissars: Enemies of Democracy in Russia. Basingstoke, 1999.
[57] B xpoHOJiorH^ecKOM nopnflKe: BjiaflHMHp )Kh-
pHHOBCKHH H JlH6epajIbHO-fleMOKpaTH1ieCKaH
napTHa: HHcJjopMauHOHHbiH naxeT / Coct. A. BepxoBCKHH. M., 1994; BepxoBCKHH A., TIpH-6buioBCKHH B. HauHOHaji-naTpnoTHHecKHe opraHH3at(HH b Pocchh: hctophh, HfleojiorHH, SKCTpeMHCTCKHe TeHfleHUHH. M., 1995; TfpH-6buioBCKHH B. PyccKHe HauHOHaji-naTpHOTHHe-CKHe (sTHOKpaTH^ecKHe) h npaBopaflHKajibHbie
OpraHH3aUHH (KpaTKHH CJIOBapb-CnpaBOHHHK).
M., 1995; PyccKHe HauHOHajiHCTHHecKHe h npaBopaflHKajibHbie opraHH3auHH 1989-1995: flOKyMeHTbi h TeKCTbi. 2 tt. / Coct. B.
lIpH6bIJIOBCKHH. M., 1995; npH6bIJIOBCKHH B. BojKflH: C6opHHK 6Horpac[)HH pOCCHHCKHX nojiHTH^ecKHX fleaTejieft HaijHOHajiHCTHHecKOH h HMnepcKO-naTpnoTHHecKOH opneHTar^HH. M., 1995; HeH3BecTHHH jKhphhobckhh: flOKyMeH-th (1967-68, 1985-87 it.) / Coct. fl. XonaK. M., 1995; BepxoBCKHH A., nann A., npH6buioBCKHH
B. nojIHTHHeCKHH 3KCTpeMH3M B POCCHH. M.,
1996; PyccKoe HaijHOHajibHoe Eahhctbo: hcto-
pHH, nOJIHTHKa, HfleOJIOrHH. HHCJjOpMailHOHHblH
naxeT / Coct. B. JlnxaneB, B. npH6buioBCKHH. M., 1997; BepxoBCKHH A., npH6buioBCKHH B. HaijHOHaji-naTpHOTHHecKHe opraHH3ai(HH:
KpaTKHe CnpaBKH, flOKyMeHTbl H TeKCTbi. M., 1997; BepXOBCKHH A., npH6bIJIOBCKHH B., Mh-
xaHJioBCKaa E. Hai(HOHajiH3M h KceHoc[)o6H!i b POCchhckom o6niecTBe. M., 1998.
[58] Tolz V. The Radical Right in Post-Communist Russian Politics // The Revival of Right-Wing Extremism in the Nineties / Ed. P.H. Merkl, L. Weinberg. L., 1997. P. 177-202. Cm. TaKJKe: Tolz V. Right-Wing Extremism in Russia: The Dynamics of the 1990s // Right-Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century / Ed. P.H. Merkl, L. Weinberg. L., 2003. P. 251-271.
[59] CaMH 6H6jiHorpac[)HliecKHe ynyineHHH /TeBJiHH h Tojibu, MorjiH 6bi ocTaTbca h 3a npeflejiaMH stoh
KpHTHKH. OflHaKO, B 060HX-KaK H B 6ojIbIIIHH-
PyCCKHH yjIbTPAHAI4HOHAJIH3M: AKTYA/IbHOE COCTOUHHE HCCJIEflOBAHHH
CTBe HM nOflOÖHblX-CJiynaHX STH HeflOCMOTpbl
noBJieKJiH 3a co6oh onpeflejieHHbie HeflocTaTKH b coflepjKaHHH aHajiH3a, KOTopbie a He 6yfly 3flecb paccMaTpHBaTb. Bee 5Ke, TeKCTbi /JeBJiHH h Tojibu, npHHafljiejKajiH k nepBHM aHrjioasbn-
HblM CHCTeMaTHHeCKHM H3JIOJKeHHHM O pyCCKHX
nocTCOBeTCKHX paflHKajiax b ijejioM, TaK hto ynoMHHaHHe hx b KanecTBe «HeraTHBHbix» npn-MepoB 3flecb He coBceM cnpaBefljiHBO.
[60] Parland T. The Extreme Nationalist Threat in Russia: The Growing Influence of Western Rightist Ideas. L., 2004.
[61] Parland T. The Rejection in Russia of
Totalitarian Socialism and Liberal Democracy: A Study of the Russian New Right. Helsinki, 1993.
[62] napjiaHfl ynoMHHaeT CTaTbH H3 3Toro jKypHajia
B CBOeH ÖHÖjIHOrpaCJjHH. OflHaKO, 3TH CTaTbH He
OTHOCHTCH K caMOH TeMe ero HccjieflOBaHHH, a
K flpyTHM aCneKTaM pa3BHTHH nOCTCOBeTCKOH
Pocchh.
[63] Cm., Hanp.: flmiHreHCKHH T. «3anafl» b poccHH-CKOM OÖlIieCTBeHHOM C03HaHHH // OöniecTBeH-Hbie HayKH h COBpeMeHHOCTb. 2000. Ns 5. C. 5-19.
[64] Cm., HanpHMep: TyflKOBJl. OTHomeHHe kCLUA b Pocchh h npoöjieMa aHTHaMepHKaHH3Ma //
MOHHTOpHHr OÖHieCTBeHHOrO MHeHHH. 2002.
Ns 2. C. 32-48. http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/ images/pubs/2006/ll/19/0000295420/06gu dkov-32-48.pdf.
[65] Motyl A. Russland—Volk, Staat und Führer: Elemente eines faschistischen Systems // Osteuropa. 2009. Vol. 59. No. 1. P. 109-124; idem. Russia's Systemic Transformations since Perestroika: From Totalitarianism to Authoritarianism to Democracy—to Fascism? // The Harriman Review. 2010. Vol. 17. No. 2. P. 1-14. http://www.harrimaninstitute.org/ MEDLV01799.pdf. HmepecHO, hto MoTbuib paHee nncaji o nojiHTH^ecKHX HBJieHHHX, c[)a-ihhctckhh xapaKTep KOTopbix HBJiüeTCH MeHee cnopHbiM, TaKHX, KaK peBOjnoiiHOHHbie rpynnn-poBKH yKpaHHCKoro MejKBoeHHoro h pyccKoro nocTCOBeTCKoro yjibTpaHaiiHOHajiH3Ma: Motyl A. Turn to the Right: The Ideological Origins of Ukrainian Nationalism, 1919-1929. Boulder, 1980; idem. Vladimir Zhirinovsky: A Man of His Times // The Harriman Review. 1994. Vol. 7. Nos. 7-9. P. 11-18. TIpaBfla, jKhphhobckhh, HacKOJibKO MHe H3BecTHO, caM ce6a He Ha3biBaji peBOJiioiiHOHepoM. OflHaKO b 1993 r. oh npefl-jiojKHJi najiHHreHeTHHecKyio nporpaMMy boc-KpeineHHH Pocchh nyTeM niHpoKOMacniTaÖHoro
BoeHHoro noxofla («nocjieflHero 6pocKa Ha ior») 74JIH BKJiioHeHHH HpaHa, AcjjraHHCTaHa h TypijHH B poccHHCKoe rocyflapcTBO. Cm.: Umland A. The Zhirinovsky Interview // The Woodstock Road Editorial: An Oxford Magazine of International Affairs. 1994. No. 16. P. 3-5. http://ku-eichstaett.academia.edu/AndreasUmland/ Papers/84955/The-Zhirinovsky-Interview; idem. Ein Gespräch mit Wladimir Schirinowski // Die Neue Gesellschaft: Frankfurter Hefte. 1994. Vol. 41. No. 2. P. 114-117. http://ku-eichstaett. academia.edu/AndreasUmland/Papers/85168/ Ein-Gespr%C3%A4ch-mit-Wladimir-Schirinowski; idem. Wladimir Shirinowskij in der russischen Politik: Einige Hintergründe des Aufstiegs der Liberal-Demokratischen Partei Rußlands Osteuropa. 1994. Vol. 44. No. 12. P. 1117-1131. http://ku-eichstaett.academia. edu/AndreasUmland/Papers/86761/Wladimir-Shirinowskij-in-der-russischen-Politik-Einige-Hintergr%C3%BCnde-des-Aufstiegs-der-Liberal-Demokratischen-Partei-Ru%C3%9Flands; Roman A. The Last Surge to the South: The New Enemies of Russia in the Rhetoric of Zhirinovsky // Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 1996. Vol. 9. No. 3. P. 279-327; VMJiaHfl A. «TiocjieflHHH
6pOCOK Ha K>r» /KHpHHOBCKOrO H fleCJjHHHUHfl
c[)aniH3Ma // Ee3 TeMbi. 2007. Ns 2(4). C. 46-57. http: //beztemy .usu.ru/?base=mag/0004 (02_ 2007) &xsln=showArticle .xslt&id=a06&doc=../ content.jsp.
[66] Motyl A. Surviving Russia's Drift to Fascism // Kyiv Post. 2008. 17 January. http://www. kyivpost.com/opinion/op_ed/28182. Cm. TaKJKe: The Henry Jackson Society Project for Democratic Geopolitics. 2008. 18 January. http://www.henryjacksonsociety.org/stories. asp?id=493; Umland A. Is Putin's Russia really «fascist»? A response to Alexander Motyl // Global Politician. 2008. 26 March. http://www. globalpolitician.com/24341-russia.
[67] CoflepjKaTejibHyio KpHTHKy no cyniecTBy CTaTbH
MOTbUIH MOJKHO HaHTH B OTBeTe JleOHHfla
JlioKca b Tom jKe jKypHajie: Luks L. Irreführende Parallelen: Das autoritäre Russland ist nicht faschistisch // Osteuropa. 2009. Vol. 59. No. 4. P. 119-128. MeHee oöocHOBaHHOH KpHTH-KOH, flOKyMeHTHpyioiiieH CKopee He3HaHHe ee aBTopoM, neM MoTbuieM, SHa^HMOH TeopeTH^e-CKOH H SMnnpHHecKOH JiHTepaTypbi, HBJiaeTCü CTaTbH: Sindeev A. Mythenbildung ohne Ende: Eine Replik auf Alexander Mothyl // Osteuropa. 2009. Vol. 59. No. 5. P. 111-116.
I82
AHflPEAC    y M A A H ß
PELIEH3HH    H    OE30PBI   TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
I83
PyCCKHH yjIbTPAHAL(HOHAJIH3M: AKTYA/IbHOE COCTOSHHE HCCJIE/IOBAHHH
[68] Shenfield S. Russian Fascism.
[69] Hhob A. riocne EjibUHHa: «BeHMapcKaa» Pocchh. M., 1995; Yanov A. Weimar Russia and What We Can Do About It. NY, 1995; Breslauer G., Feldman G., James H., Melville A. Weimar and Russia. Is There an Analogy? http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/pubs/w&r. html; Starovoitova G. Modern Russia and the Ghost of Weimar Germany // Remaking Russia / Ed. by H. Isham. Armonk, 1995. P. 129-145; Brubaker R. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge, 1996. P. 107-147; Hanson St., Kopstein J. The Weimar/Russia Comparison // Post-Soviet Affairs. 1997. Vol. 13. No. 3. P. 252-283; Shenfield St. The Weimar/Russia Comparison: Reflections on Hanson and Kopstein // Post-Soviet Affairs. 1998. Vol. 14. No. 4. P. 355-368; MHcyxHH T. Pocchh b Beft-MapcKOM 3epKajie; Ryavec K.W. Weimar Russia? // Demokratizatsiya. 1998. Vol. 6. No. 4. P. 702-709; JIiokc Jl. «BeHMapcKaH Pocchh?»—3a-
MeTKH 06 OflHOM CnOpHOM nOHHTHH // OopyM
HOBeftineft BOCTOHHoeBponeftcKoft ncTopnn h KyjibTypbi. 2007. Ns 2. http://wwwl.ku-eichstaett.de/ZIMOS/forum/docs/5Luks07.pdf.
[70] MacTb nyöjiHKauHH nepBbix ceMH «nocTCOBeT-ckhx» jieT, T.e. 1990-1996 rr., npeflCTaBJieHa b Moeft peueH3HOHHOH CTaTbe: Umland A. The Post-Soviet Russian Extreme Right; VMJiaHfl A.
ripaBblft 3KCTpeMH3M B nOCTCOBeTCKOH POCCHH.
CpeflH 3HaHHMbix nyöjiHKauHH, BbiniefliHHX b nocjieyxyioinHe ceMb JieT, T.e. flo 2003 r., Hanp.: Hanson St. Ideology, Uncertainty, and the Rise of Anti-System Parties in Postcommunist Russia (=Studies in Public Policy. Vol. 289). Glasgow, 1997; Tsygankov A. From Internationalism to Revolutionary Expansionism: The Foreign Policy Discourse of Contemporary Russia // Mershon International Studies Review. 1997. Vol. 41. No. 2. P. 247-268; /JaflHaHH 71. O nonbiTKax C03-aaHHH b Pocchh jieBO-npaBoro 6jioKa onno3Hun-OHHbix chji 1989-1996 rr. M., 1997; Stadler W. Macht—Sprache—Gewalt: Rechtspopulistische Sprache am Beispiel V.V. Zirinovskijs vor dem Hintergrund der Wandlungen politischer Sprache in Rußland. Innsbruck, 1997; Urban J.B., Solovei V. Russia's Communists at the Crossroads. Boulder, 1997; Timmermann H. Rußlands KP: Zwischen angepaßtem Leninismus und Volkspatriotismus // Osteuropa. 1997. Vol. 47. P. 749-761; MessmerM. Sowjetischer und postkommunistischer Antisemitismus. Entwicklungen in Rußland, der Ukraine
und Litauen. Konstanz, 1997; Davidheiser E. The CPRF: Towards Social Democracy or National Socialism? // Elections and Voters in Post-Communist Russia / Ed. M. Wyman, St. White, S. Oates. Cheltenham, 1998. P. 240-271; Allensworth W. The Russian Question. Nationalism, Modernization, and Post-Communist Russia. Lanham, 1998; Tsygankov
A. P. Hard-line Eurasianism and Russia's Contending Geopolitical Perspectives // East European Quarterly. 1998. Vol. 32. P. 315-324; Pirani S. State Patriotism in the Politics and Ideology of Gennady Zyuganov // Slovo. 1998. Vol. 10. No. 1-2. 1998. P. 179-197; Kochanek H. Die Ethnienlehre Lev N. Gumilevs: Zu den Anfängen neu-rechter Ideologie-Entwicklung im spätkommunistischen Russland // Osteuropa.
1998. Vol. 48. P. 1184-1197; Brudny Y. Reinventing Russia: Russian Nationalism and the Soviet State, 1953-1991. Cambridge, Mass., 1998; BepxoBCKHH A., npn6buioBCKnfi
B. , MHxaftjioBCKaü E. nojiHTHHecKan KceHocjjo-6hh: PaflHKajibHbie rpynnbi. npeflCTaBJieHHH jiHflepoB. Pojib uepKBH. M., 1999; Paradowski R. The Eurasian Idea and Leo Gumilev's Scientific Ideology// Canadian Slavonic Papers. 1999. Vol. 41. No. 1. P. 19-32; Lisovskaya E., Karpov V. New Ideologies in Postcommunist Russian Textbooks // Comparative Education Review.
1999. Vol. 43. P. 522-543; Christopher W., Hanson St. National-Socialism, Left Patriotism, or Superimperialism? The Radical Right in Russia // The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe Since 1989 / Ed. S. Ramet. University Park, 1999. P. 257-278; Slater W. The Patriots' Pushkin // Slavic Review. 1999. Vol. 58. P. 407-427; Otto R. Gennadii Ziuganov: The Reluctant Candidate // Problems of Post-Communism. 1999. Vol. 46. No. 5. P. 37-47; Jackson W. Fascism, Vigilantism, and the State: The Russian National Unity Movement // Problems of Post-Communism. 1999. Vol. 46. No. 1. P. 34-42; Clover Ch. Dreams of the Eurasian Heartland // Foreign Affairs. 1999. Vol. 78. No. 2. P. 9-13; Lamelle M. L'idelogie eurasiste russe ou comment penser l'empire. Paris, 1999; Flikke G. Patriotic Left-Centrism: The Zigzags of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation // Europe-Asia Studies. 1999. Vol. 51. No. 2. P. 275-298; Verkhovsky
A. Ultra-Nationalists in Russia at the Onset of Putin's Rule // Nationalities Papers. 2000. Vol. 28. P. 707-726; Shlapentokh V. The Balkan War, the Rise of Anti-Americanism and the Future of Democracy in Russia // International Journal of
PyCCKHH yjIbTPAHAllHOHAJIH3M: AKTYA/IbHOE COCTOJIHHE HCCJIE/IOBAHHH
Public Opinion Research. 1999. Vol. 11. No. 3. P. 275-284. http://ijpor.oxfordjournals.org/ cgi/reprint/ll/3/275.pdf; Mathyl M. Das Entstehen einer nationalistischen Gegenkultur im Nachperestroika-Rußland // Jahrbuch für Antisemitismusforschung. Vol. 9 / Ed. W. Benz. Frankfurt a.M., 2000. P. 68-107; ShiraevE., Zubkov V. Anti-Americanism in Russia: From Stalin to Putin. Basingstoke, 2000; TapacoB A. riopojKfleHHe pecjjopM—öpHTorojioBbie, ohh
)Ke CKHHXeflbI // CßOÖOflHaH MbICJIb. 2000.
Ns 5. C. 39-56; JlapKöJib M. nepeocMbicneHHe HMnepHH B nocTCOBeTCKOM npocTpaHCTBe: HoBaa eBpa3HHCKaa HfleojiorHH // BecTHHK Eb-pa3HH—Acta Eurasica. 2000. Ns 1 (8). C. 5-18;
KopeHHKO B. 3THOHaUHOHajIH3M, KBa3HHCTO-
pHH H aKafleMH^ecKaa Hayxa // PeajibHOCTb BTHH^ecKHX MHc[)OB / Ylop, pefl. A. MajiaiiieHKO, M.B. Ojikott. M., 2000. C. 34-52; Vujacic V. Serving Mother Russia: The Communist Left and Nationalist Right in the Struggle for Power, 1991-1998 // Russia in the New Century: Stability and Disorder? / Ed. V.E. Bonnell, G.W. Breslauer. Boulder, 2001. P. 290-325; Shlapentokh D. Russian Nationalism Today: The Views of Alexander Dugin // Contemporary Review. 2001. Vol. 279. No. 1626. P. 29-37; Dunlop J. Barkashov and the Russian Power Ministries, 1994-2000 // Demokratizatsiya. 2001. Vol. 9, No. 1. P. 60-74; Ingram A. Alexander Dugin: Geopolitics and Neo-Fascism in Post-Soviet Russia // Political Geography. 2001. Vol. 20. P. 1029-1051; Dunlop J. Aleksandr Dugin's «Neo-Eurasian» Textbook and Dmitrii Trenin's Ambivalent Response // Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 2001. Vol. 24. Nos. 1-2. P. 91-127; Lamelle M. Lev N. Gumilev (1912-1992): Biologisme et eurasisme en Russie // Revue des Etudes slaves. 2000. Vol. 72, No. 1-2. P. 163-189; Jlapio3Jib M. Korfla npn-
CBaHBaeTCH HHTejIJieKTyajIbHaH COÖCTBeHHOCTb,
hjih O npoTHBonojiojKHOCTH 71.H. TyMHJieBa h n.H. CaBHUKoro // BecTHHK EBpa3HH—Acta Eurasica. 2001. Ns 4(15). C. 5-19; Shnirelman V., Panarin S. Lev Gumilev: His Pretensions as a Founder of Ethnology and his Eurasian Theories // Inner Asia. 2001. Vol. 3, No. 1. P. 1-18; Rossman V. Russian Intellectual Antisemitism in the Post-Communist Era. Lincoln/L., 2002; Scherrer J. Kulturologie: Rußland auf der Suche nach einer zivilisatorischen Identität. Göttingen, 2002; Verkhovsky A. The Role of the Russian Orthodox Church in Nationalist, Xenophobic and Antiwestern Tendencies in Russia Today:
Not Nationalism, but Fundamentalism // Religion, State and Society. 2002. Vol. 30. No. 4. P. 333-345; Levinson A. «Fairly Good»: What do Russians really think of the United States? // Johnson's Russia List. 2002. No. 6268. http:// www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/6268.htm; Gerber T.P., Mendelson S.E. Young, Educated, Urban- and Anti-American: Recent Survey Data from Russia // PONARS Policy Memos. 2002. No. 267. http://www.csis.org/media/ csis/pubs/pm_0267.pdf; Wiederkehr S. Die Rezeption des Werkes von L.N. Gumilev seit der späten Sowjetzeit. Russlands Intelligence a auf der Suche nach Orientierung // Sprünge, Brüche, Brücken: Debatten zur politischen Kultur in Russland aus der Perspektive der Geschichtswissenschaft, Kultursoziologie und Politikwissenschaft / Ed. M. Ritter, B. Wattendorf. Berlin, 2002. P. 51-66; TyMaHHCTOB 3. CKHHxeflbi B Pocchh: BOHHa npoTHB Bcex // TlHueftcKoe h raMHasH^ecKoe o6pa30BaHHe.
2002. Ns 7. C. 57-65; JiHxaneB B. HauH3M b Pocchh. M., 2002; TyflKOB 71. /jHHaMHKa Kce-hoc[)o6hh b nocTCOBeTCKOM Pocchh // BecTHHK HHCTHTyTa KeHHaHa b Pocchh. 2002. Ns 1. C. 49-61; March L. The Communist Party in Post-Soviet Russia. Manchester, 2002; Gabowitsch M. Der russische «Nationalpatriotismus»
der Gegenwart und sein Verhältnis zum Kommunismus // Rechtsextreme Ideologien in Geschichte und Gegenwart / Ed. U. Backes. Köln,
2003. P. 311-338; TlHxaneB B. nojiHTHHecKHH
aHTHCeMHTH3M B COBpeMeHHOH POCCHH. M.,
2003; BepxoBCKHH A. nojiHTH^ecKoe npaBO-cjiaBHe: PyccKHe npaBocjiaBHbie HauHOHajiHCTbi H 4>yHflaMeHTMHCTH, 1995-2001. M., 2003; Rogachevski A. Biographical and Critical Study of Russian Writer Eduard Limonov. Lewiston, 2003; Mhtpoxhh H. Pyccxan napTHH: flBHJKe-HHe pyccKHX HauHOHajiHCTOB B CCCP, 1953-1985 roflbi. M., 2003 h T.fl.
[71] Hanp.: Ignatow A. Das postkommunistische Vakuum und die neuen Ideologien: Zur gegenwärtigen geistigen Situation in Rußland // Osteuropa. 1993. Vol. 43. No. 4. P. 311-37; Fuchs. M. Die russische Nationalidee als Faktor im politischen Kampf für Reformen // Osteuropa. 1993. Vol. 43. Nos. 4 h 5; Umland. Wladimir Shirinowskij in der russischen Politik; Beichelt T., Minkenberg M. Rechtsradikalismus in Transformationsgesellschaften: Entstehungsbedingungen und Erklärungsmodell // Osteuropa. 2002. Vol. 52. P. 247-262; Orlow B. Rechtsextremismus im heutigen Rußland //
I84
AHflPEAC YmJIAH^
PEI1EH3HH    H    OE30PBI   TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
I85
PyCCKHH yjIbTPAHAL(HOHAJIH3M: AKTyAJIbHOE COCTOSHHE HC C JIE ÄOB AH H H
Osteuropa. 2002. Vol. 52. P. 320-335; Mathyl M. Der «unaufhaltsame Aufstieg» des Aleksandr Dugin: Neo-Nationalbolschewismus und Neue Rechte in Russland // Osteuropa. 2002. Vol. 52. P. 885-900; Umland A. Russischer Rechtsextremismus im Lichte der jüngeren empirischen und theoretischen Faschismusforschung // Osteuropa. 2002. Vol. 52. P. 901-913; Butterwege C. Traditioneller Rechtsextremismus im Osten—modernisierter Rechtsextremismus im Westen? // Osteuropa. 2002. Vol. 52. P. 914-920; Gudkov L. «Ich hasse, also bin ich»: Zur Funktion der Amerika-Bilder und des Antiamerikanismus in Rußland // Osteuropa. 2002. Vol. 52. P. 997-1014; Beichelt T., Minkenberg M. Rechtsradikalismus in Osteuropa: Bilanz einer Debatte // Osteuropa. 2002. Vol. 52. P. 1056-1062; Eismann W. Repressive Toleranz im Kulturleben: Prochanov, ein Literaturpreis und das binäre russische Kulturmodell // Osteuropa. 2003. Vol. 53. P. 821-838; Piontkovskij A. Rußland und der Vierte Weltkrieg: Ein etwas anderes Schachbrett // Osteuropa. 2005. Vol. 55. No. 1. P. 103-111; Heinemann-Grüder A. Ein Schritt vorwärts, zwei zurück: Vom Ethnoföder-alismus zu «Russland den Russen» // Osteuropa. 2007. Vol. 57. No. 11. P. 135-162; Gudkov L. Staat ohne Gesellschaft: Autoritäre Herrschaftstechnologie in Russland // Osteuropa. 2008. Vol. 58. No. 1. P. 3-16.
[72] Korfla XyaH JIhhu nncaji o nocTCOBeTCKofi
Pocchh, oh aHajiH3npoBaji, b nepByio o^epeflb, CTeneHb ee fleMOKpaTH3anHH, a He pa3BHTne npaB03KCTpeMHCTCKHX Te^eHHH b CTpaHe. Cm.: Linz J., Stepan A. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore, 1996. O pa3BHTHn cpaBHHTejibHbix HccneflOBaHHH npaBoro 3KCTpeMH3Ma b nocjiefl-HHe roflbi cm. Hanp.: VMJiaHfl A. OaniH3M h He-oc[)aiHH3M b cpaBHeHHH: 3anaflHbie ny6jiHKannn 2004—2006 it. // OopyM HOBeftineft boctohho-eBponeftcKOH hctophh h Kyjibrypbi. 2007. T. 4. I\P 1. http://wwwl.ku-eichstaett.de/ZIMOS/ forum/docs/8UmlandRezension.pdf; UlexoBUOB A. HoBbift npaBbift paflHKajiH3M: k Bonpocy 06 onpefleneHHH // BecTHHK CeBrTY. 2008. Ns 91. C. 141-144. http://www.shekhovtsov.org/ articles/Anton_Shekhovtsov-NRR_Definition. pdf.
[73] TajiKHH A. ConnojiornH Heoc[)ainH3Ma. M., 1971; oh 5Ke. OaniH3M h Heoc|)aiHH3M b TepMaHHH. M., 1991; oh 5Ke. O cj)aniH3Me—Bcepbe3 //
CBo6oflHaü Mbicjib. 1992. Ns 5. C. 13-23; oh jKe. <5aniH3M: KOpHH, npH3HaKH, cjjopMbi npoüBJie-HHH // TIOJIHTHHeCKHe HCOieflOBaHHH. 1995.
Ns 2(26). C. 6-15. oh JKe. OaniH3M KaK 6ojie3Hb oöniecTBa // Polit.ru. 2006. 8 Man. http:// www.polit.ru/lectures/2006/05/08/galkin. html; Galkin A. Capitalist Society and Fascism // Social Sciences: USSR Academy of Sciences. 1970. No. 2. P. 128-138.
[74] Fascism: A Readers Guide / Ed. W. Laqueur. L., 1988; idem. Fascism: Past, Present, Future. Oxford, 1995.
[75] Gregor A.J. The Ideology of Fascism: The Rationale for Totalitarianism. N.Y., 1969; idem. The Fascist Persuasion in Radical Politics. Princeton, 1974; idem. Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship. Princeton, 1979; idem. Interpretations of Fascism. New Brunswick, 1997; idem. Roger Griffin, Social Science, «Fascism», and the «Extreme Right» // Erwägen Wissen Ethik. 2004. Vol. 15. P. 316-321; idem. The Search for Neo-Fascism: The Use and Abuse of Social Science. Cambridge, 2006.
[76] Luks L. Entstehung der kommunistischen Faschismustheorie: Die Auseindersetzung der Komintern mit Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus 1921-1935. München, 1984; JlioKC Jl. EBpa3HHCTBO h KOHcepBaTHBHaa peBOJHOUHH: Co6jia3H aHTH3anaflHir-iecTBa b Pocchh h TepMaHHH // Bonpocbi cjjhjiococjjhh. 1996. Ns 3. C. 57-69; JIiokc Jl. BojibineBH3M, c[)aiHH3M, HanHOHaji-conHajiH3M—poflCTBeH-Hbie cjjeHOMeHbi? // Bonpocbi cjjhjiococjjhh. 1998. Ns 7. C. 48-57; Luks L. Zwei Gesichter des Totalitarismus: Bolschewismus und Nationalsozialismus im Vergleich. Köln, 2007; idem. Anmerkungen zur Fehleinschätzung des Nationalsozialismus durch die Bolschewiki und die Kommunistische Internationale // Jahrbuch für Historische Kommunismusforschung 2009 / Ed. Katrin Jaeger. Berlin, 2009. P. 299-314.
[77] TajIKHH A. Pocchhckhh cj)aniH3M? // Couh-ojiorH^ecKHH jKypHaji. 1994. Ns 2. C. 17-27. http://knowledge.isras.ru/sj/sjV94-2-2.html; oh JKe, KpacHH PO. O npaBOM paflHKajiH3Me B coBeTCKOM oönjecTBe // 06o3peBaTenb. 1995. Ns 12. C. 52-58; Laqueur W. Russia and Germany: A Century of Conflict. New Brunswik, 1990; Laqueur W. Russian Nationalism // Foreign Affairs. 1992/93. Vol. 71. No. 5. P. 102-116; idem. Black Hundred: The Rise of the Extreme Right in Russia. NY, 1993; Gregor A.J. Fascism and the New Russian Nationalism
PyCCKHH yjIbTPAHAL(HOHAJIH3M: AKTyAJIbHOE COCTOilHHE HC C Jl E/IO B AH H H
// Communist and Post-Communist Studies. 1998. Vol. 31, No. 1. P. 1-15; idem. Phoenix: Fascism in Our Time. New Brunswick, 2001; idem. Faces of Janus: Marxism and Fascism in the Twentieth Century. New Haven, 2004; idem. Andreas Umland and the «Fascism» of Alexander Dugin // Erwägen Wissen Ethik. 2004. Vol. 15. P. 426-428; idem. Response to Dr. Andreas Umland // Erwägen Wissen Ethik. 2004. Vol. 15. P. 594-595; idem. Once Again on Fascism, Classification, and Aleksandr Dugin // Erwägen Wissen Ethik. 2004. Vol. 16. No. 4. P. 570-572; Luks L. Der «Dritte Weg» der «neo-eurasischen» Zeitschrift Elementy—zurück ins Dritte Reich? // Studies in East European Thought. 2000. Vol. 52. No. 1-2. P. 49-71; JIiokc Jl. «TpeTHH nyTb», HJiH Ha3afl b TpeTHH peftx? // Bonpocbi <})HJiococt)HH. 2000. Ns 5. P. 33-44; oh JKe. TpeTHH Phm? TpeTHH Peftx? TpeTHH nyTb? HcTopH^ecKHe o^epKH o Pocchh, TepMaHHH h 3anafle. M., 2002; Luks L. Zum «geopolitischen» Programm Aleksandr Dugins und der Zeitschrift Elementy—eine manichäische Versuchung // Forum für osteuropäische Ideen- und Zeitgeschichte. 2002. Vol. 6. No. 1. P. 43-58; idem. Eurasien aus neototalitärer Sicht—Zur Renaissance einer Ideologie im heutigen Rußland // Totalitarismus und Demokratie. 2004. Vol. 1. No. 1. P. 63-76; idem. Der russische «Sonderweg»? Aufsätze zur neuesten Geschichte Rußlands im europäischen Kontext. Stuttgart, 2005; idem. «Weimar Russia?» Notes on a Controversial Concept // Russian Politics and Law. 2008. Vol. 46. No. 4. P. 47-65.
[78] Griffin R. The Nature of Fascism. L., 1993; Fascism / Ed. R. Griffin. Oxford, 1995; International Fascism / Ed. R. Griffin. L., 1998; Griffin R. Interregnum or Endgame? Radical Right Thought in the Post-fascist Era // Journal of Political Ideologies. 2000. Vol. 5. No. 2. P. 163-178; idem. The Palingenetic Political Community. Rethinking the Legitimation of Totalitarian Regimes in Inter-War Europe // Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 2000. Vol. 3. No. 3. P. 24-43; idem. The Primacy of Culture. The Current Growth (or Manufacture) of Consensus within Fascist Studies // Journal of Contemporary History. 2002. Vol. 37. No. 1. P. 21-43; idem. Modernism and Fascism: The Sense of New Beginning under Mussolini and Hitler. Basingstoke, 2008; A Fascist Century.
[79] Eatwell R. Towards a New Model of Generic
Fascism // Journal of Theoretical Politics. 1992. Vol. 4. No. 2. P. 161-194; idem. Fascism. A History. L., 1995; idem. On Defining the «Fascist Minimum»: The Centrality of Ideology // Journal of Political Ideologies. 1996. Vol. 1. No. 3. P. 303-319; idem. Zur Natur des «generischen Faschismus»—Das «faschistische Minimum» und die «faschistische Matrix» // Rechtsextreme Ideologien. P. 93-122.
[80] Minkenberg M. Die neue radikale Rechte im Vergleich: Frankreich, USA, Deutschland. Wiesbaden, 1998; idem. Context and Consequence: The Impact of the New Radical Right on the Political Process in France and Germany // German Politics and Society. 1998. Vol. 16. No. 3. P. 1-23.
[81] Wippermann W. Faschismustheorien: Zum
Stand der gegenwärtigen Diskussion. Darmstadt, 1972; idem/Thamer H.-U. Faschistische und neofaschistische Bewegungen: Probleme empirischer Faschismusforschung. Darmstadt, 1977; Wippermann W. Europäischer Faschismus im Vergleich 1922-1982. Frankfurt a.M., 1983; idem. Faschismustheorien: Die Entwicklung der Diskussion von den Anfängen bis heute. 7. Aufl. Darmstadt, 1997; BnnnepMaH B. EBponeftcKHH c[)aiHH3M B cpaBHeHHH 1922-1982 / nepeBOfl A. (teflopoBa. HoBOCHÖnpcK, 2000; «Faschismus»— kontrovers / Ed. W. Loh, W. Wippermann. Stuttgart, 2002.
[82] Concepts in Political Science: Fascism. Vol 5: Post-War Fascisms / Ed. M. Feldmann, R. Griffin. L., 2004; Fascism Past and Present, West and East: An International Debate on Concepts and Cases in the Comparative Study of the Extreme Right / Ed. R. Griffin, W. Loh, A. Umland. Stuttgart, 2006; Eatwell R. The Rebirth of Right-Wing Charisma? The Cases of Jean-Marie Le Pen and Vladimir Zhirinovsky // Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 2002. Vol. 3. No. 3. P. 1-23; Beichelt T., Minkenberg M. Rechtsradikalismus in Transformationsgesellschaften; idem. Rechtsradikalismus in Osteuropa; Historical Legacies and the Radical Right in Post-Cold War Central and Eastern Europe / Ed. M. Minkenberg. Stuttgart, 2010; Wippermann W. Faschismus: Eine Weltgeschichte vom 19. Jahrhundert bis heute. Darmstadt, 2009.
[83] TajiKHH A. Pocchhckhh cj)aniH3M?; Byrepa B. Co-UHaji-c[)aiHH3M // MapKCHCT. HayHHO-nojiHTH-lecKHH JKypHaji. 1994. Ns 2. C. 27-54; TypBHH
I86
A h      p e a c    y M A A H ß
peiteh3hh    h    oe30pbi   TaRTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
I87
PyCCKHH yjIbTPAHAIIHOHAJIH3M: AKTYAJIbHOE COCTOSHHE HC C JIE/TOB AH H H
B. PyccKHH Mapm k c|)aiHH3My // KeHTaBp. 1994. Ns 2. C. 128-132; 3yflHH A. OaiuH3M b Pocchh:
o6pa3bi H peajIbHOCTH HOBOH OnaCHOCTH //
riojiHTHHecKHe HccjieflOBaHHH. 1995. Ns 2(26); CojioBeft B. Pocchh He oöpe^eHa Ha c|)aiHH3M, ho yjfte h He 3acTpaxoBaHa ot Hero // He3aBHCH-Maa ra3eTa. 1995. Ns 55. 29 MapTa. C. 1, 3; oh )Ke. PeajibHa jih yrpo3a «pyccKoro cj)aniH3Ma» b hoboh Pocchh? // B3aHMOflencTBHe nojiHTH^e-
CKHX H HaUHOHajIbHO-STHHHeCKHX KOHCJJJIHKTOB.
MaTepnajibi MejKflyHapoflHoro CHMno3HyMa 18-20 anpejiH 1994 r. M. 1. / Ilofl pefl. A. 3flpaBOMbicjioBa. M., 1994; Galkin A. et al. Der russische Faschismus im Widerstreit // Utopie kreativ: Diskussion sozialistischer Alternativen. 1995. No. 52. P. 65-72; O cyiiTHOCTH h npn-3HaKax cj)aniH3Ma. 3anncKa, noflroTOBJieHHatr rpynnoH 3KcnepTOB PAH // MocKOBCKHe HOBOCTH. 1995. Ns 39; YrpojKaeT jih Pocchh c[)aiHH3M? MaTepnajibi «Kpyrjibix ctojiob» (1994-1995 rr.) / nofl pefl. Iiempa conHajib-Hbix HccneflOBaHHH 6e3onacHOCTH HCnHPAH. M., 1996; HyjKeH jih THTJiep Pocchh? no MaTepnajiaM MejKflyHapoflHoro cjjopyMa «Oa-
UIH3M B TOTajIHTapHOM H nOCTTOTajIHTapHOM
oöniecTBe: Hfleimbie ochobh, conHajibHaa 6a3a, nojiHTHHecKaa aKTHBHOCTb», MocKBa, 20-22 HHBapa 1995 r. / nofl pefl. B. HjiioineHKO. M., 1996; Schützler H. Faschismus—ein Thema in der russischen Historiographie der 90er Jahre?; XjiionHH B. PyccKHH cj)aniH3M KaK oco3HaHHatr HeOÖXOflHMOCTb // KOHTHHeHT. 2000. Ns 6(19). http://www.continent.kz/2000/06/22.html; BecHHH B. YrpojKaeT jih Pocchh cj)aniH3M? // CoiiHajibHO-ryMaHHTapHbie 3HaHHH. 2002. Ns 5. C. 294-304; KoBajieB B. Mto 5Ke Taxoe
«CJ)ainH3M»? OT 3THMOJIOrHH-K 3aKOHOflaTejIb-
HOMy onpeflejieHHio // PoccHHCKaa tocthuhh. 2002. Ns 10. C. 52-54; /JaflHaHH Jl. OaiuH3M b Pocchh. MhcJjh h peajiHH // CouHOJiorHHecKHe HccjieflOBaHHH. 2002. Ns 3. C. 103-111; oh jKe. <5aKTbi H MbicjiH o pyccKOM cj)aniH3Me. /Thc-Kypc // ConnajibHoe corjiacne npoTHB npaBoro 3KCTpeMH3Ma. BbinycK Ns 3-4 / nofl pefl. Jl.fl. flaflHaHH, r.M. /JeHHCOBCKoro. M., 2005. C. 145-215; BepjiHH E. OaniH3M b Pocchh öojibine ieM cj)aniH3M // He3aBHCHMaa ra3eTa—Ex Libris. 2003. 27 MapTa. http://exlibris.ng.ru/ koncep/2003-03-27/5_fascism.html; YMJiaHfl A. CoBpeMeHHbie KOHnenuHH cj)aniH3Ma b Pocchh h Ha 3anafle; Umland A. Concepts of Fascism in Contemporary Russia und the West; MacjioB O.,
npyflHHK A. 3aMeTKH no HCTOpHH CTaHOBJieHHJT
«pyccKoro cj)aniH3Ma» b Pocchh // EiKeHeflejib-
Hoe He3aBHCHMoe aHajiHTH^ecKoe o6o3peHHe. 2006. 28 anpejiH h 11 Man. http://www.poht. nnov.ru/2006/04/28/fascism/ h http://www. polit.nnov.ru/2006/05/ll/fascism/; Cokojiob M. Ü3yiaa «pyccKHH cj)aniH3M».
[84] YMJiaHfl A. /JeHCTBHTejibHO jih Pocchh ny-THHa — «cjjaniHCTCKaH»? Otbct AjiexcaHflpy
MOTblJIK) // AreHTCTBO nOJIHTHHeCKHX HOBO-
CTeft. 2008. 2 anpejra. http://www.apn.ru/ opinions/articlel9627.htm. Cm. TaKSKe: Luks L. Irreführende Parallelen.
[85] YMJiaHfl A. TpH pa3HOBHflHOCTH nOCTCOBeTCKOrO
c[)ainH3Ma: KoHiienTyajibHbie h KOHTeKCTyajib-Hbie npoöjieMbi HHTepnpeTauHH coBpeMeHHoro pyccKoro yjibTpaHanHOHajiH3Ma // OopyM
HOBeHIIieH BOCTOHHOeBpOneHCKOH HCTOpHH
h KyjibTypbi. 2006. T. 3. Ns 2. http://wwwl.
ku-eichstaett.de/ZIMOS/forum/docs/Umland6.
pdf.
[86] YMJiaHfl A. «nocneflHHH 6pocoK Ha ior» /KnpH-HOBCKOrO H fleCJjHHHIIHH cj)aniH3Ma.
[87] Shekhovtsov A. The Palingenetic Thrust of Russian Neo-Eurasianism: Ideas of Rebirth in Aleksandr Dugin's Worldview // Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 2008. Vol. 9. No. 4. P. 491-506; Umland A. Fascist Tendencies in Russia's Political Establishment: The Rise of the International Eurasian Movement // Russian Analytical Digest. 2009. No. 60. P. 13-17. http://se2.isn.ch/ serviceengine/Files/RESSpecNet/100499/ ipublicationdocument_singledocument/ D556D860-B6FF-406A-9E66-75265D938656/ en/Russian_Analytical_Digest_60 .pdf; Umland A. Faschistische Tendenzen im russischen politischen Establishment: Der Aufstieg der Internationalen Eurasischen Bewegung // Russland-Analysen. 2009. No. 183. P. 7-10. http://www.laender-analysen.de/dlcounter/ dlcounter.php?url=../russland/pdf/ Russlandanalysenl83 .pdf. KjiaccHc|)HnHpoBaTb CerOflHHIHHHH pOCCHHCKHH pejKHM Ha 6a3e TaKHX CÖjIHSKeHHH KaK «npOTOCJjaiHHCTCKHH», <«j)aiHH30HflHbIH» HJIH «c|)aiHHCTByioinHH», oflHaKO, öbijio 6bi HeonpaBflaHHO. TaK 5Ke, KaK H co3flaHHe B MapTe 2008 jmöepajibHO h npo3a-naflHO HacTpoeHHoro HHCTHTyTa coBpeMeHHoro pa3BHTHH H corjiacne HOBoro npe3HfleHTa /J. MeflBefleBa B03rjiaBHTb ero none^HTejibCKHH
COBeT Bpüfl JIH flOCTaTOHHO flJIH TOTO, HTOÖbl
oxapaKTepH30BaTb Hfleojioraio Bcero ceroflHtmi-Hero pejKHMa PO KaK «npoTOJiHÖepajibHyio» hjih «3anaflHHHecKyio».
PyCCKHH yjl bT PAH All HO H A JI H 3 M : AKTYAJIbHOE COCTOSHHE HC C JI E/IO B AH H H
[8 8] /KnpHHOBCKHH B. nocjieflHHH 6pocoK Ha K)r. M., 1993; flyrHH A. Ochobh reonojiHTHKH: Teo-nojiHTHHecKoe 6yflyin.ee Pocchh. M., 1997.
[89] http://wwwl.ku-eichstaett.de/ZIMOS/.
[90] http://wwwl.ku-eichstaett.de/ZIMOS/forum/ inhaltrussl 1 .html.
[91]  noXOJKHMH MOTHBaMH pyKOBOflCTBOBajIHCb H
npoBefleHHbie b 2008 h 2009 rr. flBa npoeKTa aMepHKaHCKoro jKypHajia «PoccHHCKaa no-jiHTHKa H npaBO» no nepeBOfly Ha aHrjiHHCKHH
H3bIK pHfla HayHHblX CTaTbeH, Ony6jIHKOBaHHbIX
b pocchhckhx aKafleMH^ecKHX jKypHajiax. Cm.: Theorizing Post-Soviet Russia's Extreme Right; The Nature of Russian «Neo-Eurasianism». Cmhcji 3thx ny6jiHKaiiHH saKJUOTajica b tom, HTo6bi cflenaTb nepeBefleHHbie HccjieflOBaHHtr flocTynHHMH fljia MejKflyHapoflHoro coo6niecTBa SKcnepTOB no cpaBHHTejibHOMy H3yHeHHio co-BpeMeHHoro MHpoBoro npaBoro 3KCTpeMH3Ma.
[92] http://magazines.russ.ru/.
I88
AHflPEAC YmJIAHJJ
PELIEH3HH    H    OE30PBI   TARTARIA    MAGNA    I ' 2 O I 2
I89
■flafrJurJomitvhi'VJ.j--eij'^t / f
I
Studia Turcica Mongolica Tibetica Manchurica Sibirica Russica-et c
IlPHrjI AIIIAEM
TJI AIIIAEM K GOTPyflHHHECTBy
Pe/takuhji 3JieKTpoHHoro >KypHajia Tartaria Magna npHraa-inaeT aBTopoB k coTpyflHHHecTBy. Mli npHHHMaeM CTaTbH no pa3JiHHHbiM acneKTaM HCTopHH h KyjibTypbi o6niHpHoro reorpa-(|)HHecKoro pernoHa, BK/iioHaioiiiero b ce6a 3aKaBKa3be, KaBKa3, CpeflHioio A3HK), A(|>raHHCTaH, Boctohhhh TypKecTaH, TIobo/i->Kbe, ElpHKacnHH, Ypaji, 3anaflHyio h Boctohhvio CH6Hpb, Kpan-
HHH CeBep, pOCCHHCKHH ,/TajIbHHH BOCTOK, MOHTO/IHK), MaHb-
<j)KypHK), 3THorpa(|>HHecKHH Tn6eT h THMajiaH.
Ka>KflbiH HOMep >KypHajia no/rqHHeH o/ihoh TeMe, KOTopyio onpeflenaeT peflaKiina >KypHa./ia. OopMy/inpoBKa h xapaKTepn-CTHKa nocjieflyioiiieH TeMbi ny6jiHKyeTca b KOHiie Ka>Kfloro Hoine-
pa. rio/IHblH CnHCOK TeM Ha 6jIH)KaHHIHH TOfl Bbl MOJKeTe HaHTH
Ha HaineM came www.tartaria-magna.ru. Mh npHraania-
eM aBTOpOB, Cneil,HajIH3HpyK)iiihxch B HCTOpHH, Ky/IbTVpO/IOTHH,
aHTponojiorHH h coiiho/iothh, npHCbi/iaTb cboh CTaTbH no email:
tartarmagna@gmail.com.
npe>Kfle hgm 6biTb ony6jiHKOBaHHOH, KajKflaa CTaTbH npoxo-flHT o6a3aTejibHyio npoiieflypy He3aBHCHMoro pen,eH3HpoBaHHJi.
K peil,eH3HpOBaHHK) Ha yC/IOBHflX aHOHHMHOCTH npHBJieKaiOTCJ! aBTOpHTeTHbie CneiTHajIHCTbl B COOTBeTCTBVIOHIHX TeMax.
06fl3aTe/IbHHMH Tpe6oBaHHHMH K Iiy6jIHKyeMbIM CTaTbJIM HBJIHIOTCH HX COOTBeTCTBHe 3aflBJieHHOH TeMaTHKe, HajIHHHe nOflpo6HOH HH(|)OpMail,HH 06 aBTOpe (aBTOpax), K/IIOHeBHX CJIOB, KpaTKOH aHHOTailHH CTaTbH Ha pyCCKOM H aHTJIHHCKOM H3HKaX,
npHCTaTGHHoro cnncKa Hcno/ib30BaHH0H jiHTepaTypbi h hctoh-
hhkob, y/tk H BBK.
Mh TaioKe npHBeTCTByeM k/mrocTpaTHBHHH MaTepnaji, yflOB-
JieTBOpHIOIIIHH CTaHflapTHbIM TeXHHHeCKHM Tpe6oBaHHHM-H/I-
JIIOCTpaiTHH flO/DKHH 6bITb HGTKHMH (6e3 H3JIHHIHeH fleTajIH3a-IIHh) H, npH Heo6xOflHMOCTH, C nOflpHCyHOHHblMH nOflnHCHMH. OopMaT paCTpOBblX K/I/IIOCTpaiTHH B SJieKTpOHHOM BHfle - tiff,
jpeg, pa3peineHHeM He MeHee 300 dpi, BeKTopHbie Hji/nocTpaiiHH npHHHMaioTCH b (|>opMaTe Adobe Illustrator He CTapine 10 BepcHH. Eo/iee noflpo6Haa HH(|>opMaii,HJi flocTynHa Ha HaineM came. #
www.Tartaria-Magna.ru
/ThAJIEKTHKA   B3aHMOOTHOIIieHHH Me>Kfly «cbohmh» h «ny-
khmh», KOHCTpyHpoBaHHe h npeoflo/ieHHe rpaHHii paccMaTpn-BajiHCb b flaHHOM h npeflbi/ryiiieM BbinycKax Tartaria Magna b HeKoeH MaKpo-nepcneKTHBe—Ha npHMepe TOTajibHHX Kynwyp-
HO-CHMBOJIHHeCKHX H/hjih nOJIHTHHeCKHX CHCTeM. B TpeTbeM
BbmycKe >KypHa./ia mh npefljiaraeM aBTopaM h HHTaTe/iHM co-BepniHTb CBoero pofla «aHTponojiorHHecKHH pa3BopoT» h pac-
CMOTpeTb 3Ty npo6jieMaTHKy B KOHTeKCTe B3aHMOOTHOHieHHH KpOBHOTO pOflCTBa, pOflOBOH H CeMeHHOH TeHeajIOTHH, 6paHHbIX
ajibHHCOB, a TaKace poflCTBa (Jdhrthbhoto, T.e. Bcex Tex coiTHajib-
HblX B3aHMOOTHOIIieHHH, KOTOpbie B COBpeMeHHOH HayKe npHHH-TO o6o3HaHaTb TepMHHOM kinship Studies. Pa3JIHHHbie CHCTeMH pOflCTBa H COOTBeTCTByiOIIIHe HM TepMHHOJIOTHH H HepapxHH MO-
ryT noKa3aTb BHHMaTe/ibHOMy Ha6jnoflaTejno KaK cxoflCTBa, TaK
H pa3JIHHHH B CTpaTeTHH H TaKTHKe HHTerpailHH/flH(|)(|)epeH-
n,Han,HH coo6niecTB, a MeTacjjopHHHOCTb H3HKa sthx CHCTeM no-3BOJiaeT HaM BepHyTbca, bo3mo>kho, Ha 60/iee bhcokom ypoBHe o6o6nieHHH, h k MaciiiTa6y MaKpo-aHajiH3a. TlpefljiaraeM Hccne-flOBaTejiHM, pa6oTaioniHM b 3tom npo6jieMHOM nojie, npHHHTb aKTHBHoe y^acTHe b (|>opMHpoBaHHH TpeTbero BbinycKa Tartaria Magna. ByfleM paflbi coTpyflHmecTBy c BaMH!
03HAKOMHTbCfI C HALOHM JKyPHA^OM H OCTABHTb KOMMEHTAPHH Bbl mojkete HA HALOEM CAHTE
www.Tartaria-Magna.ru
Tahtarja Magna
HAyHHMH
*y phaj]
i / 20i2 Mhp «cbohx» h «Hy>khx»
The world of 'Self' and 'Others'
tema BbinyCKA flyXOBHHE BPATbS, cbjjihehhme bpath. CoqHAJIbHAJJ KOMMyHHKAIJHfl CKB03b nPH3My PEJIHrH03HOrO OnblTA
theme of the issue Spiritual Brethrens, Sacral Foes. Social communication through the prism of religious experience
BbinycKaroiHHH peflaKTop
h.b. qblPEMnHJIOB
TexHHHecKHH peflaKTop
n. K. BAPHABCKHH
OcJjopMJieHHe HOMepa
A. O. rAPMAEB
Aflpec peflaKUHH: 670047 PoccHHCKaH (JPeflepauHH Pecny6iiHKa BypHTHH, "yjiaH-yfls yn.CaxbHHOBOH 6 / hmet co pah + 7(3012) 5733 93 tartarmagna @ gmail .com
IloflnHcaHO b nenaTb 12.04.2012 $opMaT 60x90/16 ByMara orJjceTHaa TapHHTypa Charter
riojiHaH 3JieKTpOHHafl BepcHH )KypHajia flocTyrma Ha caÖTe www.Tartaria-Magna.ru