r i/20i3 r y M A H H TA P H Ail KAPTOTPAOHfl X TPAHCKyJIbTyPHblE ÜPOCTPAHCTBA H KOHCTPYHPOBAHHE rPAHHĽJ B BAHKAJIbCKOM PETHOHE: rEOHHOOPMAIlHOHHblň AHAJIH3 nEPHOflA 1917-1923 rr. X /JPEBHHE H CPE/JHEBEKOBblE TOPORA ÜJEHTPAJIbHOH A3HH IlPE/lBAPHTE/IbHblE PE3yjIbTATbI 3KCIlE/(HLIHOHHOrO HCC/IE/IOBAHHÍI X Ta Uta rj a Magna Studia Turkjca Mongolica Tibetica Manchurica Sibirica Russica et cetera i / 2013 KAPTbl B ßEHCTBHH OBPA3H nPOCTPAHCTBA H TEOrPAOHHECKAH PEAJIbHOCTb TyMAHHIAPHAfl KAPIOrPAÍHfl BBK 63.3(0) y/iK 94(1-11) IlOJIHaH SJieKTpOHHaH BepCHH >KypHajia flocTyriHa Ha caftTe www.Tartaria-Magna.ru ISSN 2224-9559 © KojuieKTHB aBTopoB, 2013 ©HMET CO PAH, 2013 © ByPHAfl-MOHrOJI HOM, 2013 KOHIIEnT TARTARIA MAGNA, HHKOrfla He HMeBIHHH 3KBHBa- neHTOB b boctohhoh reorpac|)HH, Hcnojib30Banca b eBponencKOH HayKe c siioxh PeHeccaHca pfla o6o3HaHeHHH o6niHpHLix, Mano-HacejieHHLix, MajioH3yjeHHbix h noTOMy Ka3aBHiHxca Bpa>Kfle6- HblMH TeppHTOpHH, rpaHHITbl KOTOpLIX 6bIJIH BeCbMa yCJIOBHblMH. Ha KapTe OpTejina BTopon ncmoBHHbi xvi BeKa BenHKaa TapTa-pHH npOCTHpaeTCH OT HH30BHH Booth H EIpHKacnHH flO OKeaHa, no3flHee nojiyjHBiiiero hmh Tnxoro, orpaHHHHBaacb c ceBepa Oceanus Scythicus hjih Mare Glaciale, a c rora ropaMH KaBKa3-ckhmh h KHTaeM. B flanbHeHineM 3th rparombi pacniHpHJiHCb h nojryiHJiH HeKOTopyio fleTanH3arj,Hio, bkjiiohhb b ce6a Mockob-CKoe iiapcTBO, CpeflHioio A3hk>, Tn6eT h MoHrojiHio. EIo3flHee He3yHTbI nOCHHTajIH npaBHJIbHbIM npHCOBOKynHTb k TapTapHH h 3eMJiH MaHbH)KypoB. B raa3ax eBponencKHX xpohhctob h Kap-Torpac|)OB Tartaria Magna HHKorfla He 6buia eflHHHM rjejibiM, XOTH B pa3HOe BpeMH C HeH CBH3bIBajIHCb H HMnepHH MOHrOJIOB, h 3ojioTaa Opfla, h UHHCKaa HMnepna h o6niHpHoe rjapcTBO Po-MaHOBbix. H Bee me Grand Tartarie Bcerfla ocraBajiacb noHHTHeM Co6HpaTenbHbIM. Mbl TaiOKe He CKJIOHHbl BHfleTb B BejIHKOH TapTapHH HeTKO OHepneHHbiH reorpa(|)HHecKHH perHOH hjih, Bcnefl 3a HOBblMH XpOHOJIOraMH, KOHKpeTHOe HCTOpHKO-IIOJIHTHHeCKOe u,ejioe. Tartaria Magna b hmchh Harnero MypHana sto CKopee hc-cjieflOBaTenbCKoe nojie, oflHOBpeMeHHO flaiomee npeflCTaBJieHHe o HecTporHX reorpac^HHecKHX rpaHHiiax H3bicKaTejibCKoro hh-Tepeca, coBnaflaiomHX c (JiopMyjiHpoBKOH, noHBHBineHCH b Bpn-TaHCKOH SHirHKnoneflHH b 1771 rofly, h noflHepKHBaiomee Hfleio 06 3tom eBpa3HHCKOM xapnuieHde xax o Bee enje HeH3BecTHOM h HenoHHTOM pernoHe MHpa. no mhcjih co3flaTejieH, MypHaji o6"be- flHHHT Ha CBOHX CTpaHHIiaX HCTOpHKOB, KyjIbTypOJIOrOB H aHTpO- nojioroB caMbix pa3Hbix HayHHbix hikoji h HanpaBJieHHH. )KypHaji BblXOflHT Ha pyCCKOM H3bIKe, H OflHa H3 erO OCHOBHblX MHCCHH npeflCTaBHTb pyCCKOfl3bFIHOMy HHTaTejHO pe3yjIbTaTbI H3bICKa- hhh Me>KflyHapoflHbix HccjieflOBaTejien b pyccKHX nepeBOflax. # 0 KOHqEnqHH 5K Y P H A JI A Tartar.!a Magna STUDIA TUR.KJCA MONGOLICA TlBETICA MANCHUR.ICA SIBIR.ICA RUSSICA ET CETERA Pe/iaktopei a.c. bpecjiabckhh n.K. BAPHABCKHH h.b. qblPEMni^OB PeAAKUHOHHAH KOJIJIETUR R.R. amoto^ohoba b.k). b a iii ky e b b.3. HAH3ATOB Pe/iaklihohhwh cobet b.b. BA3APOB HJien-Koppecnondenm pah, MHcmumym Monzojioeedemui, öyddojiozuu u muöemojiozuu co pah b.o. eoepobhhkob MHcmumym eocmoKoeedenuR pah .71.b. KAJIbMHHA MHcmumym Monzojioeedemui, öyddojiozuu u muöemojiozuu co pah K. KOJIJIMAP-nAyjlEHLl EepncKuu ynueepcumem a. mopphcoh Ha3ap6aee ynueepcumem h.b. OKTflBPbCKAü MHcmumym apxeonozuu u amnozpatfiuu co pah t./i. CKPblHHHKOBA MHcmumym eocmounbix pyKonuceü pah k. xamoph KeMÖpudjKCKUu ynueepcumem Editors anatoly breslavsky nikolay tsyrempilov pavel varnavsky Editorial Board darima amogolonova vsevolod bashkuev bair nanzatov Editorial Council boris bazarov corresponding member o/ras, Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan studies of Siberian Branch o/ras vladimir bobrovnikov Institute of Oriental studies o/ras caroline humphrey Cambridge University lilia kalmina Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan studies of Siberian Branch o/ras karenina ko l l m a r-pau l e n z Bern University alexandre morrison Nazarbayev University irina oktyabrskaya Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of Siberian Branch o/ras tatyana skrynnikova Institute of Oriental Manuscripts o/ras Tartarja Magna STUDIA TUR.KJCA MONGOLICA TlBETICA MANCHUR.ICA SIBIR.ICA RUSSICA ET CETERA i / 20I3 TEMA BbinycKA: KAPTbl b flEHCTBHH. OEPA3M ITPOCTPAHCTBA h TEOrPAOHHECKAJä PEAHbHOCTb Cjioeo pedaKuuu Mccjiedoeamm 12 TpaHCKyjibTypHbie npocTpaHCTBa h KOHCTpynpoBaHHe rpaHHLi b EaHKajibCKOM pernoHe: reoHH(J)opMaLiHOHHbiH aHajiH3 nepnofla 1917-1923 rr. Transcultural spaces and boundary construction in the Baikal region: geoinformation analysis, 1917-1923 HBAH CABJIHH I IVAN SABLIN HayuHue omuemu 70 /JpeBHHe h cpeflHeBeKOBbie ropofla LJeHTpajibHOH A3HH. IlpeflBapHTejibHbie pe3yjibTaTbi SKcneflHLiHOHHoro HccjieflOBaHHH Ancient and medieval cities of Central Asia. Preliminary results of the field research CEPTEH /IAHH.7IOB, AIO/IAHH OHHP, HHKOJIAH HMEHOXOEB, JIXATBACyPEH 3 p/13 h 3 e O Jl J\, BAIP HAH 3 AT O b, A.7I e KC Ah/i p CHMYXHH, HOPOB YPTHACAH | SERGEI DANILOV, AIUUDAIN OCHIR, NIKOLAI IMENOKHOEV, l KH AGVASU REN ERDENEBOLD, BAIR NANZATOV, ALEKSANDR SIMOUKHIN, NOROV URTNASAN Tahtarja Magna Studia Turkica Mongolica Tibet ica M anchur ica Sibirica Russica et cetera i / 2013 THEME OF THE ISSUE! MAPS IN ACTION. IMAGES OF SPACE AND GEOGRAPHIC REALITY IlPE/liHC^OBHE K BbinyCKY Cjiobo pedaxuuu HOByio TeMaTHKy, KOTopoft SyflyT nocBHineHbi HecKOJibKO BbinycKOB Tartaria Magna, mh onpeflennjiH KaK «ryMa-HHTapHan KapTorpa(j)HH». B paMKax flaHHOH TeMbi mh npefljiaraeM HHTaTejiHM noflKJiioHHTbCH k flHCKyccHHM, 3a-TparHBaiomHM Bonpocbi BH3yajibHOH penpe3eHTHpyeMOCTH reorpa(j)H-necKoro npocTpaHCTBa b ryMaHHTapHbix HayKax, B3aHMOCBH3aHHOcra h ciuieTeHHOCTH KyjibTypHoro h reorpacJiHHecKoro npocTpaHCTB, 06- pa3HO-3HaKOBOrO MOflejIHpOBaHHH KyjIbTypHO-HCTOpHHeCKOH fleft-CTBHTejIbHOCTH. B peajIbHOCTH CBH3b Me>Kfly (|)H3HHeCKHM JiaHflina(j)TOM H nejio- BenecKHM npocTpaHCTBeHHHM Boo6pa>KeHHeM MO>KeT 6biTb BecbMa onocpeflOBaHHOH, hto no3BOjraeT pa3flenHTb npocTpaHCTBO, no BpyHO JIaTypy, Ha (j)H3HHecKoe h HejioBenecKoe. 3MHJib /JiopKreHM nojiaraji, hto npocTpaHCTBeHHbie npeflCTaBJieHHH jnofleft HanpHMyro CBH3aHbi c oco6eHHOCTHMH hx coiniajibHOH opraHH3auHH. Ilbep Bypflbe, b cbokd onepeflb, eine 6ojiee >KecTKO nocTyjinpoBaji 3aBHCHMOCTb (j)H3HHecKO-ro npocTpaHCTBa ot couHajibHbix HepapxHH h CTpyKTyp: c sthx no-3huhh (j)H3HHecKoro npocTpaHCTBa He cyinecTByeT KaK 06'beKTHBHOH flaHHOCTH, oho ecTb jiHinb OTpa>KeHHe couHajibHbix, nojiHTmecKHX h BJiacTHbix OTHOineHHH, CBH3biBaioiHHX o6inecTBO. PojiaH BapT bh-flejiHJi b oco6oe HanpaBJieHHe npocTpaHCTBeHHyio ceMHOTHKy, hto b HTore npHBeno k B03HHKHOBeHHK> nejibix HanpaBJieHHH, H3yHaioiHHX BocnpHHTHe h HHTepnpeTanHH npocTpaHCTBa H TeppHTOpHH B pa3JIHH-hhx KyjibTypax h couHajibHbix rpynnax — ot MHcJioreorpacJjHH h Kor- HHTHBHOH reOrpa(J)HH flO HCTOpHHeCKOH reOHH(J)OpMaTHKH. H 3THMH B3rjIHflaMH TeOpHH B3aHMOCBH3H MeHTajibHoro H npocTpaHCTBeHHoro H3MepeHHH, KOHeHHO, OTHIOflb He HcnepnbiBaeTCH. A Human Mapping. Theme of the issue 1/2013: Maps in action. Images of space and geographic reality npEflHCjioBHE Tartaria Magna i '2013 9 Tlpeducjioeue K ebinyacy «HejioBenecKoe» npocTpaHCTBO b ero fljiHTejibHOH flHajieKTHHecKofl CBH3H C (J)H3HHeCKHM JiaHflina(J)TOM HHTepeCyeT H aBTOpa OflHOH H3 CTa- Teft, BomefliiiHX b nepBbm BbinycK Tartaria Magna 2013 rofla. CTaTbH Meana Caömma, npeflCTaBJieHHaH b stom BbinycKe, onnpaeTCH Ha no-CTpenpe3eHTaTHBHbiH npHHUHn aHajiH3a reorpacJiHHecKHX KapT, co- TJiaCHO KOTOpOMy KapTbl flaiOT B03MO>KHOCTb peKOHCTpyKI^HH HCTOpH- necKOH peajibHOCTH b Tom BHfle, b KOTopoM OHa cyinecTBOBajia b yMax caMHX ee apxHTeKTopoB. TaKoö noflxofl 6epeT b yneT TaKsce MHoroy-poBHeBOCTb KapT, T.e. cnocoÖHOCTb hx noTeHiniajibHO BMeinaTb b ce6a MHO>KecTBO nepcneKTHB. Bbiöop CaöJiHHbiM EaÜKajibCKoro pernoHa BOCTOHHOH CHÖHpH HBJIHeTCH Hpe3BbIHaHHO yflaHHHM, nOCKOJIbKy b 20-e roflbi nponiJioro BeKa Ha ero TeppHTopHH bo3hhkjio MHO>KecTBO npoeKTOB rocyflapcTBeHHbix o6pa30BaHHÜ Ha ocHOBe nojiHTHHecKoft, 3THHHeCKOH H pejIHrH03HOH HfleHTHHHOCTeH. BTopaH CTaTbH, noMemeHHaH b pyöpHKy «HayHHbie OTHeTbi», TaK-TKe CBH3aHa c oöineii TeMaraKOH 6jiH>KaHiiiHX BbinycKOB. B Heft H3-jiaraioTCH pe3yjibTaTbi TpexjieTHero npoeKTa (2010-2012 it.) no co- CTaBJieHHK) SJieKTpOHHOH KapTbl TOpOflOB KOHeBHHKOB D^eHTpajIbHOH A3HH (xyHHy, yörypoB, KHflaHeö, MOHrojioB), b KOTopoM yqacTBOBajra yneHbie Mohtojimh h PecnyöJiHKH BypHTHH Pocchhckoh KHbie BblBOflbl OTHOCHTejIbHO 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH B03HHKHOBeHHH H (JjyHKUH- OHHpoBaHHH KOHeBbix rocyflapcTB. riepefl yneHbiMH Tenepb npeflCTaeT HarjiHflHaH KapTHHa HCTopHHecKoö reorpacJiHH stoh nacTH MHpa. PeflaKUHH >KypHajia Tartaria Magna npnrjiainaeT HccjieflOBaTejiefl K COTpyflHHHeCTBy B (J)OpMHpOBaHHH 6jIH>KaHIIIHX HOMepOB h npH- HHMaeT fljiH nyöJiHKauHH CTaTbH h onepKH, CBH3aHHbie c o6o3HaneH-hoh Bbiine TeMaTHKOH. HanoMHHaeM, hto Bee CTaTbH, npHHHMaeMbie k nyöJiHKauHH b Tartaria Magna, npoxoflHT nponeflypy o6H3aTenbHoro aHOHHMHoro pen;eH3HpoBaHHH. # 10 www.Tartaria-Magna.ru KapmbL e deücmeuu. 06pa3bL npocmpancmea u zeozpacßimecicaR peajibHocmb UPEflHCJioBHE Tartaria Magna 1 ' 2 o 1 3 11 Transcultural spaces and boundary construction in the Baikal region: geoinformation analysis, I9I7-I923 The collapse of the Qing and Russian empires in the early 20 th century resulted in economic and political turmoil throughout Eurasia. In the Baikal region, the virtual absence of state provoked numerous attempts of regional and external actors to recreate this institution. Over the six years which passed after the February Revolution of 1917 a number of projects of new political entities and related administrative and national boundaries had been designed and partially implemented in the region. The authors of the projects appealed to ethnic, religious and civilizational identities of heterogeneous population, employed globally circulating ideas of self-determination and social justice, competed and collaborated with each other. The active phase of the power struggle ended with the establishment of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Republic in 1923 and the independent Mongolian People's Republic a year later. For the analysis of the competing projects and those transcultural spaces which they sought to disentangle, a geographic information system was created. Although ethno-national categories became the nominal criterion for the final demarcation of the region into two territories, other identities were also taken into account. Paying much attention to transboundary entanglements, the authors of the ultimate project presented a model of governance for the future post-revolutionary world "without borders". 14 Hbah Cab jihh TPAHCKY/IbTyPHblE FIPOCTPAHCTBA h KOHCTPyHPOBAHHE rPAHHLJ b EAHKAJIbCKOM PETHOHE: rEOHHOOPMAUHOHHblH ahajih3 nEPHO/ja I917-I923 it. KpyineHHe I^hhckoh h Pocchhckoh HMnepHH b Hanajie xx b. npHBeno k SKOHOMHHecKOMy h nojiHTHHecKOMy xaocy Ha 3HaHHTejIbHOH HaCTH EBpa3HHCKOrO KOHTHHeHTa. B Eaft-KajibCKOM pernoHe Ha CTHKe Ch6hph h MoHrojiHH (JjaKTme-CKoe OTcyTCTBHe rocyflapcTBa cnpoBoinipoBajio MHoroHHCJieHHbie no- IlblTKH MeCTHblX, perHOHajIbHHX H BHeniHHX aKTOpOB BOCC03flaTb 3TOT HHCTHTyT B TOH HJIH HHOH (j)OpMe. AKTHBHaH (j)a3a 6opb6bI 3a BJiaCTb 3aBepniHJiacb co3flaHHeM BypHT-MoHrojibCKOH Abtohomhoh CouHajiH- CTHHeCKOH CoBeTCKOH PeCIiy6jIHKH (BMACCP) B I923 T. H He3aBHCH- moh MoHrojibCKoft HapoflHoft Pecny6jiHKH roflOM no3>Ke. 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B HeKOTopbix H3 3thx TpaHCKyjibTypHbix (B3aHMOCBH3aHHbix, nepece-KaioiHHXCH h HeoflH03HaHHO HHTepnpeTHpyeMbix) npocTpaHCTB rpa-HHUbi apTHKyjinpoBajiHCb b TepMHHax rpynnoBbix HfleHTHHHOCTeří (sTHHHecKoň, pejiHrH03Hoň, nojiHTHKO-HfleojiorHHecKOH), a 3aTeM npoeuHpoBajiHCb Ha reorpacjjHHecKoe npocTpaHCTBO, rfle npefljiara-jiocb onepTHTb o6oco6jieHHbie TeppHTopHH. B flpyrnx—npoeKTHpye-Mbie rpaHHUbi 6buiH npH3BaHbi o6ecneHHTb KOHTpojib Hafl nyTHMH co-o6m;eHHH h 3kohomhh6ckhmh pecypcaMH. OTflenbHbie npoeKTbi h npHBeflinne k hx co3flaHHio OTHOineHHH 3a nocjieflHHe roflbí HeoflHOKpaTHO npHBJíeKajiH BHHMaHHe yneHbix1. ripocTpaHCTBeHHbie acneKTbi npoeKTOB, oflHaKO, ocTaioTCH Majio- H3yHeHHbIMH. /Jjra aHajiH3a KOHKypnpyioíHHX npoeKTOB h Tex npocTpaHCTB, ko-Topbie ohh pa3rpaHHHHBajiH, 6bma co3flaHa reorpacJ)HHecKaH HHcJjop-MauHOHHan CHCTeMa (ruč). Hcnojib30BaHHe MeTOflOB HCTopmecKOH reoHH(J)opMaTHKH—HayqHoro HanpaBJíeHHH h TexHOJiorHH kom-njieKCHoro aHajiH3a HCTopHHecKHX hctohhhkob, oĎTjeflHHeHHbix b oflHy reoHH(|)opManHOHHyio CHCTeMy2—no3BOJiHJio npocjieflHTb B3an- MOCBH3H Me>Kfly TpaHCKyjIbTypHHMH npOCTpaHCTBaMH H pa3JIHHHHMH npoeKTaMH. B HacTOHmeň CTaTbe npocTpaHCTBeHHbie hctohhhkh He pacavia-TpHBajiHCb b KanecTBe OTpa>KeHHH HeKoň HCTopHKO-reorpa(J)HHecKOH peajibHOCTH, T.e. KapTbi h tckcth He noflpa3flejiHJiHCb Ha BepHbie — OTpa>KaioiHHe h penpe3eHTHpyioii];He peajibHOCTb—h HeBepHbie—hc-Ka>KaioiHHe ee. B cooTBeTCTBHH c nocTpenpe3eHTaTHBHHM noflxoflOM k KapTorpa(J)HH jno6aH KapTa hbjihctch He CTOJibKO penpe3eHTan;HeH HCTopmecKoň peajibHOCTH, CKOJibKO ee cyĎTjeKTHBHoň HHTepnpe-TanjHeň, o6yc^oBJieHHoň n;enHMH ee co3flaTejieň. KpoMe toto KapTbi KOHKypnpyioT flpyr c flpyroM, npeTeHflyH Ha HHTepnpeTauHOHHyio mo-HonojiHio. B OTJiHHHe ot oflHocroHHOH KapTbi MHoroypoBHeBbie ruč n03BOJIHK)T OTK33aTbCH OT nOnbITOK peKOHCTpyHpOBaTb eflHHCTBeHHO BepHyK) «HCTOpHHeCKyK) peajIbHOCTb» H flaiOT B03MO>KHOCTb COBMe- CTHTb MHO^KecTBeHHbie nepcneKTHBbi h tohkh 3peHHH (reTeporeHHbie peajIbHOCTH)3 B OflHOH CHCTeMe, yflejIHB BHHMaHHe Ka>KflOH H3 hhx. reOHH(J)OpMai^HOHHaH MeTOflOJIOTHH n03BOJIHeT T3K>Ke nO-HOBOMy H3JiaraTb pe3yjibTaTbi HccjieflOBaHHH. IlpefljiaraeMbiH b HacTOHmefl CTaTbe npocTpaHCTBeHHO-BH3yajibHHH HappaTHB no3BOJiHeT HHTaTe- JIK) He TOJIbKO BHHMaTejIbHO 03HaKOMHTbCH C TÍÍC, HO H CflejiaTb Co6-CTBeHHbie BblBOflbl O TeX HJIH HHbIX KOppejIHLi;HHX H B3aHMOCBH3HX4. (řopMaT HayHHoň CTaTbH, k co>KajieHHio, He no3BOjraeT noflpoĎHO ocTa-HOBHTbCH Ha OTflejibHbix npocTpaHCTBax, HHTepnpeTai^HHX h npoeKTax, a nOTOMy MH BbIHy>KfleHbI OrpaHHHHTbCH KpaTKHMH nOHCHeHHHMH K Ka>KflOMy H3o6pa>KeHHio-cpe3y ruč. Wenzlhuemer 2010; Lów 2001 AHdpeee 2006; Ba3apoe 2011; Ea3apoe, )Ka6aeea 2008; Ea3apoe 2002; BapHaecKuů, Jlupxeeea, QcpbtHHUKoea 2003; Kypac2011; Tsyrempilov 2008; LfbtpeMniuioe 2007; K)3eipoBUH 2010; K>3etfioeuu 1996 ' BjiaduMupoe 2005; Knowles 2002 3 Latour2005 4 Cmoum omMemumb, umo nodoÓHasi (popma u3Ji03icemiR s 3HauumejibHoů Mepe o6x3aHa cboum cyw,ecmeoeaHueM B03M03ICH0CmSlM liwfipOBOŮ nyójiuKaiiuu iicypucma Tartaria Magna HcCAEflOBAHHS TARTARIA MAGNA l'20I3 17 TpaHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpaHcmea uKOHcmpyupoeanue zpanuu s EaŮKajibCKOM pezuone 18 nPOEKTbl PEKOHnrypAqnn nOJIHTHHECKOrO nPOCTPAHCTBA PaccMOTpHM CHanajia cyinecTBOBaBiiiHe flo 1917 r. rocyflapcTBeHHbie H aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbie rpaHHUbi h BapnaHTbi hx H3MeHeHHH. Bbifle-jieHHHH aHajiHTHHecKH BaÖKajibCKHH perHOH BKJiioHaeT b ceÖH Tep- pHTOpHK) flByX npOBHHUHH POCCHHCKOH HMTiepHH no COCTOHHHK) Ha 1917 r.— HpKyTCKOH ryöepHHH h 3a6aÖKajibCKOH oöjiacra (Puc. 1). PerHOH pacnojio>KeH b ceBepHOH nacTH a3hh Ha rpaHHue MejKfly 6hb- Hbah Caejihh IHHMH IT,HHCKOH H POCCHHCKOH HMIiepHHMH. BbIXOfla K MOpK) He HMeeT. 4epe3 BaÖKajibCKHH perHOH npoxoflHT TpaHCCHÖnpcKaH >Kejie3HOflo-po^KHan MarHCTpajib. riocjie KpyineHHH oöenx HMnepnö rpaHHUbi, npeflCTaBJieHHbie Ha KapTe (Puc. 1), noflBeprjiHCb nepecMOTpy. IlepBbiM no BpeMe-HH nocTHMnepcKHM npoeKTOM B pernoHe CTajia EypHT-MOHrojibCKaa aBTOHOMHH, npoB03rjiaiiieHHaH 25 anpejra 1917 p. Ha nepBOM oöine-SypHTCKOM Cbe3fle b Hhtc AsTopbi npoeKTa, oflHaKO, B03flep>KajiHCb HcC^EflOBAHHS TaRTARIA MAGNA l'20i3 Kapmu s deucmeuu. 06pa3u npocmpaHcmea u zeozpacßunecKaR peajibHocmb PUC. 1. EaŮKOJlbCKUŮ pezuou U npU3HÜHHbte zocydapcmeeHHbte ZpCLHUUbl 8 A3IIU, 1917 (IlepecejieHuecKoe ynpaejieuue Fnaenozo ynpaejiemiR 3eMJieycmpoůcmea u 3eMJiedejiun, KapmozpatfiimecKoe 3aeedeuue moeapuw,ecmea A. 0. MapKC 1914a; W. & A.K. Johnston 1912; Natural Earth 2012a). I9 TpaHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpaHcmea uKOHcmpyupoeanue zpanuu, e EauKajibCKOM pezuone ot ycTaHOBJieHHH rpaHHu;, npeflocTaBHB sto npaBO BcepoccHHCKOMy ynpeflHTejibHOMy co6paHHK>. Bonpoc o ueHTpe aBTOHOMHH TaKsce npeflnojiarajiocb peniHTb no3flHee. Abtohomhh 6ypHT-MOHrojibCKoro Hapofla He nojiyHHJia noflflep>KKH y BpeMeHHoro npaBHTenbCTBa h pe-rnoHajibHbix BJiacTeft. HecMOTpH Ha to, hto npoeKT He 6bm peajiH30BaH B H3HaHajIbHOM BapHaHTe, OH OKa3ajI 3HaHHTejIbHOe BJIHHHHe Ha OKOH- naTejibHoe pa3rpaHHHeHHe pernoHa, a noTOMy npocTpaHCTBeHHoe 0(j)OpMJieHHe aHMaKOB - aflMHHHCTpaTHBHblX eflHHHU;, COCTaBJIHK)- IIJHX aBTOHOMHK) -Mbl paCCMOTpHM HH>Ke, B KOHTeKCTe C03flaHHH aB- tohomhhx o6jiacTeH h aBTOHOMHoft pecny6jiHKH b 1921-1923 it. He-cmotph Ha npo6jieMbi npH3HaHHH, b aftMaKax 6buio co3flaHO 3eMCKoe caMoynpaBJieHHe, flOKa3aBinee cbokd cocTOHTejibHOCTb b roflbi iiojihth-necKHX h SKOHOMHHecKHX nepTyp6auHH.1 IlpoeKT BypHT-MOHrojibCKOH aBTOHOMHH cbirpaji Ba^KHyK) pojib b ocJjopMJieHHH BToporo no BpeMeHH 3HaHHMoro npoeKTa, noflpa3-yMeBaBinero co3flaHHe He3aBHCHMoro MoHrojibCKoro rocyflapcTBa. Kapmu e deucmBuu. 06pa3u npocmpaHcrriBa u zeozpatfiimecicaR peajibHocmb Puc. 2. MOHZOJlhCKOe ipedepamuBHoe zocydapcmeo (TAP® . 200, on. 1, 3. 406, ji. 1-2; TAP® (p. 200, on. 1, d. 478, ji. 78; PTACim . 495, on. 152, d. 20, ji. 43; YlepecejiemecKoe ynpaejiemie Ejiaenozo ynpaejiemm 3eMJieycmpoucmea u 3eMJiedejiim, KapmozpatfiunecKoe 3aeedenue moeapumficmea A. ®. Mapicc 1914b; The Edinburgh Geographical Institute, John Bartholomew & Son, Ltd. 1922a; Natural Earth 2012a). Ilodpo6Hee cm. Ea3apoe, )Ka6aeea 2008; BapuaecKuu, JLhipxeeea, QcpuHHUicoea 2003 20 Hbah Cab jihh HCGIEflOBAHHS TARTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I 3 21 TpcLHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpaHcmea uKOHcmpyupoeanue zpanuu s EaŮKajibCKOM pezuone 1 riodpoôme cm. Kypac 2011; Ea3apoe 2002; K)3ecßo6UH 1996 '■ riodpoÔHee cm. Tsyrempilov 2008; IJupeMniuioe 2007 06i>eflHHeHHe EypHTCKoft, XyjiyHOynpcKOH, BHyTpeHHeň h BHeniHefl MoHrojiHH b oflHy 4>eflepaLiHio 6biJio npoB03rjiaineHO 25 (jjeBpajra 1919 r. Ha KOH(J)epeHLiHH npeflCTaBHTejieö Tpex H3 nerapex 6yflyniHX aÖMaKOB — cyoteKTOB (jjeflepainiH — b Hhtc B OTJiHHHe ot npoeKTa aBTOHOMHH, npoeKT He3aBHCHMOH oÖTjeflHHeHHOH MoHrojiHH nojiy-HHJi BnojiHe onpeflejieHHoe npocTpaHCTBeHHoe HanojiHeHHe (Puc. 2). K TeppHTopHH 6ypHT npefljiarajiocb OTHecra Bee 3a6aÖKajibe. ľpa-HHLibi BaprH (XyjiyHOynpcKOH Mohtojimh) , BHenmeH h BHyTpeHHefl MoHrojiHH b 06111hx HepTax ôhuiu TaioKe onpeflejieHbi. B KanecTBe ajibTepHaTHBHoro, MeHbinero, BapnaHTa npefljiarajiocb BKJiioHHTb b cocTaB HOBoro rocyflapcTBa Jinnib Heöojibinyio K»KHyio nacTb 3a6aft- KajIbCKOH OÖJiaCTH H HCKJIIOHHTb BHyTpeHHIOK) MoHrOJIHK). CTOJIHLiefl HOBoro rocyflapcTBa flOJi>KeH ohm CTaTb ropofl Xařuiap. Co3flaHHoe Ha KOH(J)epeHLiHH npaBHTejibCTBO BpeMeHHO pacnojio>KHJiocb Ha CTaH-LiHH /JaypHH. Ha CTaHUHH /JaypHH 6a3HpoBajiHCb TaioKe h BoopysceH-Hbie CHJibi HOBoro npaBHTejibCTBa — öypHTCKHe h MOHrojibCKHe nacTH b cocTaBe BOHCK ľ. m. CeMeHOBa, Ha tot momcht He noflHHHHBinero-ch A. B. Kojinaicy. /JaHHbie chjih imaHHpoBajiocb Hcnojib30BaTb npo-THB npaBHTejibCTBa Eorflo-rarsHa IX, KOTopoe He no>Kejiajio npHHHTb ynacTHe b npoeKTe h cflejiaTb BHeniHioio Mohtojihio, Ha tot Moitem aBTOHOMHK) b cocTaBe KHTaöcKOH PecnyöJiHKH, HacTbK) HOBoro 4>efle-paTHBHoro rocyflapcTBa.1 BoHCKa /JaypcKoro npaBHTejibCTBa 4>opMHpoBajiHCb nyreM npneMa flOÖpOBOJIbLieB H npH3bIBa CpeflH ÖypHTCKOrO HaCejieHHH. upOTHBHH-KH ynaCTHH 6ypHT B BOOpySCeHHblX KOH(|)JIHKTaX CIUIOTHJIHCb BOKpyr 4>Hrypbi BJiHHTejibHoro jiaMbi JlyöcaHa CaMflaHa LJbifleHOBa. B LiejiHX 3aiiiHTbi CBOHX CTopoHHHKOB ot npH3biBa, a TaioKe b KanecTBe ajibTep- HaTHBbl ÖypHTCKOÖ aBTOHOMHH H MOHTOJIbCKOH (jjeflepaUHH, LJblfleHOB npoB03rjiacHJi co3flaHHe He3aBHCHMoro TeoKparanecKoro rocyflapcTBa — CaMOBOJibHO OTflejiHBinerocH rocyflapcTBa KyflyHCKoft flOJiHHbi. npocTpaHCTBeHHoe o(J)opMJieHHe npoeKT nojiynmi Ha ynpeflHTenbHOM Cbe3fle, cocTOHBineMCH b anpejie I9i9r. HeflajieKO ot MecTa 3aTBop-HHHecTBa UbifleHOBa — ypoHHiiia Cyapxs (Coopxoft). B cocTaB HOBoro rocyflapcTBa, npHMepHbie onepTaHHH KOToporo npeflCTaBJieHbi Ha Kap- Te (PUC. 3), BOILUIH TeppHTOpHH HeCKOJIbKHX ÖypHTCKHX COOÖllieCTB, nojiyHHBLUHX Ha3BaHHH öajiaraTOB. HoBoe rocyflapcTBO ocHOBbiBajiocb Ha HfleHX HeHacHJiHH h OTKa3ajiocb ot 4>opMHpoBaHHH BoopyaceHHbix CHJI. OTCyTCTBHe apMHH He n03BOJIHJIO erO CTOpOHHHKaM 3aiIIHTHTb npoeKT. y>Ke b Mae 1919^ no HHHnnaTHBe CeMeHOBa h HapoflHofl flyMbi 6ypHT-MOHrojioB Boctohhoö CnönpH, opraHa öypHTCKoro Ha-UHOHajibHoro caMoynpaBJieHHH, LJbifleHOB h npaBHTejibCTBO HOBoro rocyflapcTBa 6buiH apecTOBaHbi.2 BnponeM, CTopoHHHKH MoHTOJibCKoro 4>eflepaTHBHoro rocyflapcTBa TO>Ke He CMorjiH 3aniHTHTb cboö coöcTBeHHbiö npoeKT. Iloxofl bo BHeniHioio MoHrojiHio b 1919 r. He coctohjich. B KOHue Toro >Ke rofla ee aBTOHOMHH 6bina ynpa3flHeHa, a TeppHTopHH 6biJia 3aHHTa KHTaft- / V... I ľ ' 1^ - / / _ 0 1ZS Z» 5« Yprn CaMCBíuitno o'ňwin*m*t<^ roowcTH Kjatköc* aoihkh CKHMH BOHCKaMH. IlpOTHBOpeHHH Me>Kfly pa3JIHHHHMH CTOpOHHHKaMH (J)eflepaij;HH npHBejiH k nojiHOMy npoBajiy npoeKTa b 1920 r. /JaypcKoe npaBHTejibCTBO npeKpaTHJio CBoe cyuiecTBOBaHHe, a ero jiHflepbi 6biJiH yÖHTbi. B xofle KOHcJuíHKTa Me>Kfly CeMeHOBbiM h HJieHaMH HapoflHofi flyMbi 6ypHT-MOHrojioB Boctohhoö CnönpH nocjieflHHH o6i>HBHJia o ca-MopocnycKe. B tom >Ke rofly Ha TeppHTopHH BaÖKajibCKoro pernoHa öbiJio co3flaHO HOBoe 4>opMajibHO He3aBHCHMoe rocyflapcTBO — /Jajib-HeBOCTOHHaH PecnyöJiHKa c u;eHTpoM CHanajia b BepxHeyflHHCKe, a 3a-TeM b Hhtc1 4acTb BOHCK öbiBinero ^aypcKoro npaBHTejibCTBa Bce >Ke OKa3a-jiacb Ha TeppHTopHH BHeniHeň Mohtojihh b cocTaBe OTCTynHBinefl Tyfla b KOHue 1920 r. A3HaTCKoň kohhoh ahbh3hh nofl KOMaHflOBa-HHeM P.. yHrepH-ILlTepHÖepra. B Hanajie 1921 r. BoöcKaM YHrepHa yflajiocb B3HTb ypry h BbiTecHHTb KHTani^eB H3 öojibineö nacTH BHeniHeň MoHrojiHH. Ilofl 3aniHTOH yHrepHa npaBHTejibCTBO Borflo-rsrsHa BHOBb CTajio bo TJiaBe aBTOHOMHoň MoHrojiHH. CaM yHrepH nojiyHHJi KHH>KeCKHH THTyjI H LUHpOKHe nOJIHOMOHHH B BOeHHOÖ C(J)epe. <ĚaKTH- HecKH BHeniHHH MoHrojiHH 6biJia nofl KOHTpojieM ero bohck. Ocbo6o>k-fleHHe MoHrojiHH He 6buio OKOHHaTejibHoň n;ejibio yHrepHa. B nncb- MaX pa3JIHHHHM MOHrOJIbCKHM, KHTaÖCKHM, pOCCHHCKHM, K33aXCKHM Puc. 3. CaMoeojihHO omdejiueuieecsi zocydapcmeo KydyHCKoň dojiuHU (Ea3apoe, )Ka6ae8a 2008; flaudapoH 2006; Natural Earth 2012b). 1 nodpoÔHee cm. Ea3apoe 2011; Ea3apoe 2002 22 Hbah Cab jihh HcCÄEflOBAHHS TaRTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I 3 23 TpaHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpaHcmea uKOHcmpyupoeanue zpanuu, e EauKajibCKOM pezuone h flpyrHM fleHTejiHM, a TaKace b pa3roBopax co cbohmh CTopoHHHKa-mh YHrepH onncaji fleTajiH npoeKTa co3flaHHH (JjeflepainiH a3HaTCKHX HapoflOB — CpeflHHHoro MOHrojibCKoro uapcTBa. HoBoe rocyflapcTBO (PUC. 4) flOJI>KHO 6bIJIO BKJIIOHHTb OrpOMHbie IipOCTpaHCTBa BOCTOHHOH h I^eHTpajibHOH A3HH ot Tnxoro OKeaHa flo KacnHHCKoro MopH. Oc-hobhhm npeTeHfleHTOM Ha npecTOJi 6bma MaHbH>KypcKaH flHHacTHH, pecTaBpauHH KOTopoft 6biJia npoB03rjiaineHa YHrepHOM b KanecTBe oflHoft H3 Ba>KHeHinHX 3aflan. HoBoe rocyflapcTBO aoji>kho 6bmo ciijio- THTb Hapoflbi A3HH nepefl jihuom KpaftHe HeraTHBHoro bjihhhhh EBpo-uhi, anoreeM KOToporo fljiH YHrepHa CTajiH couHajiHCTHHecKHe Hflen.1 PacnpocTpaHeHHe couHajiHCTHHecKHX Hfleft b A3hh, oflHaKO, aK- THBHO nOflflep>KHBajIOCb He TOJIbKO eBpOneHCKHMH, HO H a3HaTCKHMH fleHTenHMH. TaK, 3ji6eK-,Z]pp:>KH Phhhhho, npHHHMaBiHHH aKTHBHoe ynacTHe b aBTOHOMHOM h (JieflepajiHCTCKOM npoeKTax, h U,hi6eu >KaM-uapaHO, flpyroft ctopohhhk aBTOHOMHH, npHHHJiH peineHHe o c6jiH>Ke-hhh c 6ojibineBHKaMH. y>Ke BecHoft 1920 r. OHH npHHHMajIH aKTHBHOe Kapmu e deucniBuu. 06pa3u npocmpaHcniBa u zeozpatfiimecicaR peajibHocmb Puc. 4. CpeduHHoe MouzojibCKoe u,apcmeo (K>3e$oeuu2010; GADM 2012; The Edinburgh Geographical Institute, John Bartholomew & Son, Ltd. 1922a; Natural Earth 2012a). Ilodpo6Hee cm. K)3eipoBUH 2010; Ky3bMUH 2004 24 Hbah Cab jihh HCGIEflOBAHHS TARTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I 3 25 TpaHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpaHcmea uKOHcmpyupoeanue zpanuu b EaŮKajibCKOM pezuone 1 Llodpoúnee cm. Ba3apoB, TKa-6aeea 2008; Mojuiepoe 2005 '■ B 6ojiee no3dmix doKyMenmax u e uayuHou Jiumepamype ho-Boe o6pa30Bauue uaw,e scezo UMeuyemcsi Bypam-MoHzojih-ckoů aBmoHOMHOů oójia-cmbK) PC®CP. IlpuBedeHue hq38clhur b coomBemcmBue c HauMeHOBauueM BMAO /JBP 6hmo npu3Bauo noKa3amb cxoncecmh dsyx aBmoHOMHhix oójiacmeů. flauHbte o6pa30Ba-hum, oduaico, ue 6buiu XBJie-husimu oduozo nopxdica. C Hejihm coxpaueuusi pa3Jiuuuů Ha ceMaumuuecKOM ypoBHe 8 meKcme ucnojihsyemca HauMeHOBauue no ocuoBHOMy doKyMenmy u coomBemcmBy-H>maR a66peBuamypa '' nodpoÓHee cm. Ba3apos 2011; Ba3apoB, )Ka6ae8a 2008 ynacrae b pa3pa6oTKe KaK 6ypHTCKoň aBTOHOMHH b paMKax CoBeT-CKoň Pocchh, TaK h b noflroTOBKe peBOJiiouHH bo BHeniHeň MOHTOJIHH h co3flaHHH He3aBHCHMoro MOHrojibCKoro rocyflapcTBa. B OKra6pe 1920 r. BbiciiiHM napTHHHHM pyKOBOflCTBOM 06a npoeKTa 6buiH o6t>- eflHHeHbl BOeflHHO: C03flaHHe aBTOHOMHH flJIH MOHrOJIbCKHX HapOflOB BHyTpH CTpaHbi flOJi>KHO 6buio o6ecneHHTb coBeTCKoe bjihhhhc Ha 3a-py6e>KHyio MoHrojiHio h Tn6eT, a BnocjieflCTBHH Ha Becb KHTaň, Ko- peK) H, B03M05KHO, flnOHHK). IlOflrOTOBKOH peBOJUOUHH B BOCTOHHOH A3HH pyKOBOflHJi co3flaHHbiň b Hanajie 1921 r. BocTOHHbiň ceKpeTapn-aT HcnojiHHTejibHoro KOMHTeTa KoMMyHHCTHHecKoro HHTepHannoHa-jia. Pe3yjibTaTbi fleHTejibHocra opraHH3auHH He 3acTaBHJiH ce6H flojiro >KflaTb: b 1921 r. k BJiacra bo BHeniHeň Mohtojihh npHiiuiH npeflCTa-BHTejiH MoHrojibCKoň HapoflHoň napTHH, o(J)opMHBineHCH b MapTe toto >Ke rofla b TponuKocaBCKe. Mohtojihh CTajia 4>aKTHHecKH He3aBH-CHMbiM rocyflapcTBOM. B tom >Ke rofly He3aBHCHMan HapoflHaH pecny-SjíHKa TaHHy-TyBa 6buia npoB03rjiaineHa b ypHHxaňcKOM Kpae. ^aH-Hoe co6biTHe, OflHaKO, pacxoflmiocb c ochobhoh jihhhch KoMHHTepHa b pernoHe — TeppHTopnio Kpan iuiaHHpoBajiocb BKJiioHHTb b cocTaB MOHrojibCKoro rocyflapcTBa.1 riiiaH C03flaHHH aBTOHOMHH flJIH MOHrOJIbCKHX HapOflOB 6bIBHieH Pocchhckoh HMnepHH Hanaji peajiH30BHBaTbCH b anpejie 1921 r., Korfla Ha TeppHTopHH rbv 6buia co3flaHa EypHT-MoHrojibCKaH aBTO-HOMHaH o6jiacTb (bmao)2. B KOHue 1921 r. co3flaHHe aBTOHOMHofl o6iiacTH npoB03rjiacHJiH ynacTHHKH Cbe3fla 6ypHTCKoro HacejieHHH b 3anaflHoň nacra EaňKajibCKoro pernoHa (Ha TeppHTopHH pcocp). B HHBape 1922 r. ABTOHOMHan MoHrojio-EypHTCKaH o6jiacTb (ambo) SbiJia ynpe>KfleHa nocTaHOBJieHHeM BcepoccnňcKoro ueHTpajibHoro HcnojiHHTejibHoro KOMHTeTa. B KOHue Toro >Ke rofla rbv BoniJia b co-CTaB pc$cp. B Mae 1923 r., HecMOTpn Ha onno3Hu;Hio b ueHTpajibHbix h perHOHajibHbix napTHHHbix Kpyrax, flBe oĎJiacra 6buiH o6i>eflHHeHbi b bmaccp. nocne CMepTH Eorflo-raraHa b 1924 r. HapoflHaH pecny-SiiHKa 6buia npoB03rjiaineHa b MoHrojiHH, OKa3aBineHCH eflHHCTBeH-HbiM ycneniHHM npoeKTOM SKcnopTa peBOJiiouHH 3a npeflejibi 6biBineH Pocchhckoh HMnepHH flo Hanajia BTopoň MHpoBoň bohhh3. Co3flaHHe k 1924 r. flByx 4>opMajibHO He3aBHCHMbix rocyflapcTB, noflflep>KHBa- lOmHX TeCHbie OTHOineHHH C CoBeTCKHM C0K)30M H KoMHHTepHOM, H aBTOHOMHoň pecny6jiHKH b npeflejiax cccp (Puc. 5) 03HaMeHOBajiH ycneniHoe BoiuiomeHHe coBeTCKoro npoeKTa. T PA H C kyji bTYPH bl E IIPOCTPAHCTBA PETHOHA 06paTHMCH Tenepb k TeM npocTpaHCTBaM, KOTopbie nepeHHCJieHHbie Bbiine npoeKTbi pa3rpaHHHHBajiH. Pa3rpaHHHeHHe 4>H3HKO-reorpa(J)H-necKoro npocTpaHCTBa (Puc. 6) — coBOKynHOCTH npnpoflHbix o6"b- 1-) H1H4U PKAy&WK* Téiihv-TvU, 1SÍ2 eKTOB, OĎTjeflHHeHHbIX paCCTOHHHHMH Me>Kfly HHMH - He HBJIHJIOCb caMon;ejibio yKa3aHHbix Bbiine npoeKTOB. Ba>KHOH 3aflaHeň, OflHaKO, Sbuio H3MeHeHHe rocyflapcTBeHHbix h aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbix rpaHHn;, KOTopbie Ha sto npocTpaHCTBO npoen;HpoBajiHCb (Puc. 7). KaK (J)H3hko-reorpa(J)HHecKoe, TaK h nojiHTHKO-aflMHHHCTpaTHBHoe npocTpaHCTBa HBJiHioTCH connajibHO KOHCTpyHpyeMbiMH. HHTepnpeTHpyH reorpa(J)H-necKHe o6i>eKTbi, jiioflH MoryT He corjiainaTbCH He TOJibKO no noBOfly rpaHHn; Tex hjih hhhx 4>opM pejibecjia, MecT Hanajia peK, ho h KJiaccH-(J)HKan;HH HenpepbiBHoro MHpa npnpoflbi Ha 03epa, peKH, ropHbie ch-CTeMbi h T.fl. Boo6m;e. npon;ecc KJiaccH(|)HKanHH HBJiHeTCH KJiioHeBbiM b no3HaBaTejibHOH fleHTejibHocra nenoBeKa1, hto, OflHaKO, He oĎteK- 1 Adolphs 2003 THBH3HpyeT ero. /ipyroH Ba^KHOH nacTbio HHTepnpeTai^HH OKpyscaioineH fleňcTBH- Te/IbHOCTH HBJIHeTCH npHCBaHBaHHe HMeH TeM HJIH HHbIM OĎteKTaM, BblflejieHHbIM aHajIHTHHeCKH H3 KOHTHHyajIbHOH peajibHOCTH. Baň- KajibCKHH pernoH b 3tom CMbicjie npeflCTaBJíHeT co6oň Hpe3BbiHaňHO apKHH npHMep: Ha3BaHHH npnpoflHbix oĎteKTOB, npH3HaBaeMbie ce-roflHH 6ojibinHHCTBOM, 6epyr Hanajio b caMbix pa3Hoo6pa3Hbix TonoHH- MHHeCKHX TpaflHUHHX H H3bIKaX-TyHryCO-MaHbH>KypCKHX, TIOpKCKHX, Puc. 5. Bypam-MoHzojihCKaa pecny6jiuKa, Mohzojium u TaHHy-Tysa (BypnapK0M3eM 1924; The Edinburgh Geographical Institute, John Bartholomew & Son, Ltd. 1922b; The Edinburgh Geographical Institute, John Bartholomew & Son, Ltd. 1922a; Natural Earth 2012a). 26 Tatbhha Ckpbihhhkoba HcCÍIEflOBAHHS TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 27 TpaHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpaHcmea uKOHcmpyupoeanue zpanuu, e EauKajibCKOM pezuone 1 nodpo6nee cm. EUyjiyHoea 2007 ■■ iJ P .bi cjiaBHHCKHX h flp. Ba>KHeHiHeH (JjyHKUHeH npaKTHKH npncBaHBaHHH HMeH HBJIHeTCH BKJIIOHeHHe npHpOflHHX 06'beKTOB B CHCTeMy 3HaHHH toh hjih hhoh rpynnbi, hto flejiaeT ee BcUkhhm acneKTOM BJiacTHbix ot-HoineHHH Me>Kfly nejioBeKOM h npnpoflOH, a Taioice Me^Kfly rpynnaMH jnoflen: flOMHHaHTHaH rpynna npncBaHBaeT o6T>eKTaM co6cTBeHHbie Ha3BaHHH hjih HCKa>KaeT cyinecTByioiHHe. B BaHKajibCKOM pernoHe 06'beKTbi MHoroKpaTHO nepeHMeHOBHBajiHCb BMecTe c peKOH(|)Hrypa-nneH BJiacTHbix OTHomeHHH.1 Q MS 250 5QQ 0 o p m bi p e ii b e tp a ] McmopuHecKue osepa CjieflyiOIHHM 3TanOM B HHCTHTynHajIH3aUHH flOMHHHpOBaHHH TOH hjih hhoh rpynnbi HBjraeTCH pa3flejieHHe HenpepbiBHoro MHpa Ha ahc- KpeTHbie TeppHTOpHH, B npeflejiax KOTOpblX OflHH aKTOpbl CTpeMHTCH OCyiHeCTBJIHTb KOHTpOJIb Hafl fleHTejIbHOCTbK) H B3aHMOfleHCTBHHMH flpyrnx.1 BaHKajibCKHH pernoH b Hanajie xxb. flejiHJicH Ha flBe npoBHH-uhh h TpHHaflu;aTb ye3flOB, a TaioKe HaxoflHJicH Ha rpaHHne c flpyrHM rocyflapcTBOM (Puc. 7). Ha npHMepe BaHKajibCKoro pernoHa mo>kho npocjieflHTb OTHOCHTejibHOCTb paccTOHHHH b pa3Hbix npocTpaHCTBax. Kapmu e deucmBuu. 06pa3u npocmpaHcrriBa u zeozpatfiimecicaR peajibHocmb PUC. 6. 0u3uko- zeozpatfiunecKoe npocmpaHcmeo EauKOJibCKOzo pezuoua (Natural Earth 2012c; Natural Earth 2012b; EypuapK0M3eM 1924; [ElepecejiemecKoe ynpaejieuue], KapmozpatfiunecKoe 3aeedeuue E. /Je-Kejibui 1914; ElepecejiemecKoe ynpaejieuue Ejiaeuozo ynpaejieuusi 3eMJieycmpoucmea u 3eMJiedejiun, KapmozpatfiunecKoe 3aeedenue moeapumficmea A. 0. Mapicc 1914b; Xa6apoe 2008). Fall 2002 28 Hbah Cab jihh HCGIEflOBAHHS TARTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I 3 29 TpaHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpaHcmea uKOHcmpyupoeanue zpanuu, s EaÜKajibCKOM pezuone — — - JKeneuHWBflüporH, 1916 I j Hacru Pöocuütuofi klMfiepnw. 1$m Hü'.tu MMnapniH L|mh. 1311 rocyfl^pcTBaHHafl rpaHHua, 1911 TaK b 4>H3HKO-reorpa(J)HHecKOM npocTpaHCTBe, b MacniTaöax Bcefl iuiaHeTH, TponuKocaBCK pacnojiaraeTCH HeflajieKO ot Ypm. OTcyT-CTBHe pa3peineHHH Ha nepeceneHHe rpaHHUbi y Toro hjih HHoro jiHua, oflHaKO, MorjiH cflejiaTb ero 6ecKOHeHHO flajieKHM b nojiHTHKO-aflMH- HHCTpaTHBHOM npOCTpaHCTBe. IIOXCOKHM o6pa30M TpOHUKOCaBCK 6bIJI 3HaHHTejibHO 6jiH>Ke k HeKOTopbiM HacejieHHbiM nyHKTaM BepxHey-flHHCKoro h CeneHrHHCKoro ye3flOB, HeM k nacraM noflKOHTpojibHofl eMy aflMHHHCTpaTHBHOH TeppHTOpHH. yejflbi. 1S14 AkiiiM.hCKHii BanaraHCKHH EapryaHttCKiw) Hu rHHi>mü WpnyTCKiifi HH|>iMnr:hKi'i HepMHHCKd-aaaoflCKH A HHWHeyflMHCKHH CeneHHtHCuwM TeorpacJjHHecKaH yflajieHHOCTb h nojiHTHKO-aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbie nperpaflbi hbjihiotch He eflHHCTBeHHbiMH (JjaKTopaMH, onpeflejraioiHH- MH paCCTOHHHH Me>Kfly pa3JIHHHHMH HaCejieHHblMH IiyHKTaMH B CMblC-Jie B03M05KHOCTH H CKOpOCTH IiepeflaHH HHcJjOpMaUHH hjih MaTepnajib- Hbix oöteKTOB, a TaioKe nyTeinecTBHH Me>Kfly hhmh. K Hanajiyxx b. pa3BHTHe CKopocTHbix KOMMyHHKai^HH, B nepByio onepeflb >Kejie3Hbix flopor h Tejierpacjia1, H3MeHHJio npeflCTaBJieHHe jiiofleH o paccTOHHHH. HHcJjopMauHH H3 TpoHUKOcaBCKa b rieTporpafl Morjia 6biTb nepeflaHa Kapmu s deücmeuu. 06pa3u npocmpaHcmea u zeozpacßimecicaR peajibHocmh Puc. 7. riojiumuKO-adMUHUcmpamueHoe npocmpaHcmeo EaÜKOJibCKOzo pezuoua (W. &A.K. Johnston 1912; nepecejiemecKoe ynpaejiemie FjiaeHozo ynpaejiemm 3eMJieycmpoücmea u 3eMJiedejiim, KapmozpacfiuuecKoe 3aeedemie moeapuw,ecmea A. 0. Mapxc 1914c; nepecejiemecKoe ynpaejiemie FjiaeHozo ynpaejiemm 3eMJieycmpoücmea u 3eMJiedejiim, KapmozpacfiuuecKoe 3aeedemie moeapuw,ecmea A. 0. Mapxc 1914b; nepecejiemecKoe ynpaejiemie rjiaeuozo ynpaejiemm 3eMJieycmpoücmea ii 3eMJiedejiim, KapmozpatfiimecKoe 3aeedemie moeapumficmea A. 0. MapKC 1914a; Natural Earth 2012c). Wenzlhuemer 2012 30 Hbah Cab jihh HcCÄEflOBAHHS TaRTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I 3 31 TpaHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpaHcmea uKOHcmpyupoeanue zpanuu e EauKajibCKOM pezuone iiohth MrHOBeHHO BBHfly HajiHHHH TejierpacJiHoro coeflHHeHHH MejKfly flByMH ropoflaMH (Puc. 8), Torfla KaK fljiH coo6ineHHH c yproii Tpe6oBa-jiocb, KaK npaBHJio, HecKOJibKO flHeft, a to h Heflejib. >Kejie3Hbie floporn no3BOJiHJiH CHH3HTb He TOJibKO BpeMH flocTaBKH rpy30B h nacca>KHpoB, HO H 3aTpaTbi. TonOJIOrHH KOMMyHHKaUHOHHHX IipOCTpaHCTB A3H3TCKOH POCCHH (Puc. 8) h BaHKajibCKoro penraHa (Puc. g) HMenH orpoMHoe 3HaneHHe flJIH nOJIHTHHeCKHX H SKOHOMHHeCKHX H3MepeHHH POCCHHCKOH HMIie- pHH, KaK ynpaBJieHHecKoft CTpyKTypbi. IlocTpoeHHaH b KOHifexix — Hanajiexx bb. TpaHCCH6npcKaH MarncTpajib CTajia Ba^KHeiiiiiHM hh- CTpyMeHTOM nOJIHTHHeCKOrO H SKOHOMHHeCKOrO BJIHHHHH POCCHH b Ch6hph, MoHrojiHH, MaHbH>KypHH h flpyrnx pernoHax CeBepHoft, L^eHTpajIbHOH H BOCTOHHOH a3hh. 3KCnaHCHH Pocchhckoh HMnepHH, o6ecneHeHHaH KOMMyHHKanHOHHbiMH pecypcaMH, CTajia TaK^Ke ochob-hoh npHHHHOH ee CTOJiKHOBeHHH c pacTyineH HnoHCKoft HMnepHeft.1 KoHTpojib Pocchhckoh HMnepHH b yKa3aHHbix pernoHax He 6bui oflHopoflHHM Ha BceM npora>KeHHH 4>H3HKO-reorpa(J)HHecKoro hjih nojiHTHKO-aflMHHHCTpaTHBHoro npocTpaHCTB h (JiaKTHHecKH ocy- Kapmu e deucniBuu. 06pa3u npocmpaHcniBa u zeozpatfiunecicaR peajibHocmb Puc. 8. EauKcuihCKUu pezuoH 8 KOMMymiKCLUllOHHOM npocmpaHcmee Ceeepuou A3uu (FjiaeHoe ynpaejieuue noumu mejiezpatpoe, Toeapuw,ecmeo P. rojiuKe uA. Biuih6opz 1914; YlepecejiemecKoe ynpaejieuue FjiaeHozo ynpaejieuuR 3eMJieycmpoucmea u 3eMJiedejiun, KapmozpcufiunecKoe 3aeedeuue moeapum,ecmea A. 0. MapKC 1914d; MpxymcKuu zy6epucKuu cmamucmuueacuu KOMumem 1916; 3a6auKcuibCKUu o6jiacmuou cmamucmuueacuu KOMumem 1914; Mopee 2010; Natural Earth 2012a). Marks 1991 32 Hbah Cab jihh HCGIEflOBAHHS TARTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I 3 33 TpcLHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpancmea uKOHcmpyupoeaHue zpanuu, e EaŮKajibCKOM pezuone riyiH coo&meHkia, 1914 JKenejHan nopoKejie3Hbix h npoHHX flopor. KpoMe Toro, KOMMyHHKauHOHHbie npocTpaHCTBa npepbiBaioTCH bo BpeMeHH h cyinecTBeHHO 3aBHCHT ot HH(J)pacTpyKTy-pbi: noe3fla flBHraioTCH no pacnncaHHio, pa3pbiB b >Kejie3HOflopo>KHOM nojioTHe hjih Tejierpa(J)HOH jihhhh flejiaeT KOMMyHHKauHio HeB03MO>k-HOH, fljiH nojib30BaHHH >Kejie3HOH floporoH hjih Tejierpa(J)OM TpeöyioT- CH fleHbľH. BßHfly 3aBHCHMOCTH HMnepHH OT JIHHHH KOMMyHHKaUHH h yH3BHMOCTH nocjieflHHX BaÖKajibCKHH pernoH npnoöpeTaji ocoöoe CT3HUHH. 1916 6 rioHTB, Tenerpa({3 n renetpoH n»Ta n Tenerpatb BpeMSHHaa noma Ii Tenerpacp Teiterpacti Honig ripmiie BoftHbie n y t m . 1914 A HSHSJIO CilJlBBB nojíHTHHecKoe h SKOHOMHHecKoe 3HaneHHe. KpyroöaÖKajibCKaH >Ke-jie3HaH flopora 6biJia eflHHCTBeHHbiM nyTeM öbicTporo cooöineHHJi Me>Kfly paňoHaMH k BOCTOKy h 3anafly ot 03epa BaÖKaji, a noTOMy HMe-jia CTpaTerHHecKoe 3HaneHHe. ABTopbi npoeKTa MoHrojibCKoro 4>eflepaTHBHoro rocyflapcTBa yflejiHJiH MHoro BHHMaHHH KOMMyHHKai^HOHHOMy npocTpaHCTBy Baň-KajibCKoro pernoHa h Eßpa3HH Booöine. KoHTpojib Hafl >Kejie3HOflo- pO^KHblMH nyTHMH flOJI>KeH 6bIJI CTaTb OCHOBHbIM CJjaKTOpOM npHBJíe- Kapmu e deucmeuu. 06pa3u npocmpancmea u zeozpacßimecKaR peajibHocmh Puc. 9. KoMMynuKaiiuoHHoe npocmpaHcmeo EaŮKOJibCKOzo pezuoua (Ejiaeuoe ynpaejieuue noum u mejiezpatpoe, Toeapum,ecmeo P. Eojiutce u A. Biuibôopz 1914; ElepecejieuuecKoe ynpaejieuue Ejiaeuozo ynpaejieuusi 3eMJieycmpoůcmea u 3eMJiedejiuR, Kapmozpatfiuneacoe 3aeedeuue moeapumficmea A. 0. MapKC 1914i; HpKymcKuů zyôepucKuu cmamucmuueacuů KOMumem 1916; 3a6aŮKajibCKUů oôjiacmuou cmamucmuueacuů KOMumem 1914; Elepecejieuueacoe ynpaejieuue Ejiaeuozo ynpaejieuuR 3eMJieycmpoůcmea u 3eMJiedejiuR, Kapmozpatfiuneacoe 3aeedeuue moeapumficmea A. 0. MapKC 1914c; Elepecejieuueacoe ynpaejieuue Ejiaeuozo ynpaejieuuR 3eMJieycmpoůcmea u 3eMJiedejiuR, Kapmozpatfiuueacoe 3aeedeuue moeapumficmea A. 0. MapKC 1914b; Natural Earth 2012c). 34 Hbah Cab jihh HcCÄEflOBAHHS TaRTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I 3 35 TpcLHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpancmea uKOHcmpyupoeaHue zpanuu, e EaŮKajibCKOM pezuone HeHHH HHOCTpaHHOH, B nepByTO OHepeflb HnOHCKOH H aMepHKaHCKOH, noflflep>KKH HOBOMy rocyflapcTBy, CTOJiHijeH KOToporo hmchho itcoto-My h iuiaHHpoBajiocb cflejiaTb XaÖJiap, pacnojio:>KeHHbiH Ha Kht3hcko-Boctohhoö >Kejie3HOH flopore. riyTH cooönieHHH BaÖKajibCKoro pernoHa 6buiH npHBJieKaTejibHbi flJIH ynaCTHHKOB BJiaCTHblX OTHOineHHÖ He TOJIbKO c BoeHHO-CTpaTerH- HecKoö TOHKH 3peHHH. TonojiorHH KOMMyHHKai^HOHHoro npocTpaH-CTBa Hrpajia Ba^KHyio pojib b flocTyrmocTH Tex hjih hhhx npnpoflHbix pecypcoB. KaK bh/j;ho Ha KapTe (Puc. 10), MHHepajibHbie öoraTCTBa Tupb'.tüi Í916 HojieaHhiQ HCKonaeMue. 1914 ■ KawetiNwň yrcmb — 1 Ohí'híi-.i . iľ.HK. ::^i?i'f>p0 O Pryíb i HetpTb D Cuľlb 3onQTQ BaÖKajibCKoro pernoHa 6biJiH pa3Be/j;aHbi b ochobhom BflOJib ochobhhx TpaHcnopTHbix nyTeň — peK h >Kejie3HOH floporn. üpocTpaHCTBO no-jie3Hbix HCKonaeMbix, BmiioHaioiiiee b ceÖH He TOJibKO caMH MHHepajibHbie pecypcbi, ho h Hx HHTepnpeTainiio, KJiaccH(J)HKaij;Hio, pa3BeflKy, flOÖbIHy H HCnOJIb30BaHHe, BbI3bIBajIO 3HaHHTejIbHbIH Me>KflyHapOflHbIH HHTepeC H CTajIO OflHOH H3 npHHHH BOeHHOÖ HHTepBeHI^HH CHJI AhT3H- Tbi. TaKsce öoraTCTBO BaÖKajibCKoro pernoHa OKa3ajio 3HaHHTejibHoe BJiHHHHe Ha pa3pa6oTHHKOB npoeKTa MOHrojibCKoň (jjeflepainiH. Ero aBTopbi HecjiyHaÖHO CTpeMHJiHCb BioiioHHTb b npeflejibi rocyflapcTBa Kapmu e deucmeuu. 06pa3u npocmpancmea u zeozpacßimecKaR peajibHocmb Puc. 10. nojie3Hbie ucKonae-Mhie u mmpbMM e EaŮKOJib-ckom pezuoue (llepecejieme-CKoe ynpaejieuue ľjiaeHozo ynpaejieHUM 3eMJieycmpoů-cmea u 3eMJiedejiun, Kap-mozpatfiimecKoe 3aeedeuue moeapumficmea A. 0. Mapicc 1914e; HpKymaam zyôepu-ckuíí cmamucmuuecKuů komu-mem 1916; 3a6aŮKajibCKUů oôjiacmHoň cmamucmuuecKuů KOMumem 1914; Natural Earth 2012c). 36 Hbah Cab jihh HcCÄEflOBAHHS TaRTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I 3 37 TpcLHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpaHcmea uKOHcmpyupoeaHue zpanuu, e EaŮKajibCKOM pezuone 1 TAPE (p. 305, on. 1, d. 17. a. 3 Beto 3a6aÖKajibCKyio oöJiacTb, öoraTyio nojie3HbiMH HCKonaeMbiMH. BbicoKaH pecypcHaH oöecneneHHOCTb pernoHa 6buia 3HaHHMbiM 4>aK-TopoM npHBJieneHHH HHOCTpaHHOH ltomoihh. Ba>KHyio pojib sto npo- CTpaHCTBO HrpajIO H B pa3BHTHH BypHT-MOHrOJIbCKOH aBTOHOMHH: opraHaMH öypHTCKoro caMoynpaBJieHHH 6biJi co3flaH ropHbift flenapTa-MeHT, KOTopbiH flOJi>KeH 6biji ocyinecTBjraTb ynpaBJieHHe MHHepajibHbi-MH pecypcaMH öyflyineö aBTOHOMHH.1 ripocTpaHCTBO nojie3Hbix HCKonaeMbix OKa3biBajio cyinecTBeHHoe BJIHHHHe He TOJIbKO Ha SKOHOMHHeCKHe H BHeiHHeilOJIHTHHeCKHe OT- 38 IlBAH C A E JI H H HoineHHH, ho h Ha oömecTBeHHyio >KH3Hb BHyTpH HMnepHH h perHO-Ha. /Joöbina nojie3Hbix HCKonaeMbix ocyinecTBJUuiocb He TOJibKO HaeM- HblMH paÖOHHMH, HO H 3aKJIIOHeHHbIMH, MHOrHe H3 KOTOpblX ÔhUlU ocyjKfleHbi 3a nojiHTHHecKyio fleHTejibHOCTb. B stom CMbicjie TiopbMbi pernoHa (Puc. lo), ocoöeHHO b paňoHe HepHHHCKOH KaToprn, npeßpa- THJIHCb b CBOeo6pa3Hbie TpaHCJIHTOpbl eBpOneÖCKHX LTOJIHTHHeCKHX Hfleö—HauHOHajiH3Ma nepe3 ccbuibHbix ltojihkob h couHajiH3Ma nepe3 OCyjKfleHHblX HJieHOB COUHajIHCTHHeCKHX napTHÖ H Kpy^kkob. HcCJIEflOBAHHÍI TaRTARIA MAGNA l'20I3 Kapmu e deůcmeuu. 06pa3bL npocmpancmea u zeozpaKHbiMH MecTaMH oöniemiH MejKfly npeflCTaBHTejiHMH pa3Hbix rpynn. Pa3flejieHHe HacejieHHH Ha flBe ocHOBHbie npo(J)eccHOHajibHbie rpynnbi, ckotoboaob h 3eMJieflejibij;eB, h cooTBeTCTByioiiiHe 6biTOBbie rpynnbi, KoneByio h ocefljiyio, oöcyjKflajiocb aBTopaMH Bcex npoeKTOB. Kapmu e deůcmeuu. 06pa3bL npocmpancmea u zeozpacßimecKaR peajibHocmb Puc. 12. 3mHuuecKoe npocmpaHcmeo EaÜKOJibCKOzo pezuoua, 1914 (IlepecejieHuecKoe ynpaejieuue PjiaeHozo ynpaejieHUR 3eMJieycmpoůcmea u 3eMJiedejiuR, KapmozpatfiimecKoe 3aeedeuue moeapumficmea A. 0. Mapicc 1914g). Forsyth 1992, 38, 247 40 Ubah Cab jihh HcCÄEflOBAHHS TaRTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I 3 41 TpcLHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpancmea uKOHcmpyupoeaHue zpanuu, e EaŮKajibCKOM pezuone CTOpOHHHKH aBTOHOMHH ÜOflHepKHBajIH SKOHOMHHeCKHe HHTepeCH 6ypHT-CKOTOBOflOB. YHrepH CTpeMHJicH oöijeflHHHTb b nepByio onepeflb KoneBbie Hapoflbí A3hh. MHorne ynacTHHKH BJiacTHbix OTHOHieHHří b perHOHe flenajiH npocjjeccHOHajibHyio HfleHTHHHOCTb nacTbio HfleH- THHHOCTH STHHHeCKOH. CpaBHeHHe (PUC. II-i4), OflHaKO, noKa3biBaeT, HTO SKOHOMHHeCKHe H STHHHeCKHe npocTpaHCTBa He COBnaflajIH. Bo- jiee Toro, hctohhhkh cyinecTBeHHO pacxoflHTCH b HHTepnpeTauHH no- CJieflHHX. XíareaHbie floporn, 191S Hapoflfel, iontu XIX - H34ajiů XX BB, KyjibTypHoe h jiHHrBHCTHHecKoe MHoroo6pa3He pernoHa, fljiH-TejibHbie Me>KrpynnoBbie h TpaHcrpynnoBbie KOHTaKTbi, oÖMeHbi h SaHMCTBOBaHHH1, BMeCTe c TeXHHHeCKOÖ HeB03MO>KHOCTbIO TOHHO- ro H3o6pa>KeHHH Ha flByxMepHoö KapTe flHHaMHHHoro bo BpeMeHH h npocTpaHCTBe HaceneHHH, He iio3bojihiot npoBOflHTb 0flH03HaHHbie rpaHHUbi Meacfly STHHHecKHMH rpynnaMH. KpoMe Toro, aBTopbi KapTO-rpacJ)HHecKHX hctohhhkob pyKOBOflCTBOBajiHCb pa3JiHHHHMH cooöpa- Kapmu e deůcmeuu. 06pa3bL npocmpancmea u zeozpacßimecKaR peajibHocmb Puc. 13. 3mHuuecKoe npocmpaHcmeo BaÜKOJibCKOzo pezuoua, KoueiiXIXe. -HauajioXXee. (Bpyic 1961). 1 Bypaeea 2005 42 Ubah Cab jihh HcCÄEflOBAHHS TaRTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I 3 43 TpcLHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpaHcmea uKOHcmpyupoeaHue zpanuu e EaŮKajibCKOM pezuone jKeHHHMH npH Hx cocTaBJieHHH. KapTa, H3flaHHaH riepecejieHHecKHM ynpaBJieHHeM (Puc. 12), 6buia npH3BaHa CTHMynnpoBaTb nepece/iemie H3 EBponeöcKoö pocchh b pernoH. b cooTBeTCTBHH c stoh 3aflaHefl 3HaHHTejibHbie TeppHTopHH Ha KapTe o6o3HaneHbi KaK He3aHHTbie. KapTa, cocTaBJieHHaH coBeTCKHMH 3THorpa(j)aMH (Puc. 13), flOJDKHa obrna noKa3aTb OTHOCHTejibHyio roMoreHHOCTb pa3JiHHHbix rpynn Ha-ceneHHH h CBHfleTejibCTBOBaTb b nojib3y npoBefleHHbix BnocjieflCTBHH 3THO-TeppHTOpHajIbHbIX rpaHHLJ. ABTOpbl KapTbl, OnyÖJIHKOBaHHOH — XfeneaHhie toporu, 1916 Hapoflti, Ko«eu XIX e. TyHfytb*. wamrwypbi rt poncTKHHbie hm nneuens Kapmu e deůcmeuu. 06pa3bL npocmpaHcmea u zeozpacßimecKaR peajibHocmb Puc. 14. 3mHuuecKoe npocmpaucmeo EaŮKajibCKOzo pezuoua, KoueiiXIX 8. (KapmozpacßuuecKoe 3aeedeuueA. Hjibuua 1899). B OÖlHeÖ SHUHKJIOIieflHH (PUC. 14), CTpeMHJIHCb flaTb HHTaTejIHM 06- inee npeflCTaBJieHHe 06 STHOKyjibTypHOM pa3Hoo6pa3HH pocchhckoh HivinepHH. TaKsce nocjieflHHH KapTa OTpa>Kajia acHMMeTpHHHbie otho-ineHHH Me>Kfly THTyjibHoö Hannen HMnepHH h noflHHHeHHbiMH Hapo-flaMH, oÖTjeflHHeHHHMH b KpyiiHbie rpynnbi. HecMOTpH Ha bcio npoTHBopeHHBOCTb STHHHecKoro npocTpaHCTBa BaÖKajibCKoro pernoHa, pa3rpaHHHeHHe hmchho b HeM nocTyjiH-poBajiocb aBTopaMH Bcex npoeKTOB b KanecTBe ocHOBaHHH fljiH npo- 44 Hbah Cab jihh HcCÄEflOBAHHS TaRTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I 3 45 Anderson 1991 BefleHHH HOBbix rpaHHii. HecoMHeHHO, Ba>KHyio pojib 3flecb cbirpajiH rjioöajibHO UHpKyjiHpyeMbie Hflen HanHOHajiH3Ma h STHorpacJjHHe- CKHe 3HaHHH, OÖepHyBIHHeCH MHOrOHHCJieHHbIMH nOnblTKaMH OÖTj- eKTHBH3aij;HH STHHHecKHX h pacoBbix KJiaccHcJjHKanHH h npoennpoBa-hhh Boo6pa>KaeMbix rpaHHii Me>Kfly STHOKyjibTypHbiMH oöihhocthmh Ha nojiHTHHecKHe h aflMHHHCTparaBHbie npocTpaHCTBa1. Ctopohhhkh BypHT-MOHrOJIbCKOH aBTOHOMHH CTpeMHJIHCb K STHHHeCKOH OflHOpOfl- hocth oöijeflHHeHHH 6ypHT. AßTopbi (JieflepaTHBHoro npoeKTa h moh-rojibCKoro napcTBa — k eflHHeHHio MOHrojibCKoro eynepsTHoea h Ha- pOflOB «MOHrOJIbCKOrO KOpHH» COOTBeTCTBeHHO. Tpynnbl, K KOTOpbIM anejiJiHpoBajiH aBTopbi npoeKTOB, 6buiH flocTaTOHHO HeoflHopoflHbiMH BHyTpeHHe. EypHTCKHÖ Hapofl coctohji H3 pa3JiHHHbix perHOHajibHbix rpynn — KpynHbix (npKyTCKHe h 3a6aHKajibCKHe) h m&tikhx (xopHH-CKHe, arHHCKHe, ojibxoHCKHe h T.fl.) — HHTepecbi KOTopbix He Bcerfla coBnaflajiH. Bojibinoe 3HaneHHe HMena npHHafljie>KHOCTb k TOMy hjih HHOMy pofly. Eine öojiee reTeporeHHOH 6biJia cynepsTHHHecKaH moh-rojibCKaH oöiHHOCTb. «Hapoflbi MOHrojibCKoro KopHH» Booöine pa3ro-BapHBajiH Ha H3biKax, npHHafljie>KaiHHX k pa3HHM rpynnaM, h He 6bura oöijeflHHeHbi b oflHO rocyflapcTBO co BpeMeH HMnepnn HHHrncxaHa. CTOJib npHCTajibHoe BHHMaHHe k STHHHecKOMy npocTpaHCTBy 06- yCJIOBJIHBaeTCH, C OflHOH CTOpOHbl, JierKOCTbK) erO HCnOJIb30BaHHH flJIH oöijHCHeHHH rpaHHLi; b flpyrnx npocTpaHCTBax, npe^e Bcero, skoho- MHHeCKHX, H flJIH JierHTHMaUHH HOBblX nOJIHTHHeCKHX 3JIHT, a c flpy- roH — HajiHHHeM peajibHoro HepaBeHCTBa MejKfly 3aKperuieHHbiMH B 3aKOHOflaTejIbHOM nOpHflKe BOo6pa>KaeMbIMH aCHMMeTpHHMH Me>K- fly STHHHecKHMH rpynnaMH. /JeneHHe HacejieHHH Ha STHO-cocjioBHbie rpynnnpoBKH onpeflejiHJio TonojiorHio npocTpaHCTBa 3eMJienojib30-BaHHH (Puc. 15), a, cjieflOBaTejibHO, h flocTynHOCTb fljra Tex hjih hhhx rpynn 3eMenbHbix pecypcoB. CHTyaijHH ocjio>KHHJiacb TeM, hto cocjiob-Hbie rpynnbi He 6buiH STHmecKH oflHopoflHHMH: TaK, k Ka3aKaM ot- HOCHJIHCb He TOJIbKO pyCCKHe, HO H ÖypHTbl H 3BeHKH. CTOpOHHHKH EypHT-MOHTOJIbCKOH aBTOHOMHH CTpeMHJIHCb K afl- MHHHCTpaTHBHOMy o6oco6jieHHK) HMeHHO b npocTpaHCTBe 3eMJie-nojib30BaHHH. TjiaBHOH nejibio hoboh rpaHHUbi aojdkho 6biJio CTaTb oöecneneHHe SKOHOMHHecKHX HHTepecoB öypHTCKoro HacejieHHH, KaK 3eMJieflejibHecKoro, TaK h CKOTOBOflnecKoro. KaK bhaho H3 TonojiorHH npocTpaHCTBa 3eMJienojib30BaHHH EaÖKajibCKoro pernoHa (Puc. 15), k Hanajiyxx b. oho xapaKTepH30Bajiocb Hpe3BbiHaHHOH nepecnojio-CHiieii MejKfly pa3JiHHHHMH cocjioBHHMH rpynnaMH. Bojiee Toro, Tep- pHTOpHH flJIH paCCejieHHH BHOBb npHÖblBIHHX H3 EßpOneHCKOH POCCHH MHrpaHTOB — nepecejieHHecKHe ynacTKH — 3aHacTyio OTpe3ajiHCb OT 3eMejIb, KOTOpbIMH ÖypHTbl nOJIb30BajIHCb H KOTOpbie CHHTajIH CBO-HMH. B IiejIHX OÖeCneHeHHH STHHHeCKOH OflHOpOflHOCTH CTOpOHHHKH SypHTCKOH aBTOHOMHH TOTOBbl ÖbIJIH K nepeCejieHHHM OTflejIbHblX MecTHbix rpynn h TeppHTopnajibHbiM ycTynKaM. AßTopbi (JieflepaTHBHoro npoeKTa fljis oöecneneHHH TeppHTopn-ajibHoö oflHopoflHOCTH öyflynieii MOHrojibCKoft HanHH njiaHHpoBajiH MaccoBbie nepeceneHHH MOHrojioB, pyccKHX h KHTanneB. TaK, pyccKoe HacejieHHe npefljiarajiocb nepecejiHTb H3 3a6aHKajibH b HpKyTCKyio ryöepHHio, a 6ypHT H3 HpKyTCKOH ryöepHHH — b 3a6aHKajibe. b Kane-CTBe ajibTepHaTHBHoro BapnaHTa öypHTbi aojijkhh 6biJiH nepecejiHTbca Ha ior 3a6aHKajibH h b ypHHxaöcKHH Kpaö. KHTaHUbi nepecejiHJincb H3 ceBepHoö MoHrojiHH b KWKHyio TaioKe c oÖMeHOM seMejib1. IlpaKTH-necKaH HeocymecTBHMOCTb MaccoBbix nepecejieHHÖ, no KpaHHeö Mepe 6e3 penpeccHBHbix Mep, nocTaBHJia nofl coMHeHHe 06a STHmecKH skc-KJiK)3HBHbix npoeKTa. 4to KacaeTCH BHyTpeHHero eflHHCTBa b npefljiaraBinnxcH k npo-CTpaHCTBeHHOMy o6oco6jieHHK) rpynnax, to aBTopbi npoeKTOB 6ypHT- CKOH aBTOHOMHH, MOHTOJIbCKOH (J)eflepaLi;HH H MOHrOJIbCKOTO iiapcTBa njiaHHpoBajiH yKpenjiHTb ero b pejiHrH03HOM npocTpaHCTBe. MHorne ctopohhhkh aBTOHOMHH paccMaTpHBajiH 6yflflH3M b KanecTBe Hapofl-Hoii HfleojiorHH 6ypHT; BpeMeHHoe npaBHTenbCTBO MOHrojibCKoft 4>e-flepan;HH B03rjiaBJiHJiocb jiaMoö HsHcs-rsrsHOM; YHrepH CHHTaji 6yfl- flH3M BOnjIOmeHHeM a3HaTCKOH flyXOBHOCTH.2 KaK h b cjiyqae c npocJieccHOHajibHbiMH HfleHTHHHoeraMH, o6iii;hm MeCTOM ÖbIJIO OTOJKfleCTBJieHHe ÖypHTCKOrO (MOHrOJIbCKOrO) 3THHHe- CKoro h öyflflHHCKoro pejiHrH03Horo npocTpaHCTB. CpaBHeHHe pejiH- TH03HOrO (PUC. l6) H STHHHeCKOTO (PUC. I2-I4) npOCTpaHCTB, OflHaKO, He oÖHapyscHBaeT nojiHoro coßnafleHHH. Ilo BepcHH IlepecejieHHecKO-ro ynpaBJieHHH, b pejiHrH03HOM OTHOineHHH öypHTbi flejiHJincb Ha flBe flHCKpeTHbie rpynnbi — öyflflHCTOB h inaMaHHCTOB, c npeoöJiaflaHHeM nepBbix k BOCTOKy ot BaÖKajia. Ecjih ocTaBHTb b CTopoHe Bonpoc o Tom, mo>kho jiH KapTorpacJjH-poßaTb pejiHrH03Hbie npocTpaHCTBa Boo6m;e, b CTopoHe h o6o3HaHHTb MecTa OTnpaBJieHHH pejiHrH03Hbix pHTyajioB, onncaHHbie b flocTyn-Hbix HCTOHHHKax (Puc. 17-18), to Ha nepBHH njiaH BbixoflHT reTepo-reHHOCTb KOHcJieccHOHajibHoro npocTpaHCTBa pernoHa. ^eHCTBHTejib-Ho, flo BBefleHHH pejiHrH03Hbix cßoöofl b Hanajiexx b. 6yflflH3M 6bui pacnpocTpaHeH b ochobhom b 3a6aHKajibe, OflHaKO b i900-1 o-x rr. 3HaHHTejIbHOe HHCJIO HOBblX pejIHrH03HHX ynpe>KfleHHH OTKpbIJIOCb k 3anafly ot 03epa. KpoMe Toro, MHorne CBHineHHbie MecTa HBJiHJiHCb TaKOBHMH He TOJibKO fljiH inaMaHHCTOB, ho h fljiH öyflflHCTOB, a nopofl fla>Ke h fljis xpncTHaH, nacTb KOTopbix npHHafljie>Kajia k öypHTCKofl 3THHHHOCTH. /l/iHTejibHoe B3aHMOfleHCTBHe Me^Kfly pa3JiHHHHMH pe- JIHrHHMH H HHKJIK)3HBHbIH XapaKTep 6yflflH3Ma npHBejiH K nOHBJieHHK) CHHKpeTHHeCKHX pejIHrH03HHX npaKTHK H pa3MbITHK> Me5KKOH(J)eCCH- OHajibHbix rpaHHLi;.3 1 rAP® iß. 200, on. 1, d. 478, Ji. 78-78 06., 104, 121-122 ' riodpoÖHee cm. Ky3bMUH 2004; Ea3apoe 2002; repacuMoea 1964 1 TIoöpoÖHee cm. Eypaeea 2005 46 Ubah Cabjihh HcCÄEflOBAHHS TaRTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I 3 47 TpcLHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpancmea uKOHcmpyupoeaHue zpanuu, e EaŮKajibCKOM pezuone aeMJHínum^oHam'e, 19u H 3ůMnn oceiínbix M-opn^cn I 3cunn rupojDB 11 udHurTbigttrt ^^J^ KaMFiMut Kuní c unctntůjii jMnojTuuiF npuLicHjuu j 3tunn imfmn. CTDjflKHjw» nepi Dn.nui-Hi: c»hů inarm PA3ME5KEBAHHE TPAHCKyjIbTYPHblX nPOCTPAHCTB KaK BHflHO H3 npeflCTaBJíeHHoro Bbiine reoHHcJjopManHOHHoro aHajiH-3a TpaHCKyjibTypHbix npocTpaHCTB EaÖKajibCKoro pernoHa, npoBefle-HHe rpaHHLi; b KajKflOM h3 hhx no OTflenbHOCTH ysce 6biJio conpjDKeHO C OnpeflejieHHblMH TpyflHOCTHMH B yCJIOBHHX MHO>KeCTBeHHOCTH HHTep- npeTauHÖ h KOHKypnpyioíHHX HHTepecoB. MHoroo6pa3He MecTHoro HaceneHHH cyinecTBeHHO ocjiaöjrajio npoeKTbi, anejuinpyioíHHe k 3thh- 0 125 250 500 Kjhmow saunu : lnu.™ ťiSpMCTv Erp hnmcETin HecKoft oflHopoflHOCTH. hto KacaeTCH npoeKTa YHrepHa, to BKJiioHe-HHe pa3HopoflHbix STHHHecKHX h KOH(j)eccHOHajibHbix rpynn b cocTaB HOBoro rocyflapcTBa He BCTpeTHJio noHHMaHHH hh y Koro h3 ero Kop-pecnoHfleHTOB. OKOHHaTejibHoe pa3rpaHHHeHHe pernoHa aoji>kho 6biJio ocyinecT-BJiHTbCH c yneTOM TpaHCKyjibTypHoro MHoroo6pa3HH. HacTH 6yfly-ineň öypHTCKOH pecnyöJiHKH—aÖMaKH—ocJjopMHJiHCb ysce b 19 i 7 r. H ÖbIJIH HHCTHTyi^HOHajIH3HpOBaHbI nyTeM C03flaHHH COOTBeTCTByiO- Kapmu e deůcmeuu. 06pa3bL npocmpancmea u zeozpacßimecKaR peajibHocmh Puc. 15. 3eMJienojib3oeaHue e EaŮKajibCKOM pezuoHe, 1914 (IlepecejiemecKoe ynpaejieuue Pnaenozo ynpaejieuim 3eMJieycmpoůcmea u 3eMJiedejiiw, KapmozpatfiimecKoe 3aeedeuue moeapuw,ecmea A. ®.MapKC 1914c; YlepecejiemecKoe ynpaejieuue PjiaeHozo ynpaejienua 3eMJieycmpoůcmea u 3eMJiedemm, KapmozpatfiimecKoe 3aeedenue moeapumficmea A. 0. Mapicc 1914b). 48 Ubah Cab jihh HcCÄEflOBAHHS TaRTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I 3 49 TpaHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpaHcmea uKOHcmpyupoeanue zpanuu e EauKajibCKOM pezuone ihhx opraHOB 3eMCKoro, a 3aTeM h HapoflHO-peBonionHOHHoro caMO-ynpaBJieHHH. B ycnoBHHX KpyineHHH HMnepcKOH, pecny6jiHKaHCKOH H COBeTCKOH CHCTeM K OCeHH I918 T. aHMaKH CTajIH Ba>KHOH HaCTbK) BpeMeHHoft CTpyKTypbi pernoHajibHoro ynpaBJieHHH (Puc. ig). B Ha-najie I9i9r. b BaftKajibCKOM penraHe rocyflapcTBO (JiaKTHHecKH ot- CyTCTBOBajIO. KoHTpOJIb Hafl KOMMyHHKaUHOHHblM IipOCTpaHCTBOM ocymecTBJiHJicH nofl bhaom oxpaHbi >Kejie3HOH floporn MHoroHann- OHajIbHblMH BOHCKaMH. POCCHHCKHM BOHCKaM nOfl KOMaHflOBaHHeM ; — —— JKeneiHUB flopom, 1916 BepoHcnoeeAaHun, 1914 XpucTrtaHCKan paniirun (npaflocnaBHaa) lUauaHHaM KojinaKa yflajiocb coxpaHHTb KOHTpojib Hafl KJHoneBbiM ynacTKOM >Ke-jie3Hoii floporn, HecMOTpH Ha to, hto no floroBopy Me>Kfly ynacTHHKa-mh HHTepBeHi^HH Kpyro6aHKajibCKaH >Kejie3HaH flopora nepexoflHJia nofl KOHTpojib aMepHKaHneB1. AHMaHHbie CTpyKTypbi ynacTBOBajiH b ynpaBJieHHH 6ypHTCKHM HaceneHHeM. Ha TeppHTopnio BaHKajibCKO-ro pernoHa b nejioM npeTeHflOBajiH chjih KojinaKa h CeMeHOBa. nocjie nopa>KeHHH KojinaKa h CeMeHOBa BaftKajibCKHH pernoH 6bui pa3flejieH rocyflapcTBeHHoft rpaHHneft Me>Kfly pc$cp h rbv Kapmu b deucniBuu. 06pa3u npocmpaHcniBa u zeozpacfjimecicaR peajibHocmb PUC. 16. KOH^eCCUOHCUlbHbie npocmpaHcmea EauKOJibCKOzo pezuoua, 1914 (nepecejiemeacoe ynpaejieuue rjiaeuozo ynpaejieuusi 3eMJieycmpoucmea u 3eMJiedejiun, KapmozpatfiunecKoe 3aeedenue moeapumficmea A. 0. Mapicc 1914h). National Archives Microfilm Publication M917, Roll 10, 30-33 50 Hbah Cab jihh HCGIEflOBAHHS TARTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 o I 3 51 TpcLHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpaHcmea uKOHcmpyupoeaHue zpanuu e EaŮKajibCKOM pezuone 500 HHUFloUflrpoB (Puc. 20). xoth no flBycTopoHHeMy floroBopy rpamina ycTaHaBJiHBa-jiacb no peKe CeneHre, rocyflapcTBeHHaH npHHafljie>KHOCTb npaBoro öepera b ee HH>KHeM TeneHHH ocTaBajiacb HeHCHOH. B 1921-1922 rr. b o6eHX pecnyöJiHKax npoflOJi>KHJicH nponecc TeppHTopnajibHoro 0(J)OpMJieHHH ÖypHTCKHX aHMaKOB. ľpaHHLi;bI EypHT-MoHľOJIbCKOH aB-TOHOMHOH OÖJiaCTH AB P TaK H He ÖbIJIH OKOHHaTejIbHO yCTaHOBJíeHbl. Ee pyKOBOflHTejiH, MHorne H3 KOTopbix npHHHMajiH ynacrae b pa3pa-6oTKe h peajiH3an;HH nepBoro npoeKTa aBTOHOMHH, npHflep>KHBajiHCb npe>KHerO Kypca H CTpeMHJIHCb K C03flaHHK> STHHHeCKH 3KCKJII03HBHOH TeppHTOpHH. PaflH OflHOpOflHOCTH ÖypHTCKOH TeppHTOpHH OpraHbl aBTOHOMHoro ynpaBJíeHHH 6buiH totobh Ha ycTynKH pyccKOMy Hace- JieHHK). KpaÖHHH HeOflHOpOflHOCTb npOCTpaHCTBa 3eMJienOJIb30BaHHH (Puc. 15), KOTopan b xofle 3eMejibHbix 3axBaTOB h CTbineK b roflbí peBO-jhouhh h rpa>i(flaHCKOH bohhh TOJibKO ycyryÖHJiacb, flejiajia nponecc KOHCTpyHpOBaHHH rpaHHU, BMAO Hpe3BbIHaHHO TpyflHbIM. ľpaHHI(H, npeflCTaBJíeHHbie Ha KapTe (Puc. 20), 6buiH OHepneHbi b 1922 r. jiHiiib Kapmu e deucmeuu. 06pa3u npocmpaHcmea u zeozpa. 477, on. 1, d. 3, a. 2; TAPE (p. 477, on. 1, d.26, a. 154 o6.—155, 157 t CTspwjCpwtťWt- 1920 npHMepHO h BKJiioHajiH TeppHTopHH b iiojib30BaHHH pyccKoro Hace-jieHHH. /JjeMOKpaTHHecKHH pe>KHM /|bp He cnocoöcTBOBaji ycTaHOBJie-HHK) rpaHHi^. BojibiiiHHCTBO HacejieHHH pecnyöJiHKH 6bUIO pyCCKHMH KpecTbHHaMH, KOTopbie He noflflep>KHBajiH CTpeivuieHHH 6ypHT k caMO-onpefleneHHK), a noTOMy opraHbi BJiacra a bp, 3aBHceBinHe ot bojih h3-ÖHpaTeneö, He CTpeMHJiHCb k CKopoMy STHmecKOMy pasMe^KeBaHHio.1 OflHonapTHHHaH flHKTaTypa, CKJiaflbmaioiHaHCH b pcícp, Hanpo-THB 3HaHHTejibHO ycKopHJia npouecc KOHCTpyHpoBaHHH rpaHHi^ abto-homhoh MoHrojio-BypHTCKOH o6jiacTH. KpoMe Toro, k 3anafly ot Baö- Kajia b ocHOBy KOHCTpynpoBaHHH rpaHHU, 6biJi nojio>KeH coBepineHHO HHOH npHHUHII. ABTOpbl npOeKTa He CTpeMHJiHCb K STHHHeCKOH 3KC-KJII03HBHOCTH. DiaBHOH HX 3aflaHeÖ 6bIJIO C03flaHHe MaKCHMajIbHO UejIOCTHOH H SKOHOMHHeCKH yCTOHHHBOH aflMHHHCTpaTHBHO-X03HH- CTBeHHOH eflHHHUbi. HauHOHajibHbie rpynirapoBKH HacejieHHH ynn-TbiBajiHCb, oflHaKO rpaHHUbi npoBOflHJiHCb b nepByio onepeflb b 3ko-HOMHHecKOM npocTpaHCTBe. TaK, b npeflejibi a m b o nepeflaßajiHCb He TOJibKO 3eMJieflejibHecKHe h CKOTOBOflnecKHe yroflbH, ho h jiecHbie pecypcbi. OÖJiacTH 6buiH nepeflaHbi 3a6HTyöcKHe KaMeHHoyrojibHbie Puc. 18. XpucmuancKue u,epKeu, Monacmupu, uacoenu, MOABAbHUe öomü u o6w,u- Hbt e EaŮKOAbCKOM pezuone (EoAonee 2004; Renucoe 1908; ryceůnoea 2004; HpKymcKuů zyóepncKuů cmamucmuuecKuů KOMumem 1914; Hpicymacuu zyóepncKuů cmamucmuueacuů KOMumem 1916; Koauhu-na 2000; Kocmpoe 2010a; Kocmpoe 201 Ob; Kocmpoe 2009; naeAoe, IlaeAoea 2007; YlepeceAenuecKoe ynpaeAe-Hue TAaenozoynpaeAenuR 3eMAeycmpoůcmea u 3eMAe-deAUA, KapmozpatpuuecKoe 3aeedenue moeapuw,ecmea A. 0. MapKC 1914c; YlepeceAen-uecKoe ynpaeAenue TAaenozo ynpaeAenuR 3eMAeycmpoůcmea u 3eMAedeAUR, Kapmozpatpuue-acoe 3aeedenue moeapuw,ecmea A. 0. MapKC 1914b; «Cemeu-CKue — Cmapoeepbí 3a6aŮKa-AbR» 2012; KtMcynoea 2005; 3a6aŮKOAbCKUů oOAacmnoů cmamucmuuecKuů KOMumem 1912; 3a6aŮKOAbCKUů 06-Aacmnoů cmamucmuuecKuů KOMumem 1914; 3enKoea 2003; EMeAbXHoe 2002; )KeAnoeaKO-ea 2010). 54 Ubah Cab jihh HcCÄEflOBAHHS TaRTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I 3 55 TpaHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpaHcmea uKOHcmpyupoeanue zpanuu e EauKajibCKOM pezuone Oxp&na WQjieaHoti flopcm, 1919 AwiepHKaMCKafl =-=■=■ AwepHKaHCKas i P&ccnficiran — ■ ■ KmaAcKaa TAP® (p. 1318, on. 1, d.269, ji. 45; TAPE KHBaeT Bonpoc pa3Me>KeBaHHH b kom- MyHHKaUHOHHOM npOCTpaHCTBe. 3THHHeCKH 3KCKJIK)3HBHaH bm ao flonycKajia BKJiioHeHHe 3HaHHTejibHbix HacTeft 3a6aHKajibCKOH h kh- TaHCKO-BoCTOHHOH >Kejie3HOH flOpOrH B npeflejlbl aBTOHOMHH (Puc. 20), Torfla KaK h3ambo TpaHCCH6iipcKaH MarncTpajib b ochobhom hckjiio-najiacb. Kpyro6aHKajibCKaH >Kejie3HaH flopora ocTaBajiacb nofl KOHTpo-jieM pyccKHX ry6epHCKHX BJiacTen. /JjaHHbiii acneKT yqHTbiBajicH h npn npoBefleHHH rpaHHii 06'beflH-HeHHoft pecny6iiHKH (Puc. 21). b iiejioM bmaccp CTpoHJiacb Ha Tex TKe npHHunnax TeppHTopnajibHOH iienocTHOCTH h SKOHOMmecKOH u;ejiecoo6pa3HOCTH, hto h ambo. b nojiHTHHecKOM CMbicjie 06'beflH-HeHHe 6biJio cjjaKTHHecKHM BKJiioHeHHeM bmao b cocTaB ambo1. rpa- Kapmu B deUCTTLBUU. 06pa3u npocmpaHcrriBa u zeozpatfiunecicaR peajibHocmb Puc. 19. EypamcKue aimaicu u MeiicdyHapodHMU peiicuM Tpauccu6upcKou Mazucmpajiu, 1919 (TAPE y6nnKa TaHHy-Tyaa, 1922 MOHtortHH, 1922 HHu;bi, ycTaHOBJieHHbie k 3ana/jy ot BaHKajia (Puc. 20), 3HaHHTejibHbix H3MeHeHHH He npeTepnejiH. Ha TeppHTopHH 6biBineH a bp, oflHaKO, rpaHHu;bi 6buiH KopeHHbiM o6pa30M nepecMOTpeHbi (Puc. 21). Ba>KHyio pojib b nepecMOTpe rpaHHii; cbirpajio HecKOJibKO (JiaKTopoB. B COOTBeTCTBHH C npHHLJHnaMH paHOHHpOBaHHH PC$CP TeppHTOpH- hm Tpe6oBajiHCb npojieTapcKHe ijeHTpbi — ropofla. TaKOBbiMH flan:>KHbi SbiJiH CTaTb TpoHu;KocaBCK h BepxHeyflHHCK, BmiioHeHHbie b cocTaB pe-cny6jiHKH (nocjieflHHH b KanecTBe CTOJiHn,bi). BypHTCKHe iiojihthkh 3 a-SaHKajibH noflflep:>KajiH Hfleio BKJiioHeHHH ropoflOB, OflHaKO BbicTynajra 500 H^MnaMerpoB KaTeropHHecKH npoTHB BmiioHeHHH 6ojibinoro KOJiHHecTBa pyccKoro, b nepByio onepeflb CTapoo6pHflHecKoro (Puc. 18), HacejieHHH b npefle-jih pecny6iiHKH1. /JaHHbie nc»KejiaHHH yHTeHbi He 6buiH h b npeflejiax ycTaHOBJieHHbix k KOHuy 1923 r. rpaHHii; bmaccp 6ypHTbi cocTaBHJiH nyrb 6ojibine nojioBHHbi HacejieHHH. C BK/iioHeHHeM b 1926 r. b cocTaB pecny6iiHKH Ka6aHCKoro aftMaKa KOJiHHecTBO pyccKoro HaceneHHH b bmaccp em;e 6ojiee yBejiHHHJiocb, Torfla KaK HecKOJibKO thchh 6y-pHT k pecny6jiHKe TaK h He npHcoeflHHHJiHCb2. Kapmu B deUCTTLBUU. 06pa3u npocmpaHcrriBa u zeozpatfiunecicaR peajibHocmb Puc. 20. He3aeucuMue zocydapcmea u aemouoMuu 8 EauKajibCKOM pezuoue, 1922 (TAP® p. 1318, on. 1, 3. 52, ji. 33-33a, 139; The Edinburgh Geographical Institute, John Bartholomew & Son, Ltd. 1922a). 1 TAPE (p. 477, on. 1, d.26, ji. 236-238 06. : TAPE p. 283, on. 1, d. 2, Ji. 44 58 Hbah Cab jihh HCGIEflOBAHHS TARTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I 3 59 TpaHCKyjihmypHhLe npocmpaHcmea uKOHcmpyupoeanue zpanuu e EauKajibCKOM pezuone ir LleHipu aftwanoB, 1923 Ahmbkh, 1923-1927 BcujaflLuan e 1926 c e cwTiae TeppH-rapMn Bull emu as d,o 1927 r. na cocraca TeppuropHP )Rene3H ueflopom, 1916 focyflapctseHHue rpahtiL^u, 1922 1 rAP0 (p. 1318, on. 1, d.269, ji. 95 Coo6pa>KeHHH STHHHecKOH oflHopoflHOCTH, BbicKa3HBaeMbie npn npoTecTax npoTHB BKJiioHeHHH pyccKoro HacejieHHH, 6buiH OT6poine-hh npn MOTHBHpoBKe BKJiioHeHHH b cocTaB Bapry3HHCKoro aftMaKa (Puc. 21) o6niHpHbix Tae>KHbix TeppHTopHH, HacejieHHbix B ochobhom 3BeHKaMH (PUC. 12-14). rioCJieflHHe Ha3bIBajIHCb pOflCTBeHHHM 6ypH-TaM HapOflOM. BKJIIOHeHHe HX TeppHTopHH B COCTaB EM ac cp 06'bHC- HHJiocb SKOHOMHHecKHMH coo6pa>KeHHHMH1, t.k. flaBajio pecny6jiHKe flocTyn k nyniHbiM (Puc. 11) u 30JioTopyflHbiM pecypcaM (Puc. 10). 60 Hbah Cabihh Eine oflHHM Ba^KHHM acneKTOM npn KOHCTpyHpoBaHHH rpaHHLi bmaccp CTajio pacinnpeHHe o6ineH rpaHHUbi c MoHrojiHeft. /jjih stoh uejiH b ee cocTaB 6buia BKJiioHeHa 3HaHHTenbHaH nacTb 6biBinero Tpo-HijKocaBCKoro ye3fla (Puc. 7), a TaKace co3flaHa cneunajibHaH «floxoflHaa nojioca», coeflHHHBinaH mohtojihio c ArHHCKHM aftMaKOM (Puc. 21). IlocjieflHioio npeflnojiarajiocb cflenaTb innpe c BKJiioHeHHeM o6enx To-peftcKHX osep1, oflHaKO ueHTpajibHbie BJiacTH Ha sto He nonuiH. Kapmu e deiicmeuu. 06pa3u npocmpaHcmea u zeozpatfiunecicaR peajibHocmb Puc. 21. Eypam-MoHzojihacaR AemoHOMHaR CouucuiucmuHecKan Coeem.ck.asi Pecny6jiuica, 1923-1927 (EypuapK0M3eM 1924; Kapmou3damejibcmeo Hapoduozo KOMUccapuama SHympeHHUx den POPCP 1928; The Edinburgh Geographical Institute, John Bartholomew & Son, Ltd. 1922b). 1 TAPE (p. 477, on. 1, d.26, n. 236-238 06. HCGIEflOBAHHS TARTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I 3 6l 125 250 Ilpoiiecc co3flaHHH bmaccp h KOHCTpyHpoBaHHH ee rpaHHii 6bIJI conpjDKeH co 3HaHHTenbHOH onno3HUHeH, KaK b ueHTpajibHbix, TaK h b perHOHajibHbix napraHHbix Kpyrax. Ycnex npoeKTa bo mhotom 3a-BHcen ot BHeiiiHenojiHTHHecKHX, a TOHHee, ot TpaHCHai^HOHajibHbix 3a-flan, KOTopbie B03JiarajiHCb Ha HOByio pecny6iiHKy. OHa flon:>KHa 6buia CTaTb CBH3yK>IHHM 3BeHOM, «CMbIHKOH», MejKfly HaXOflHIHHMCH nOfl KOH- TpojieM 6ojibineBHKOB npocTpaHCTBOM A3H3TCKOH Pocchh h pernoHa-mh L^eHTpajibHOH h Boctohhoh A3HH1. KapTbi BaHKajibCKoro pernoHa, H3flaHHbie b 1920-x — Hanajie 1930-x rr., OTpa>KaioT npocTpaHCTBeH-Hbie acneKTbi sthx 3aflan. OflHa H3 nepBbix KapT bmaccp otboaht hoboh pecny6iiHKe npn-MepHO nojioBHHy CBoeft iuioiiiaflH. KpoMe caMoft pecny6iiHKH Ha Heft npeflCTaBJieHa 3HaHHTejibHaH nacTb MoHrojiHH, a TaKsce CMe>KHbie pernoHbi pc$cp. /JaHHaH KapTa, flonojmeHHaH HH(j)opManHeft o cbh-LqeHHbix MecTax, pecypcax h sthhhcckhx npocTpaHCTBax b HHTep-npeTanHH KOHiia 1920-x — Hanajia 1930-x rr. (Puc. 22), no3BOjraeT fleTajibHO paccMOTpeTb TpaHcrpaHHHHbie acneKTbi co3flaHHoft ynpaB-jieHHecKOH CTpyKTypbi. IlOMHMO HeCKOJIbKHX KpynHHX 30JIOTOpyflHbIX MeCTOpO>KfleHHH, b cocTaB pecny6jiHKH 6buiH BKJiioHeHbi npaKTmecKH Bee flanaHbi. He-cmotph Ha aHTHpejiHrH03Hyio fleHTejibHOCTb napTHH h npaBHTejibCTBa, HanaBinyiocH ysce b KOHiie 1910-x rr., 6yflflH3M 6bm (JiaKTHHecKH npn-3HaH b KanecTBe CBH3yioiiiero TpaHcrpaHHHHoro (JiaKTopa b MaKpope-rnoHe. Bojiee Toro, OTMeneHHbie Ha KapTe TpaHcrpaHHHHbie KOMMyHH-KanHH h pejiHrH03Hbie ynpejKfleHHH MoHrojiHH (Puc. 22) no3BOJiHJiH Hcnojib30BaTb ee fljiH nyTeinecTBHH b 3apy6e>KHbie MOHacTbipn h flana-hh. Xoth inaMaHCKHe CBHineHHbie MecTa Ha KapTe yKa3aHbi He 6buiH, OHa noKa3HBajia nyTb k TaKHM MecTaM 3a npeflenaMH pecny6jiHKH. Ha KapTe (Puc. 22) npeflCTaBJieHbi TaioKe TpaHcrpaHHHHbie sthh-necKHe naTTepHbi: MOHrojibi c 6ypHTaMH 06'beflHHeHbi b oflHy rpynny h OTHeceHbi k HaceneHHK) Ch6hph. TaKsce Ha KapTe xopoino bhaho, hto npHHnnn STHHHecKOH 3KCKJiio3HBHOCTH He jie>Kaji b ocHOBe npo- BefleHHH rpaHHII bmaccp. Co3flaHHe aBTOHOMHH B paHHeCOBeTCKOH HHTepnpeTai^HH noflpa3yMeBajio He o6oco6jieHHe onpeflejieHHoft rpynnbi HacejieHHH, a opraHH3anHio h KOHTpojib Hafl MHO>KecTBeHHbi- MH npOCTpaHCTBaMH - STHHHeCKHMH H CynepSTHHHeCKHMH, KOH(j)eC- CHOHajIbHblMH, KOMMyHHKaUHOHHblMH H, B nepByiO OHepeflb, 3KOHO-MHHeCKHMH. B 3TOM CMblCJie KaMnaHHH no C03flaHHK> aBTOHOMHft BHyTpH co- BeTCKoro rocyflapcTBa h noflflep>KKe peBOJiionHft 3a ero npeflejiaMH HBJiHeTCH He npoeKTOM o6oco6jieHHH HanHOHajibHO-rocyflapcTBeHHbix e^HHHii, a npoeKTOM co3flaHHH TpaHCHanHOHajibHoft ynpaBJieHHecKOH CTpyKTypbi. HMejio MecTO Jiniiib aflMHHHCTpaTHBHoe pa3Me>KeBaHHe, Torfla KaK Bceo6,beMJiioiiiaH nojiHTHHecKaH CHCTeMa 6bma hhkjiio-3HBHa fljiH pa3JiHHHbix STHHHecKHX, KOHcJjeccHOHajibHbix, npocjjeccH- 1 TAP®

eflepaTHBHOH co Bcex OCTajIbHbIX. KaK noKa3aji onbiT Hanajia 1920-x rr., b BaÖKajibCKOM pernoHe Ta-Kan CTpyKTypa ycneniHO co3flaBajiacb h b KpaTKOcpoHHoň nepcneKTH-Be öbiJia BecbMa scJxJjeKTHBHOH: Phhhhho, o/j;hh h3 KJiioHeBbix aBTopoB npoeKTa, iracaji o CKopoM npHcoeflHHeHHH MoHrojiHH k c c c p1. B stom KOHTeKCTe Bonpocbi OTKa3a napTHÖHbiM pyKOBOflCTBOM ot nepBOHa-HajibHoro iuiaHa TpaHcrpaHHHHoro nepeycTpoňcTBa h Bbipo>KfleHHJi cccp b KJiaccHHecKoe rocyflapcTBO hjih «HMnepnio Hanno»2 b 1930-X rr. 3acjiy>KHBaeT flajibHeňrnero H3yneHHH. BjiaroflapH cnocoÖHOCTH coBMemaTb pa3JiHHHbie nepcneKTHBbi MeTOfl nocTpenpe3eHTaTHBHoro HCTopHKO-reoHH(J)opMaij;HOHHoro aHajiH3a, npeflCTaBJíeHHbiň b HacTO-Hineň CTaTbe, mo>KeT OKa3aTbCH BecbMa nojie3HbiM fljra noHCKa OTBeTOB Ha 3TH BOnpOCbl b yCJIOBHHX COBpeMeHHOH MHOrOnOJIIOCHOH h Me>K- flncnniuiHHapHOH ryMaHHTapHoň HayKH, CTpeMHineňcH ynecTb mhoto-o6pa3He ToneK 3peHHH Ha nponuioe3. HecMOTpH Ha pojib napTHH Ha 3aKJiioHHTejibHOM 3Tane, rpaHHUbi, CKOHCTpyHpoBaHHbie b BaÖKajibCKOM perHOHe b 1917-1923 rr., 6biJiH He npoflyKTOM nojiHTHHecKoö bojih öojibineBHCTCKoro pyKOBOflCTBa, a pe3yjIbTaTOM KOMIIJieKCHblX B3aHMOfleÖCTBHH Me>Kfly MHOrOHHCJieH-HblMH yqaCTHHKaMH BJiaCTHHX OTHOineHHH. 3HaHHTejIbHyK) pOJIb b o(J)opMJieHHH h peajiH3an,hh npoeKTa aBTOHOMHoň pecnyöJiHKH cbir-pajiH npeflCTaBHTejiH perHOHajibHoň HHTejuiHreHUHH, KaK flyxoBHofl (ArBaH /JopjKHeB), TaK h cbctckoh (Phhhhho, Mnxeft HHKOJiaeBHH EpöaHOB, BopHC 3axapoBHH LUyMHUKHO). HeyflaBHiHecH nonbiTKH pa3-Me^KeBaHHH, npeflrnecTBOBaBHiHe noHBJieHHio pecnyöJiHKH, OKa3ajiH 3HaHHTejibHoe BJiHHHHe Ha OKOHHaTejibHyio KOH(J)Hrypaij;Hio rpaHHu;. ripoeKT BypHT-MOHrojibCKOö aBTOHOMHH 1917 r. npofleMOHCTpHpoBaji 3HaHHMOCTb STHHHecKHX npocTpaHCTB fljiH perHOHajibHoro HaceneHHH. MoHrojibCKaH (jjeflepauHH CTajia BoruioineHHeM CTpeMJieHHÖ k iiojihth-necKOMy o(J)opMJieHHio TpaHcrpaHHHHoň cynepsTHHHecKoö oöihhocth. TeoKpaTHHecKHÖ npoeKT He TOJibKO noflTBepflHJi ocoöyio pojib penn-thh b perHOHe, ho h oÖHapysaui npoTHBopeHHH Me>Kfly 6yflflHCTaMH. AßTOHOMHbie oöJiacTH, nocTpoeHHbie Ha pa3Hbix nojiHTHHecKHX npHH-UHnax, noKa3ajiH onacHOCTb noHHMaHHS fleMOKpaTHH KaK flHKTaTypbi ÖOJIblllHHCTBa. riOHBJieHHe Ka>KflOrO H3 3THX npOeKTOB, OflHaKO, He ÖbIJIO OÖyCJIOBJieHO «HCTOpHHeCKHMH 3aKOHOMepHOCTHMH». EyjJHT- MoHrojibCKaH Abtohomh3h Coi^HajiHCTHHecKaH CoBeTCKan PecnyöJiH-Ka CTajia jiornnecKH oötjHchhmhm, ho He npeflonpeflejieHHbiM HToroM BJiaCTHHX OTHOIlieHHH b yCJIOBHHX KpyilieHHH HMIiepHH b a3hh. # BHBJIHOrPA<řHÍI Ahapeeb, A. h. 2006. TnöeT b nojiHTHKe napcKoři, coBeTCKoři h nocTCOBeTCKoň Pocchh. CaHKT-IleTepöypr: H3fl-bo C.-IleTepöyprcKoro yHHBepcHTeTa, HapTaHr. ApCEHbEB, K. K., O. O. neTpynieBCKHH, pefl. 1893. «/XyniKaHaH». 3hl(HKJioneflHliecKHH cjioBapb. CaHKT-IleTepöypr: THno-jiHTorpac|)H5i h.A. EcjjpoHa. ---, pefl. 1895. «KupeHCK». SHUHKJioneflHHecKHH cjioBapb. 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TonoHHMHHecKHH cnoBapb STHH^ecKoft BypaTHH. yjiaH-Vfl3: HsflaTejibCKO-nojiHrpacjjHHecKHH KOMnjiexc OrOY BFIO BCrAKH. LLIyMHiiKHH, B. 3., pefl. 1932. «HapoflHoc™ Ch6hph». B: Cn6npcKaa coBeTCKaa 3HUHK!ioneflHH. Tom. 3. Hoboch6hpck: 3anaflHO-CH6HpcKoe OTflejieHHe OrH3. F03E4OBHH, Jl.A. 1996. «HaHajio naHMOHrojibCKoro flBHJKeHHH h aTaMaH CeMeHOB». B: TyMaHHTapHaH Hayxa b Pocchh: CopocoBCKHe jiaypeaTbi: HCTopHH, apxeojiorHH, KyjibTypHaa aHTponojiorna h 3THorpac[)HH: MaTepwajibi BcepoccHHCKoro KOHKypca HayHHO-wccneflOBaTenbCKHX npoeKTOB b o6jiac™ ryMaHHTapHbix HayK 1994 r., nofl pefl. A. P. BaTKHHa, C. A. HBaHOBa, 179-180. MocKBa: MejtcflyHapoflHbift Hay^Hbift KHbix ryviaHHTapHbix HayHHbix flHCUHiuiHH h ecTecTBeHHbix HayK. OflHHM H3 CJia6oH3yHeHHbIX BHflOB apXeOJIOrHHeCKHX naMHTHHKOB ApeBHHX KOHeBHHKOB hbjihkdtch CTaunoHapHbie ocefljibie noceneHHH h ropoflHina, KOTopbie HanajiH B03HHKaTb b snoxy no3flHen flpeBHOCTH, B XyHHCKOe BpeMH, XOTH pHfl HCTOHHHKOB H apXeOJIOrHHeCKHX flaHHHX CBHfleTenbCTByeT o bo3mo>khom 6ojiee paHHeM hx noHBJieHHH. b03hhk-HOBeHHe ocefljibix nocejieHHH h ropoflHin oshhho CBH3biBaioT c ycjio>K- HeHHeM SKOHOMHHeCKHX, COUHajIbHblX, nOJIHTHHeCKHX OTHOHieHHH B KOHeBblX o6m;eCTBaX, npHBOflHBIHHX K IIOHBJieHHIO HHCTHTyTOB paH- Heft rocyflapcTBeHHOCTH. H ropofla KaK CBoeo6pa3Hbie MapKepbi 6ojiee BblCOKOTO ypOBHH pa3BHTHH CHHTaiOTCH OflHHM H3 IipH3HaKOB nepe- xofla KoneBbix o6inecTB UeHTpajibHoft A3HH k hobhm o6inecTBeHHbiM OTHOineHHHM. 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Mm npHraainaeM aBTopoB, HbH HCCJieflOBaHHH CBH3aHLI c npoöJieMaMH B006-pajKeHHH h H3o6pa>KeHHfl npocTpaHCTBa h TeppHTopHH, HccneflOBaTejieíí, paöoTaiomHX Ha CTHKe ryMaHHTapHLix HayK h reorpac|)HH, k coTpyflHHHecTBy c peflaKĽ,HeH iscypHana Tartaria Magna. 03HAKOMHTbCíI C H A III H M ÍKyPHAJIOM H OCTABHTb KO M M E H T A P H H Bbl M05KETE HA H A III E M C AMTE www.Tartaria-Magna.ru ta uta rj a Magna HAYHHblH JKyPHAJI I / 2OI3 ryM AHHTAPHAS KAPTOrPAÍHE A Human Mapping tema BbinyCKA KAPTbl b flEHCTBHH. OßPA3bI nPOCTPAHCTBA h rEOrPAOHHECKAJI PEAHbHOCTb theme of the issue Maps in Action. Images of Space and Geographic Reality BbinycKaioiHHH peflaKTop H.B. qblPEMnH^OB TexHHHecKHH peflaKTop n. K. BAPHABCKHH 04>opMJieHHe HOMepa A. O. TAPMAEB Aflpec peflaKUHH: 670047 PoccHHCKaH «EeflepauHH PecnyöJiHKa EypHTHH, YnaH-Yfls yjl. CaXbHHOBOH 6 / HMBT CO PAH + 7(3012) 57 33 93 tartarmagna@gmail.com IloflnHcaHO B nenaTb 28.12.2013 $opMaT 60x90/16 TapHHTypa Charter riOJIHaH SJieKTpOHHaH BepcHH )KypHajia flocTynHa Ha caÖTe www.Tartaria-Magna.ru issn 2224-9559