Dialogue
0
At Professor Yamashita's office.
tr-o £ j in m tXL \=      o (
^7^4:      9 ^®&X*1r£0 l^t^ZM^fz b   i X~iri\
0
At the station.
IK.  1 : ^X^^r^/K-f^
>?3>:  z<d<*b^^t^?7J/veto jsn/c /C-c
fc:*S t'll.f      « fct Jit
ill 6PM
0
11 At school the next day.
1 ATM : 7tM ;Wifc 0^ ltzi>\
2 i?a>: ttv\ MKM. < ft £/If to
3 ATM : l^of;ttfc0
4 > : 3 ft, Mtt„ it < ^o-tl-^-y-zC'Cl/co
5 ATM : V^£0   I < -C^-CVx^-f^o
John: Excuse me. Professor Yamashita, I am sorry that I couldn't come to the class today. Prof. Yamashita: What happened?
John: Well, I got up late and I missed the train. I am sorry.
Prof. Yamashita: This is the third time. Why don't you buy an alarm clock?
John: Yes . . . urn, Professor Yamashita, as for the homework, could you please wait till
tomorrow? I cannot find the file I put my homework in. Prof. Yamashita: That's a problem. I hope you will find it.
T
John: Excuse me, I have lost my file. Station attendant: What is the file like?
John: It's a blue file about this size. I think I left it when I got off the train. Station attendant: Please wait for a minute. I will call and ask.
A
Prof. Yamashita: John, did you find the file? John: Yes, a station attendant found it for me. Prof. Yamashita: Good.
John: This is the homework. I am sorry it is late. Prof. Yamashita: That's OK. It's well done. John: Yes, because the station attendant helped me.
X /£ Grammar
We learned in Lesson 14 that the verbs < H h, h tf &, an t describe transactions of things. Here we will learn the use of these words as helping verbs. When these verbs follow the te-form of a verb, they describe the giving and receiving of services.
te-form + £)l-fg>		/ do something for you.
->		You do something for others.
		I do something for others.
		Somebody does something for
	\	somebody else.
	You Others	
		Somebody does something for me.
<-		You do something for me.
te-form + < tl§		Somebody does something for you.
We use the fe-form + h If & when we do something for the sake of others, or somebody
does something for somebody else. The addition of the helping verb <Mf £ does not
change the basic meaning of the sentences, but puts focus on the fact that the actions were
1
performed "on demand" or "as a favor."
£L "C & If 3 Lfeo I (generously) lent my sister money (to help her out of her destitute conditions).
cf. & (2 ^ I'       & 1£ L £ 17co [an objective statement]
1Note that in & Ifsentences the nouns referring on the beneficiaries are accompanied by whatever particle the main verb calls for. goes with the particle I-, while ^hX^^ < goes with £. These particles are retained in the h If'& sentences.
When you want to add the idea of "doing somebody a favor" to a verb which does not have the place for the beneficiary, you can use ~cofzbblz.
/ went shopping for Tomoko.
163H
Kyoko (kindly) took Tom to the station (because he would be lost if left all by himself), ci. $ X 1 ^.^ l*^      W.\-&tlX v ^3 Ltzo [an objective statement]
# J o
2
We use < ti 2> when somebody does something for us.
&# ■£>      £ ^H* o x < Hjcj-o
/I friend helps me with my homework (for which I am grateful).
L & {5 <
,4 relative sent me cookies. (I should be so lucky.)
We use the te-form + & h i to say that we get, persuade, or arrange for, somebody to do something for us. In other words, we "receive" somebody's favor. The person performing
3
the action for us is accompanied by the particle K,
/      a friend of mine to help me with my homework.
Compare the last sentence with the < ti h version below. They describe more or less the same event, but the subjects are different. In t> h i sentences, the subject is the beneficiary. In {ti%> sentences, the subject is the benefactor.
%Ltz%ii&m £       -a X < tl$ ltz0
A friend of mine helped me with my homework.
2The beneficiary is almost always understood to be the speaker in < ti -S sentences. Therefore it usually does not figure grammatically. If you have to explicitly state who received the benefit, you can follow the same strategies employed in h tf £ sentences. That is, if the main verb has the place for the person receiving the benefit, keep the particle that goes with it. The verb i4^L"t v n < calls for £, while f£ x. h calls for \~-, for example. Thus we can say:
J x i z $ /IWRv ^ X < KÍ Lfz0   (Compare: ||KC^^t) Kyoko took me to the station.
fe ftL 31^6 ft £-C < tlí Ltzo (Compare: % lz;M^F ž ffcx. £)
*j^L-A-A. L-        ti L -A-A. L-        ti L
Takeshi taught me that kanji. If the main verb does not have the place for the person, use ~<Otziblz. If      •£ is one such verb.
It A, 3 Lii^k <n tz tb t-§PM ž ff 1» L -C < Ufea
iřew cleaned the room for me. 3Sometimes, a i b i sentence simply acknowledges a person's goodwill in doing something for us. For example, you can say the following even if you had not actively asked for any assistance. (The sentence is of course okay with the "get somebody to do" reading.)
/ am glad that a strangers read the kanji for me.
0 -rufcfctt^tt/ufr
We will learn three new ways to make a request. They differ in the degrees of politeness shown to the person you are asking.
		(polite)
		
		(casual)
We use the fe-form of a verb + ^^tztztf £ to make a polite request. This is more
appropriate than < tz $ v ^ when you request a favor from a nonpeer or from a stranger.
Would you lend me a hand?
The fe-form + < jft i -^/v^1 is a request which is roughly equal in the degree of politeness to ( tz S v\ < tt J -£/v;&* of course comes from the verb < ti Z>. This is probably the form most appropriate in the host-family context.
PT/// you wait for a second?
You can use the fe-form + < v or the te-form by itself, to ask for a favor in a very casual way. This is good for speaking with members of your peer group.
^ftJp^-t <*l&^?    or ^tt^to
V\fc;/clt J;-frA*** comes from v>fcfctf 5, the potential verb which in turn comes from \^tztz < , "to receive (something or a favor) from somebody higher up." We also have < t£z% -&A>i\ which comes from the verb < tz $ I>, "somebody higher up gives me (somethings or a favor)." < f= S is historically a truncation of < tzi^^^i *t/vt>\
The variants of the ^^tztzilf & -ti-A/^ pattern are listed in what is felt by most native speakers to be the order of decreasing politeness. In addition to these, each verb can be used in the affimative as well as in the negative.
~"C v * tz tz It i. *A    (vntz tz It -S , the potential verb for ^tztz < ) ~-C < &avi£tt&$ (< #84)
~~CtbX.i-frA^    (i b ;t £, the potential verb for H?)
~ ^ i,   £. ftv >> ?       (t b x. -5, in the short form) (< ti 5, in the short form)
You can use the present tense short form + £ vu^i" fa to say that you hope something nice happens. When you say t v n a -f-f fa, you are wishing for the good luck of somebody other than you.
v^T/l^M h      £ £ ^VA^i"fai0 / hope you find a good part-time job.
■fc ^ >
/ /zo/?e zY doesn't rain. To say what you hope for for your own good, you can use £ v > v > ^ "C^S**, This shows the
speaker's attitude is more tentative and makes the sentence sound more modest.
/ «m hoping that the exam is easy.
/ /zope / caw ca/e/z o'clock train.
Note that both £ \. ^"C-ffa and £ vu^A/'Ci"*f mean that you are hoping that something nice happens. This means that these patterns cannot be used in cases where you hope to do something nice, which is under your control. In such cases, you can usually turn the verb into the potential form.
5
/ hope . . . (for you/them) / hope . . . (for myself)
±^KftItž £ vu^-C-f^0 Compare:   X ±^izfí < £ ^v^-Cf
/ am hoping to go to college. — I am hoping that I can go to college.
sIf hope that you do something for me, that is, if I want to make an indirect request, we use %ifi$ before £     ^AsX"f    as in:
X — ŽAstf^iX < ti-S £ **„ Swe, / /«0.p<? yow will come.
We use the word    to describe when something happens or happened.
g s
sentence A BtK	sentence BD	When A, B.
		
		
time reference	main event	
The sentence A always ends with a short form, either in the present tense or the past tense. You can decide which tense to use in A by doing a simple thought experiment. Place yourself at the time the main event B takes place, and imagine how you would describe the event in A. If A is current or yet to happen, use the present tense in A. If A
6
has already taken place, use the past.
The present tense in A If, at the time the main event B takes place, A is current or is still "in the future," use the present tense in A.
I will get the visa issued when I go to Tibet. going to Tibet
A: B:
having the visa issued
Thought experiment:
Note that as long as event A occurs after event B, the clause A gets the present tense (ft <), irrespective of the tense in clause B Cf* 9 £ -f or 9 £ L tz). In the example below, the whole sequence of events has been shifted to the past: at the time you applied for the visa (=B), the departure (=A) was yet to be realized. The temporal order between the two events is exactly the same as in the example above, hence the present tense of ft ( ■ Note especially that we use the present tense in A, even if the two events took place in the past.
/ had the visa issued when I was going to go to Tibet.
The grammar of the af temporal clauses in reality has more twists and quirks than are shown here, but this should be a good enough start.
Observe more examples of this tense combination.
/ take out the contact lenses when I go to sleep.
(You take out the lenses [=B], and then go to bed [=A].)
x n i
I locked the door when I went out.
(You locked the door [=B], and then went out [=A].)
Clause A also gets the present tense, when the state of A holds when event B takes place.
C5      Hi XL h
I call up friends when I am lonely.
feeling lonely
A: B:
make phone calls
Erl XL h
Note that &-adjectives get     and nouns get «0 before of.
*VM$, < 4* 0 Etc
it- Éfeá    i < i
/      a headache when it is cold.
7 If A is a verbal idea (action) and describes an ongoing event during which B takes or took place, the verb in A is in the X v * & form. In the example below, the phone call event (= B) occurs in the middle of TV viewing (=A).
^4 phone call came when I was watching TV.
watching TV
A:-B:-
phone call
Note in this connection that it is wrong to use the following sentence pattern, because fto'C^'S does not describe an ongoing event but is a description of the result of "going," that is, being in a faraway place after going (see Lesson 7).
I went by plane when I was going to Okinawa.
i+x J      ^ 5 lit
/ /og- m      park when I feel fit.
/ fooA; the dog to a vet when it was sick.
The past tense in A If, at the time of the main event B, A is already "in the past," use the past tense in A. Note that we use the past tense even when the two events are yet to take place; it is the order of the two that matters. In the example below, you will have already arrived in China (=A) at the time you buy tea (=B).
I will buy oolong tea when I go to China. I bought oolong tea when I went to China.
going to China
A:-1- ^Ml-tf^tz^
buying oolong tea
/ ta&e a long bath when I have gotten tired. (You get tired [=A], and then take a bath [=B].)
/ cnW tu/ze« / had forgotten to bring the homework. (You found out about the homework [=A] and then cried [=B].)
You use the te-form of a verb to describe the things you have done that you want to apologize for.
I am sorry for using foul language. vSorrv        / s/oofif 3>om up.
Ü16SM
When you want to apologize for something you have failed to do, you use ~ & < X, the short, negative te-form of a verb. (To derive the form, first turn the verb into the short, negative and then replace the last ^ with < X.)
I am sorry for not bringing in the homework.
:x<' i>
Sorry        / did not tell you earlier.
i llli
mm;—s
Expression Notes
332S^i5i*S is mainly used among friends. t> 3 i~ <& is a polite alternative for £J <£. Use £' % 7 ~? 2> instead when the person who will treat/treated you to a meal is a superior, such as a teacher or a business associate, refers to "invite for a meal" as well as "pay for a
meal."
Mr. S«fo treated me to lunch
/ invited friends for dinner this weekend.
M W Practice
A. Your friend is sick, and you did the following for your friend. Describe them with
Example:   cook dinner   -»   3ft Z'ffiL £ \% o X h If £ L 7c 0
1. help with his homework
2. correct his paper
3. buy flowers
4. take him to the hospital
5. do laundry
6. clean his room
7. lend him your notebook
8. call his teacher
9. go to a bank and withdraw money 10. do dishes
B. Pair Work—Your partner needs help. Tell what you would do for your partner in each situation using ~"C£>l:f§>.
Example:   A : &7c£>^& < X $ VLv^fi\
B : fc<r>%Ltz%%.Ufr'LXih\1 £ to
3. ^a^cMS    < ^wt&v^-c-fo
5. SP>!**yf v^-c-to
6. /UCt1) stH^^-Cl-o
ff!168M
(S3)
C. The following are what your host mother, your friend, and a stranger did for you. Describe them with ~"C<ft§ and ~"C=fc6-5.@
Example: H^I^ot ( ll^ U:D
e t
Ex. z*WL£ftZ
li/v
1. nm^m~t%
2.
3. 7M n jW\tl>
tr*,- <
5.	3 —	
6.		
7.		i
8.		
		L v L & 1
9.
10. it € ti £
At fit
11. $M&£#^>
12. WP3^-f
D. Describe what the following people did for you using ~"C< tl-S/~"C:fct>:2.
1.
>4-£> | -j
2. ^
3. m-^
LA
4. &tz%
t £
E. You visited a Japanese family last weekend. Describe what they did for you and what you did for them using —r<tlS/35tfS/:&6'5.
£ 1 h-k
Example:   & # $ ^      rtk £ ft -p X < *l 2 L 0
«* 1*4-      HA, o<
Ex. (1) (2)
F. Omiai Game—Ask three classmates if they are willing to do the following after they get married. Add your own question. After the interview, tell the class who you want to marry and why.
16PH
Example:   do laundry
	name ( )	name ( )	name ( )
cook			
clean the house			
wake me up			
do dishes			
take out the garbage			
buy present			
iron			
			
G. Answer the following questions,
za, n     ail     v u     it: ft'i
2. fi*tf>n^ %Lm±föZ. IX < Hi Ltz*\
3. fe/«cM*r£ LT & h^^tz^X»t*\
iHt      *'«t*J:      it: -
Hi ft       2 it:
u-ri * ;i el    k| fee
A. Ask these people the following favors, as in the example, (üjjjl
Example: < 9 f£1~
Iii
£t Ii i
#1 Iii
tAÜi' Iii
i. /-h £#1-
3. *^&JB^t«
c/UiX   -CX Jb
5.
6. lRJc^Ex.Uirt|.
8. ^mz^fei
9.	
	
10.	
	
11.	
	
12.	
	i < ^X 1
B. Pair Work—Practice request sentences in the following situations, altering the level of speech {~<Hfel\/<U£i±fofr/l}tztz[-f$:Urvtr) depending on whom you are asking. Expand the conversation.
Example:   You want to go somewhere, (to your boyfriend/girlfriend)
1. You are broke, (to the host mother)
2. You need one more day to finish the homework, (to the teacher)
3. You are expecting a guest, and you need help around the house, (to your child)
4. You are hungry, (to the host mother)
5. You want to meet more people, (to your friend)
6. You want to have the letter that you wrote corrected, (to the boss)
A. Read each person's situation, and express what you hope for him/her. (^)
Example:
You get well soon.
16114
& L£bflutter < /L-Cl-c
1 j :i «
1. It is good weather.
2. It is not cold.
3. It is fun.
4. You can get into a graduate school.
5. You can get a scholarship.
6. The yen becomes cheaper.
7. Your teacher does not collect the homework.
8. Your teacher does not come to class.
9. A typhoon comes and there is no class today.
B. You are in the following situations. Explain your situation and say what you hope for.
Example:   You want to live in Japan.
1. You have a test tomorrow.
2. You are going to climb a mountain tomorrow.
3. You want to get married.
4. You will begin a homestay next week.
5. You will study abroad.
A. Describe each situation using —Bf. 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
—is
(4)
(5)
(6)
16HH
B. Connect the sentences using —Bf. Pay attention to the tense before ~B|. @
Example:   it t -    1 /MM % 1 & A lz it £ 9) <
Aft       J J; l/C-tfo £A£       Aft J
7. 7/c/&<
8. >&Hf£tf</^Bli:^
1/L t-i
C. Pair Work—Ask each other the following questions. Answer them with ~BtF
Example:   A : £X &H#f| £ -fj>\
b : m*sm^^, ns^ä-to
1. ai^ftSt^'^tK
2. ^X^BttCtf LltK
£ J fc^ tX
3. a^'ji^L < & 0 it*'.
4. ^XtCB#^mt^t^o
5. fcf/tft«$}4 3< 2 L/=^o
6. £XtC&#^f£L£ Ltz*\
D. Complete the following sentences.
1._% ^otav^itt-a-^
2. _/f-T>f -£ LI L J: T„
3. _i/ct,[:^itif0
4. StflVMNh _o
J, J,--
6. $Ltc%¥_4,
t % £ J
7. -^7 r ^ft^/:^,
L H S
A. Make sentences apologizing for the following things using ~r'3~2^"t*/u"£iU
Example:   ^Sf-^bft&VN   ->   tf^^^bft^ < X ~$ & £    As'X* L tz „ (to your professor)
l* tf> 5 i       ^ lift
2.
3.
# i <
(to your friend) 5. ^tit < tf£1"£
7.     —t >f —Klf i'^'V*
B. Make sentences to apologize for the following things and add excuses to it. Use ~rT^^"C*Ufc or depending on whom you are talking to.
Example:   You came late to the class, (to your professor)
Hi
1. You couldn't come to the class, (to your professor)
2. You woke your roommate up. (to your roommate)
3. You forgot your friend's birthday, (to your friend)
4. You laughed at your friend, (to your friend)
5. You told a lie. (to your friend)
6. You lost the book that you borrowed from your host father, (to your host father)
A. Talk about a good experience you had recently.
Example:   - <D ?A * -AWl^fUl^^-r, if Ťz LX*~t o
f:c   £ X t 1 tlU^f:tto
B. Role Play—Make a skit based on the following situations.
1. You were absent from class yesterday. Apologize to your teacher and explain why you were absent.
2. You stood up your date. Apologize to him/her. Then tell him/her that you are too busy to have a date next week, and ask him/her to wait till the week after next.