(^lT1*!1 *~ s *~ o n <^^^^)^)^V|g Grumble and Gossip IS D i a o g u e Sue and Takeshi have just run into each other at the station i x- : 3 fcttL 4 X — I 5 /:ltL 6 7 x- : 8 9 £lt I 10 11 X — * 12 /bit I A, ht± St <-t i'L^ti £ L& < T t) WV> |:\$ #■ K . fcTI Xt^H m*<& fr^tzAsX??l>\ Ijtii^KL* tin lici fo"t Ken and Sue have arranged to meet at the coffee shop. 1 X- 2 3 X- 5 X- 6 IH-C^lt L*AsK4t^tz X0 £ ft {-, 'It L i" 3? -C ^ T ' J - £ r' - h 15 b# Fait &* v ^ X o L rs Sue: Takeshi, long time no see. I've heard you got a job at a travel agency. Congratulations! Takeshi: Thank you. Sue: Have you gotten used to the job yet? Takeshi: Yes. But, compared to my college days, I have become very busy. I don't have any time Sue: That's tough. At my friend's company, there are many holidays, and they don't have to work overtime, I heard. Takeshi: I'm envious. At my company, there are few holidays and the salary is low ... It can't Sue: I happened to meet Takeshi at the station this morning. Ken: I haven't seen him since he graduated. How was he? Sue: He looked very tired. He said he sleeps only four or five hours every night. Ken: Company employees in Japan have a hard time, after all. Sue: Besides that, he said he doesn't have time to go out with Mary. Ken: I see. If I were him, I would choose the girlfriend over the job. I hope they'll be okay. for myself. get worse. Sue: Why didn't you check more before you entered the company? Takeshi: I thought that I could travel around when I got in a travel agency. X Grammar Q (I hear) In Lesson 13, we discussed the sentence-final expression £ -} "CT which means "seemingly." Here we will study another sentence-final £ 1 "Ci~, which presents a "hearsay report." The two £ ^ ~C*i" differ not only in their semantics, but also in the forms of predicates they are attached to. You can add the ^ ? tt of report to a sentence ending in the short form. If you heard someone say: You can report it as: ■> "Oz/r Japanese class is fun. " / Aa^e heard that their Japanese class is fun. -» "Our professor is very kind. " / Afl^e heard that their professor is very kind. -> 'We did not have a class today." I've heard that they didn't have a class that day. When we use £ 1 X°~f~, the reported speech retains the tense and the polarity of the original utterance. We simply turn the predicates into their short forms. (Thus X°~f after a ^.'-adjective or a noun changes to fz, while "C"f after an v\-adjective is left out.) Compare the paradigms of the two £ i ~C"J\ I hear that . . . /ooAs . . . verbs: w ~> 2 U-adjectives: ■> ^C-adjectives: -> ^- noun 1The •?■ 7 "C"f" of report is robustly invariant. The only forms commonly used are % n "C"f and the more casual % i fz. We do not use the negative in U ^ & 0 L, and the past tense version i n X'Ltz. 2See the footnote on i n in Lesson 13. 17HM 0 You can also use •£ 1 X*~f to report on things that you have read about in a book or in a newspaper, or have come to know via a broadcast. To specify the information source, you can preface a sentence with the phrase ~t:J: 5 £, as in l/fSflf-=t 5 £ (according to the newspaper report), and Xftf'fRt- =fc Z> K (according to the weather forecast). In informal speech, you can add X at the end of a sentence, instead of % i X*~f, to quote what you have heard, o X is the informal variant of the quotation particle £ and follows 3 the short forms in much the same way as £ "f ^ "t ^ J: L tz and £ ') X"f~. Thus, when your friend Mary says, [>s Jilt -etc hltz, t&m&hZAsX-to] you can report it as: Mary says she's busy today. She says she has an exam tomorrow. You can also use o X in place of the quotation particle £ before verbs like ^ 1. &z^ ht* /vl±¥\X^~oXtz0* What did Akira say? HA, n ■f - g Z2 V — h ^r^"f"z^ fz-o X%-oXtza He said he ate too much chocolate. k w f- b is one of the several words in Japanese that refer to conditional (if) dependence. When we say "A tz b B," we mean that "B is valid, contingent on the fulfillment of A." That is to say, the event, action, or situation in B is realized if and when the condition A is met. IS w j %M * / will buy kimono if and when I go to Japan. 3 o X and £ can also follow the long forms, and indeed sentence final particles like *\ fa, and X , if your intent is to quote verbatim, preserving the style and tone of the original utterance. X changes to X after 5We learned one use of this word in Lesson 14: tz h i X*~ffr used in recommending an activity to the listener, tz h 1 X~ffr literally translates as "how is it if." The initial tz in tz h comes from the short form past tense endings of predicates. verbs: J; -> Mfvtzit) J; iVadjectives: -> 7ä-adjectives: Btrtz z? -> noun + Wfrtz -» fofrtz^tzb negative clauses: -» Sometimes, the clause before tz h describes a possible condition and the clause after it the consequence which then follows. Whether or not the condition is actually met is largely an open issue with this set of sentences. It may be fairly likely, as in the first example, or very unlikely, as in the last. We will go for a walk, if the weather is fine. / will ask about it, if I see Professor Yamashita. 7/ somebody is a Japanese person, then they will probably know this word. 7 would send money to Amnesty International, if I should win the lottery. Note that when you say "A 7c h B," you cannot express a sequence of events in which B occurs before A; B can only take place at the time A comes true or later. You cannot therefore use tz h to describe an "if" sentence like the following. ("B"= this weekend, which comes before "A"= next week.) It will be better for you to study this weekend, if you have an exam next week. Sometimes, the tz b clause describes a very probable condition, and the second clause describes the event that will take place as soon as the situation is realized. With this type of sentence, tz h simply arranges future events and activities in a temporal sequence. I will call you when I get home tonight. Let's go out and have some fun once we are done with the homework. Note that the very same sentences could be interpreted in this way or in the way shown earlier. The difference lies not in the sentences themselves, but in the possibly different ways the real world could be like. If you expect to be home tonight in all likelihood, the first sentence here describes what you will do when you get home. If, on the other hand, you are not certain whether you will be home tonight, the same tz h sentence describes 6 what you will do if you get home. Finally, the tz h clause can describe a condition that is unreal and contrary to fact. With this type of sentence, you express a purely hypothetical condition and its probable result. If I were a cat, I would be asleep all day long. If I had money, I would buy a car. To describe what you do not need to do, take a negative sentence in the short form, drop the final vv 0f &v\ and add < X & Vvv^"Ci". & < x is the negative te-form, which we studied in the last lesson. You do not need to take off your shoes. 7>-tf > h \±% < t£ iun-CTo tzfi- The present does not need to be anything expensive. —&<~C:£)l\l,\~C~§' does not need to . . . Throughout the uses of the tz h conditional clauses discussed here, one thing remains constant: A tz h B can only describe a conditional dependency that holds naturally between A and B. You cannot describe with /; h an "if" dependency of the "B even if A" type, where B holds in spite of A. xh!atzi*ife%tifzi^tzh, m±m%I £-fr^o ii-zz,^. a. --mtA. if-pzz a, I will not marry you even if you want to. v^--f~ follows a noun and expresses the idea that something or somebody resembles the thing or the person described by the noun. The resemblance noted is usually in terms of external characteristics, but not necessarily so. fifflrf looks/acts like Jerry Garcia. (Has a portly figure? Wears tie-dye shirts? Has an interesting taste in certain chemicals?) u-.t That person over there is like a gorilla. (Sturdily built? Thumps his chest often? Good at climbing trees?) 7 &tz\^X~f can also follow a verb and expresses the idea that something "appears to be the case." It can follow the short form of the present tense and the past tense, both in the affirmative and in the negative. It looks like it has rained. looks like that person is hungry. It looks like that person did not sleep last night. It looks like the professor is not coming to school tomorrow. verb + fotzlWf It looks like . . . 7 A-TcVi-Ci" can in fact follow adjectives too, but it is far more common to use % n with adjectives. See Lesson 13 for the adjective base + i X"f construction. You can use the present tense short form and TiiFt- to describe the event before which something happens. verb A (short present) + sud verb B B before A. 3.x. / will go to Tokyo one more time before I go back home. I studied Japanese for one semester before I came to Japan. The verb that precedes I>T I- is always in the present tense, whether the tense of the overall sentence is in the present tense (as in the first example above) or in the past tense (as in the second). 8 To describe an event after which another thing happens, you can use the fe-form of a verb + h. verb A + T.ti'h verb B A, and then B./B after A. -* h B" sentence can also describe the state B that has held true since the event A. *ac L "-- / have been feeling very lonely since my cat died. B, W Practice V—■x-f— if A. Listen to Sue's story and report it using ~-Zo'C'f'- @ Example: £ Q : / r 'j-umtf^tf: ? / T 'j — Ex. I am busy this week. 1. I have to study tonight. 2. Tom and Kyoko are dating. 3. I slept only three hours last night. 4. Mr. Sato got divorced. 5. I quit a part-time job. 6. I have to go back to England in June. B. Pair Work—First practice the following dialogue with your partner. Then change the underlined parts and make another dialogue with your partner. L IKS % b : i ^0 ^r^tt^i. ■) 33fi#S o fc 6,5 tl U U "C"T A. Make sentences with ~fc£>%-5tlL'U'Cir using the cues, (jjjjl Example: $ -> T ft L v^*"?*0 4. f-^^^fc 5. ^mvk^ 7. 4W*^vn 8. ^v^^fc 3. a^tc^ttts 6. yV-tf > 9. #fi±«ft£ (iö4) MRS • B. Change the cues 1 through 8 into fc6-clauses, choose the appropriate phrases to follow them from a through i, and make sentences. Example: Ltzh, $M?^*t izfflfot ^Utto LmiL J: < Ex. 1. 2. r a X3i:1f < 3. ^m^^b b4'^ 4. 3f£v% it 5. # / 7 J^Ä < 4^ 6. frtzti^m^tz 7. SP/l^ft^U*'^ 8. 5*.< < a. mmi£i~0 b. ezK&mmt/vo c. ^^^t^lfo d. MMCWa^!) e. ^MX7 h£l£<^v4t3:-£A,o f. I^l^-CK^If^to e. m i ä to h. \^flX < $ v\, C. Pair Work—Ask what your partner would do in the following situations, using Example: Q A&foZ fcvvtA £ A I- ISA 1. ffl{l#|. 2. £4fr&*£v^ l: IIA r Cn f 4. 5. -y-A-y-u 7. £ < VKgfzZ 8. X^#c7)b^ 0:v A. John doesn't have to do the following things. Make sentences using ~&y 7 Xrtt±m H \-\%^^ < % * V^ $ IkLfr € 1 i V \ifzh Student A at-h ________r^b r^b jr^v. 3amasor\\c A. Describe what the following things/people are like with ~fetzl\~c?~§"fa. @ Example: fof)Xtz%X~t0 £t%flv^irfe ht-X Hi -3>-J: (6)^^/:%-Cto htzt it i B. Describe the following pictures with verb + fotzl\l?t. Example: %> frtz\^~?0 Ex. (1) (3) Bo (4) (5) C. Pair Work—Ask your partner the following questions about the picture. When you answer, use '. Example: A ! B I 1. 3 2. ZOAiiM^l-tV^ I"* 3. >^H(i^-Cl-^o WE 6. 7c if - £$tV^ ~ffr0 7. i ¥iT H ill A. Gossip about people (e.g., a celebrity/your teacher/your classmate) by using ~^5^sT/wo'C. You can make up your own story. B. Talk about the things you have to or don't have to do in Japan, comparing them to similar situations in your country. Example: 0E T* ]) ij ~€~$'. Example: ~—Xtc«£ $ i]x)7*)V-T ^tz%l tf„ L- L/C- Pair Work (?) C. Example: A I / V — y :7 "C*AHfl EH-lift & ( "fe. ^ ^ tt ^ /v Student B &amasonic 50MY work on Saturdays > be able to use a computer auit at the aae of 60 ....................../........................ work until late hours........................................................ / Ike in a dormitory / wear a tie ¥220,000 salary ffI17§IM At the Barbe r/B eauty Salon Useful Expressions -1 would like to have a hair cut (permanent). \ -Please don't make it too short. -Please don't shave. -Please cut off about 3 centimeters. i L #«0- Please cut the back all the same length. Please dye my hair in red. -1 want my hair to be like Bob Marley's. (showing the picture) Useful Vocabulary V * > 7 — - #7 r - s\ — - shampoo cut blow-dry permanent set hair style sideburns to cut to shave to crop to dye to make hair even; to trim ^ —v £: ^Wl" — to have one's hair permed