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BK Í R « m ^ ftJ (IIS AJ IE Í 1» KS i j n y tí I ml; dc m o ftl u iS tt i I j b Q S g mm w M ft -j fhť i j ■rt P # e y tí •4 AJ M _> P »—* co f? -R t J ■H T" H P £ ■í? ■m —' ITfl p p & - Q AJ J-ť .jSE " líha - -n S ffi * S n U ■rttl -Jo- AJ [E & -M AJ AJ IIIIB MD IIIIB n •R is Q ft aj U N? -3 4* Ä i j Q m aj * Ü ft ť ms K9 « ^ ft g''H o , W8 , x* ä ^ aj aj 0 pi i * É 1 ■U V -K -č -K Hni i ZK X ä 0 í? V.' <-> •R ■(U ŕ J "frÓ o s ^ o -w lg ^ ■R ^ fflg -J ^ S? AJ 0 ■w JE M Ma Dna Q 0 CM Q o? —' AJ Q P ■H Q Hun ■M- G S Hi ■ft k? p 3} ^ 12 •V -K ä e CNl Ihm Q "Ŕ A AJ p -t. •ŕ IJ s P ro Q ma una w Q lf)a lna ■M" m •H Q m ■K Q e una & o P AJ AJ 'O ft U. AJ AJ aj 0 AJ tj£ AJ Q ,rs Wa i Hun _s -> AJ ~> k? N +>" S1 Una ■R 1S- nn tí W ar lina e s + ITS' una + ITH' Una oy um; +ft mi; AJ H r-Q 'Ad P i? flu "n P a o L- % e # -K 0 Q ä? w H —, Ma > lna +J •H S í CO ■H ^R 'O -H Q ■R •w i J T- -H Q Š S m P ft ■í ä AJ AJ -h km; law ■H vľ a W Ö iS * i'K W ^ AJ ^ /* "R _> K? # +P Q jjg & 5b ii -vid g m lillQ U Wn * lína '0 , * v * Li 'R fflü -1 !§ li 9£ 44 ü 4M F t j AJ ■R V ■vid -R ■H ^ v' -w nu? +« 1 ' Bii Bit ^ S P m AJ ^0 >J Yb AI A 111 P m 0 -R AJ lg -TX. ^) 'ti ■R ^> Q $ \^ -R Q \1 -šíř t i iy o iid íd? ■co •R AJ au S 4H Mna 'w; té ? & ■vid A K? >J ^J '4-6 'ÝU t _J 0 o A A K> P -H _J 4< P ä 'i- AJ 4P m & & m © wn IIIID ttl Q Ä ■« in ! Q ^ tm BS Q Hiin m G H •R -4 ä TO lina •Vid V -wJ i'K 'Ni ^ A +6 ■vy ^ S SI u m 3fr S A o um lina < AJ v A "R N3a -VV Q H r é •?} A) J % A U U _J UÍ A ru ilna •Vid ^ S X ^ Q H S p A ^0 < mi A HllEL +M 4^ • A A 93 f# ■vid lina % •fe # I g i'K * í|? on 12 ii A S n S 'R nie ^ * •y v S "ii +>6 «j s se p HSg mi lina ^ jo Q 1^ u •V 'R ^ S ilua "R M A) /J I (J Kin ' MS S SĚ fflf hd? Wn a ilua ilua -vy ^ m J7~> dmi] •CO +^ P m & R 'W -R S 4M jj SĚ ^ p m G . - ^ v Wn .—) ilna 4H ID í ^ am W 1 J 4M 4^ V 'R ilua fM Aj ^ J_ -> ^ - I íK? 1K "1 ^J p o © mmmmzmzmm • mum POINT > —---- ffiii±fiS« iz is if h m%fttfrZ> WS&timtoVi (Immediate Constituent Analysis/ICfflffx) tli, ;fc£#-?\ mfc2^ 3 £v>? (ftA) £B?l«i£:fr££fliv>S1-0 ® )mra^ts®m ....... ESIS^S^W t i x l£f§<7) The young man worked hard. £ l/ ^ £ £ S-|fLtJLJ;% C#W£<®1 >JSLT±5£f1-0 t f\ The young man it John tt £'<75 1 I§Tg § J^x. pThBT-* i), worked hard iiran 4 £"«0 1 IgT-ft^^x. ~f\ The young man £ worked hard fcv^ 2 o«Ofi;gMft£f§{;:# The young man 60 young man li boy 4 £V) 1 If ^mx. njfg-e-t ^"'5, The young man (±The £ The young man worked hard The young man worked hard The young man worked young man work ed
hard young man £V^ 2^ ZhiZ, young man i±^ri>^ri) 2 -o £ n ttm^mi&mtWd) <£> inizfflRTik&toirm-o jihb trails, ^«t^^ffi?i [[[The][[young][man]]][[[work][ed]][hard]]] ftm^iiZ-?:-$>z><7>it. MM^rnu} t± r^-j &£' <02> T* $<'^ft£p$£ £ v> -9 J: -9 4f0.«***4 - £ WTTN can swim(iran^rifO 1 |^i:g§^ x.nrtre*££i:#^ «gS;**s5;LTv^i:fijBf-e# i-f0 Can John swim?tv> 9^X^-^ can t swimriWtLT LSoT i-£A,0 I^^Hs John picked up a stone. JCi3^~£\ picked up (i threw4£f01i&TMI#ft;LTI±, picked t up dsgl^.TV> 2) It is tough to solve the problem, t The problem is tough to solve.$)2> ^Ritt^^ffilt^^o £t>iC> John ate some apples, t What did John eat?(±, &% h ffinWtfvM& -1 s»o«Erttit§fcj (ri^j # rujESAj & rotu tit**) 64 AJ tm ilna «38 SI n n W o "R K3 ■en ^> m tel p n 'o •R 'tv •H aj 'o KD .> ^ -R -|on "/ aj "K 'Ni _! 'IV •fí nu? •H j _> -< o _j n < -> p '//« -R _ P "lne _> G R p aj aj P 'o >\< H V u Wa ilna Win Dna t& ř "K * •H 'IV /i -R V -H SS 1— _> E << -< co co Q Wn lina Kin lina ^ V I f S -R w 4< ^ ~R ■R aj >j r aj -i 4« « * á m* a S * E 4< ■vrtj aj •R ff * w X aj a) S ^ -> —, # w ^ \) l S a) Si -, »J tí tl K? id 1^) ■ MB IIIIO AJ tm iii iq m m » li AJ AJ K & © m H o □C! V1 m v , © s « © m AJ >J Ž g '15 -H £ © ffl. É n pg IIUD ® •h & ,— •R -< au ■10= , as m © o ffi ty lina w Q gp -R ■H AJ ■< £ •J ±ž i? ■lina * J AJ AJ i K? II V & -R K? & •h v © >J 1 S S£ 'O AJ Í'K .> © «( ■R tiš lina & lina AJ jfjg iliia £> ■9 'O /i R ■4 li filBt as _> «« i w fiJ i-o e li ?< ^> -> ■R ■R 88 4°" "l0" © iliia 'v > K? * f? 0 S5 ■h 'O _> IŘ nu AJ 1 ÍK © SI © © s w m PB SR m © Ira ■f} © ■R Má tlnn o fflS » j 1 i|m 0 0 © AJ r—( /i -R •i? í te 'r V- m »; © AJ u fM -J © AI »B w 'O _) řJ o -> AJ řJ +í © JÍ 1 © •ttí Si g l> © 1 w # Sta lina 'O Í'K i AJ i|»a _:j 5 © lina 0 © M © AJ li lina * 'O i|na lina K? ^ H © /■» _> E AJ © •li- © © R je -Í5 33 AJ lina 0 m POIIUT>- © _.........__. i -f, The boy ate an apple, t (/> 3 IQEOjtOflligi, ifiSfl|l£##f an apple by ST, boy t apple (i^Sfs] (noun = N), ate IZXffl (verb = V), an (ifiHsEfil (determiner = D) X"t0 £ fc, the boy t an apple ti&Wl'fcj (noun phrase = NP) > ate an apple [±i&gr5j (verb phrase - VP) Trto £ h The boy ate an applel±% (sentence = S) X~f0 ffi&^ltcw)£■ The boy ate an apple / S The boy / np ate an apple / vp The/D boy/n ate/v anapple/np an/D apple/n <@2> S <@3 ><0«ji^i3m-r The boy ate <@3> D an N I apple (a) S — NP VP (b) NP — D N (c) VP — V NP h ti. (b) O^jflKSlifl X o T < E 5 > , (c) <^i£Mo \z ~<[I6 >£ffi^fr-££ c NP VP NP VP <@4> D N V NP ® mmmm zmowmw** ^*>^Mc) vp—v npt^o^m^mx-t^xi^ (1) John ran- (2) John gave Mary an apple. (3) John put an apple on the table. (4) I bet you a pound on her success. (ffi&^J&Srf-S^l- 1 **> KSftt&o) KEYWORD"/ 70 71 mra AJ i «3- s -R Hnu i—1 E 'O AJ B J3 O i-i G lina e SI G •R DE 1 É J? li G E S? S G /i ■R -h .o o .O E AJ [TH* lina 2 f •w G 4d 51 G «i G I- G > G < > o ■a >R H G > . G 7! JH 'R G > f ° 'R G 'R 0 H 1 © G & B* M m o ihia -R > 3 I /i •R > -a < E AJ r AJ WD m G 0 Xj JÍ e G 0 o v -R 'R _> AJ O o X> u ■s in 3 ^ G Q í •R v G |s> ÍS f j E G lina p ■10E -R AJ « AJ W 'R H G 'c G ' ií z , AJ e 'R AJ S 4 3 K -R lia" lina % ' E G m. S « tm S J? G 51 G 58-Jí- G G >^ -R . -> > í a. > O a, > o •P > H 2L 'R & »c g ^J o ř 33 >* ■H W s § ft * J? Q ma Hla m ŕ ■n P O ■M- P ■R -K 'ť "n v "n ■K Z. 'V +< & ^ ^ ^ »ÍL ''i »" •R -R f! í! -R & » rf- hh ■H ^ t? ^ H N W ? í? S a 'n a S aj k? R-í lllid m o § m-Kin Una p J? Una -ŕ aj aj ffe Q aj £6 aj z, tfa W .U '!"? -H r P °< K 55 aj X) 'o ■H Q Ír J? ■H lisí •w Mi AJ S K? AJ K? BJffll § Q w ^ ď: •m i J 3 Q ■H i2 ■a ■W S P A) -o + •t? •IE-; una m m ■hí P ■K Una «■ m ft S Ulla í? UH- AJ -iE IK1 o una S « ■H ~~ 'P AJ S AJ S 'j ■h Ä "n ■K - s d< j? E AJ C<1 AJ o $* +* J? « ^S * K 0 o CO ^ j? 4 lil w ft •H S ?5 P 'O "H 5 .T! W u S j? Q ✓—s X) ^—- í --N Q CS •H e -—s v—>* S ■ä S AJ >J n AJ -f? # ŕ* -> ■tí 'M AJ •H N/ feg b. Oh -—' í on AJ •p3 J? IBS # e AJ ä e /-N CO T AJ Kí t j ■f? ^ t « S3 -f? -N Oj, kina nt V J Q 45 ■K- £ n ra w S * ä äff t J M t £ E k s * Ä 8 ft ŕ .f , Q J* 'o _> AJ a 4< •R 'n ■í ■¥ —i -H n 6 u Ú # Z q -K H Sie G h AJ ng< f? + Je? ä ss S i ä Sa nu a « Q •K S -í? SK K? H e ^> t ~, S tu s? f I í? ^ S—- /-s , 3 AJ "R Ä K Q CO •y tel i AJ # AJ 'O mm (s?«) poiiiit>------—-- £ f\ M% ffl-f -1 tfX U 4 #£<7) loftt, ^ < g i > ^mmwm&if^Tfr tLa^a ZZXl^Mt^Z kit, D, N, V, D, Niv^ftTS^ft-ffl i>tv>-5li:T-t0 $lx.l£, vcot Z\-5iZarrived, putiWXLtz^kHISw5:t?J± (1) X The boy arrived an apple. (2) X The boy put an apple. 1-4flWRfESLT^< -t/5^-e1-0 #!lxt£\ arrive fcl»»58gH\ SUP (V)^4fcv^i8Bg|WKIBi-4fl!«^x.T, arrive at the city fcv»5 <£ o mrSfil^j(PP)^^^ tv»-9 £ t amiri z trftt-mr-fo arrive fc|»1-£WJ: ? fcflBRli, 9 KJFtd t**?§ Sto arrive: V [_PP] (arrive !±i&fB]t\ Ti8£&g(c£i;£') T> V? £■? £fstfU(NP)£ 1 ^ k h Wmxl-fr hs >XCfiv>t, V^fiHKeat (ate)£-}f ALT, fOl^D, honesty J¥ALfc»#\ O(3)<0 i 0 (3)X The boy ate her honesty. (^W^Ii^WJEES ££^£0) ftot, ^<7)J:-5iS:SfBfei-4/tl-^ eat fcv^RKMLT, #C eat: [_[H-A^fi**]] Of 19, eat«£i1-££KKU(NP)(i, r^fc^iWJ t^'^fr! fzLX^^iiffi^^^'k^'i ZkTlr0 78 mm AJ ■h s> t J -í? "ô" ŕ ÍÉ P ■H e ■r t J tu 51 líiin AJ U 'P -3 una s ifna r- g DU «* AJ unii £6 S i J S 1 * r -tí K? 'ra AJ "!s H q 1? -K ť a> e AJ H t i J? i i* K? % •H q XX RI ■M 51 DU t j NX « tí(a Una K? aj _> 0 IHK 0 M S * K n/ G ň? 33 S ■fx. Ü "ŕ n +-~ i 3 ^ , KS ^ ^ v # ■Ä # t? p a) í} S k? 5 £ Jrtj 33 33 & £ s> m P e? ^ 'v s ■5i « ✓s W $ % iS S Q ft -3 Q ft Ä SI -fe ■K q ft ■H £ q f ■H -W % e o aj S v Dl * ^ m ä q 4M ■k ig ä llllE m m ÍSflJ G not S ■ ■ SI e m is O s * m I I 1j ■K aj ss ig _j S aj k? Al o ^) Ji v 33 CR P s> m M* m« i, Sa E ^ O hk H Pri S Una 'o H q e "t3 scb c X! O m£ 1—1 t,/ 5J i5 D. > c o x> <ú c/5 a) ■H ■ft ■=> ■Ŕ -í* i J P* s -R aj Li n a ^ "o w u. m cľL DDK S s? X s El ^ SK w k? "h AJ ■Ü A) _3 N/ aj S q ti S -R a, y Z 0 q n & S r n I J "í «j 'v •R AJ ^ >J AJ (f /.j 5i * o ! H k? tin e +^ m; o ^ ' i jj s h í tí t S Ü s á; uT K? -tK v- ü "T- S ITnľ mm t J a« UK HJ ■íl o co mmmvnmvn^ , (2) «3)t Lxwm&.r^mLiir) oi^es (3) What does John like ? (4) John likes what (4)12, ZiEL^-%X~\±$>t) t^A,i)\ imWi&£t75^fl S1"0 Sf\ (4)<7)g£IIffii£[;j\ John likes baseball, fc v»3 X (O&SflEt) Srft »J JU-f ^flfcg&SIJ t 4 o tz < fnj i^fif JtSSlJ^J;oT*< Zt^X'^i-fo fot, John likes baseball.t What does John like?iv^ 2 o<0£<7)|lKil14, lifcm&£Wmi&T&fe(3)^S««JI**<|0g3KI!l (wh-B») {±, # wh-gfil: X, wh-NP, Y — wh-NP, X, Y £OfE#£aHfcov»T£^JEftlB*-**l:, wh-NP kit, what-f whoOi 3 &MF^£pG9ik-el-0 X(± wh-NP eMrta-l^T?)^ tXffrh. rwh-NP^r^^-f^T^S^i J mre (oS iJiHe) #iHr£J t^^ztx-fo ^wailJeJ;oT(4)<7)i>p<7)what(i5;si{C #SjL (£ fee does#$¥ASvC), (3)<0^liflfSe44t>tfCi-o ^is^ama, (3)traai^i-^T<7)j^iftsoef£teft.41w-e 82 POIIUT> —-—-----—-- »it^ ^ $ ft t #x. ^ -To splimmm&-et & t> nT-t, T, SWfl£^ Officii ££40 4-fr, ioaS*HT^f t, £ILT«OJ:-5{c4ijf-to ■Ml 2 o^ffiffcfcfcJi.T** L J: 9. (1) John gave the flower to Mary. (2) John gave Mary the flower. r«2ooti:HU, (l)Ki£i/>fc©j&«, ^S^SIiJ i !§«§»£ J: o #SIffl£ftT^££ft£:£ (SBflfcg) <£ 0 ^^WtW^il^^ti 41-(PMtl±iOj&6SilW©Sre*4ii:**U Pastt ^b^fti-fo 1) : NP to NP'— NP' NP / V_ (ftfr; COSiBtt, NP^£pW^{±SfflSftv>) io^ffiiJii, np to np-fcv^jUKt, %m.r>'&.ftt?i-0 (3) John gave it to Mary. (4) X John gave Mary it. oil), 4ftSiii9MI?ft4«'H3)l±jELv»iT-i-t, $ft£(4)J±JEL< Srv^T-ab^ i<7)i ^ftX^TP^ft^^ ^ ®ffl<^itv^-SvM±"lcJ;oT, 3ocoSSS^JifR§ftS- tic (5) To slove the problem is tough. (6) It is tough to solve the problem. (7) The problem is tough to solve. KEYWORD 84 85 Hin AJ m lina SS 1 e ^ ie e ť s AJ S •í m Stí •on ■í? ■K -R -tni ■R •M ■D n Q -ta —i -tm 1J i iE S AJ Ičňt •í 4 HE ja fcT & ti* 'O AJ AJ J* 0 K V" "T" ^ rH Ô Ul aj 45 o i? O P # ft a 1—1 1 ä u O K V Q 'KÍ '"í Ä O 2 CO 1—i cs* /—s 00 —' S £ AJ 4£ S -k! ® -M ffi ft 9 ■Ŕ teľ 4j u m Q 0 cm 0 P Q <ř , JU "R as p s * SS Hp a? ^ p £ AJ Hl ŕ J ■4 •w 0 1 t -K 4í * K? tu * & U/ o vy -h Dna ^—' AJ # f j m