Forms II, III, and IV Form II Jiij Form II is formed by doubling the middle root letter, and often has a causative meaning (i.e., causing someone to be or do something). Form I: to be good i>-^4/>-^- Form II: to cause to be good, (i.e., to improve) 6^4/>^ Form I: to study u-j-^/l^j^ Form II: to cause to study, (i.e., to teach) wj-^/u-j-' Form II also occasionally carries an intensive meaning (i.e., carrying out an action with intensity). Form I: to break j^i/j^1 Form II: to break with intensity, j^i/j^ (i.e., to smash to pieces, to shatter) In the past tense, form II is voweled with fatbas, and the present tense with dammalfatha/kasra. Unlike form I verbs where the middle vowel can vary, the derived forms have consistent voweling. The past and present tense subject endings and prefixes remain the same (see "Past tense formation and uses" in Chapter 4 and "Present tense formation" in Chapter 9), except that the vowel on the present tense prefix changes from fatha to $amma. I teach the Arabic language. •*5i>*JI iiUI The thief shattered the glass of the window. .JlluJI ^Uj JiJJI 'jLS, Did they improve the road to the city? "SLUi!! J\ j±>l»JI Iji'ni Jj The following table shows the conjugations for past and present tenses of the form II verb o'JA/^S^ {to teach): PAST TENSE PRESENT TENSE SINGULAR I Hi Cua)J you (masc.) iil you (fern.) cúl he/it (masc.) >» to shatter T What do these sentences and questions mean? Who smashed the glass? 'jiS iy> _.^ßi\ ijjü jVjVi íj .v r «lull jJI ijij_>läJI 3j>£sJI (ji^i Ja V _.Jjji-lll 4JLÜI oyJl "\ _Sf.Lädl IJJb Jj^ÍJI ^IjL^ ^y^M-ý Ji *\ Common form II verbs Here are some common form II verbs in the past and the present tenses. There are many verbs in circulation using this form. In general you can see that the meanings are causative (or occasionally intensive) and clear connections can be made to the original root. However, sometimes the meaning has strayed from the original root, and the connection is less obvious. to load, to download (file, etc.) JÍÁj/JaÁ to prepare j4 /? to improve (something) to move (something) to train, to coach to smoke to remind to teach to welcome (v) v^Sí/ť*tí to organize to believe to heat to repair * * s to exchange to instruct to adjust to prefer J„i Si flj/J^ai to inspect to chop, to cut (something) up £JgJLi /^..J-aJ to think to present to estimate, to appreciate to cost, assign Jit/Já to smash to organize jí h n/jkiäj to clean 138 Forms of the verb Forms II, III, and IV 139 Write the correct Arabic verb to match the English. Remember that the Arabic present tense can be used for both the simple present (e.g., he smokes) and the present continuous (e.g., he is smoking) tenses. example I am organizing .wewelcomed ^ _I adjust t . you (masc.) are cleaning f -you (fern.) reminded i . they (masc.) are teaching a -she prepares ^ . they (fern.) chopped v . you (masc. pi.) will inspect A -1 downloaded ^ .they (masc.)prefer \> -_ we coach ^ .hesmokes >T Choose one of the answers from Exercise 15.3 to fill in the gaps in the sentences and questions. EXAMPLE .yijj JůL* .uaJ JiaJI yjjíl íljituíjjiljjlt_ .jJL^^J ?1>JI it doesn't matter to me * bodyguards l*6» customer Cai> royal palace ^Sli ^=1 it is necessary that J vee greetings^ vases ol^Jj u1 V .lil JJlj Ó>IÍĽ U j>,< Jí'ilj jjj.VI j^lc 0la j.I l(.Ĺť,.-.. ^íj.olUI j^t ti ř jÍLij jic j^VLi^ijL^ Lil ^u^áj ^LiJI 'ní yAJCÚIj 1. Who is coming to the restaurant tomorrow? 2. What is the occasion? Forms II, III, and IV 141 3. Who will inspect the restaurant before the visit? 4. What are the reasons for the inspection? 5. What preparations will Mr. Lutfi carry out himself? 6. What does he want Ahmed to do before the visit? 7. What will Mr. Lutfi present to the prince when he welcomes him at the door? 8. What does he want Ahmed to do for the bodyguards? There are twenty form II verbs in the passage in Exercise 15.5, Can you find them all, including any attached pronouns, and say what they mean? example we will prepare jl^-1 142 Forms of the verb Form III Form III is formed by adding an alif after the middle root letter, and often has the meaning of carrying out an action with someone else. Form I: to do/to work Form III: to treat/to deal with someone Form I: to sit Form III: to sit with someone Form III can also carry the meaning of trying to do something. Form I: to be in front/to precede Form II: to try to be in front, (i.e., to race against) Form III verbs have similar voweling to form II, the doubled middle root being replaced by alif. I raced my brother to the park. They sat with the patient in the hospital. The manager treats us with respect. We are racing the wind (i.e., We are racing against time.) The following table shows the conjugations for past and present tenses of the form III verb jjLui/jjL^ (to race): .ÜjiaJI jJJ ^ij i-ii'll in Miíi.ill J^iA' l>—JLa- .fl^yL jjJll LLLú pasttense presenttense singular you (masc.) ^ you (fem.) oj' he/it (masc.) >* she/it (fem.) plural we you (masc. pi.) fZ>* ■>" a i Lu you (fem. pi.) ^ they (masc.) ijä'l, „ they (fem.) cA Forms II, III, and IV 143 Common form III verbs Here are some form III verbs in the past and present tenses. As usual, the more obvious in some verbs than others. meaning patterns; to sit with to argue with to study (e.g., for an exam) to talk to help \e Í . .. ... to race to review to travel to view, to watch to participate to leave to deal with, to treat to discuss to fight to emigrate exercise I Put these sentences and questions into the past tense. EXAMPLE jilJi CyjU. .jSjilj jijjl jjlii __S^jLÍIjLlV ..(forfreedom) Cjlil J^i^jjui N• Form III verbs such as ijU^/iJL*. already carry the meaning of doing the action with someone else, and so they do not need an equivalent of the English preposition "to" or "with": The teacher talked to me about the exams. .cLUioVI ^i. i^JjM i argue with my father two or three times a day. -fjJJ I jjji j! ilti ^ J^M Ihey deal with/treat the employees as if they are .Jliti j4j'i£ Cs-*^1 u>l? ^ children. EXAMPLE Translate these sentences and questions into Arabic using a form III verb from the earlier list. .iUjaJI ji jjdi LjJjLa. We argued with the manager about the service. I argued with my father about the exams. ^ He treats me as if I am a child. V We discussed this with him yesterday. T Our ancestors fought for freedom. I I talk to them (dual Ui) every day about their son. o You (masc. pi.) are always arguing with the manager. When will you (fern, pi.) talk to the (female) manager about the service? v We sat with her yesterday. A 144 Forms of the verb Forms II, III, and IV 145 Read Walid's blog and fill In the verbs to match the English translation. I am racing the wind! My friends and I want to travel (we travel) to the capital to watch (we watch) the big concert on Saturday. My father wants me to review (I review) my school work because the exams are in a week. He talks to me and I argue with him and discuss with him about studying approximately three or four times a week. I fight to explain to my father my point of view in life, and my mother doesn't participate In this argument and never helps me. He treats me as if I'm a child in spite of the fact that I'm fourteen. I sometimes think about leaving the house, but I change my mind at the last moment. For sure I will emigrate from this whole country when I become sixteen or eighteen. Nobody here understands me! example I am racing the wind! !j*i>ll ^L^'t L;i Jíluji J\ L—-1 jVjVI ,V Samir did well in the exams. ._illL»i.yi ^ j_Li \ •__i.jLi ,V •-._111 .V The principal will send the results tomorrow.. Ij- -Sl—l J^ji-. _£U1I v ■___ ■--- _j_UJ_t I JS ■ V I rescued the child from the river, -j^if JAkJI oiiil T ■-__.* •-*u You will become the captain of the team, .jfejifl 4U .._Li ,i Nadia informed the principal about the party. .—11 j_ _>JiL_l ojjii iujli o •-._jVjVi ,V •-__ol] ,V Her father is going to repair the computer.. i gi^»j.'„ UjjI "v •________ l+li .V .ciLuulfll .V Change the subject of the sentences and questions to match the new subject in parentheses, adjusting the verbs as necessary. ■JUL-, _J jO-ji (^Jk) .ilL_y yJ J-_ji (oil) ? jojj^II jrjij IJU \ (L1) .„___! Jl lj_>_i t (oil) sL_J (his colleague) "Uo-j juLi_ J_ T (,>_) .(the economy) jl—Sh/ I ov-f4 ' .jllitl j4_ ji (without) „j l__ii o (f_.f) ?_Ui.yi j^iL. j_ ■v (fj) .(prison) i>?-—16* ^il __ v (_-») .(the war) vj^" ->»^oije_i _i_i a Read f/ie story about a daring mission to rescue a prisoner (jj^ \) and choose the correct answer to the questions. i^it*j £_ _d_fli .*JL_» J, ÍJLuj J—wjl L ^jj] _c^w\j _i_)l jt lJjJ tflj*J' j—.1 Žjji i n SjlUftJ ^jjl jjlill JLi Ljji. ji _uj 'ill __ íi_íj jnl_l ^ _JL SjJLkll ijií ,_>m.II 1^ '^iSj ^—i J—IJ Im? mi _l_1i_,1 U] jVI .^a-_II (^já__jj <**já- tjjj jjJJ S jjUa j_j ^j—lj (|^_.i čj—i I'^Lill J_ ÍLjL il_ example _w_i/_ill ^-i/oyJI ^-i ill* ill- ^_i l_u_I ji.i/vJ'^1 i_U_j/—— I ?j—I Jllj IJf— ólS 0-° n _,_.! ^/iiji—l ^/j—l JiL ^ 1 Ij^i jl_ r *Jj_j J^/ilL-j i>/c-j^VI j_ SyilSlI pJi ■ i< T 5j*_JI jU-i/^j-JI jlÚI/jjil! jl_ ijJJl Jyi ,> I jfji\ ,^/jil ^/jl^ll ^ «_IL jjí _3i o _1 -v/|jJ] jjjj Sjilkll jíl ííV «_^_l ^1 j^UII <_ij liU "V SjiLWI ^/^L—II J-/,>—l ^ SjVI oi-UI Oji V ijlUJI ^/^UJI jJt/ja—l SjVI u_t_ll >_i jjij A 148 Forms of the verb Forms II, III, and IV 149