BypyHflM BypyHflM (KupyH. Uburundi; 4>paHU,. Burundi), 3BaHMMHO Peny6/iMKa BypyHflM (KupyH. Republika y'Uburundi; 4>pai-iu,. République du Burundi), je flpxoBa y mctomhoj A4>pmu,m[2] y pernoHy Be/iMKMX je3epa. TpaHUMU ce ca fleMOKpaTCKOM Penyô/iMKOM Kohto Ha 3anafly, PyaHflOM Ha ceBepy m TaH3aHkijoM Ha MCTOKy m jyry. TEOrPAOMJA BypyHflM je jeflHa op Haj/vianbux flp>naBa y A(|)pMU,M 6e3 M3/ia3a Ha Mope, Ha o6a/in je3epa TaHrahbMKa, ca eKBaTopuja/iHOM k/immom, Koja ce Ha/ia3M Ha 3anaflHOM npoflyweTKy Be/iMKe paceflHe flo/iMHe. HaJBMiuM Bpx flp>naBe je n/iaHMHa Xexa (2685m), r/iaBHM rpafl je BygyMÔypa. Kpo3 BypyHflM npoTkine peKa Hun. BypyHflM n/via flBa Hau,noHa/iHa napKa: Hau,noHa/iHM napK Knôupa Ha ceBepo3anafly 3eM/be m Hau,noHa/iHM napK Pypyôy Ha ceBepoucTOKy y3 peKy PyByôy. flpMOBe ca Kojn/via ce BypyHflM rpaHMMH cy: fle/vioKpaTCKa Peny6/iMKa Kohto, PyaHfla m TaH3aHnja. noBpwkiHa flp>naBe M3HOCM 27.834,0 km2. HCTOPMJA BypyHflM je nocTojao Kao He3aBMCHO Kpa/beBcrao op XVI BeKa. Tokom cnepehux BeKOBa 3eM/ba ce ujupn/ia, HaJBehu pacT je flocTuma tokom B/iaflaBMHe hľrape PyraMa op, 1796. po 1850. Kafla je Kpa/beBdo yflBOCTpyMM/io CBOjy TepuTopujy. BypyHflM je 1899. nocrao fleo HeMaMKe MCTOMHe A4>pwKe. 1916. 6e/irnjcKe Tpyne ocBajajy 06/iacT tokom ľlpBor CBeTCKor paia. 1923. /lnra Hapofla flaje Be/irujn MaHflaT Hafl TepuTopujoM PyaHfla-YpyHflM, Koja ce caToju op flahbawhbe PyaHfle m BypyHfluja. ľloc/ie 1948. Be/iruja fl03BO/baBa craapahbe no/inTUMKMX napTMJa. CTBopeHe cy flBe napTMJe: YHUja 3a Hau,noHa/iHM ľlporpec (YriPOHA) m Xpi/uuhaHCKO fleMOKpaTCKa ľlapTMJa (ľlflU,). BypyHflM je nociao noTnyHO He3aBncaH 1. jy/ia 1962. TyTcu Kpa/b MBaMÔyTca IV je ycnocTaBno yciaBHy MOHapxujy ca jeflHaKMM 6pojeM XyTya m TyTcuja. 1966. Kpa/ba MBaMÔyTca je c/iohmo ca TpoHa hberoB cmh, npuHU, Hiape, Kora je yK/ioHno MCTe roflMHe hberoB npeMMJep KaneTaH Mkiwe/i MuKOMÔepo. Oh je yKMHyo MOHapxujy m npomacno peny6/iMKy.[3] CľAHOBHMUJTBO Oko 85% CTaHOBHkíwTBa npunafla XyTy Hapofly, BehuHy ocra/ior craHOBHrnuTBa MMHe TyTcu, ca Ma/iMM penoM Tea (nurMeju) m HeKO/ikiKO xn/bafla EBpon/baHa m A3MJaTa. ľycTMHa Hace/beHOCTM je 315 CTaHOBHMKa no KBaflpaTHOM KM/ioMeTpy, luto je APyra HaJBeha y noflcaxapcKoj A(|)pMU,m noc/ie PyaHfle. TBa cy npBM CTaHOBHMU,n 06/iacTM, a XyTy m TyTcu cy ctut/im y HeTpHaecroM m neTHaecTOM BeKy.[3] HaJ3acTyn/beHnja pe/inruja je KaTO/inu,M3aM 62%, /íoKa/iHa BepoBahba 23%, npoTecTaHTM 5%, Myc/iMMaHM 10%. MeT)yTkiM, aHr/iMKaHCKa u,pKBa BypyHfluja TBpflM pa cy 10% CTaHOBHkíwTBa hbeHM M/iaHOBM, a CKopaiuhbM M3BeiuTaJM noKa3yjy pa xpkíwfiaHkí MMHe 90% CTaHOBHMiiiTBa, a BehuHy ocia/ior MMHe Myc/iMMaHM.[3] 3BaHMMHM je3nu,n cy KupyHflM m cŕpaHU,ycKM, flOK ce CBaxn/iM roBopu fly>K MCTOMHe rpaHnu,e. ľlPMBPEflA BypyHflM je jeflHa op HajcupoMaiuHujnx 3eMa/ba, hberoB Bflľl no maBM je 739 ponapa (2003). 68% CTaHOBHMiuTBa mkmbm ncnofl/iMHMJe cupoMaiuTBa. ľlo/bonpuBpefla je HaJ3HaMaJHMJa MHflycTpuja BypyHfluja OHa npeflCTaB/ba 58% Bflľl (1999) m op hbe 33BMCM 90% CTaHOBHMiiiTBa. HaJ3HaMaJHMJn npon3BOfl no/bonpuBpefle je Kac|)a Koja npeflCTaB/ba 78% M3B03a. APYrM 3HaMaJHM no/bonpuBpeflHM npon3BOfln cy naMyK, naj m 6aHaHe mmj'm je BypyHflM jeflaH op pecei HaJBehnx CBeTCKkíx npon3BOÍ)aMa. MHflycTpuja mmhm 18% Bflľl, a yc/iyre 32%. BypyHflM y Be/inKoj Mepu 3aBncn op CTpaHe noMohu Koja je 2000. 6n/ia 92.7 MM/inoHa ponapa. BypyHflM MMa 3a/inxe HMK/ia, ypaHa, Ko6a/iTa, 6aKpa, n/iaTMHe m BaHaflujyMa. no/iMTMkA OBa A4>pnMKa flp>naBa je Kao APyra noc/ie CypnHaMa, cpeflMHOM 4>e6pyapa 2018. noByK/ia ofl/iyKy o npn3Hahby T3B. Peny6/iMKe Kocobo.[3] AHro/ia AHro/ia (nopT. Angola), v\nv\ c/iy>t<6eHO Peny6/iMKa AHro/ia (nopT. Republica de Angola) je flpxoBa y jyro3anaflHoj A(|)pMU,M [2]. rpaHMMM ce ca HaMki6njoM, Peny6/ikiKOM Kohto, fleMOKpaTCKOM Peny6/ikiKOM Kohto m 3aM6wjoM, a Ha 3anafly M3/ia3M Ha AT/iaHTCKM OKeaH. AHro/ia je 6kiBwa nopiyra/icKa KO/ioHMJa, n/via 3HanaJHa npupoflHa 6oraTCTBa, Mefjy Koju/via cy HaJ3HaMaJHMJM Hacjyra m fluja/viaHTM. TEOrPAOMJA AHro/ia 3ay3M/via noBpwkiHy op 1.246.700 km2, v\ no Be/iMMUHH je 23. flp>naBa Ha CBeTy. AHro/ia ce Ha jyry y fly>kmhm op 1.376 km rpaHMMH ca HaMki6njoM, ca 3aM6wjoM Ha MCTOKy n/via rpaHnu,y ofl 1.110 km, ca fleMOKpaTCKOM Peny6/iMKOM Kohto Ha ceBepy v\ ceBeponcTOKy 2.511 km, a o6a/iHa /lMHUja npeMa AT/iaHTCKMM OKeaHy je 1.600 km. EHK/iaBa Ka6nHfla rpaHMMH ca Peny6/iMKOM Kohto Ha ceBepy y fly>kmhm op 201 km. rViaBHki rpafl/lyaHfla MMa 5.192.900 CTaHOBHMKa, v\ Ha/ia3M ce Ha ceBepo3anafly 3eM/be, Ha o6a/in AT/iaHTMKa. npoceMHa TeMnapaTypa Ha o6a/in je 16 °C 3mmm m 21 °C /ie™. HCTOPMJA HajpaHMJn /byflu koj'm cy >KMBe/in y oboj 06/iacTM cy 6m/im npnnaflHMU,m /lOBaMKor n/ieMeHa KoncaH. Ohm cy 6m/im y Be/inKoj BehnHM M3Mei±iTeHM ofl CTpaHe BaHTy n/ieMeHa tokom 6aHTy Mnrpau,nje, flOK ce Ma/in 6poj KoncaH n/ieMeHa jow yBeK Ha/ia3M y jy>KHOj AHro/in. reorpac|)CKa 06/iacT flaHawhbe AHro/ie je npBM nyT pomna y koht3kt ca eBpon/baHMMa KpajeM 15. BeKa. nopTyra/iu,m yTBpfjyjy CBOje 6a3e 1483. rfle ce Ha/ia3M/ia KoHro flp>naBa HflOHra v\ /lyHfla. KoHro flp>naBa ce npoTe3a/ia op flaHawhber ra6oHa Ha ceBepy po KBaH3a peKe Ha jyry. nopTyra/iu,n ocHMBajy 1575. KO/ioHMJy Ka6nHfla 3a npeB03 po6oBa. ripe npeHoca po6oBa npeKO AT/iaHTMKa, poncTBO ce npaKTMKOBa/io op CTpaHe mhor/ix ypo^eHMMKMX Hapofla y A(|)pMU,m. Ko^OHkija/iHM nepMOfl nopTyra/iu,m, nocieneHO, y 16. BeKy 3ay3MMajy ycKM fleo o6a/ie ca cepujoM paTOBa v\ 4>opMnpajy nopiyra/icKy KO/ioHMJe AHro/iy. Xo/iaH^aHM cy OKynnpa/in /lyaHfly op 1641. po 1648. rfle ce ohm yflpywyjy ca /lOKa/iHMM craHOBHkiLUTBOM KaKO 6m ce 6paHM/in op nopTyra/iau,a. riopTyra/i Bpaha /lyaHfly 1648. m 3anoMMhbe npou.ec Bpahahba M3ry6/beHnx TepnTopuja. Cnopa3yMOM pery/ikiwe oflHoce ca Kohtom 1649. v\ Kpa/beBCTBMMa MaTaM6a v\ HflOHra 1656. OcBajahbe nyHro AflOHrao 1671. je 6m/io noc/ieflhbe Be/iMKO nopiyra/icKO npowkipehbe, flOK cy noKywajki 3ay3MMahba KoHra 1670. v\ MaTaH6e 1681. npona/in. nopiyra/i npowkipyje CBOjy KO/ioHnjy M3a KO/ioHnje BeHrye/ia y 18. BeKy v\ nonnhbe ca noKywajkiMa pa onKO/in ocra/ie pernoHe cpeflMHOM 19. BeKa. OBaj npou.ec je flOBeo po HeKO/iMKO npowwpehba po 1880-mx. Ko/ioHMJa je 1951. 03HaneHa Kao npeKOMopcKa npoBMHU,MJa, Ha3BaHa nopiyra/icK 3anaflHa AcfipuKa. nopTyra/iu,n cy 6m/im npucyTHM y AHro/in CKopo 500 roflMHa. He3aBMCHocr AHro/icKM paT 3a He3aBMCHOCT, koj'm ce BOflno op 1961. po 197'4, BpeMeHOM je nocrao rpynHa 6op6a 3a KOHTpo/iy AHro/ie, a 3aBpwkio ce 1975. Kafla aHro/icKa enapa, Hau,noHa/iHa yHkija 3a nomyHy He3aBMCHOCT AHro/ie (YHMTA), HapoflHM noKpeT 3a oc/io6o^ehbe AHro/ie - PaflHMMKa napTMJa (IVin/lA) m Hau,noHa/iHM oc/io6ofln/iaMKM 4>poHT AHro/ie (cf H/1A), nomncyje A/iBopcKM cnopa3yM h3koh /leBMMapcKor BOJHor yqapa y 71nca6oHy anpn/ia 1974. To je 6mo repn/icKM paT y KojeM ce nopiyra/icKa BojcKa 6opn/ia npoTMB HeKO/iMKO rpyna Koje cy ce 6opn/ie 3a He3aBMCHOCT. Ytmm 6op6aMa BOflehyy/iory cy MMa/in Mn/1A Koja je ocHOBaHa 1956., cfH/lA ocHOBaHa 1961. m YHMTA 4>opMnpaHa 1966. HaKOH flyroroflniuhber cyKo6a flpwaBa je flo6n/ia He3aBMCHOCT 11. anpn/ia 1975. Kafla yflapoM flo/ia3M HOBa B/iacT y flopTyra/iy Koja je oflo6paBa/ia flaBahbe He3aBMCHOCTM nopiyra/icKMM KO/ioHMJaMa. TpaTjaHCKM par riopTyra/i je pana B/iacTAHro/ie y pyKa/via Koa/inu,MJn Tpn HaJBeha 3ace6Ha noKpeia IVin/lA, cfH/lA mYHMTA Kpo3 A/iBopcKM cnopa3y/vi. Koa/inu,nja ce 6p30 pacna/ia v\ flp>naBa je yw/ia y rpafjaHCKki paT. CAfl, 3anp m Jy>KHoa4>pkiHKa peny6/iMKa cy boj'ho noflp>KaBa/ie cfH/lA m YHMTA-y, flOK je Ky6a boj'ho MHTepBeHnca/ia 3a M n/lA. HoBe/vi6pa 1975. IVin/lA je nopa3M/ia YHMTA-y m npcrrepa/ia jy>KHoa(|)pMMKe Tpyne. A/viepuMKM KOHrpec je npeKMHyo pa/he a/viepuMKO boj'ho yHewhe y AHro/in. ArocTMHO HeTO je npomaweH 3a npBor npeflceflHkwa AHro/ie, a Ha hberoBO wiecTO noc/ie c/vipTM flo/ia3M >Ko3e Eflyapflo floe CaHTOc 1979. Ono3nu,MOHM noKpeTM QH/IA v\ YHMTA, 4>opMnpajy 3ajeflHMMKy enapy y 06/iacTM/via Koje cy KOHTpo/inca/iM. Ca/vionpoK/iaMOBaHa fle/vioKpaTCKa Peny6/iMKa AHro/ia je 4>opMnpaHa 24. HOBe/vi6pa 1975. ca Xo/ifleHOM Po6epTOM m >KoHaco/vi CaBMM6njeM Kao ko- npeflceflHnu,MMa. OBa enapa ce pacna/ia 30. jaHyap 1976. Tpa^aHCKM paT ce HacraB/ba M3MeT)y IVin/lA m YHMTA CBe po noB/ianehba Ky6aHCKkix Tpyna M3 AHro/ie v\ jy>KHoa(|)pMMKMX M3 HaMn6nje, Kafla je noinncaH cnopa3y/vi 1989. koj'm je BOflno po cnopa3y/via 1991. OBaj cnopa3y/vi je 3aroBapao M36opHM npou.ec 3a fle/vioKpaTCKy AHro/iy nofl Haflreflahbe/vi YjeflUhbeHMX Hau,nja. M n/lA je no6efln/ia ocbojmbium 49% macoBa flOK je YHMTA ocBoju/ia 40%. Ono3nu,noHap CaBMM6n je ofl6no pa npwxBa™ pe3y/rraTe M36opa v\ o6HaB/ba paT. APY™ MnpoBHM cnopa3y/vi,/lycaKa npoTOKO/i je nomncaH y/lycaKM, 3a/vi6kija 20. HOBe/vi6pa 1994. OBaj MnpoBHM cnopa3y/vi M3MeT)y enape m YHMTA-e je npeflBkifjao yK/bynehbe YHMTA-e y enapy m boj'cu,m. MefjyTkiM 1995. /ioKa/iHM cyKo6n ce HacraB/bajy. Hau,noHa/iHa jeflkiHcraeHa enapa je ocHOBaHa y anpn/iy 1997. a/in ce 6op6e HacraB/bajy Kpaje/vi 1998. Kafla CaBMM6n noHOBO no APVH nyT o6HaB/ba paT. CaBeT Be36eflHOCTM yjeflUhbeHnx Hau,nja M3macaBa 27. anpn/ia 1997. yBofjeHe caHKU,nja YHMTA-m. AHro/icKa BojcKa noKpehe wiacuBHy o(|)aH3MBy 1999. npoTMB YHMTA-e v\ yHMiiiTaBa maBHe Kanau,MTeTe YHMTA v\ rpaflOBe Koje je Apwao CaBMM6n. CaBMM6n je Tafla o6jaBno pa ce YHMTA Bpaha y repn/icKy TaKTMKy paTOBahba v\ Behu fleo 3e/wbe 3axBaTajy Hewinpn. Oko 1.500.000 /byflu je nornHy/io y obom paTy v\nv\ op hberoBnx noc/ieflnu,a. ripe km/], BaTpe ca YHHTA-om 22. 4>e6pyapa 2002, >KoHac CaBMM6n Bo^a noKpeTa YHMTA je y6njeH op, CTpaHe B/iaflMHUXTpyna m koh3mhm npeKMfl BaTpe je flowao Ha CHary. YHMTA je flo6n/ia boj'ho Kpn/io m wiecTO maBHe ono3nu,MOHe napTMJe. AflMHHMCTPATMBHA nOflE/lA AHro/ia je nope/hena Ha oca/viHaecT npoBMHU,nja (provfncias) m 163 oniuTMHe. CTAHOBHMUJTBO Tpn HaJBehe eTHMMKe rpyne y Ahto/im roBope 6am"y je3nu,MMa m to cy OBM/vi6yHfly koj'm MMHe 37%, M6yHfly 25% m BaKOHro 13%. OcTa/ie eTHMMKe rpyne yK/bynyjy HoKBe (v\nv\ /lyHfla), TaHrye/ia, Am6o, Xepepo, KcuflyHra. TaKoT)e n/via m wieiuaHMX paca (eBpon/baHM m a(|)pMKaHU,m) koj'm MMHe 2% craHOBHHLUTBa m oko 1% 6e/iau,a, BehnHOM eTHMMKM nopTyra/iu,n. y jy/iy 2007. AHro/ia je n/via/ia 12.263.596 CTaHOBHMKa, a Beh 2009. oko 18.498.000 CTaHOBHMKa. riopTyra/icKM je c/iy>n6eHM je3MK, nopefl hbera npn3HaT CTaTyc Hau,noHa/iHor je3MKa n/viajy m je3nu,n M3 6aHTy rpyne: kukohto, nynpa, y/vi6yflHy, KM/vi6yHfly, raHrye/ia m KBahba/via. TaHa TaHa (eHm. Ghana), v\nv\ 3BaHMMHO Peny6/ikwa TaHa (ewn. Republic of Ghana) je yHMTapHa KOHCTHTyTMBHa fle/vioKpaTMJa APMOBa Koja M3/ia3M Ha rBMJHejcKM 3a/iMB, fleo AT/iaHTCKor OKeaHa, y 3anaflHoj A(|)pMU,M.[3] TepnTopuja/iHO TaHa 3ay3M/via 238. 535 km2. rpaHMMM ce ca 06a/io/vi OioHOBane Ha 3anafly, BypKHHOM cfaco Ha ceBepy v\ Toro/vi Ha MCTOKy. Ha CoHMHKe je3MKy pen TaHa 3H3mm „Kpa/b paTHkw".[4] npBa flp>KaBa Koja je Ha noflpynjy TaHe HMK/ia, a pa je Tpaja/ia fly>KM nepnofl, je Hacra/ia y XI BeKy. Bkiwe flp>naBa je HacTaja/io v\ Hecraja/io Ha obom noflpyMJy op lapa, op koj'mx je Hajjane 6m/io u,apcTBO Ai±iaHTki.[5]noHeBi±iki op XV BeKa, 6poJHe eBponcKe cn/ie cy ce 6opn/ie 3a npaBa Ha TproBMHy. flo Kpaja XIX BeKa obmm noflpynje je KOHTpo/inca/io yjeflkihbeHO Kpa/beBCTBO. HaKOH jeflHor BeKa onupahba flOMopoflanKor craHOBHHLUTBa flaHawhbe rpaHnu,e cy oflpefjeHe tokom noneTKa XX BeKa Kao ko/ioHMJa 3/iaTHa 06a/ia. He3aBMCHOCT je creK/ia 6. wiapia 1956. roflMHe.[6] TaHa je My/iTMKy/iTypHa Hau,nja, nnja nony/iau,nja 6pojn 29 mm/inoHa /byfln[7], koj'm npunaflajy Behe/vi 6pojy pa3/iMMHTMX eTHMMKkix, /lMHrBMCTMMKMX m ne/ikinvijcKkix rpyna. neT nocTO craHOBHHLUTBa m/via Tpaflnu,noHa/iHa BepoBahba, 67,2 % ce M3JaiuhbaBajy Kao KaTO/inu,n, flOK/ie Myc/in/viaHM npeflcraB/bajy 23,6 % craHOBHHLUTBa. reorpac|)CKe oco6nHe M3pa3MTO Bapupajy, op o6a/icKnx caBaHa po TponcKnx my/via. TaHa je fle/vioKpaTCKa flp>naBa mmj'm je npeflceflHMK v\ iue(|) flp>naBe v\ iue(|) b/iafle.[8] PacTyhn eKOHOMCKki v\ no/iMTHMKH npocnepnTeT noc/ieflhbux roflMHa je op oee a<$>pmne flp>naBe HanpaBno zinflepa y pernoHy 3anaflHe AcfipuKe. TaHa je m/iaHnu,a noKpeTa HecBpcTaHnx, AcfipuMKe yHkije, EKOHOMCKe 3ajeflHnu,e flp>naBa 3anaflHe AcfipuKe, Tpyne 24 v\ KoMOHBe/ua Hau,nja.[9] flpMOBHM npa3HMK: 6. wiapT. l/l ME Pen TaHa 3H3mm „Kpa/b paTHMK" v\ to je 6n/ia imyna enapapa cpeflhbOBeKOBHor u,apcTBa TaHe, naKO ce obo u,apcTBO Ha/ia3M/io ceBepHnje op flaHawhbe TaHe. Op m/vieHa TaHa flo6njeHO n/vie TBUHeja, koj'mm cy Ha3MBaHe HeKe 06/iacTM y 3anaflHoj A(|)pMU,M.[10] TEOrPAOMJA TaHa ce Ha/ia3M Ha o6a/in TBUHejcKor 3a/iMBa ca/vio HeKO/iMKO CTeneHM ceBepHO op eKBaiopa m 36onora n/via Ton/iy k/in/viy. TaHa 3ay3M/via 238.535 km2 m n/via o6a/iy Koja je flyraMKa 560 km. OBa flpwaBa ce Ha/ia3M M3/vie^y 4° 45'm 11° ceBepHe reorpac|)CKe lunpuHe m 1° 15' MCTOMHe m 3° 15' 3anaflHe reorpac|)CKe fly>KMHe. rpuHMMKH wiepuflnjaH npo/ia3M Kpo3 TaHy, npo/ia3ehn Kpo3 MHflycTpujcKH npno6a/iHM rpafl Te/viy. TaHa je reorpa(|)CKM Haj6/in>Ka u,eHTpy 3e/vi/be (0°, 0°), naKO ce oh Ha/ia3M y AiviaHTCKOM OKeaHy, npn6/in>KHO 614 km jyroncTOMHO op o6a/ie OBe acfipuMKe flpwaBe. TaHa ce rpaHMMH ca 06a/io/vi C/ioHOBane Ha 3anafly, Ha ceBepy ce Ha/ia3M BypKMHa cfaco, a Ha MCTOKy Toro. Pe/becj) TaHe ymaBHOM je paBaH v\nv\ 6pe>ny/bKacT. y3BMCHHe ce nanaze ca/vio Ha 3anafly m Kpajhbe/vi MCTOKy 3e/vi/be, y3 ToroaHCKy rpaHnu,y (HaJBHiun Bpx MayHT AfljacfiaTO, 880 m). CpeflMiuhba TaHa noKpuBeHa je rycTOM ujy/vioM nnja ce noBpiuMHa noc/ieflHux fleu,eHMJa oviahbyje 36or cene, a ceBepHe flBe TpehuHe 3e/vi/be m ycKM o6a/iHM nojac noKpuBa caBaHa. Be/iMKO aKy/viy/iau,MJCKO je3epo Bo/ua ca noBpiuMHOM op 8.500 km2 3HanaJHO je 3a npuBpefly 3e/vi/be. TaHa je flpwaBa M3y3eTHO 6oraTa BOfla/via, 6poJHe peKe TeKy Kpo3 hby. Y3 to n/via m Be/iMKM 6poj je3epa, luto npupoflHux, UJTO BeiiiTaMKMX koj'm flonpuHoce 6oraTCTBy OBe flp>naBe. HaJBehe je3epo TaHe je BeiuTaMKO je3epo Bo/iTa, Koje 4>opMnpa HaJBehu cucTe/vi npnTOKa Ha tom noflpynjy, hbeHe HaJBa>KHMJe npnTOKe 6m 6n/ie peKa A(|)paM m peKa Otm mmj'm cucTe/vi o6yxBaTa flBe TpehuHe peKa u,e/ie flp>naBe.Ha jyry ce Ha/ia3M HeKO/iMKO wiahbux peKa Koje OBaj c/imb He o6yxBaTa. HaJBa>KHMJe peKe Tor Tuna 6m 6n/ie peKa npa, peKa TaHO, AHKo6apa, Bnpn/vi m fleHcy. K/iM/via y TaHM je TponcKa, 36or nera ce M3flBajajy flBa nepnofla y roflUHn: cyiuHM m b/13>khm nepnofl. hctopmja MaKO je MOflepHa TaHa npey3e/ia n/vie cpeflhbOBeKOBHor TproBaMKor u,apcTBa y 3anaßHoj A(|)pkiu,ki, He/via MCTopujcKnx flOKa3a o noBe3aHOCTM ab^JY APwaBa. dapa TaHa je o6yxBaia/ia noflpynje flaHawhbe MaypnTaHMJe v\ Ma/inja. ľlpe flo/iacKa Eßpon/baHa flaHawhba TaHa je 6n/ia nepucfiepHO noflpynje Be/inKnx u,apcraBa Koja cy n/via/ia cpeflkiwTa Ha jy>tKHO y3rajahbe KaKaoBU,a v\ npon3BOflhba KaKaa koj'm cy flOHe/in TaHM 3HanaJHe npuxofle. ľloKpeT 3a ca/vioynpaBy v\ He3aBHCHOCT koj'm je ojanao h3koh flpyror CBeTCKor paia ßOBeo je 3eM/by flo oca/viocTa/behba 1957. Kao npBy He3aBMCHy flpMOBy „u,pHe" A(|)pMKe, nofl boactbom Kßa/viea HKpy/vie. B/iaflaBMHa HKpy/viaxa Tpaja/ia je flo 1966. Kafla je CBpmyTy boj'hom yqapy. hberoBa no/iMTHKa naH-a(|)pMMKor cou,MJa/iM3/via M/via/ia je noryÖHe noc/ieflnu,e no npuBpefly; 3e/wba je Haro/viki/ia/ia Be/iMKH cno/bHM flyr, a HecTawkiu,e xpaHe nocra/ie cy CTa/iHa nojaBa. Ofl 1966. flo 1981. Tpaja/io je pa3flo6/be no/inTHMKe HecTaön/iHOCTM ca necTkiM boj'hmm yflapn/via m c/vieHa/via B/iafla. Tafla B/iacT npey3M/via nopyMHMK paTHor Ba3flyxon/ioBCTBa IJepn Po/imhtc koj'm je ycneo fla no6o/bwa CTahbe y 3e/wbki v\ ßßa nyia, 1992. m 1996. fla noöefln Ha pe/iaTHBHO c/io6oflHMM npeflceflHMMKMM M36opn/via. Po/iMHrca je H3KOH M36opa 2000. 3a/vieHMO ono3nu,MOHH BoT)a IJoh Ky4>yop. He/vinpn y 06a/in OioHOBane Ha noneTKy 2000-mx noMor/in cy TaHM 36or pacTa u,eHe KaKaoa, HaJBawHkijer raHCKor M3B03Hor npon3BOfla, naKO hm TaHa Huje 6n/ia nowTeT)eHa n/ie/vieHCKMX cyKoöa Ha ceBepy 3e/wbe. ctahobhmujtbo Kao m y mhor/iM flpyruM acjipuMKM/vi flpMOBa/via, raHCKO craHOBHHLUTBO je je3HMKH xeieporeHO, TaKO fla je eHmecKH, je3MK ökiBWkix KO/ioHM3aTopa, 3aflp>KaH Kao c/iy>n6eHM m je3HK Meí)yco6He KOMyHHKau,nje. HajöpoJHMJe je3MMHO-eTHHMKe rpyne cy AKaH (44%), Mouju-flaro/viöa (16%), Mb (13%) m ľa (8%). MeT)y pe/inrnja/via HaJBMiue BepHMKa n/via xpniuhaHCTBO 63%, n Oto m c/iefle Tpaflnu,noHa/iHa ac^puMKa BepoBahba 21% m nc/ia/vi 16%[11]. Hajno3HaTMJM ľaHau, flaHaiuhbMU,e je Ko(|)m AHaH, reHepa/iHM ceKpeiap YjeflUhbeHnx Hau,nja ofl 1997. nPMBPEAA ľlpuBpefla ľaHeTe/vie/bM ce Ha no/bonpuBpefln m pyflapcTBy. ľ/iaBHM m3bo3hm npon3BOfln cy 3/iaTO, KaKao m aPB°- M3bo3m ce m e/ieKTpuMHa eHepruja npon3BefleHa y xnflpoe/ieKTpaHM Akocomöo Ha peu,n Bo/itm. Bflľl je y 2004. 6mo oko 2.300 flo/iapa no CTaHOBHMKy, wiepeHO no nnľl-y.