Introduction
re?:* re vou begin the individual study of 1100 kanji, ■.. mmend that you read the three chapters on the scneral history of kanji and related issues.
In Chapter 1 "The Historical Development of . Forms," the historical development of the three : -tvles of ancient writings into modern writings • examined, looking at how the visible connection n a kanji writing and its meaning, which was devious in ancient writing styles, faded away as the •vritings grew to be standardized into a more uniform >rvle. This new style was solidified during the Han M) Dynasty, resulting in the writing style called hanzi /H? "the writing of the Han") or kanji in Japanese, and it has remained for the next two millennia.
hi Chapter 2 "Kanji Formation Types and Dictionary Section Headers {Bushu)" the four types of kanji formation arc discussed. Of the four types, phonetic-semantic composition formation is generally credited with creating a large majority of the kanji. Knowledge of the recurring components in phonetic-semantic kanji provides a powerful tool to expand one's kanji knowledge. For this reason, a table of all the 184 types of dictionary section headers called bushu that appear in our 1100 kanji is provided with
its description and example kanji. These 184 section headers cover virtually all the kanji used in present-day publications in the Japanese language.
Chapter 3 "Development of Japanese Writing Systems" focuses on Japan, which did not have a writing system initially, and discusses how the writings that were born in China influenced the Japanese language, not only in its writing system but also its sound system and vocabulary. In addition, this chapter discusses how two phonetic letter systems of katakana and kiragana were developed from kanji for different purposes and in different ways, and eventually the writing system of the present-day style emerged.
Main Body
1100 Kanji—History, Meanings, and Use
In addition to providing the missing links between each kanji's form and meaning, The Key to Kanji: A Visual History of 1100 Characters also provides all aspects of kanji study—sound, form, meaning, section header, usage, and stroke order—that learners will need to have for a complete picture of kanji. Each of the 1100 kanji in this book contains the following information:
THE KEY TO KANJI
Sample Kanji Table for ft
® Serial number
(§) Kanji in kyokasho-tai font
©p to divide; portion; Meaning in English-f to understand;
II to realize; minute
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:
©Ongin
ORIGIN: The top ' N "dividing into two" and the bottom 77 sword; knife" or "to cut" indicated not only "to divide" or portion" but also "minute" because an hour is divided into 60 minutes." Also, when something is explained in a clear-cut manner, it is easily understood. The kanji io~ means "to divide," "portion," "minute," of "to undetstand; to tealize."
ftlii to divide T^l- plentifully
n
ftfri to understand, to realize
| H-ft five minutes fty]<T>£,& sensible -t-7j"@ seven-tenths
@ Sample words
Q Stroke
- '-erial number (1 through 1100): The Key to
iji contains 1100 kanji that are numbered iccording to the "o«-reading" of kanji, which are Chinese derivative pronunciations.
- Kanji in kyokasho-tai font: The kyokasho-tai "textbook style" typeface is the best approximation of an ideal handwriting style, which students are encouraged to emulate.
- English definition: The meanings of each kanji are given in English. Compound kanji words
: different meanings, but it is helpful to know the core meaning of each individual kanji.
- Origin: The historical development of each kanji is explained in English. To clarify the delineation between ancient meanings and modern day mean-
ings, past tense is used to indicate historical uses while current tense is used to indicate present uses.
(§) Header (dictionary section header): A dictionary section header (bushu) found in traditional kanji dictionaries is provided for each kanji. The Key to Kanji includes 184 kanji section headers. A section header has sometimes been called a radical in English as well.
(F) On-kun readings: Theora-reading (Chinesederivative pronunciation) is indicated in katakana, and the £««-reading (Japanese pronunciation) is indicated in hiragana.
© Illustration: Each kanji's historical development is illustrated in steps. A drawing of: (a) the image of the original meaning, (b) an ancient writing
Introduction
sec taken from the oracle-bone style, bronze--    style, (c) the meaningful components inji, and (d) the present-day kanji form, r r;e words: An average of six frequently used wonis are chosen per kanji withfurigana (Japa-
- rhonetic guides) and meanings in English. .'.       Approximately 6500 words in this
Some of the words that are customarily ::n in a particular kanji, but not necessarily
- a among its corresponding on-kun readings
- a cd in (F), are also included.1 Strokes: Each kanji's stroke order is fully illus-—a;cd in kyokasho-tai font in clear precise graphics. The total number of strokes is also provided.
ii selection
Tie total of 1100 kanji in The Key to Kanji includes aZ of the 1006 kanji on the educational kanji list - scf^whichisthelistofkanjithattheJapanese r :'■ crnment requires textbook writers to introduce in : - — arv school education in Japan. An additional 94 - re selected from the list of commonly-used kanji ■:-.:'-kanji 'S" ffl3t^)2; these were chosen based on textbooks commonly used in the United States and bed to various proficiency test requirements in the United States and United Kingdom.3
A kun-reading is essentially a matching up of an existing Japanese
rd with the kanji form of the same meaning. Howevei, the use of kanji in sonic wotds may vary to some extent depending on the pur-rose or genre of writing or the individual writer's style. -The commonly-used kanji list contains 1945 kanji, 1006ofwhich ire designated as educational kanji. In 2010 a change is expected to include some additional kanji.
With one or two exceptions, the book contains all the kanji introduced in the following materials: 377 kanji from Japanese as Written Language (Jorden and Nöda 1995); 317 kanji from Genki I & II .Bannoct al. 1999); 390 kanji from Nakama 1 & 2 (Makino et. al. 1998 & 2000); 500 kanji fromKihon Kanji 1&2 (Kano et. al. 1989); 410 kanji from the Advanced Placement Test in Japanese (College Board 2006) in the United States; and 600 kanji from the GCSE, AS and A2 kanji lists (Edexcel Foundation 2006 ) in the United Kingdom.
Indexes to search for kanji
Being able to locate kanji quickly and efficiently is crucial for a reference book. As noted in A, the 1100 kanji in The Key to Kanji are arranged in order of their ö»-reading (Index 1). We also provide five additional indexes for user navigation in the back of the book. The six indexes are as follows:
index 1: Order of Appearance in
The Key to Kanji (**fW)3S?)
This is the list of the 1100 kanji arranged according to its on-reading (Chinese derivative pronunciation) in the order of the Japanese Syllabary, or the Table of Fifty Syllables (•£._Mi'lä), which is a-i-u-e-o, ka-ki-ku-ke-ko, etc.
index 2: On- and Kun-Readings: Japanese Syllabary Order (Ä-t-g-]l|!^-§l|f*A)
This index lists all the on-readings and kun-readings (Japanese pronunciation) of the 1100 kanji in this book in the order of the Japanese Syllabary. Following convention, the on-reading is given in katakana and kun-reading in hiragana.
index 3: On- and Kun-Readings in Romaji
(o-v^Uj;-z,-t-|iillÄ;Ä)
This index is for beginning students who may be using romaji (alphabetical rendition). Two types of romaji, the kunrei system and the Hepburn system, are included.
index 4: Arranged by Total Number of Strokes
This index references the total number of strokes in a kanji. When the pronunciation is not known, you can count the total number of srrokes and look it up in this index.
THE KEY TO KANJI
INDEX 5: Arranged by Section Header
(«5-fri:J:**5l)
In the traditional kanji dictionaries, kanji are arranged according to a recurring part of the kanji called the section header or busbu, or sometimes known as the radical in English. This book contains 184 dictionary section headers. Look for the stroke number and you can quickly locate the kanji within a category of kanji. 'Ihe arrangement of the section headers also follows convention.
INDEX 6: Arranged by the Educational Kanji Designation (*^?'J^S3I?)
This index is useful for heritage students and students who study kanji using textbooks that follow the grade designations from the Japanese government.
Benefits to Students and Teachers at All Levels
The Key to Kanji was written for students and teachers of the Japanese language at all levels. Here are some general thoughts for using this book.
If you are a beginner or a teacher of beginners, this book will serve as a reference accompanying your primary textbook. By using the pronunciation in the textbook as your guide, you can use the index to find the desired kanji.
First, read the explanation on what the kanji consists of and view the corresponding illustrations. After you understand the connection between the kanjis form and its meaning, write out the kanji in the stroke order shown. Keep in mind that the kanji is a result of a writing process that developed over more than three thousand vears and the stroke order is a part of the tradition. Using the right stroke order will help you remember the kanji, and believe it or not, Japanese can usually tell from the writing if you did the strokes out
of order. If you have more time, read through the sample words, and get accustomed to the idea that an individual kanji has more than one reading and meaning.
If you are an intermediate-level student or a teacher of intermediate-level students, you have probably studied nearly four hundred kanji already. Now you can learn new kanji in a new way and increase kanji knowledge and vocabulary at the same time.
Re-learn familial kanji by carefully dissecting them into meaningful components. You will notice that those meaningful units reappear in other kanji that are related in meaning or pronunciation. Thev give you valuable building blocks for your intermediate-level study and beyond. Then, study sample words that use the kanji that you are studying. Learning to use a familiar kanji in different words is an effective way to increase the breadth of your vocabulary, which is an important goal of your study at the intermediate level.
Ifyou are an advanced-level student or a teacher of advanced-level students, nearly all new vocabulary words that you will learn are compound kanji words. For that reason, knowledge of kanji is crucial to your progress in learning the Japanese language even if you are more interested in speaking than reading or writing.
Sit back, read through this book, and keep your mind open to this new approach to understanding kanji. Study the 184 section-header table carefully, and you will begin to realize that kanji and words that did not seem necessarily connected before are actually connected. Since the majority of kanji are formed by way of "phonetic-semantic composite formation," you have a powerful tool in deciphering a new unfamiliar kanji in its meaning and/or pronunciation to expand your kanji knowledge to all of the approximately 2000 kanji that are currently used in Japanese.
Introduction
■ ■ : j are studying for a proficiency test, such as acancse Language Proficiency Test, in addition
lac so^gesdons above, it may be useful to keep in - • ; ~.t tollowing:
■ v of the standardizedproficiency tests require
- :tion. This book's focus on the relation-..r. a kanjis form and meaning is helpful • preparing for these tests because you will be able . the meaning of components of unfamiT :. The 6500 sample words were chosen for its fcrqnrnt use in Japanese newspapers (on-line media, particular) and will be useful in expanding your along with deepening your kanji study.
If you are a parent or a teacher of a student in a heritage Japanese language school or supplementary Japanese school (B ^HHi S this book is a good reading book for your student. A gap between fluent speaking skills and lower-level kanji knowledge can hinder further learning of compound words, which is essential in reaching adult-level proficiency. This book will fill that gap. The visual illustration that shows the origin of kanji in this book will motivate younger students to stay interested in kanji and maintain their efforts in Japanese language study. For any student, the visual can only aid in comprehension.
CHAPTER 1
The Historical Development ofKanji Forms
	oracle-bonc inscription		animal bones	to record communication between rulers and gods	Late Shang (Ing) i§i ■ Wi (cir. 1300-1000 b.c.)
					Late Shang (Ing) j§j ■
ANCIENT FORMS	bronze ware inscription	£X	bronze	same as above: later to commemorate events	(cir. 1300-1000 b.c.) and Zhou (Chow) M Dynasty (1045-256 b.c.)
	official-seal		bronze,	to spread ruler's policies	Qin#
	style		stone	throughout the country	(221-206 b.c.)
			bamboo tablets, paper and brush	to distribute and	
MODERN	clerical style			preserve large numbers of government documents	Han h? 31'11:31 (202 b.c-220 a.d.)
FORMS				and literature	
	grass style		paper and brush	to be able to write a large number of characters faster	
THE DEVELOPMENT OF KANJI IN CHINA
The origin of the word kanji {Hanzi in Chinese)
The word kanji is the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese word hanzi, written as 31?. Hanzi literally means the writing of the Han people (31 /han/ in Chinese and /kan/ in Japanese; ? ItxI in Chinese and /ji/ in Japanese). During the Han Dynasty (202 b.c. to 220 a.d.), which is the longest-ruling dynasty in China, the ancient writing forms that had existed
over a millennium for the ruling class as a means to communicate with the gods and demonstrate power over people came to be used as a means of communication among the popular class. The writing forms became more regulated, simpler forms over time and have remained virtually unchanged to the present day. We will have a brief overview of how present-day kanji developed from the forms used in ancient times in China.
Chapter 1
: Kanji Forms
- _.. : relationship betiveen . ------ .vnd its meaning
Hbe Oracle-Bone Inscription Kmkotiubun ¥#>0
:cst writings in Chinese history were inscribed ^ments of the underside shells (plastron) of < 3r shoulder bones of animals. Some of these *wr been found on archaeological sites of the later - nes of the Shang M (or Ing Sx) Dynasty around :? 1000 b.C. The style of these earliest types of Mkaent writings is called kookotsubun ^'W^ (liter-: rtoise shell writing), or oracle-bone writing in is is more commonly known, because these ngs were the recordings of divinations sought :t: by rulers.
In ancient times in China, a ruler was thought :: ix able to communicate with his ancestral god.
ruler would conduct a religious rite of divination ■   receive this god's will on important matters. In Aration for a divination, a small hole was drilled a piece of or whole tortoise underside shell or a • - oulder bone of another animal, and a thin wooden ^rick was placed in it. As the wooden stick burned, c tortoise shell became heated and cracks would car. These lines made by the cracks were read as the revelation of a gods will. A ruler made decisions this way on such matters as when to begin a battle against an enemy, how to rule his people, or when to plant seedlings and harvest crops. An inscription was later made adjacent to those cracks with a sharp knife, recording how the oracle had been read and how the event actually turned out. This was the beginning of writing in Chinese history.
The oracle-bone writings were pictographs of life in ancient China. They depicted a person or people
in various situations or relationships, animals and other aspects of nature, common objects, ideas, society, technology, and so on. Carving these pictographs with a sharp knife gave this style its characteristic thin straight lines.
It is only at the turn of the twentieth century when it came to be known that the mysterious carvings on old bones found in the fields of a village in Anyan were, in fact, the earliest writing of kanji, and that they were the precursors to the inscriptions found on ancient bronze ware. An often recited story-is that the village people would crush these old animal bones with mysterious markings into powder and sell it as medicine with miraculous effects. The discovery of those writings lead to new discoveries of archaeological sites for the Shang Dynasty. It also became very important to understand how kanji originated prior to the bronze ware inscription style.
The Bronze Ware Inscription
(Kinbun
The second oldest kanji type is seen in the inscriptions on the bronze vessels and other bronze artifacts from the Shang Dynasty and the succeeding Zhou Dynasty. The style is called kinbun (literally, metal writing), or the bronze ware inscription style in English.
During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, large bronze vessels and other bronze objects were used in religious rites worshipping ancestral gods. The inscriptions were found on the inner walls of vessels so that only the ancestral gods could see them. This suggests that the writings were intended as means of communication by rulers or priests to the ancestral gods. Some vessels contained wine, food, grains, and other offerings. Some were used to cook sacrificial animals for offerings.
THE KEYTO KANJl
Later, inscriptions were made on the outside of bronze ware to chronicle important events, such as a victory in a battle. The expensive commemorative bronze ware was often given as rewards or awards with the intent to demonstrate the power and wealth of the givers. Writings were still exclusively used by the ruling class, but the sanctity that the writings previously had in earlier times had diminished and became secularized.
Making bronze ware required enormous wealth and resources because it involved not only the materials but also a large number of skilled workers with knowledge of casting technology. Only rulers with great power and resources could produce them. The process of making bronze ware was complex and took a longtime.
The characteristics of the bronze ware inscriptions also reflect how they were made. The use of a clay mold made the inscribed lines of the writings thicker or bolder than those in the oracle-bone style. Because of their design and detail, the bronze ware vessels and other objects from these times have been treasured as art objects throughout history.
The Official Seal Style
{Tenbun Ik>0 )
After several centuries of war among smaller inde-pendent states, the Emperor Shi Huangdi (baS.^) unified the country and began a new dynasty, called the Qin (lis), in the third century b.C. Shi Huangdi carried out a number of new policies and measures for a newly centralized government. They included introducing a uniform legal system; banning the political philosophies that he viewed as opposing his centralized legalistic governing, such as Confucianism; unifying the system of weights and measures to be used throughout the country, introducing a new
national monetary system; and ordering a number of civil engineering projects, including the foundation of what would become the Great Wall of China. With extraordinary military skills, he expanded the empire ruthlessly and toured the country, leaving stone plaques, with inscriptions boasting of his power in many places.
During the preceding Warring States era, a number of different writing forms had existed or developed in the various regions. As part of his centralization of power, Shi Huangdi ordered the unification of these writing systems throughout the country. He adopted a style that was developed from the style used by his own people. This new style is called tenbun ^ >C, or official seal style in English, because this writing style was used for official documents. This style is characterized by long cursive lines and each character being able to fit in a vertically oblong space, giving it refined elegance and uniformity. This dignified style was suitable for formal official inscriptions on stone such as Shi Huangdi's dictates and notice of the new unified measuring system which was sent out all around the country.
For its beauty, the Tenbun style is the longest-lasting style of kanji in Chinese history. Throughout its history, regardless of the dynasty, this official seal style was used by the imperial courts and government officials in their official seals as well as a signature seal in art work. In Japan today, this official seal style is still used for cusrom-made personal or corporate legal seals that are registered with the government.
The Common Characteristics of the Ancient Writings
The three ancient writing styles just reviewed have characteristics that are different from the later writing forms.
0
Chapter 1
rational in that the graphic shapes are suggestive of the origin of each kanji. Let us look at forms of the kanji pR) "rain," H "cowry (money shell)," and 7C "origin" and see how the three : regressed over nearly a millennium in Table 1.
Comparison of the Three Ancient Writing Styles
	(a) ORACLE-BO INSCRIPTION		(B) BRONZE WARE INSCRIPTION	(C) OFFICIAL SEAL STYLE	MODERN KANJI (KAI-STYLEi
	Z~J CO.Si A,			T A. -i; A/	
- mm	ľT"i i •»				
zoomw: «met SHELL					Ä
mkn. head				Ř	7C
oracle-bone inscription style, in above _ ~ r A, the forms are pictograms, the captured ~ ^:;> of objects, items of nature, people, their Kbrionships, ideas, and so on. The writing form fee "rain" depicted water drops from a higher r -ice which was shown in a line on top; the writ-for "cowry or money shell" was a depiction of wry shell, which showed the side that had an opening; the writing for "origin or head" depicted ie view of a person standing where the head is wn above the neck, and below the neck, the ?ody with an arm. The head is where ones mind originates, thus "origin." In the oracle-bone style, those shapes were still clear drawings. :  In the bronze ware inscription style, in above column B, the lines are thicker and bulkier and slightly less representational, yet it is not hard to see the origin of each character. .  By the time of the official seal style in above column (C), the thickness of the lines was more uni-form.The forms for "rain" and "cowry or money shell" demonstrate a symmetry, and the form for "origin; head" shows better balance. The height
is greater than the width, and the lines tend to be elongated in the lower half of the form reflecting balanced elegance with dignity. As a whole, the official seal style became more of an abstract writing form, yet we can still see the original meaning. In all of the ancient writings, with some effort of imagination, it is not impossible for us, the people of modern times, to glimpse back to the original meaning. There is a strong visual connection between these ancient forms and the original meaning, which was lost when the next style, called the reishn style Skit" "clerical style," came along. That signaled the end of the ancient writing systems.
Modern Kanji Forms Two Millennia Unchanged
The Clerical-Style Kanji
(Reisho It If)
The clerical style During the Qin Dynasty, the official seal style was used for royal decrees inscribed in stone and important orders from the central government. The writing still embodied the meaning in a visual image and was aesthetically powerful and
THE KEYTO KAN JI
pleasing. It is easy to imagine how people around the country were aware of the power of the new centralized ruling government. However, the unification of the country and centralization of power created increasing volumes of documents, and the officials and their clerks had to find a way to write faster in order to keep up with their ever increasing work load. Soon a more simplified style emerged during the Qin Dynasty. The new style called reisho Hi!r was said to have been invented by a lower-level clerk, who was also a prisoner. Thus it was called reisho IMF (literally, the writing of someone who does manual labor). This clerical-style writing became the norm in the succeeding Han Dynasty and was established as the common writing system of China that is used to this day. These writings over time came to be called hanzi M.^F—(writing of the Han) and kanji in Japan. The characteristics of the clerical style are:
a) The lines arc long and straight and the diagonal lines end with a sharp rise at the end.
b) The width of the oblong space is greater than the height, which is different from the official seal style. This was due to the common use of bamboo tablets for writing. When a brush crosses sideways against the grain of the bamboo, it requires a little pressure, and it is more likely to result in a longer stroke sideways.
c) The lines and the angles of bending were more uniform. For ease of people being able to recognize the shapes of kanji and recreating the same shapes themselves, it was necessary that lines become aligned with each other and shapes become geometric. As a result, the original connection between the image of meaning and the written form was diminished, and by and large, it became unrecognizable.
Writing was no longer the embodiment of people's prayers to the gods or a means to demonstrate the power of a ruler. Evolving away from the form itself, the message conveyed by the language became the most important purpose. Stripping away the symbolic uses, kanji became a writing system for communication among the people.
Writing Tools and Invention of Paper
Animal bones, bronze, stone In the development of writing systems, the changes in the available writing surfaces and writing tools played important roles. In the earliest writing forms, such as the oracle-bone inscription, pieces of the collar bone of a cow or the plastron of a tortoise were excised using a sharp knife. Carving with a rather sharp object like a knife created thin straight lines in depicting images of the meaning. In the bronze ware inscription, an alloy of bronze was what the writings were left on and the means to create the writing was molded clay. This left the lines thicker and uneven and the shapes and sizes were not uniform. In the official seal style, a plaque of stone was the writing surface and the tool was a chisel. All of those required the resources of skilled artisans as well as special materials. Thus the person who actually made the writing and the person who spoke those words were quite different.
Other media was also being used in ancient times. Ink was made from the soot of burning pine chips or burning vegetable oil and brushes were made from animal hair. There were several writing surfaces available: silk cloth, wood and bamboo tablets, and paper. Silk cloth is made of filaments taken from silk worm cocoons. Silk had existed before cotton was introduced to China from the south. The technology of silk-raising was well-guarded by those who-possessed
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easily »
Chapter 1
was scarce and expensive. It was only
. : cial occasions by the nobles. ::.cr  hand,  bamboo  tablets were
........ . ~  ". because bamboo grows in a
na. In the regions in the north and i •   -^jmboo did not grow, wooden tab-
'inrwoE used. The wooden tablets were wider. In the Jenturv, a series of explorations led by as Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin dis-
■.     - * us such wooden and bamboo tablets
- important artifacts, which dated back to krsr Ovnasty.
ay a bamboo tablet was made was that a ■ ?amboo stalk was cut vertically into one- or :de strips. The surface was heated to force the surface, which made a rougher surface . in and preserved the color better. Using an - _     - brush, they wrote on the surface of the cablets. The written bamboo or wooden tabid- - ;re laid flat and bound with strings to make a hack- Even after paper began to be used, vertical lines s:-; rnnted on it, not only as a writing guide, but to ;rr<:ve the appearance of the old bamboo tablets.
The invention of paper was attributed to Ts'ai Lun r ~ ; earlv second century. He received strong support t;-— the emperor to produce paper in quantity. This
- ;-_-,od involved hemp plants or tree bark being boiled
- i lve solution to soften them and then pounded rown into a flat surface of fibers using a mallet.
The invention of paper and an increased demand tor a writing surface due to rising government use ind intellectual activities coincided. Compared to die bulky bound bamboo or wood tablets, paper irastically reduced the physical volume of records and made them easier to transport. It became more easily available to intellectuals and literate people in
general. The reduced volume, portability, and better access to a writing medium that paper provided all contributed to solidifying the contemporary reisho style as the form of writing to be used from then on.
The First Kanji Dictionary Shuotven Jiezi: The first kanji dictionary compiled
As we will discuss in the next chapter, one of the most frequently used methods of making a new kanji is to juxtapose two different components, one of which represents the sound and the other the meaning. This is a very productive way to create a new kanji, and by the latter half of the Han Dynasty, the number of kanji on record amounted to almost ten thousand. The first scholarly kanji study was compiled in 100 a.d. and was called SbuowenJiezi tfcXM-^-. In ShuowenJiezi, each kanji was given an explanation of its meaning based on the origin. To make the link between the clerical-style kanji form and its meaning, the author, Xu Shen, used the visual descriptiveness of the official seal style. Shuowen Jiezi became the foundation of kanji classification and the two major principles used remain the fundamental kanji classification to this day.
In classifying 9353 kanji, a principle called bushu 'section header,' was used. These sections are components that repeatedly appear in other kanji and share similar meanings. In Shuotven Jiezi there were 540 types of section headers.
Another principle that impacted kanji study throughout the history of kanji was the classification of kanji formations. The kanji were classified into six types of writings called Rikusho T^iir. They are: a) pictograph b) indicative c) semantic composite d) phonetic-semantic composite e) transformation and f) borrowing. The last two types are in fact
0
THE KEYTO KANJI
not how a kanji was formed, but how it came to be used. With some modification, kanji dictionaries in modern times possess this same classification. The over nine thousand kanji entries in Shuowen Jiezi included variant forms. A variant form is a form that might be slightly different in part but still retains the same meaning.
Emergence of grass-style writing and reduced forms
As kanji came to be used by more people in quick informal communication, a style that was more suitable for rapid writing was sought. Unlike the ancient people, to whom writing was sacred communication with the gods or a demonstration of political power over subjects, the people in the Han period saw kanji as simply a means of written communication. Speed and clarity of the writing became important as peoples lives became more complicated. A couple of changes took place to simplify kanji.
1) grass-style writing One was a new, more fluid writing style, called the grass-style soosbo ♦ , that emerged away from the more square and rigid clerical-style. In the grass-style, a quick move of a writing brush connects a few strokes together in a fluid manner, resulting in a reduction of the number of strokes producing a style that was more fluid. When kanji was introduced to Japan, this cursive style of
writing played an important role in the development of Japanese phonetic letters called himgana as discussed in Chapter 3. 2) reduced forms Another way of reducing the stroke number that took place during the Han Dynasty was seen in some recurring components. Earlier, even in ancient writings, a writing sometimes necessitated a depiction of a shape that was sideways into a vertical shape. A table and animals are some examples. A composite formation of new kanji that often placed two components next to each other further necessitated shrinking the size of the recurring components. Commonly used components such as the kanji     "water" was reduced to > (called sanzui) and the kanji A "person" was reduced to A (called ninben). During the Han Dynasty, kanji reached a stage of final form and the fundamental shape of kanji did not change for the next two millennia except for some simplification in China. When kanji was introduced to Japan, the Japanese people adapted it to their oral language in its entirety. The kanji form, meaning, and sound all became part of the Japanese language. Befote long the Japanese people started to devise two types of phonetic letter systems in order to express ideas in the Japanese language more freely while preserving kanji writing. There will be a brief overview of kanji in the Japanese language in Chapter 3.
CHAPTER 2
Kanji Formation Types & Dictionary Section Headers
5 FOURTYPES OF KANJI FORMATION
. : different ways in which kanji are formed: geographic Formation 1 Indicative Formation ?. Phonetic-Semantic Composite Formation -  >emantic Composite Formation
it. the first two types (pictographic formation --Jicative formation), there is a one-on-one cor-dence between a kanji's form and meaning, other two types (phonetic-semantic composite on and semantic composite formation) are in which two or more already existing forms juxtaposed to form new kanji.
ictographic Formation
pictograph is a simple picture that represents fining for the purpose of conveying a message to :mer people. In the history of kanji in China, the micrograph was the oldest form of writing. They -.vere images expressed in linear drawings outlining an object, people, nature, matter, idea, animal, ind others.
For example, in order to express "a moon," a crescent <~) was depicted, which eventually became the kanji ^ "moon." In order to indicate the abstract meaning of "big," a person putting his arms out sideways with his two feet spread out to look as large as possible was sketched, as in , and it eventually became the kanji form "big." For "water," a stream of running water was depicted, as in jf)f), and it later changed to 7K- "water." For ancient Chinese people, an elephant was not something they had actually seen, but it did not stop them from making a pictograph, which eventually became the kanji Jpl. In a pictographic formation, a writing form corresponds to a meaning.
THE KEY TO KANJI
Indicative Formation
However, not everything can be expressed by a pic-tograph. Abstract concepts and numbers are among those ideas that required a different type of formation. This formation is used to describe a spatial relationship between two objects, usually viewed from a point of reference, and is called the indicative formation type.
For example, two opposing spatial notions "above" and "below" were indicated by pointing to the area above a reference line W^W or below P a reference line. The kanji that meant "above" was formed to be _t and the kanji that meant "below" was formed to be ~T, in which the emphasis by the pointer was added as a short stroke. The kanji for numbers, such as — "one," — "two," — "three," "T" "ten," ~S "hundred" are also in this category of formation.
There are some kanji that are more of a combination of a pictograph formation and an indicative formation. For example, the kanji ^ was formed by adding a short horizontal stroke on the lower end of a pictograph ?K "tree." The kanji ^ means "source or base" and it also means "book." The kanji 7] "blade" was formed by putting an extra short stroke on the blade side of the pictograph of sword or 77 "knife."
Phonetic-Semantic Composite Formation
This formation consists of two units, one of which bears the sound of the word (i. e., phonetic) while the other bears its meaning (i. c, semantic). This formation type is very productive because, in theory, by putting two already existing kanji together, a new kanji could be created and the kanji inventory could multiply. In fact, the majority of kanji belong to this
formation category. 80 to 90 percent of kanji are said to belong to this formation type.
The kanji that has a recurring component called a busbu (dictionary section header) typically belongs in this category. A bushu carries the meaning and the remaining component (quite often on the right side) expresses the sound.
For example, take the sound Ikil. From a pictograph there existed kanji £ which was pronounced /ki/.1 The writing form £ meant "self." Now, suppose there were three other words that had the same pronunciation /ki/: (a) the word that means "to record"; (b) the word that means "to get up"; and (c) the the word that means "to chronicle." This formation type could easily create three new kanji by using the sound of the existing kanji /ki/ and by bringing in another component that indicates the meaning of the new kanji:
§£ For the word "a record or to record"—The meaning of "a record" or "to record" involved an oral tradition in ancient times, so the pictograph that means ~W "word" was juxtaposed with the pronunciation of /ki/. A new kanji IB "to record" was created.
^2 por the word "to get up"—The meaning "to get up" involves one getting up on his feet and moving. For this the kanji "to run," which consisted of a person in running using feet, was a good candidate. The kanji sit "to run" and the sound /ki/ were put together and a new kanji "to get up" was created.
For the word "to chronicle"—The meaning of "to chronicle" involves telling a long and linear story. The thread made from long continuous fibers from silk cocoons was a good candidate to
—. c
K ■
1 For the discussion of the sounds in this book, comtemporary Japanese sounds are used.
Other Borrow
ir; i
hr.-i rather »e tinjL Sin usuallv a
Chapter 2
i idea. The pictograph for thread & :• - ■ ---       were put together and new :: chronicle" was created.
• Composite Formation
■nation type in which two or more corn-were juxtaposed retain the meanings of omponents but create a new kanji with
--; - -
_r _ it tour examples:
.".:cate the meaning "to rest," the kanji :T5on," from     a standing person viewed - -       »:dc, and ?K "tree," from a standing tree ... imbined to indicate someone leaning : . :ree resting, creating the kanji    "to rest."
The kanji ^K. "to take, seize or catch" was ■ m rhc two kanji ? "car" and %. "hand," ■piirving that when one holds someone or an annul by the ear, he is in control.
' a   The kanji Is "trust" is a semantic composite : -_-.c two kanji A "person" (i) and s" "word," ■ z~.:fving that a person's word is worthy of trust.
-    The kanji    "right side" is a semantic composite of two pictographs, the right hand md a mouth       One carries food to the mouth ng the right hand, thus indicating "right side."
ther Types of Kanji rrowed kanji
iddition to the four types of formation above, ~cre are a small number of kanji whose current mean-_-.£s have no relevance to the original meanings, but I ler were "borrowed" from other already existing sanji. Since they were not formed anew, this type is _>ually excluded from the formation type discussion.
For instance, the kanji Ä "nothing" originally depicted a person who was dancing, possibly in a religious trance. However, when another kanji It was created with two moving feet underneath, £4", that one came to be used to mean "to dance." The meaning "nothing" was attached to the kanji that originally meant dance, but it had no relation to the origin of the kanji. Kanji that was "borrowed" from other kanji includes the ones for some numbers, such as E3 "four," .5. "five," 7a "six," -fc "seven," and other common ideas, such as    "he" and "east."
Kanji that originated in Japan
The kanji used in the Japanese writing systems almost all originated in China. There are a small number of kanji that were created in Japan and they are called kokuji 1H?. For instance, the kanji "to put in, include" was made up of the kanji X "to enter" and a i-_ "go-forward" on the lower left side. The kanji HI "country" was made up of an enclosure to signify the land and a 3L "crown jewel," which represented the ruler. (The original form for country S was also used.) The kanji *f "mountain path" was made up of three kanji, ill "mountain," _L "above," and ~F "below." It indicated a place on a mountain where one went up and down. The kanji that were originated in Japan are of semantic composite formation.
It is also worthwhile to note here that the question of which formation type particular kanji belongs to may differ depending on the kanji reference material. (Most reference materials follow the classification by the Kangxi Zidian, as explained below.) This is due to different scholarly interpretations of the ancient writing forms. Also, the ancient forms on the artifacts found at archaeological sites or even museums vary greatly depending on regions or eras.
THE KEY TO KANJ
BUSHU (SECTION HEADERS)
Most bushu, or section headers, originated as picto-graphs and reached the present-day forms with significantly reduced stroke numbers during the Han Dynasty. During this standardization of kanji when much of the visual relationship between the form and its meaning was lost, the bushu section headers also lost the visual connection between the form and its meaning.
Bushu and the Kangxi Zidian
The section header method of classifying kanji that Xu Shen had used in Shuowen in the early second century continued to be used in the eighteenth-century kanji dictionary, the Kangxi Zidian JfeWt^f-^ (Kokijiten in Japanese). The Kangxi Zidian kanji dictionary was compiled in 1716 under the order of Emperor Kangxi (1654-1722) and laid the foundation for present-day kanji dictionaries. This dictionary was quite large because the number of kanji had continued to increase, regardless of actual use. By the Kangxi Zidian dictionary, there were 49,000 known kanji including variant forms.
The Kangxi Zidian left two important legacies that still impact our use of kanji to this day. One is a reduction of the kanji section header bushu and the other is the Mincho-style typeface that was used in this dictionary.
Bushu Section Headers
The 540 section headers that were used in the beginning of the second century were reduced to 240 in this eighteenth century dictionary. Within the 240 kinds of section headers, the member kanji within each section were further divided according to the number of strokes that comprised the remaining components
in each word. A user who is used to phonetic letters in alphabetical order may find the method of section headers cumbersome. More recently, some dictionaries in Japan arrange kanji in the on-reading for the use by a Japanese speaker as well. (A kanji with multiple on-readings requires an extra step or two to look up.) The advantage of the section header classification by shape is that it handles any difference in pronunciation among different dialects in China. It also allows the classification to be inclusive of any language that uses kanji, because it relates the form to the meaning. The cultural atmosphere of Qing Dynasty scholarly work was that of empiricism. The exposition of each kanji in the Kangxi Zidian included citations from classical studies.
Typeface for printing
The typeface known as b^Ih! mincho style in modern printing came from the styles that were used in the Kangxi Zidian. It has the following characteristics:
a) Vertical lines are thicker than horizontal lines;
b) The four corners of an imaginary square for each kanji are fully utilized;
c) A horizontal line ends with a triangle-like shape.
Those characteristics allow a large number of kanji in a limited space, yet each remains legible. In modern printing, the mincho style is used in the majority of printed materials, such as newspapers, books, and computer software.
The 184 Dictionary Section Headers in This Book
For the 184 section headers that appear in the 1100 kanji in this book, please see The 184 Section Headers in The Key to Kanji.
CHAPTER 3
Development of Japanese Writing Systems
UX OF KANJI TO JAPAN
- : Qtacts with Chinese Culture
Earh Contact with Kanji Via the Korean Peninsula
-  cory of the Japanese writing system began with ■act from Chinese culture over many centuries, earliest known official contact with China took in 57 A.D., when the Han Chinese emperor = Japanese king a gold seal. This small gold seal nd in a farmers field in northern Kyushu in the late eighteenth century. Chinese chron-reflect that Japan was one of the neighboring tries which regularly paid courtesy visits to the lese court bearing gifts. This seal is believed to hive been given on one of those occasions.
In the mid-sixth century, Buddhism was intro-peed to Japan from China via the Korean penin-Rila. Alongside that was the influx of kanji which ■x-as aided by the presence of ex-patriots from the Korean peninsula, who also had learned Chinese through their contacts with China. As the ruling classes of Japan became ardent believers of Buddhism
and adopted it as the national religion, a number of Buddhist temples were built around the country and the priests became educated. In the tradition of Buddhism, the practice of transcribing the sutra (Buddhism scriptures) word by word was encouraged and the nobles started to write in the Chinese language. The words from these Chinese-written sutra began to seep into people's lives as Buddhism spread in Japan.
The Cultural Envoys to China
Recognizing that China had advanced culture, the Japanese court wanted to learn more about their advanced legal, political, economic, and writing systems. From the beginning of the seventh century, the Japanese court sent official envoys to the Chinese court, first to the Sui Dynasty (581-618) and then to the Tang Dynasty (618-907). The members of the delegation also studied Chinese technology and culture, particularly the writing systems. A delegation had two to four hundred people in a fleet of three or four ships. These official visits lasted through the end of the ninth century, well after initial enthusiasm to
THE KEY TO KANJI
learn the new culture from China had died out. Books on political philosophy, law, technology, and literary works written in the Chinese language were brought back by those delegations. These books subsequently brought about permanent changes in the Japanese language in its sound systems and vocabulary and led to the creation of unique Japanese phonetic letters. All of this resulted in crcaring Japan's own writing system as well as influencing the language itself.
Two Kinds of Sounds Per Kanji— 0«-Reading and AT««-Reading
When Japanese people read books that had been brought back from China, they learned this new writing system in a tri-fold way: (a) the writing forms, i.e., kanji; (b) the Chinese pronunciations within the inventory of Japanese syllable sounds; and (c) the meaning. First, people almost faithfully copied the kanji forms and did not make any change at all (a). Secondly the Chinese sound of kanji pronounced in the Japanese syllable structure (b) was learned and was called the /on/ it" sound reading. Further, people learned to associate their existing Japanese word with the kanji of the same meaning and read it as pronounced in Japanese. This reading was called the Ikunl t)'| "interpretation; meaning" reading (c). The words that had existed before the influence of the Chinese language are called yamato-kotoba "the language of Yamato," Yamato being the old name of Japan. As more Chinese words were learned and more yamato-kotoba were assigned to the Chinese kanji the Japanese language ended up with two sets of sounds per kanji, one in the Chinese on-reading and one in the Japanese kun-rcading.
For example, when they learned the kanji A "see" along with the writing form, they learned to read this as /kenI in the on-reading by approximating the Chinese sound. In addition, they also learned to associate
this kanji with their own word Imi-rul that meant "see" in the kun-rcading.
Multiple Chinese-Derived Sounds for Certain Kanji
Taking in words from another language over many centuries creates discontinuities because a spoken language changes over time in pronunciation and vocabulary in the original language. This also happened to the Chinese language and the Japanese people. The dialect of Chinese language during Japan's earlier contacts was different from that of the Chinese language spoken by the people of the Tang Dynasty, which was called kan-on "sound of the Han people," the language of the people in power in China at the time. Efforts were made to correct the older pronunciation so that it matched the kan-on. For example, a Chinese linguist was brought in by Japanese Emperor Jito (645-703) for this very reason. Later Emperor Kammu (737-806) designated the kan-on to be the "correct" reading and rried to eliminate the older sound, an earlier Chinese dialect called go-on. From that time on, the on-reading of kanji became that of kan-on and to this day the Japanese pronunciation of kanji is based on kan-on. At the same time, some of the older go-on readings also survived because some of the words had already taken root in the lives of Japanese people, particularly the words related to Buddhism and daily life. This resulted in two kinds of Chinese-derived on-readings for some kanji.
Moreover, over time, other pronunciations from different regions were brought into the Japanese language. The distinction among those different on-readings is not something a Japanese speaker thinks about. Nonetheless, in the course of study of Japanese as a foreign language, a learner may be puzzled at the fact that it is not always the case that the on-reading he or she has learned can be applied to another word.
. rhev i i ku-m mi the Chin
DEVELC
Chinese wot records wen ander. After: was to use k ing the meaj wooden cab
Chapter 3
fie. look at the kanji 9l, which means in vamato-kotoba, i.e., the kun-people learned the translated koko-learned to pronounce this as Ikul, le people," in the eatlier dialect n. 'Ihen, in the Heian period a n, Ikyuul, was brought back tan. soch as in kyuu-nin "nine people," as the fce pronunciation of Ikyuul was then made * pronunciation, thus adding another on-™e Japanese vocabulary. bk another example: the kanji ff "to go; to The yamato-kotoba is i-ku, or the phonetic That is the kun-rcading. The first Chi-" reduced in go-on wasgyoo, as mgyooji ent" and ichi-gyoo        "one line." in go-on. "d reading was koo in kan-on, as in ikkoo —-fT ..ing group." The third reading, introduced Kamakura period (1192-1333) by the zen sects ism, was I an I in words such as angya \lM *lii!£r.mage" and andon 'ff'M "lamp." Now we have [ five) different readings for one kanji ff: I i-ku
(or yu-ku)l for the kun-rcading, and the on-reading sounds Ikool, Igyool, and Ian/, depending on the word. For this reason it is very important to study kanji in the context of words.
From the first contact with Chinese culture, the Japanese people eagerly took in what they lacked, including the writing system. When an oral language adopts the writing system of another unrelated language, one way to do so would be to adopt the writing system only and discard the words that come with it. The Japanese language did otherwise. They also adopted new words that came with the writing, with some adjustment in pronunciation, to create a totally new set of vocabulary directly from the Chinese language. In doing so, the Japanese language was enriched by doubling the vocabulary to express one thing in at least two ways.
Nonetheless, although Chinese words were adopted into the Japanese language, there was another movement in history to keep the Japanese language intact while still using the writing system of the Chinese language.
DEVELOPMENT OF HIRAGANA & KATAKANA FROM KANJI
n'yoo-gana (ManyooLetters) The Phonetic Use of Kanji
Buddhist practice die people made handwritten rs of Buddhist sutras written in Chinese. They started to write for themselves, mostly in the ^hinese word order. For example, political and legal Records were written in kanji in the Chinese word ?rder. After awhile, a new use of kanji appeared. That .is to use kanji for its phonetic value only, discarding the meaning that was attached to it. Numerous wooden tablets with those phonetically used kanji
have been found at the archaeological sites of seventh-century through tenth-century Japan. A wooden tablet found at an archaeological site in Osaka, written with the phonetic use of kanji, is said to be the oldest find, from 652 a.d., so far.1 A phonetic letter means a unit of writing that represents a sound only, without carrying a meaning. Alphabets are a good example of phonetic letters. The phonetic use of kanji was a little more complicated.
1 is read as /barukusa no hajime no tmhil
(Asahi Shimbun 2006).
THE KEYTO KANJI
For example, the kanji i§ "late" was used for its Chinese sound /chi/ and "wave" was used for its Chinese sound /ha/. With these two kanji, the Japanese four-syllable yamato-kotoba word chicbi-
baha "father and mother; parents" was written as
% % 11 it
i§.i!>i£)&.2 A modern Japanese reader, who instinctively associates the kanji with its literal meaning, would interpret this as "late-late-wave-wave" and treat it as nonsensical. However, at that time, the meaning of the kanji was generally discarded, and the kanji was used solely for its pronunciation. The choice of kanji for a particular syllable was not uniform, and many different kanji were used to indicate the same syllable. For example, the syllable /chi/ was written not only as ii., but also $P or 'J"" or all of which have the Chinese sound of /chi/.
The use of kanji in Chinese language was called mana Jt-^ "true name; true calling." This new phonetic use of a form is called kana fX^S "temporary name." The first Japanese chronicle, Kojiki in the early eighth century, was written with this phonetically used kanji. Kojiki was an orally transmitted epic by an oratory historian, and was written in the Japanese word order using both Chinese ow-sound words and Japanese yamato-kotoba.
The phonetic use of kanji was also used in the compilation of the first comprehensive anthology of Japanese poetry, calledManyooshuu 1$*^%. "Anthology of Ten Thousand Leaves," in the mid-eighth century. Because the Manyooshuu anthology became the foundation of Japanese poetry and literature, the phonetic use of kanji is called man'yoo-gana "phonetic letters ofManyooshuu" The anthology not only has
"There were some instances of semantic use, i.e., the use of kanji for its meaning. The word l' chichihahaf was also written as ^C^" "father mother" in Manyooshuu (Sasaki (cd) 1954).
the songs of the people at that time, but also included those created as early as the sixth century.
Katakana
The Tradition of Reading Classical Chinese
hi order to be able to import advanced culture from China, the aristocrats, intellectuals, and the Buddhist priests had to read books on political philosophies, technology, Buddhist doctrines, and other subjects, plus thegreat literary works written in classical Chinese. They were interested in reading the texts, often in the classical language, but had little interest in Chinese as a living, spoken language. What is written in classical Chinese is called kanhun :M'>C.
They had to overcome the different grammatical structures such as word order, inflections of verbs and adjectives, and grammatical particles. The Chinese language does not have grammatical inflections or particles. To fill in what was missing, Japanese readers wrote some notes on the side of the texts. Sometimes the pronunciation in the Chinese on-reading or Japanese kun-reading was also added on the side as well. Writing notes between the lines in a limited space necessitated devising a way to write in a less complex form and with only a small part of the kanji. These abbreviated phonetic letters were called katakana "piece-like temporary name" because only a part of a kanji was used.
For instance, for the syllable /a/, the left half of the kanji FI was taken away and a katakana phonetic letter T was created. For the syllable IV, the right side of the kanji was taken awray to make a katakana phonetic letter A. Katakana enabled a Japanese reader to read kanbun as if it was written in Japanese. Table 1 The Development of Katakana from Kanji shows how the currently used 46 basic katakana were developed from kanji.
Chapter 3
■E ' Wkc Development Oj
■ Man		Kata-kana
Ff F		T
* 1		
*   ? r		7
		X
		*
		il
1	\	
	>?	
kB		
		
		
		
	m	
	-t:	~b
- f	»'	V
'atakanafrom Kanji
	Roma-ji	Original kanji	Pieces taken	Kata-kana
16	ta			9
17	chi/ ti			&
18	tsu/ tu			V
19	te			
20	to		it	h
21	na		IP	
22	ni		—	—
23	nu			
24	ne			
25	no		y	/
26	ha			/ s
27	hi	ft	t	t
28	fu/ hu		7~	7
29	he		I	
30	ho			
	Roma-j'	Original kanji	Pieces taken	Kata-kana
31	ma		h #	-7
32	mi			
33	mu			A
34	me			
35	mo			
36	ya			
37	yu			ZL
38	yo	m	?	
39	ra			"7
40	ri			l)
41	ru			tl
42	re		I	V
43	ro	8	JE»**	u
44	wa	*»		7
45	(w)o			?
46	n/N	*		y
THE KEY TO KANJI
Hiragana
The Birth of Japanese Phonetic Letters from Grass-Style Kanji
The Heian period (794-1185) was the time during which the influence of Chinese culture became less overt while the indigenous Japanese culture flourished in unique ways in many areas. Amidst that growth in Japanese culture, something new evolved in the writing system. The kanji-based phonetic letters, man'yoo-gana, had a one syllable per kanji correspondence. It takes time to write out a kanji of many straight line strokes for just one syllable. As the knowledge of kanji became more prevalent and more people started to use kanji for frequent or private communications, the need to write quickly and informally arose. In the Han Dynasty in China, the grass style was born for the same reason out of the clerical style of writing, and it was also imported to Japan. In the early Heian period, phonetically-used kanji man'yoo-gana began to be written in grass-style writing. However, in order to use kanji as phonetic letters, even a fast-writing version of grass-style was not enough. The grass-style writing was further reduced to an even simpler form—the third type of phonetic letters, called hiragana ^p-'RS "simple temporary name."
For instance, the six-stroke kanji ^ that was used to indicate the syllable /a/ in kanji-based man'yoo-gana had been reduced to in agrass style, in which the top three strokes were coalesced into one and the bottom three strokes into two. The Japanese people further refined it into a more fluid-style in hiragana. The five-stroke kanji >X was written as iyK in a grass style and was further coalesced into two curved lines ^ s in hiragana. Since multiple kanji were used
for the same phonetic letter in man'yoo-gana, earlier times saw hiragana that came from different kanji as well, and it was some time before hiragana became standardized to correlate with one form per syllable.
By creating hiragana, the Japanese language came to have kanji and two sets of phonetic writing systems. The two phonetic letters differ in how they were formed. Katakana was made from a part of kanji and retains the angular characteristics of kanji whereas hiragana was made out of a whole kanji written in a cursive style with rounder characteristics. Table 2 The Development of Hiragana shows how the currently used 46 basic hiragana on the hiragana syllable chart came about from the kanji. (Other old hiragana such as <&/(w)i/ and ^./(w)e/ are not shown.)
Hiragana gave writers of the Japanese language a freedom to write sentences as spoken in Japanese grammar. Writing in classical Chinese was still considered to be superior, and men of positions and culture were expected to write in kanji. Poetry and chronicles were also written in the classical Chinese style. Hiragana was viewed to be sufficient for private letters and for use by women. In this cultural tradition, a number of great literary works were produced by women authors using hiragana from this period. These include the oldest novel, Tale of Genji, written by Lady Murasaki (Murasaki Shikibu), The Pillow Book Essay by her contemporary Lady Sei (Sei Shonagon), and other novels and essays. Also, travel chronicles were written by women who served in the imperial courts of the Heian period. The abundance of literary works by Heian court women and a number of anthologies of Heian period poetry using hiragana attests to how it was able to free up the literary creativity in these authors.
0
Chapter 3
: : Tlie Development of Hiragana
2	Kanp	Grass-style to Hiragana     ! Hiragana in Print 2f> f> h	
I i		>^ ^4 w>Kx	
I u		til	1 0
* e			X. X.
1 0			jo
t ka	*>		
r ki			
I ku			< <
& ke		il 11 11	It
ko	rL	6 t '	Z CI
sa		ft-?	* $
: shi/si		i i I	L L
su		-t ? T	+ ■*-
- se			
r so	f		■* *
; ta		* /r k	/=
17. chi/ti			*>
3 tSU/tU		\*y ^ o	o o
19. te		t ti	T T
20 tO	it	£ £ 4*	
21 na		* S? &	
22 ni			
23 nu			
Roma|i 24 ne		Kan|i m	Grass-style to Hiragana if- i|i> Jfl	Hiragana in Print
25.	no			CO (D
26	ha	it		li ft
27.	hi		^ Vx	
28. llU/fu			J- J~	
29 he				
30.	ho			
31.	ma		4- i Jt	i *
32	mi			
33.	mu		Zr V V	
34.	me			
35	mo			t t>
36.	ya			
37	yu	*	tf> \t> V*	
38.	yo	4	iu	
39.	ra	&		h h
40	ri	#]		
41	ru	«	tS % &	
42.	re			
43.	ro		% A h	
44.	wa	**		
45	wo	it		
46 Ci	n/N llieraph	y by M;	sae Masuda	^^
THE KEYTO KANJI
Wakan-Konkoobun—Present-Day Style The Merged-Style of Japanese and Chinese
Each of the two sets of phonetic letters, hiragana and katakana, contributed to create the way in which we write the Japanese language today. Katakana enabled Japanese readers to translate classical Chinese into Japanese by adding the missing pieces, such as grammatical particles and predicate inflections, while preserving Japanese word order. Kango "Chinese words" (often a kanji compound) was preserved in the Japanese language without being broken down to follow Japanese grammar, and they were used primarily as nouns or nouns that convert into verbs. Sometimes katakana was written in the main texts between the kango, which helped readers understand the contents better.
Hiragana enabled the Japanese writers to write in Japanese using the yamato-kotoba freely. When the two styles combined, a new style emerged. This is called wakan konkoobun foJHJH.i^'Ä "Japanese-Chinese Merged Writing." In wakan konkoobun, a Japanese sentence written in hiragana is punctuated by frequent use of kango within, giving it a masculine rhythmic sound. Compared to yamato-kotoba, which may consist of several mono-syllables, a Chinese syllable is almost invariably pronounced in two Japanese syllables. As a result Chinese compounds of two or four kanji give a more regular rhythm to the Japanese language. This characteristic was skillfully used in war chronicles, such as The Tale of Heike, and Hojoki, an essay on hermit life, which had an under-
tone of the impermanency or transiency of life, as taught in Buddhism.
Since the initial contact with Chinese language and throughout a few centuries after that, people's struggles to try to find a way to write Japanese using the writing system of another language finally found an answer. The new writing style they found was directly derived from a merger of the Japanese language and Chinese characters and vocabulary. It became the standard of the present-day writing system of the Japanese.
The remnants of the historical development of the three writing systems are very much evident in present-day writing in such terms as okuri-gana "kana after kanji" and furigana "kana for phonetic guide." Okuri-gana is hiragana that you put after kanji to show grammatical conjugations. It is a device to fill in the difference between the two grammars of Chinese and Japanese. For important grammatical particles, such as a subject, object, direction, and topic, using hiragana in a different way allows particles to stand out more within a sentence. We also benefit from furigana. Furigana is a handy phonetic guide that is placed generally in hiragana by the side or on top of a difficult kanji. Katakana is primarily used for foreign loan words in written text. More recently, katakana has gained the use of being an eye-catching device in advertisements and print media. It is certainly true that the Japanese have figured out a comprehensive system in retaining the best of both spoken Japanese and written Chinese.
0
The 184 Dictionary Section Headers in The Key to Kanji
- -r.z 184 dictionary section headers that appear in the 1100 kanji in The Key to Kanji, as well . <0O kanji used in Japan. Because these are recurring components that make up a majority of kanji, ;rtective way to increase your kanji knowledge.
4 types of currently used section headers are arranged according to the number of strokes. . ;pt for a small number of them, are listed for reference purposes. . \ 3 A brief explanation of a section header s origin.
~:    - .. i: Kanji that are conventionally classified as a member of that particular section header, u Kanji that are listed elsewhere but contain the same component.
	DICTIONARY	RELATED
ENGLISH MEANING		
	ENTRY KANJI	KANJI
1 STROKE SECTION HEADERS
	t^j^t ^ sm§'e sideways stroke signifying 'one,' 'horizontal line,' 'ground level,' etc.	-ftjxiij	
	A single vertical line in the middle.	+ g	
	^> A short diagonal dot, signifying a flame on a lit holder.		
ilt>v >(f 7	A longer diagonal stroke was a part of a person.	A*	
	Something bent or to stroke down something to straighten it.		
1 linií1-?	This stroke goes straight down and has a hook to the left. It has no particular meaning.		
2-STROKE SECTION HEADERS
A4
Í—3! Two sideways strokes signifying 'two.'
Die pot lid-like shape was merely used for a classification and had no particular meaning of its own.
A standing man viewed from the side, which was the etymology of a kanji A, pertaining to a petson or an act that he does.
-Si
pa i—
U/CU.f? or   I 4p
A cover over goods or a person. Due to its similatity to kanji A, this is ttaditionally placed in the section headet 'person'
(*9A).______
A person with an emphasis on his legs, signifying a
KfffáííffttWlSfft
Jr\ person standing or in motion,
THE KEY TO KANJI
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
n
TL
U
77
TT C
r
A movement to enter a structure.
) V <&^i a) ^ mot'on to divide a space into two, signifying
"       'to divide.'b) When used at the bottom, it often indicated two hands held upward.
j/nj An outline of a structure or a square shape.
The shape was used merely tor a classification and had no particular meaning of its own.
Cracks in ice, signifying something icy cold.
tf-/Ci:j;9 or
A table. Due to similarity, FL was placed in the same category here.
An open box inside of which something is placed.
tfalll
A sword or knife, which signified an act of cutting something.
7777^-WW#
'loi^
i A sword or knife, which signified an act of cutting some- fl^J^l^J^JS'l^JI'Jt1] ^J#]S! (J thing, This form is used on the right side of kanji only.
Physical strength, strenuous work, or power. Two <^f> different ancient forms are: a) a strong hand with muscles showing; and b) a plow used in fields for strenuous farming work.
—. Two different origins for this shape are: a) a hand Q 00^7jN^X    —// ^=5* wrapping around something, signifying'to wrap;
to surround'; b) bending one's body low to show humility.
A person sitting viewed from the side. It signifies a "sitting petson."
it
F :.Mo<'l
The two different shapes that signified "a place to hide" are in j I* the category of present-day classification.
Ten sticks bundled up, signifying 'ten' or 'full.'
mm.
A person bending over, signifying a show of humility or £|'/tiBp9P listening to an order.
A cliff, under which there was a fountain, rock, fire, etc. <?-^
mm®
A
S7
\ Ljty r^ffy ^n's shape is a reduced form from various shapes 1 ^ ^ ^"""^ such as a worm, a plow, or simply used to replace a j
complicated component.
£tz
One of several shapes that depicted a right hand and is %.7k.~fc]X ■RfX'x; used for an act involving a hand.
A hand from above or a person bending over something.
Section Headers
HEADERS WITH 3 STROKES
3 STROKE SECTION I
Sr.
at*
t -TL
There are a number of sources for this small
tdgyf o    square, amongwhich are: a) an open mouth,     sj&o""ol"]^^^^ signifying "to speak" or "to eat' '; b) an object or box; c) a hole ^^k%W\^^r ■window in a wall. | ool^gi^-i-g-^fl
S&Sfi^'l
flap
I     | An oblong shape char encircles another component, signifying an encampment of something.
thing.
A pile of dirt neatly packed in a triangular shape with an — -*- emphasis stroke. The practice of soil formed in a triangular shape is still seen in ground-breaking ceremonies in Japan. An ax or weapon carried by a warrior placed upside down in a ceremony, signifying a warrior or male person.
a IS SHE HUH
A footprint facing backward, signifying moving "°   backwards or retreating.
~TS. Having one stroke in the middle as contrasted to
two strokes in a moon ^, it depicted a dim moon in
the early hours of evening, which signified "early evening." It is
also used to indicate a piece of meat or flesh.
A person stretching his arms and legs to make himself big, signifying "large; big; jrand." It is also used for "person."
m
A woman sitting with her hands crossed in front of her, a graceful posture. It is used in many kanji that pertains to a woman.
_
A baby with wiggling arms is used to indicate a child or offspring.
A house with a roof and walls came to signify "house" or "something under a roof."
Finger pointing at the wrist where one's pulse was taken. The distance between the hand and that point is an inch so the kanji signified "a little." |    A piece of wood being chipped away into smaller pieces, I   * signifying smallness.
3JML
C^^f^ An unclear origin. Among the views are a bent arm
that signified an act of beckoning or a dog.
UHffc
Jh. a) A person in a slumped position: and b) a roof.
Mountain ranges, signifying mountains.
'iM Flowing water, or a river, which flows smoothly or around W abend.
A skillfully crafted work which has two pieces of wood boards held together by a pole.
^ A snake on the verge of straightening itself, or awareness of S^=?
oneself when he gets up. _i_
\  Apiece of cloth hanging on a pole, signifying a cloth, "iftifi^ffiffi^ curtain, or something that drapes.
®
50 -f
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
69
t
3
66 3
-m-
67
68 *
p a
70 P.
THE KEYTO KAN JI
A two-forked thrusting weapon fortified at the joint. Many of the dictionary entry kanji were placed for its similarity in shape.
^ V£#*L&)       S ^ cont:rast to ^ "chrcad," this indicated short threads, j 0 signifying that it does not have a full length or strength.
A house which has one side open.
y A crossroad, in which the bottom stroke extends, ! A— signifying an extension of something.
Two hands upwards holding up something.
A marking with a stake.
A double curvature bow, used for something that gets pulled to stretch like a bow.
a) A hand; b) a piece of rod that gets chipped away.
Three neatly drawn strokes, signifying a pretty pattern.
«sä,
L. The left half of a crossroad, signifying "a way to go" or A P "a way in which one conducts."
A segment of a current kanji form.
A segment of a current kanji form. A segment of a current kanji form.
^ £j An anatomical shape of a heart. It had an artery coming
downward, t was used on the left side of a kanji
tSjN\ JjjLi A hand, used on the left side of kanji. ~% was also i^l fy/ placed in this header for its similarity to a hand.
Running water or liquid, used on the left side of a kanji.
A dog, or an animal in general. When used on the left side, ^ was usually used.
Two plants growing in the ground. Traditionally this section header has been classified as having six strokes (from W) or four strokes from A foot going beyond a crossroad, signifying moving
forward. The older form (7 strokes) is reduced to i— Another form *_ was also used in some kanj
until recently.
tlti*Z (on right side)
(on left side)
I   I When used on die right side of a kanji, it signified a village. The current form comes from the old form '  which indicated land and people.
When used on the left side, it signified a boundary or (CO higher area. Its old form was     which indicated a pile of dirt, or an earthen wall.
Section Headers
90
1-		O'/x   An anatomical shape of a heart with chambers. <^ was \\j used at the bottom of a kanji whereas T was used on the left side of a kanji.	M, &  S M & S M	
		(f   A halberd, used in kanji that pertains to war ot threatening A situations.		***** **
F		P Adoot.		M
5-	T	One of several shapes of a hand (a right hand).		
X	ITCH or	^ A hand holding a twig, signifying holding something firmly.		
X	ll'<o<U	J^~\ A hand holding a stick, signifying a motion of pounding ^ti*   and also action or work in general.		
X		r&??\ Layered collars, which made a beautiful shape like a ' vC ' writing.	X	
ff		An ax, signifying something to cut.	Vffi	
US	llT^Aor	^jj"       A plow with a long handle ot a flag pole for a clan.		
a		*Ql A sun, signifying a "light" and "brightness or warmth" ' i v   created by the sun.		
B		y^TT '1 his group has little in common. They were chosen for its shape. e3 depicted a sound coming out of a mouth, signifying to say.		^.........
n		a) A crescent moon; b) a boat.		
n 1*1		A piece of meat Of flesh that shows tendons, signifying a part of the body. When used in this meaning, ^ is genet-ally placed on the left side or at the bottom.		
		fih A standing ttee with the toots firmly in the ground, ~V" signifying a ttee or a product of a tree.		tm
x		A man yawning with his mouth open wide, signifying a ^ lack of air or inhaling.		
±	H&y^/L        C? ^ f°otPrmt °fa 'eft f°ot w'tn a big toe having a more 1 U  prominent shape.			IS
		/■)A decapitated head with hair attached that occutred in 3 °   a war. It also signified a dead body.		nm
*	lienor	4h   A spear-like weapon or tool in a hand, signifying "to hit t*^ with a tool."	mm	mm®
	l±l±	^ A nutsing mother.		
it		jLK Two people sitting next to each other, signifying "people L II   lined up."	fck	
	It	Long hair of an animal.		
0
THE KEY TO KANJI
92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103	k	L	1	A ladle or spoon with a big handle for a clans feast.		
				Rising steam.	ft	
	*		Running water.			
			r^Vt A burning fire.			
	,„>		t'	A burning fire. When a fire is used at the bottom, ,»v is used.		MiXvÜ
	X	44		v hand holding a stone, signifying a father or stern figure.		
	n		A half of a tree shape, signifying a piece.			
			A cow's head with two big horns, signifying a cow or ssJ   animal in general.			
			A dog, or signifying an animal in general.			
	£			a) Three jewels strung together; ^ b) A powerful ax, a symbol of power, king.		S3
			"j;   An altar, or religious activity. Used on the left side i-fo of kanj i.			Ä
			g& A long-haired old man with a walking stick, signifying old. 1			
						
104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115	5-STROKE SECTION HEADERS					
		•n-v v	Leaves growing out of soil, signifying life or living.			mm
	n		A fence, behind which sacrificial animals are kept.			A
	eh		mess	The traditional classification includes: a) eh depiction of rice paddies; b) ^ lightening in the sky taken as a god's ige; c) A liquid dripping out of a gourd.	ehA^bt-W-M	
			A line and a footprint, signifying stopping in one place or U  just a foot.		n	
		14	An acorn, inside of which is white. It signified white. A S?' few came from a reduced form of If or £j.			
	r		Xy=r^ A sick person on a raised bed, signifying sick. (A bed is a U   the left side and a sick person is at the top.)			
			.jmoo a        move One jumped quickly and landed with U  U   two feet apart.		&g	
			A hand pulling an animal out of its fur, signifying skin.		Ä	
	m	54	A plate or dish.			*
	B		|g| An eye placed vertically.			
			^ An arrow.			
			/f~   A rock under a cliff sienifyine a stone, rock. Jm			
0
Section Headers
-.car table or religious activity. This is used when the j."--^ meaning of "altar table" is used at the bottom of kanji, . creas 7- (#102) is used when it is on the left side.		
. or grain plant. The name comes from the hard awn ot a barley plant called nogi in Japanese.		#ss§
_ j^s, A house and a motion ot dividing something or digging, •   -  *ignifving''a hole."		
A standing person.		
ES J&> a) A depiction of a casting M had its form reduced nD; b) A watchful eye @ placed sideways in some kanji.		
A clothing collar. When used on the left side, it is '> written as ^.	it fit	
Please see #94 >K		
■
•3* ":>z
		Aife Two stalks of bamboo with narrow pointed leaves that 1 "   hang downward. Bamboo was useful material in living, craft, writing, and building.		
mm z^jl		^! <? Rice grain scattered in all directions, signifying grains in general.		mm
		£5 ® Thin silk filaments being pulled out of silkworm V      cocoons or a skein of threads, used to pertain to a line that connects things, or continuity,		\m%
		Two wings of a bird.		m
		(®T^ A sheep was valued for its versatility, warm wool, tasty ^    food (lamb and mutton), and its beautiful appearance, and is used to signify something desirable.		mm
+*^/Cor -■ i-i		4^ A plow and rows of plowed soil. Only one kanji is W    currently used.	m	
		(/ An ear, signifying to listen. \		
s		j    A nose, the center of one's face, embodying a person. It lLO signified oneself.	s	
		®   An arrow hitting the ground, signifying to come to V   an end.	s	
S		j^Pj A mortar.	m	
		^ A tongue.		
		A boat.	Mm	
R	:^'<'J or	^ ^ ^ a) An eye and looking backwards; b) a basket and ifS «s «3  running water; c) food in a dish.	ft	mm®
ft		%   A man and a woman bending forward, signifying a love c5=* affair.	ft	
		^   Three worms indicated a worm for the kanji. 8«		
137
138
139
140
fa
ft
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
THE KEYTO KANJl
1
A bowl which is filled with animal blood for religious rites, signifying blood.
JL A crossroad, signifying going beyond a crossroad. It is also ~~I f~ used for one's conduct.
A clothing collar, signifying clothes in general.
a) A woman's hips with both hands placed on her waist. The waist is in the center of one's body, thus it signified "essential"; b) A basket.
fttimm
JL		An eye with legs or to look at.		n
	L/C	d An eye viewed sideways or a subject who kept a watchful H eve.	&m	
n	-oco	^ A pointed horn.	m	
5		A needle with a handle for tattooing (for religious JL   ceremony, punishment of criminals, etc.) and a mouth. Together they signified "to speak clearly and sharply."	mmmmmmmm	a
#	kit	a A   Mountain ranges and an opening in between, ' \    signifying valley.		
3.		^ A raised bowl to offer food and drinks in religious rites.		
&		*\ A wild boar or a pig. It also encompasses an elephant or other animals.		___....._______J
		//$\ f^ty a) A beautiful rare cowry shell from the southern sea vt/ VmI used for money; b) A pot that was used for cooking sacrificial animals in religious rites.	PJI ft****?* fffttf	iitf *****
		A variant of ^š. 'latge' and a variant of 'X. 'fire,' signifying Sfe- the color of burning fire, or 'red.'	#	
		A running man and a footprint, signifying a man running u   or an act that pertains to the use of feet.		ft
	ás L	<^ A knee cap and a footprint, indicating a foot or a leg.		
		A pregnant woman viewed sideways. The kanji that 43 contains this pertains to a physical feature.		m 1
*		ľf6fe>^ A chariot used in a battle with two wheels. The cutrent form     depicted a platform with two wheels connected at an axel.		
	—>íy\ 1	\X/ A tattooing needle which had an ink reservoir and a 1 handle.		
*		ŕ^y A clam with a feeler extended. Clam shells were used as ^=5? tools for weeding in the field. It pertains to agriculture, or is used for its sound.		*
S s		^ A large wine vase.	mm.	
		g5j Rice paddies and a pile of dirt. An area of land where field m. work takes place signifies a hamlet.		
f
i
168 í
169 *
170 f
171 a
172 *
173 i
174 i
Section Headers
liEiKMiil
J}> The old form ^ had a wheat plant on the cop and a
backward foot underneath, signifying a plant heavy with and drooping over. It means "wheat plant."
Please see #68 i__
Please see #69 ? "
■
♦
.7 ■
A mine in which pieces of metal glisten in the ground. The kanji containing this generally pertains to a mineral   i Utife | or a metal object. j
A long-haired old man, signifying old age or chief.
Closed double doors hiding things from plain sight or keeping others out, or a gate.
A bird, which has feathers, an ability to take off, or may get caught by man.
--IJ Rain drops falling from the heavens, signifying rain or
!!: 1' 11 other atmospheric phenomenon. I mfe Leaves above ground and a well, signifying fresh, blue.
Two wings of a bird on opposite sides, signifying "not" or negation.
§Some food in a dish with a cover, signifying to eat; food. When used on the left, contains one stroke fewer than the kanji
Please see #70 P
#
3 HTRflKK SFCTIflN HFfcDFRS
in
TO 174
i		j^^j An enwrapped race, signifying mask or face.	as	
		A An animal hide with a head still attached, signifying w   stretched hide.		
		^ A tattoo needle and a mouth with something inside, ^5?=^ signifying a word that is not clear, that is sound.		IS,®
		^ A person with a formal headdress, signifying a head or P> something at the top.	mm	
		A sail that catches the wind and an imaginary sacred animal such as a dragon or a phoenix bird inside, that was believed to control wind.		
*t		Pa A bird flying with its wings spread, signifying to fly. The kanji 4f| means "to fly,"	m	
	u<	^ Some food in a dish with a cover, signifying to eat; food.		
IT		W ■>> Two origins for a neck: a) A head with hair and a nose in ™ the middle; b) An eye and an eyebrow.	*	it*
THE KEY TO KANJI
I
10-STROKE SECTION HEADERS
175	ft		A horse with a mane and four legs emphasized. ht		
176	t		fa Bone joints and a piece of meat or animal flesh H, ^ signifying bones that were covered by flesh.		
177	Si	fz^»	;#   A tall watch tower.	ft	Is
178			^Sfc, A stooping elderly person and his long flowing hair ft)     emphasized, signifying "hair."	*	
					
					
179	ft |		O A flaming arrow whose bright yellow light illuminated all X directions.		
180			A fish with a head, scaled body, and fins.		i
181	jR		PI A grill with soot over a fire, signifying black. m	1	
182	A		A bird.	A*	
183
The top, 'footprint (to stay in one place)' and the bottom, 'two rows of teeth in a mouth,' togethet signifying tooth.
184
			
	Jj A nose and a present on a table signified something ■pi noticeable, which is a nose.		
1100 Kanji
HEADINGS:
HEADER
xad i rorm that signified a "person — "heart" and "dragging feet" fcer they described a state in which m an emotion and it was hard to -.; sLinji ärT means "love."
nickname ft <T emotional attachment 3tHJ   •!> to use regularly
ON-KUN READINGS: 7">
HEADER: ±
3:
sj
71
Kl
JE
- rorm 8 consisted of J~ "smothering " >: ne joint," and     "meat or flesh" of J\. "dog "srrsich indicated sweet meat. After eating sweet arc r^s full and a pressure in one's stomach, i- "soil" meaning of pushing down. The reduced current — rrcans "to press" or "pressure."
pressure -. .•- '"eric pressure S rxood pressure
Wli&O oppressive
So
S.'ti to weigh on /£#']6*7 overwhelming
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
IGIN: The top of the older form S had 55 "hollow in the ground," indicating something "suppressed." The bottom depicted an anatomical shape of a heart, signifying "heart" or "feelings." Together they indicated "bad feelings that were suppressed" or simplv "bad" or "evil." The kanji S means "bad or ill."
«35 ,!■ v1 bad as ft evil Ä ft Äs abhorrence	JR.ft the worst ftft ill-intention SH! misuse
* i^i*	
ORIGIN. The combination of *** "house" and "woman" resting at home indicated "safety or ar ease." Inexpensive things are less stressful to buy; hence, another meaning was "inexpensive." The kanji ^ means "secure" or "peaceful" and also "inexpensive, cheap."
3? s * inexpensive, cheap
^liffi reasonably priced
tS-Srti' moderately priced, bargain priced
'    i '   rJ~> rt* rr» Hhp
&A LA;
i~Z>to feel relieved 'f'St^' anxious safe
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:
7>-<b(V^)
HEADER:
a
dark; unclear
8
a
0t
a
ORIGIN: This kanji consisted of B "sun" and ig" "a sharp needle and something inside a mouth." When people try to speak with something in their mouths, theit words often come out garbled or "unclear." The two forms combine to indicate "sun not clearly seen," and thus the kanji means "dark; unclear."
I Bfi > dark
I light and darkness
| «A.e Bf-Tf; hint
£/,.:>
B£t£~tl> to learn by heart ffB^ secret code; password Bf* <nfy I: tacitly
I   n  H  B 0' B-1"H/'HfrH&HfBn1B#Bg-
13
*j            \        ON-KUN READINGS:        '■ HEADER:"! /      ~\       -f-*>o(T)        1   A J		
® 1 1   starting point; f if     by means of 1	l> •* P ^ J	
ORIGIN. Tlie left side depicted a "plow" and the right side a 1 "hand." A plow is a tool used at the start of work in the field. 1 1 The kanji      means "by means of" or "starting point."		
1 £AK',i. three people or 1 more I y/.T below, less than I >Xf*I within		other than before VAtk. thereafter
11 v p WA	5	
ON-KUN READINGS:
3P>
he-:
plan; proposed idea
ORIGIN: On the top ^ "house" and      "woman" indie "secure and peaceful," here used phonetically. The bottomJ -^F- "wood" indicated a "desk." One thinks of a plan at desk. The kanji ^ means "proposed idea" or "plan."
% proposal
H contrary to what is H ^£1*1 i~-£> to show around     ! x^^^^^^
desk      ' ^^"^ toProPose
äSrtfTf information (
:£S brilliant idea
10
ON-KUN READINGS:        ; HEADE =
tank; place; approximately
ORIGIN: This kanji consisted of 'f a "standing person viewed sideways" and .4 a "person standing, facing front." Together jj they indicated a place or approximate area where one stood, according to his rank, before a ruler or in a ceremony. The kanji isL means "rank, place" or "approximately."
14 rank
~C <F> ü how much %—li first place
-fill location ftMi position
S-<1>
^-fi everyone [honorific
* • 4 ■
IlOOKanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
-í'X.S>(i.*}
10
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER
	n
□
( □ ]
□
- side 4 was a "person." The right side Sp^
- -■ racing opposite one another, signify-■ok Arccrions, here phonetically used to indicate
- " ■ ■ > :nconc who is different and stands out Hki extraordinary quality is treated with respect. ■ Tm- means "grand; illustrious."
illustrious
f#S great work
tt^^L tall well-built man
12
ORIGIN: The old form B consisted of LJ an "enclosed area' and which depicted two feet facing in opposite direc tions, walking in a circle. Together they indicated to cncitclc or to surround. The inside is now reduced to (from -4"); the kanji rffi means "to surround" or "enclosure."
		
IS f to surround	Si	ífLí> to be seized
£0 tfZ		
I*.1 Id!'to encircle	#1	9\ atmosphere
		
EH IS surrounding	!■	scope, sphere
		7
ON-KUN READINGS:
ppaiiiiiuiiiui
If
* _ 71 "H"
The top ^ was a pictograph of a rice plant droop-■ tr.e weight of ripening grain. The bottom was posture of a woman. Being pliant and flexible gave
s--"—-.g of leaving a decision to others. The kanji $
*rr> entrust" ot "pliant."
: entrust committee proxy
» * Z-
Iřlt committee member #$B the details frit "fa to trust
71
ORIGIN: The top g "sound" signified a (nonvetbal) sound because something inside a mouth prevented what was said from becoming a word. The bottom was an anatomical heart, signifying feelings. Together they indicated thought and feelings that wete kept inside one's heart. The kanji M means "meaning," "intention," or "mind."
meaning ;%IL opinion ifei'M- unexpectedly	'Alt attention, heed M12 *51 - intentionally R.S popular sentiment, the will of the people
	
THE KEY TO KANJI
				
13	ON-KUN READINGS:         j HEADER:		14	ON-KUN READINGS:         ; HEADER:
1   easy; to change; 1 fortune telling			to do; deed; purpose; sake	
jf ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a lizard with 1 a big head and rays of the sun     ). A lizard can change the color of its skin instantly. One's future also changes constantly, and it is also used for fortune telling. The kanji M? means "easy," "to change," or "fortune telling."		J	ORIGIN: In the old form Jl, the top was a "hand from above" and the bottom was an "elephant," which indicated "to handle an elephant by hand." Elephant was dropped from the meaning, and the form came to mean "to handle; to do something" or "deed." The kanji      means "to do," "deed," "sake" or "purpose."	
Hl^easy                              fortune teller am                             : **v> trade plain tf i If? #i 1 easv to write              M> unchanged 1...........................................................................................................			X<f) & I; for X, because of X            ruler, political leaders A&#7 artificial                 j \^%^) deliberately 'n$> deed, behavior exchange:	
-   n h » 8				
15
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:!
	1 a
ORIGIN: Tire top H3 was a mask of a god in a votive dance 1 or play. The bottom 4^ depicted two hands holding up the mask. By putting a mask on, one becomes a different person, or a character in a play. The kanji -Pc means "different; to differ."
^'j.'o/c different foreign country
us*.
objection, different view
»151.'
IS-R-fT) amazing ^■£'0 novel SflW exceptional
li
ORIGIN: The left side ^ was a rice plant drooping under the weight of the grain. The right side ffr was two pieces of meat, suggesting "many," but here was used phonetically to mean "to move." Together rhe two forms indicated the swaying action of rice plants blown in wind. The kanji ^ means "to move; to transfer."
f £ -6 to move moving l-XA moving, relocation	ffr'ii't'& to migrate, to relocate #R. immigrant transition
	
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:
	
18
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
he top H3 depicted pieces of food in stomach, and -: m E depicted flesh of a body. H is also used in a k inji that pertain to body parts. The kanji W 'stomach."
—e stomach and
mes »mach
stomach cancer W $k, gastritis ttWffl peptic
rr? ^3	f Ü WW	
		
19	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER'!
*t d-tifer wrong |	^ m 4g     ^ :	
SIN: The uppet right     consisted of two feet facing in i opposite direction away from an area,    , indicating "to I Dove away." The lower left     came from a foot in the cross-~ id. indicating "to move forward." Together they signified "going in the opposite direction" (thus "being different; I wrong"). The kanji a4 means "to differ" or "wrong."
i
£ 1 different
1iS difference
I . sfl*
I > miss each othet on
the toad
lif-itR parking violation y\H-nT\    is wrong i4fr/A sense of
incompatibility
13
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted the collat and front portion of clothes, indicating clothes in general. The kanji ^ means "clothes." When it is used as a recurring component, it is written ^, as in ^ "duplicate" and -ff "to complement."
« clothes "ft tobe, coating, batter ft^ x. change clothes for the season	ft 31 costume i iR'fe food and clothes -15 ^ robe of feathers; celestial robe
	(.-
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
ORIGIN: The right top H" had two hands holding something I ptecious and it "cowry" that was used as currency, indicat-
ng "valuables." The old form jxfcl of 3__, was "foot inside a
crossroad," which signified "moving forward." Togcthet they indicated something precious that one left after he or she had moved on. The kanji     means "to leave, bequeath."
iSW historical site it's will iSS inheritance, legacy	it'Tf posthumous wotk it$t the beteaved family written will
	
®
THE KEY TO KANJI
medicine
ORIGIN: The old form W consisted of IS "arrow hidden inside," "hand holding a bent arrow," signifying "attack," and S "wine jar" used for medicinal purposes. Together they indicated an act of healing by hand a wound with medicinal plants from ajar. The kanji, now simplified only to E, means "medicine."
lE^ medical doctor ^JiISi^Dr.Yasukawa's clinic l t c IS 3* medical science	K?RJr: medical expenses i t»*v> S£E veterinarian I l»l:u iiol primary care i physician
	
23	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:	
® to bring up; { to raise a child ..........................		
ORIGIN: The rop part was a baby with its head downward as it is being born; the bottom ^ was a pictograph of flesh of a body (a variant of 1^1). The birth of a child entails raising him/her. The kanji ~% means "to bring up" or "to raise a child."		
fetf education id to raise IA<C Ifchildbearing		ft If SI day nursery, preschool f£tf physical education frff."? Z> to foster
■ trifff		
(■■■■■■■■■■■HBHHl		
ORIGIN: The left side i indicated "pile of dirt neatly packed I in a triangle shape," signifying "ground." The right side S%, consisted of       a "halberd," D a "land marked" by % boundary." Together they indicated a piece of land with a boundary that one protects. The kanji      indicates "area: limits."
ftfe*K, area	ifA basin of river
L*:$, the limits, zone	sacred precincts
area, scope	IIJS, domain
- + i rrrxif:	
ON-KUN READINGS:	I HEADER:
	—
one; single; first
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a single extended finger or a stick of wood, which signified the number "one." The kanji    " means "one; single; first."
	
— one	j — B first day of the month
	
-~ls3 once, one time	—# the first, most
	
—A one person	unification
IWOKanji
3VKUN READINGS: HEADER:
-.r ,:.c a hand From above, The right ta person bending his or her body wirh pres--n, \ indicated pressing someone ": ...   proses a seal down with a hand. DBi'seal; sign; symbol." It is also phoncti-ijnr India.
ON-KUN READINGS:	1 HEADER:
T>	
member of group; official
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a large, three-legged pot used to cook meat as a religious offering and was originally used as a counter fot these pots. It was latet extended to include counting people at the rite, and then people of any group. The kanji M, means "member of a group" or "official.*
Lit
seal, mark ÉPÍS seal tfÉpVá to seal
Mb.
•#T±M company employee limit of number of
people
to mobilize people
IRM station employee iSM full house
all mem
bers
i nnHB|^
10
ON-KUN READINGS:
-f>-ct(.5>)-t)41t;)
: m;
HEADER □
1
1 and ^
The outside CD signified "mat to sleep on ras "person with hands stretched out." The combined tcicated a house guest. A long-staying house guest . n the kindness of his host. The meaning of depen-hnher was extended to mean "to be caused by." The 3 means "to depend on" or "to be caused by."
! •? cause and effect *Ď to originare in
S-5 to be atttibutable to ?ES cause of death
Vi
H Ale incidentally
28
ON-KUN READINGS:	' HEADER: j
-f>-o(<)	
J
51
ORIGIN: The left side *7 was a bow and the right side ] signified straighrening something. Together they indicated pulling a bow. The kanji t?1 means "to pull."
?l< to pull
u z
? I r>lQ~t to move 51 i0 gravity
5 51
7??I? shoplifting
u I*
to pull
u e
515 thT drawer
THE KEY TO KANJI
29		ON-KUN READINGS:		HEADER: t
® to drink; to swallow		Ě " ^		
ORIGIN: The current form $ "to eat" replaced the depiction of a wine jat in the old form (not shown here). The righr side 5s. depicted a person with a mouth wide open. Togethet they meant to put something in the mouth, or "to swallow; drink." The kanji lifc means "to drink; to swallow."				
tfcij to drink, to swallow ífc«z*'frA * eating and drinking restaurant			<h h<r> ftA# drink, beverage tfc>B ilte drunken driving ttffl^K drinking watet	
/   V»   A-   Aj $				
right si 1 I	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER: o
		
I ORIGIN: The first two strokes indicated a righr hand and the 1 bottom C was a mouth. The right hand is used to bring I food to the mouth. The kanji     means "right side." (Note I that the first stroke is the slanted one.)		
I fight 1 ",T I        right hand 1 SK rhe right side	- c t I 4£ both sides j \ Uli right turn 31* conservative faction	
	5	
ON-KUN READINGS:
4>
ft
-» 7L
ORIGIN: The left side P signified an earthen wall sutro. ing a house. The right side 5E showed that 7L "man" w» entirely wrapped in ^ "house." Together they meant a 1:-.:. house suttounded by a big wall. The kanji r% means "largi public house; institution."
hospital X^fit graduate school hospitalization
TR House of
Reptesentatives (U.S.), the lowet house
»<<lv<C
academy
»i ř rr
10
0 RIGIN: The top came from the depiction of a house with a toof, and the bottom ~f~ was derived from "5" "twisted or bent weed ot shape." Together they indicated a latge, slanted roof that covers a large space or open area. Ihe kanji ^T" means "roof; space (outer space)."
space
IWUKanji
□ N-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
m
ea wings or
:- --     '■ two wings indicate I ■ _ - is the counter lor birds. The kanji ^Pi
sne 'ri-r.er."
rather, plume
tuact
-I5!—jr thin glossy silk
Wfc emergence, eclosion, hatching
m i plight
WĚĚĚKĚtĚBHttKKKĚSSSĚBĚKXĚĚMKĚĚK&KQBfĚ
35 1	ON-KUN READINGS:        i HEADER:
§)	
•» =SC- ?■ ~: .uck	
The right top had        "snake circling" and ip-* In a battle, soldiers circle military vehicles. Thus, - "icates "military." The bottom part      formerly jifc. ! iad" and "foot"), indicated "moving forward." The 3 means "to transport." It also means "luck," which is g that may come around.
. -.ercise, campaign iH ~TZ to operate, to drive   2i3H"4 to transport
I    to transport
it luck f\jlt opportunity
12
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of raindrops falling from a cloud. The ancient people might have viewed the sky as a dome. When used as a recurring component, the form signifies meteorological phenomena, including thun-The kanji 1^1 means "rain."
m
ft rain
^cS heavy rain
SJt amount of rainfall
fflTts 'J taking shelter from the rain
1153»
#fi light spring rain
C3tf>
'hft light rain, drizzle
WĚttií^KUĚĚĚÉKĚBtUĚKBM 36 cloud	■	ON-KUN READINGS:		HEADER:
				
ORIGIN: The top ffi] depicted rainfall from the sky, which i the ancient people might have believed to be in a dome shape. The bottom IS. depicted vapors rising or forming a thunderhead. Together they indicated a cloud. The kanji 5r means "cloud."				
■ t S cloud <t>« SFÍTÍ movement of the clouds, situation rfllf rain cloud			iffittti to vanish If fa! break in the clouds SiS^M as different as night and day, polar opposite	
~~ >'   1=» (=F» HŤ> iif* isp> i3f» ŤS' "85" Ť5* "ft 12 -— v~				
©
the key to kanji
I
origin: 'Ihe old form W had r"' "cover" with two 'X. "fire or torch" and S "joined rooms," indicating an encampment surrounded by torches, or "military barracks." It also meant to conduct," because affairs were negotiated in a battacks. Now simplified to b , it means "to conduct (business)" ot "batracks."
		
business	l'Wcr*  "open" (for	
administtation study	; business)	
Ih-xv		
%k*s£ management	I £"g" publicly run	
	; UAAv	
# t! to run (business)	j SIS' warring camp	
		12
39	on-kun readings header:	
prosperity; j I      to nourish	1 f	
origin: The old fotm ^ had two J\ "fire" or "torch" that illuminated a latge area, signifying "to flourish." The bottom /fc is a tree. In the combined form, "flourishing plants" signified "prosperity." The top is now reduced, and the current kanji     means "prosperity; to flourish."		
5£# nutrition HSR prosperity s» _ atX'l) to ptospet		tuSR/c to feel honored %M- vanity 9ki.f>& glotious, honorable
		
on-kun readings:
x-f-pO(3WJ(;L5)
origin: The left side 0 was a "sun." The tight side : lighted the neck of a man, which is in the center of a mat body, and it signified "center." In the combined form, the sun projects the outline of a man casting his shadow, sign : ing "to reflect the difference between light and shadow." The kanji     means "to be imaged; to be reflected."
a^gl movie B&~tZ to reflect -6 to be mittoted
-h.S&'r'  film now showing
a
to look atttactive
broadcasting 11 fl B B' B^Bj^B^-B^
on-kun readings:
header
7%
origin: This was a pictograph of watet flowing in a main stream of a rivet that split into smaller channels. A given amount of watet takes a longer time to tun through a smaller stream. The kanji     means "long time."
eternally JKX eternal
fKW>~t& to pass away, rest in peace
7K *»long (time) ?Wi permanent tcsidence ^XHr permanent tooth
II 00 Kanji
be left side / was "water" and the right side zK-r^uiaries, nattow long streams of water, which sig-Together they indicated "staying in watet xsac" or "to swim." The kanji     means "to swim."
■mining
to swim
^p-       the breast stroke If'ilc back strokes A    powerful swim
I
ON-KUN READI	^GS:	HEADER:
		! ft
a1! The outside IT was derived from a crossroad, indigo." The middle part ^ depicted two feet facing :o: -:te directions, indicating walking around an area in --c- 3r patrolling. Together they indicated patrolling an tct it. The kanji -flf means "to guard."
- %_ satellite j IW#T defense
giene, sanitation      ; tHifr guard Self-Defense Forces   . iftft sentinel
ORIGIN: The kanji had      "plants," from W, and "per-1 son with his head restrained at the neck," which is the center I of a body. The center of a plant or flower is the best part, therefore "excellent." The word J^ffa "the English language" comes from the Chinese pronunciation. The kanji means "excellent" or "English."
HfS the English language I £9 England
l&iK English translation KJft hero
$#D$f#| English-Japanese  " $ St decisive decision, dictionary i    drastic measure
44	:	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER X*                   j      J J	
(§) 1         liquid : I		%% * #♦ 5 I |s           M 1	
fj ORIGIN: The left side y was water or "watcrlikc liquid." The j ancient form of 'fit consisted of a petson standing with a 1 moon on one side and pointing to the other side for a repeat 1 appeatance. Here the fotm for moon is used phonetically I indicating "to repeat," because the moon appears again every 1 1 night. A liquid drips repeatedly. The kanji )$L means "liquid." 1			
I M. solution II liquid I llif I solution			io-JR. blood iEftti to liquefy %J$L milky lotion, milky 1 liquid
I     '   i J ;			
THE KEY TO KANJI
I
	
ON-KUN READINGS: x+-V^	HEADER: 1 m
gain; profit
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictogtaph of watet that was overflowing from a -DE. "dish" (viewed from the side), I meaning "to replenish; to make full." The kanji U me; "gain; profit."
^'JU gain, profit
: gain, profit fM^fe profit and loss
'RA profit - ^'1divine favor
2rH w public benefit
10
47	■        ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:!
(§) to ctoss; to go over	1	
ORIGIN: The left side comes from "to run," with a person running hurriedly and a foot. The right depicted a halberd or weapon, here used phonetically to mean "to cross." Togethet they indicated someone running to cross over. The kanji ^ means "to cross; to go over."
51    L move of (residence)
CL.C
^f-itS L New Year's Eve S&X.'S to cross, to go across
$M ctossing ovet a boundary
superiority complex
balance forward
-   + *
12
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADES
mm
ORIGIN: The old form H had "horse" and 00 "watchful eye" ovet ^ "type of hand shackle used to chain prisoners together." It was further extended to mean a succession of activities by officials. Together the forms indicated one of a series of stations whete imperial messengers changed horses, and thus the kanji ifX means "train station."
: *Kx3TVVL*
I &B\'f?j£ local trains
IR# box lunch at station
ti'/l- building adjacent to IRfc long-distance telay the station
,R railway station MSVL Tokyo Station
i r it if ff
5 s 111 rrrfi   14,
48
®
round; Japanese
ON-KUN READINGS:	i HEADER:
x>-i£(^)	1 n
	
	
	
	
ORIGIN: lire old form HD had a circle O and a round-footed pot M. Both exptessed roundness, hence "harmony." The association with Japanese yen comes from the round shape of old coins. Now the much simpler PI is used instead. The kanji F] means "round" or "Japanese yen."
Pi Japanese yen, circle ralT n four hundred yen PI M "t harmonious
PI >■' round
-=f-p) semi-circular
PI if IZ smoothly
llUOKanji
it 111, "enclosure," is ife, which was used pho-3ib :o indicate "distance or roomy." came from a Bed person, clothed for departing on a long journey.)
closure is a garden. The kanji [S means "park; ns garden."
1    I r^-k -   park admission fee 1 kindergarten	zoo JslSl large garden ?£[SI flower garden	
..........................		13
ON-KUN READINGS:
4 J
-IGIN: The ancient form consisted of / "water,""water r.:ttingintotwostreams,"and D "hollow." It depicted par- I
i-jcl streams running along a hollow, The kanji '/a means "to I
£o alongside."
r't coast, shore along the railway roT along X	history in J6 along the route
/    /    /    A /T7/VJ	
ORIGIN: The first stroke J over it. "foot" signified that one extended one's walking. The lower left 5^, derived from the left half of a crossroad with the lower side stretched, also meaning a road extending. Together they indicated "one walks farthet," or "to extend the time, or to postpone." The kanji 3$ means "to extend" or "to postpone."
postponement
si
341X1" to extend, to postpone
OXM.VA.XA,
rft^LHI£! postponement
until rain stops
JtA£v>$A
4i overdue fee or fine
extension
-f t if
52
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
X>	
i ORIGIN: The left side > "water" and the right side I with "house" and an arrow with two hands, indicated I "stretching out with two hands." Together they meant some-1 thing that ran for a long time, like water. Because a performance of music, theater, or speech extends for a period of time, the kanji }f» means "to extend" or "to perform."
	
!M d to perform	i^tt acting
	| AAj* 0
co-actor	musical performance
ZOLA,	
i> 'A public performance	S-'M leading role
s     C     C * C'' "^C^ J  J  J  J  J A	
0
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:
ORIGIN: The left side J\. was a fire. The right side was used phonetically to mean "to block" the view or breathing; that is what smoke does. The kanji I® means "smoke."
#f smoke no smoking smoke pollution	lit x smoky chimney ^#f!ir smoking room
	
o * *
it
ORIGIN: The old fofm M had Sa, which consisted of S. downcast eye" and a person over JIC "basin" watching ot 1 looking at a reflection, and I?§, which depicted a salt fatm viewed from above, where the dots show salts. The current duced form ^1 means "salt."
M. salt :        salty taste portion of salt *m^; chlorine	jg^-v 1 salty TLfc ^Jgi;^slt-£> to care for with one's own hands, to nuttute
	
ORIGIN: The upper right ife consisted of jt (from _^ "footprint"), O "jewelry," and "clothes," that signified a deceased dressed in clothes to depart on a long journey, hence "distance." Ihe lower left l_ indicated "to move on." The combined form meant "a long way" or "far." The kanji . means "far; distant."
il^ 4 far, distant
4i€ reserve, diffidence, restraints
j&Ie) '1 a detour
itSESI longdistance
* * far from itS. excursion
— +
13
ON-KUN READINGS:
ORIGIN: The left side / was "water" and the right side ~*J depicted "hollow." Together they indicated water collected in a hollow, which was dirty. The kanji 7^ means "dirty; soiled."
/$   1 dirty, soiled	/^*K sewage	
is 75si> to be dirty, soiled	*>-^ 75 £ flaw	
ISbti rflR bribery, corruption	T^hhL*-1 loathsome	
		6
ON-KUN READINGS:	1 HEADER:
>__	
1100 Kanji
e ancient form depicted a person standing >ke around the neck, indicating the center The kanji ifi means "center; middle."
■^t center
—=*ri — centtal exit
■r* epicenter
ON-KUN READINGS:		HEADER:!
		
•••0 a ft		ft
		
		
; The left side -4 derived irom the left side of a cross-I meant "to go." The right side of the ancient form it above i "king" or "leader" with a weapon. Ti'g^cher they indicated to go ahead, led by a king on foot, fcabo meant something that had already gone by. The kanji ~ means "to go" or "past."
= traffic
round-trip ticket
i= in a tight place, death
Et&iffi past illness
j 1K53«rt
: to rush about in
confusion
: MM house call
[        ON-KUN READINGS:	
	1 *
I
deep inside; honorific form for (someone's) wife j
rice grains
ORIGIN: The ancient form of ^ "house," ?fv " inside, and two offering hands at the bottom indicated an atea deep inside a house where rice was srored or offered at an altar. The kanji means "deep inside." A nobleman's wife stays in the back of a house; hence this kanji is also used for "wife" in an honorific form.
fell back, deep inside fe< H^/C (someone's) wife fs< Ii3 *C0^ in the back	-■ -Hff 3 depth 155.-» -ftH secret principles S<I3 J^$} back tooth
' r 1*1 ri i*i ft i*i ifc 1*1&p.$L 12	
to respond willingly
ORIGIN: The old form -?S had f" "roof" A "person,"^ "bird," and "heart." It signified that a person welcomed birds in his house, so the birds came willingly. Now simplified to , tetaining a heart, the kanji means "to respond willingly."
#53^"f & to apply (for a job) to respond JcffiH reception room, parlor	i to respond i fe-3$G-5TAT j              first aid j *5«0 | ftjt-W befitting	
		
0
THE KEYTO KAN JI
to press; to push
61
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
(g) §H
ORIGIN: The left side ^ was a hand. The right side ^ was a depiction of the underside of a tortoise, here used phonetically to indicate "to press." Together they indicated "to press a seal by hand." The kanji ffl means "to press; to push."
:	
if "i" to push	if L   11 & to push aside
fit if I backing, support	if ip pressing a seal
if A it closet	if R ~t£i to seize
" t ^ # ^nf^^ff -	
ORIGIN: The old form ^ had ?K "tree or wood" and the right side had a fire arrow "fjT cast in the air, illuminating all sides with bright yellow light, used phonetically to indicate "sides." A wooden latch at a gate slides sideways, and the meaning of sideways extended to include "crooked." The 1 kanji tH means "sideways; crooked."
side
fit8t#ii crosswalk ^tW-S to cross
iftrl embezzlement
itiS arrogant
i$tz; ~f •£> to roll sidewavs
~*   "j*   ^   ^   ^ ^y"** ^*     v^rTf J^r* 15
cherry tree j	ON-KUN READINGS:        \ HEADER:	
		
1 ORIGIN: The old form consisted of "tree" and §lr "two 1 shells over a woman," here used phonetically. (Shells were used for a woman's necklace, indicating sutrounding or circling.) Now simplified to      the kanji means t^C "cherry tree."		
& cherry tree \ i£tt cherry \ '^4fit double-blossom j     cherry tree -11 * t r rrc		cherry-blossom viewing in the evening
64	J        ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
<D king 1 1 ■rniimmm......i.......mi.....iiiii		
1" ORIGIN: The ancient form was a picrograph of a large orna-1 mental ax which signified power, hence a "ruler." In later 1 years, this kanji was often interpreted as a big person stand-1 ing on the ground and stretching his or her arms and legs 1 towards heaven. The kanji 3L means "king."		
1 B£ king I itt king 1 £9 kingdom	monarch, champion Hi imperial prince jEift monarchy	
	->	
1100 Kanji
65
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	
■EH The ancient form had a fite and an arrow with a fire m ■=x> "tt, which had combustible materials in the middle. " Lme of a fire arrow illuminated all directions with -.  -,v light, as in the kanji for "sideways." This kanji W scans "yellow."
•"* TCIIOW
* X eoldcn
Wlk egg yolk JlltS. light green
—   *-  -H- jlfc
11
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^	
67	ON-KUN READINGS:         j HEADER:
S) house; score 1	
;= GIN: The top part f2 depicted a roof and the wall of a souse. The bottom part 2. depicted an action in which an ■BOW hit the ground i-, indicating "to come to an end." 1. :hcr they indicated a house in which one returned and r:.axd. The kanji JM. means "house; store."	
-1 bookstore r~- M room ik roof	: Ml^ 7—/I'indoor swimming | pool ^FM one-story house j Id booth
	
ON-KUN READINGS: #2
HEADER 4
■*
ORIGIN: This was a combination of A "person" and iS£ thought kept inside one's heart," or "intent." (Please sec kanji No. 12 ^.) A hundred million was such a big number that it only existed in one's imagination. The kanji IS- means "hundred million."
.5.14 five hundred million ftS/ti" bothetsome fft-77-ft4f billionaire	
y / fTrfffi^WfM '5	
68
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:
	1 >^>
favor; indebtedness
ORIGIN: The top 13 depicted a person 7v comfortably stretched out on a mattress P. The bottom p!* was a hearr or feeling. Together they indicated someone who was under care or protection of someone else and thus feels indebted for the generosity. The kanji JH means "favor; indebtedness."
,S indebtedness i amnesty
fc'A,t^ ■ fcA.3«o
& A benefactot, patron ,Sfo pension
I repayment of a favor ,S,ft favor
i n r m m
10
THE KEY TO KANJI
69	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER: >
wjmJ warm	CB I         ® s 1 s "* ^ Jm	
ORIGIN: The ancient form had > "water" and covered steamy hot water in a dish, signifying "warm." Togcthet they indicated warmth that came from within. The kanji /m means warm."
iE» fVm. atmospheric tempetatute :äJti tempetature »fcte to watm	%3*?fc/>te'>Wr *£t;S^-(t global warming greenhouse; hot house im M. hot spring
*   -    ;   > 1   ÍVJ • Ff -B -*B >B «B - B »B it	
ON-KUN READINGS: 7J^-fe(ót)TJ(W)'
HEADER.
below; under; lower
7 T
ORIGIN: The ancient form indicated an area under aline. The lasr short stroke in the current form emphasizes what was indicated. The kanji ~F means "below; under; lower."
Ute it T*T below, under Tii> [Honorific] to give (to me) Tlfi to lower	Ta ti' vulgar APT hallway a T'^'T to lower, to bring down
—TT	3
1 ORIGIN: The kanji ia" shares overlaps in etymology with that I of a "words; to say." In 5 , a tattoo needle and a mouth signified "to say clearly," whereas in ~ft there was something inside the mouth, which ptevented what was said from being meaningful, leaving it as a mere sound. The kanji "a" means "sound."	
music sound HHf" pronunciation	] JtÝ noise j   UV Vi, ; vowel : i iirfe tone colot, timbte
	
	
72	ON-KUN READINGS: HfcAUER:
© to change 11	J     ' it
ORIGIN: The left part ■i was a "person standing straight," whereas the right part t was a "person sitting." A change of postures indicated a change of state. The kanji i t means "to change."	
jilt culture 3Ht change ■ft^r chemistry	if 1 fc-ftlt ghost : UL-tö iYJtťťi to put on makeup : bib* SHťfž to deteriorate
> \ Vit	4
1100 Kanji
I '. The old form W. consisted of "f "standing person" inc rile action of two hands taking precious metal out of a -<:.<. which was used phonetically to indicate a mask. One I a mask on to become something else, hence something
\" or "false." The right side was reduced to : kanji     means "temporary" or "false."
temporary £ mask
■H temporary license      SUE syncope
assumption iM)t hypothesis
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
> GIN: The older form if? has 4 a "person" and a "lid or I over over A cowry." Cowries were rare shells from the 1 -'tant south and were used for trading as currency. A mer- 1 runt hid his goods until the price or value went up. This - now simplified as fffi, meaning "value" or "price."
^ -r good price 'S "a value M value
(B fixed price
retail price itiSi land value
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
4
vhat
ORIGIN: Originally rhe depiction of a person who was carrying a load over his shoulder signified "to carry." When a new kanji meaning "to carry" was created as , the original kanji came to be used to indicate "what" because of its sound. The kanji f^J means "what."
1°T what Pi A how many people etc ("IS what language	MBgH what day of the week j fete* He! what day j l6!^ what month
/   -|   ^       ^r»*/jpj	
76	ON-KUN READINGS:          HEADER: |	
® to add	1	
ORIGIN: The left side depicted a muscular arm showing I 1 sttength. The right side O "mouth" ot "words" signified 1 1 that one adds sttength by words. The original meaning of 1 "wotds" came to be dropped, so the kanji     means "to add." fj I		
i| in addition *dx.-?> to add ^■ivti to patticipate in		1 inf^S to give support to J »>*< #ni4 acceleration
V 7 f) % Milju		
THE KEYTO KANJI
possible; able
ON-KUN READINGS:		HEADER:
		a
) j		
		
		
ORIGIN: The ancient form shown in the middle consisted of a bent shape, which signified "not straightaway," and C? "mouth." When one speaks after some hesitation, it is a grudging approval, signifying something made possible. The meaning further extended to "able to do." The kanji ~°J means "possible; able."
°Ttt possible, can t^"T permission 'f'^Tt^ impossible
-T* °TX^' indispensable
fl'lt-3
°T to pass a bill
half-baked, superficial
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER
	
ORIGIN: The top was a house and was a pictograph of a pig, an imporrant domesticated animal. Together thcv signified "to put valuable things, such as pigs, in a house, to protect them." It also refers to people who live inside the house. The kanji ^ means "house."
^•s£ house, home MM. family members Sift home S^tL Tanaka familv	—^ whole family landlord ft ^ writer
	
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^		
78 j	ON-KUN READINGS:        j HEADER:	
summer		
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted two hands holding a mask over a face and      a foot facing backward, which indicated "dancing." Summer is the time for festivals in which one danced with a mask. The kanji Jt means "summer."		
H summer Sot>* \   A summer vacation j[£ the summer solstice		early summer during summer MIL midsummer
—-^rTT-s-ff-s^yj^ io		
section; category; to determine a penalty
ORIGIN: The left side 3fL "rice planr with grain" and the right side *r "measuring ladle used for grain" indicated grains that were measured and sorted, suggesting classification. Penalty is somethingelse measured as well. Authorities measured carefully rhe severity of criminal offenses and determined the penalty. The kanji means "section; category" and "to determine a penalty."
#@ subject science
m~Z> to impose a penalty
IW criminal record Ifft^S- encyclopedia iift golden rule
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
'. The top E9 depicted fruits or nuts on a tree and the 1 om ?K was a ttee. The fruit of a tree signifies the result I
action, so the kanji Jfc means "fruit" ot "tesult" which 1 - ave many definitions, including "to perish."
■ rruit result 5. *. outcome
S< fruit ktz-t to fulfill to perish
r> t=? © e
3AIGIN: The left side > is water. The right side      had a ' ~ :k and a line that bent at a right angle, signifying some-tr.ing not stfaight. Together they indicated a big tivci that "is many shatp turns before it teaches the sea. The kanji means "large river."
r river
river 4:°T canal
S^T# river bed
jsjn river mouth
ft;15! the galaxy, the Milky Way
J ORIGIN:      in "If on the left side depicted an angle and a
jth. A
voice that does not come strai
ght
out sounds
coarse. The right side .A* was a person stooping forward with a gaping mouth. A person with a large open mouth trying to make sounds is singing! The kanji ffi. means "to sing" ot "song."
song
PL*
ffc^ singet 1 to sing
BIR national anthem
fCtSti popular song
31ft enka (popular Japanese ballad)
s P f £ 4 f f^^fe 14 ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■A
	ON-KJN READINGS HEADER:
® fire; Tuesday	
[ ORIGIN: Originally, this was a pictograph of a fire with flames spatking. The kanji ')\. means "fire." (When used as a 1 recurring component at the bottom of kanji, it is often writ-i ten      as in M. "black," and f& "naturally.") The kanji 'X. is also used for Tuesday in Japanese.	
r> i^fire •X*m Tuesday \tnu-t\L'X fireworks	| ** fire \ 'Xdi volcano 1 tfa    outbreak of a fire
	' 4
THE KEY TO KANJI
!         ON-KUN READINGS:	; HEADER:
	
ORIGIN: The top depicted "plants." In jt>, "f was a man standing straight, whereas the right part t was a man sitting. A change of postures indicated a change of state. A flower changes its fofm from a bud to full bloom and eventually withers. The kanji -ftj means "flower."
u ' It flower	■ tr&A, ffiitt pollen	
l«M> 4&S. florist	i liS<tK) rttt bride	
USA i->VL^ cherry blossom	: itefctt bouquet	
viewing		
		7
ORIGIN: The left side      "word" and xfc "fruit" or "result" on the right together indicated a section of learning, or a lesson. It also meant a "section in a public or corporate organization" where assignments are carried out. The kanji means "lesson; section" or "to assign."
		
<K^ff Lesson Six	l^ii: section manager	
	| MS*	
ISB subject	M& theme, problem	
	1 2pm <	
personnel section	tSfJu taxation	
"    J-   *   *   *   *   * 41 r  r* o p	o   t>   p   p STS^TBTv	15
to beat; load luggage
ORIGIN: The top -W- depicted "plants." "1 is a person, and came from a depiction of a man carrying a heavy load on his shoulder. The kanji -fs]" means "to bear; to load" or "luggage."
Sf# l«ggagc ^ ia'l packing ftS burden	tfc^ shipping ?2f jp. wagon collection of goods
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
it
ORIGIN: The top VC consisted of A a person standing straight and t a person sitting, signifying "change of state." The bottom was a rare shell (a cowry), which was used as currency. Together they indicated something that could change to money, or that could be changed with money. The kanji ^ means "goods; money."
H.® cargo
~S<S^, department store iit^ currency
coin
general merchandise 7f"W foreign money
11
UOOKanji
I 89 1 !i I a tBioI -	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:	
		
I   ■       "•:   rpcr right !§) "bones" was used phonetically. Täte'>:<— —      indicated forward motion. The combined ironed something going through easily, or "to go ■■rsK^t-r' because it goes without a hitch). It also is used J          up by" or an "error." The kanji il§ means "to pass 1 ~"              make a mistake," or "excessively."		
If   t • -creating 1 t-S - • "ist 1 A4 revise, ttansit		s ifi     to pass ftiSC "f to ovetsleep ii^L blunder, fault
r •        - n ra	ft ft ft ft"ftjftji@| 12	
ON-KUN READINGS:
I ffirsmg; painting; K tinji stroke I counter
IS!-©
71 to
je-3iN: The old fotrn 4 had a writing brush rice H3, and lines around 1—1, signifying lines drawn rcrween partitioned rice paddies. Together rhey signified i: - drawing of a map or area, using a brush. The kanji fi means "drawing; painting" and is also used for a stroke _: ^ntet for kanji.
: movie I plan
£ jc screen
AO five srrokes
ttutt
;üiB manga comics £0 planning
i   n tfi ffi TS ü[ ]
90 @! 1; my; myself	ON-KUN READINGS:        ; HEADER: tr-t>ti't> -x	
		
ORIGIN: A pictogtaph of a halberd with decotative tassels signified killing. The word "self" had the same sound; it was borrowed phonetically and it has lost the original meaning. The kanji     means "I; my; myself."		
I, me ! ft^ we i ^tf'SS selfishness		i c»< 6 $C self-awareness, ego #ttf perseverance ! fvil. ones own way
		
ORIGIN: The top originated from ft, which depicted two plants growing with their roots in the ground, was a pictograph of interlocking fangs. It depicted the way new prouts emetge. The kanji ;5f means "sprout; bud."
v	
SF sprout	$It3? new budding
	
sprouting	
$-±;tl> to sprout, to bud	
	
THE KEYTO KANJl
94
ON-KUN READINGS:
2H
HEADER
a.
I     to celebrate; |  to congratulate; I auspicious occasion
I ORIGIN: The top 71V means "to add." The bottom H was a | pictograph of a cowry, which was used as currency and thus
also used to indicate "goods." When one congratulated | I someone, one added a present to the congratulatory words. I The kanji U means "to celebrate; to congratulate" or "auspicious occasion."
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a person with armor in the front and back, signifying someone who is between two things ot persons and mediates. The kanji 'it' means "to mediate; to help."
New Yeats greeting #■ K New Year's visit to the card Imperial Palace
% £ New Year's celebration j
WW's celebtation party ;
lo^f introduction "frit caietaking l+'frA. go-between, mediator	-frA interference ffi'fr meddling ^rX-jf*4' burdensome
	
ORIGIN: The old fotm m has "lid or cover" and a por for steaming rice. A sreamer's lid fits the pot tightly. It was used phonetically to indicate "two things fit tighdy." Now simplified to , which has 7a "to say," the kanji ^ signifies people getting together: "to meet" or "a meeting."
■k fi company, corporation
*
<zH to meet (someone)
*.e<
"f & to undetstand, to master
T±"k society
meeting, as; bowing
bly
ORIGIN: The left side ff was apictogtaph of a pointed horn. On the right side, 77 was a knife and     was a cow. It indi-1 cated cutting a cow or its horns into parts or pieces. Undo-j ing or loosening into parts also untangles a problem. The kanji Wf- means "to untie; to undo" or "to solve."
Sf'/& solution
< to solve, to decipher
M-Mti^ cannot undetstand, incomprehensible
" rnnnnrr¥¥m
trtM reading comprehension HM understanding IfeW-f* to dissolve
13
1100 Kanji
ON
KUN READINGS:
HEADER: □
ancient form depicted a rorational motion, i used as a counter for "number of times." The
.........
«. This I
-=j means to rotate or time.
	
is three times	t3SJ;# multiple tickets
	i M,'[>
S C T -5 to revolve	EJifi avoidance
	
s ^ to rotate	sS[s)~t'5> to make a round
	6
ON-KUN READINGS:        \ HEADER:
•WtTK^Ll^) I t
:- GIN: The left side ']' was the shape of a heart, indicating ":;.:ngs. The right side "every," a nursing woman with • :t> of annoying hair accessories on her head, phonetically rvcticated "gloomy" or "dark." Together they indicated vexing ridings, or regret. The kanji 'te means" vexing" or "to regret."
-k't. to regret t.'i regret < *>btz St<f>-& to repent	< 'Kt^ v regret < rtt&'r'A words of condolence ft U 1 vexing
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
pleasant; cheerful
ORIGIN: The left t was a variant of a heart i^. The right side $Z depicted a U shape formed with a thumb and fingers, and another hand trying to clear the obstacle in the U area. Together they indicated a cheerful mood after something troublesome was removed. The kanji means "pleasant; cheerful."
•ft * * pleasant
tn-t<
tti4 high speed, rapid service
ifi'j' comfortable
complete recovery (from illness)
; IJMBW
: fett I: light-heartedly
j lOfrl'
; #1*1: delightfully, merrily
ON-KUN READINGS: ; HEADER
to renew; to change
( ORIGIN: The left side £ depicted a motion in which crooked
irope was trying to straighten itself. The right side came from a stick in a hand, which signified work or an action in general. Together they mean taking an action to correct. The kanji EJC means "to change" or "to renew."
	
S+La ticket checkpoint	e5c#+4 to improve
	
EStHi revision, amendment	: cSITSR revised edition
	
?Xft& to change, to alter,	rXS; remodeling
to modify	
"* a 2 ?	
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
ORIGIN: The left side ?K is wood. The right side, 5$, "to admonish," had "lance" and 7T" 'two hands," which indi-| cated admonishing someone with a threatening weapon Together they indicated a wooden tool to punish a criminal. The original meaning of punishment was dropped. The kanji      means "gadget; machine."
f»fc machine instrument handcuff	
	
103	[         ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
® ! ash	r	
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a depiction of a hand over a fire. A person is removing by hand what is left after a fire dies out, which is ash. The kanji /5i means "ash."
1»		
fk ash	j ik. Jj/S volcano ashes	
ware		
ash tray	j /Ucfe gray	
-GK lime		
TFFJPfc		-
ON-KUN READINGS:	| HEADER:
	J
ORIGIN: The left side > was "water." The right side -8}: "every," a nutsing woman with lots of annoying hair accessories on her head, phonetically indicated "gloomy" of "dark." Vast, dark, unknown water that surrounds a country is an ocean. The kanji     means "ocean; sea; beach."
sea, beach 'M:9k overseas $r?r-#Uf overseas trip	B^:M the Sea of Japan beach 'M^ the ocean
	
ORIGIN: In the ancient form, the top H3 depicted rice paddies or a boundary of land and the bottom ft a soldier with a protective shield in front and on his back, signifying the dis tinction between inside and outside. What is inside bound aries is a world. The kanji     means "boundary" or "world."
■ffir-W- world j *)k%— the best in the world ■ft•ff-4' throughout the world	%^M& boundary neighborhood $,%f- sight, visibility
1   nmmajp^ 9	
1100 Kanji
106
rB G v In the top part tu two people side by side signi-zn-i "people lining up." The bottom Ó camesfrom Ě "self" rt_ch was a depiction of one's nose, hence "oneself" or Venon." Together they indicated rows of people, thus all ■: : .e. The kanji ÍĚ3 means "everybody; all."
Í everyone T ' •- everyone * = entirely	BRt-ft universal conscription system in* nothing, none Sřii perfect attendance
	
107 §) a open; to begin |	ON-KUN READINGS:        I HEADbH: *<-r>ř>(<)-3č>(its) ! H	
	m	
ZP'GIN: The top part fl was a pictograph of two doors that 1 * rre closed, which signified hiding what was inside. Inside 1 ns fl~ "two poles of equal length." Together Iff] meant "to roen the doors equally." The kanji fff] means "to open" or 'zo begin."		
H ' to open • ^      to open '-' : =#H store-opening time		Wlfjfl opening and closing 3 the opening of a beach M§ development
r r r r nnnmF^ 12		
ON KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
tM-x	
pictute; drawing; painting
ORIGIN: In the old form      fh on the left side was threads;
on the right side depicted a rice steamer with a stack of many steaming trays. Together they signified embroidery using many threads and cloth like layers of assorted steaming trays. Now simplified to the kanji $k means "painting; drawing" or "picture."
$# painting, picture
$kSj painting
těMi explanation by picture, illustration
*ěit# post card
».;;bx
>é$E oil painting
:        picture book
12
		
108 1	[        ON-KUN READINGS:        i HEADER: L      *-r !P	
® I      step; story | 1	cQ* it * P ^ * (Cri■ * tb Rg I,	
I ORIGIN: The left side P was a terraced hill. The right side 1 W.wich tk "two people side by side" and Er7 from f=3 "oneself;" indicated "rows (of people); every one." With a terraced hill, the kanji came to mean steps or gradation. The kanji FW means "step; story."		
PWT downstairs S'ViUA, PgfS: stairway iéPg basement		^PS nine stories, ninth floor Ť—PS mezzanine floor
*   1   P   |5- p	rppp^p^p^pg 12	
■^MBBWJMKMMBMga^gWltPMBIIIIIBT^IPWWfflnffP'wll		
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:
	
ORIGIN: The ancient iotm was a cowry (""f"^Jt in Japa nese). The bottom two strokes might have been feelers. Rare I shells such as cowries from the southern sea were used as I currency for rrade. The kanji M, means "shell." M is used I as a recurring component in kanji that deal with trading, *T money, or value, such as W "to buy" and 3^ "poor."
H shell j(£>|iM pearl-oyster Jt# shell; shellfish	cowry MiX ancient shell heap Mte shell ligament, scallop
i n r r s||	
ON-KUN READINGS:	1 HEADER:
	
r^f
ORIGIN: A big basket ovet a mouth signified preventing someone from using the mouth C? to warn others of danger, or prayer that may result in harming something. The kanji -gF means "a harm" or "to damage."
# harm ftS harmless m damage
poisonous
' victim
i>* po
10
110
outside
ON-KUN READINGS:        ; HEADER
9
1 ORIGIN: The left side ~7 depicted a dim moon in the early I evening (as contrasted to a moon J^j) and h depicted cracks I that appeared on a baked tortoise shell or animal bone for I divination. Another way of fortune-telling was to go outside and see the change of the moon. The kanji f \ means "outside."
?!■ outside % others
fMSA-yhA foreigner
overseas
at-
9h othet than that ?l-"f to remove
> 9 9 9\9\
112
ON-KUN READINGS:	\ HEADER:
7JT-TJ-f-Zh	1 ft
ORIGIN: The outside iT was the kanji "to go" from a pic-tograph of a crossroad. The middle was two rounds of dirt stacked up neatly, signifying an atea that people built. Together they indicated major stteets that crisscrossed a town. The kanji f£f means "town (with crisscrossing streets)."
*«
f£f town
L.J5T/..SV
SS8f shopping street
ffi'i3 in the middle of the street
MlTftf underground mall
MI
ifT$ street corner ffiit road
12
I WO Kanji
113 each one; —	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER?! a
		
Zf 3iN: The top ^ "foot coming down (with the toes on —. Dottom)" and O "rock" signified that a foot hit some-—_-.g hard and stopped. The action of stopping and then ffung one step at a time further indicated "individual." The ii.-.;i     means "each one."		
?- . each person
~ each universiry $• s each country
each one of them, individually
various fields
^in treatise, particulars
'7
ORIGIN: The left ?K was a tree, signifying something hard, Lnd the right     indicated "individual." Together the com-d form indicated the true core of a person, class, stand--r.g. Tire kanji     means "standing; class."
-r.mding, grade If upgrading dignity, class
$Hfef appearance
fcVfi'S
frtS- physique, build
o*f& passing an examination
10
114	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER: t
to spread; to widen	1 * f ■	
ORIGIN: The left side was "hand." The righr side of the old form      "wide" had f~ "house" and      "fire rocket illuminating all four directions," hence a "latge area." Together they indicated pushing by hand to widen an area. Now the right side is simplified to &. The kanji      means "to spread; to widen."		
t« te(fl> to expand 5 - fcV magnification enlargement ttüft expansion	tfe^H loudspeaker, megaphone tttelft nuclear proliferation	
- t *rrr&tä «		
		
116	ON-KUN READINGS: a^-fcLO)	HEADER:
(§)	r	
1 —!		
ORIGIN: The left side -5 was a rock. The right side depicted a crested bird that flew high (signified by a line over the bird), here used phonetically to mean "hard white quartz." The kanji     means "certain; firm."
SM'l: for sure, certainly
eftE confirmation £t#l: without doubt aM e| I: clearly
THE KEY TO KAN JI
ORIGIN: The left side ^ was a pictograph of a rice plant drooping under the weight of the ripening grain. The right de was a bitd and a hand, signifying to catch a bird by hand. Gathering crops by hand is a harvesting. The kanji flt means "to hat vest."
Wi§rt6 harvest
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a pointed horn. The kanji r\ means "horn; angle" or "corner."
% corner
£3^ i > square shape fi horn
jfffi (in spite of) one's taking much trouble
ES^>S crossroad
ftPi dead angle
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
1 ■><
X
ORIGIN: The old form "ft had two adult hands to care, 3t "to mingle" and r"* "house," signifying a place for teaching. JL was a person with an eye @ emphasized. Together they meant the five senses mixing and becoming more aware. Now the top is reduced and the kanji means "to realize; to wake; to memorize."
%     to memorize @ ^ 3: I   if alatm clock SKi"-S to be conscious of, aware	ft s S tf^Lihh to wake up Kto resolution, teadiness i" 4 to come out, to be detected
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
\
ORIGIN: The top f 1 was derived from a pictograph of two closed doors. The inside was used phonerically for "ro stop something." A sideboard was placed in front of the doors to stop someone from coming in (for privacy). Now the kanji means "tall building" or "cabinet body" where an importanr meeting occurs.
	
ftRfl cabinet	M1J£ cabinet member
	
# the Ginkakuji Temple	tower
&<$	
fflWt, cabinet meeting	forming a cabinet
jfr Y'rrvv']	
/ WO Kanji
121
ON-KUN READINGS:
einer; to renew drastically
3WGIN: The ancient form depicted an animal hide, with r: .lead still attached, that was stretched to all ditections. aetause tanning changed a dead animal into a totally dif-"trent shape, it was also used to mean "to renew drastically." ilis kanji was used for tanned leather goods without fur. . r.i ,<anji     means "leather" or "to renew drastically."
ieathet
£ hand strap
■if*
■ revolution
¥5X'J leatheted
lr<LA.X3
#7 innovative, reformist tS¥ reform
122 ® 1 to study or learn ■	J         ON-KUN READINGS:         : HEADER ^	
		
taa ORIGIN: The old form ==F indicated two adult hands over a house where ~f" children mingle Scl. A house where chil- 1 dren emulate what adults do and learn is a school. The sim- I plified currenr form ^ means "to study or to learn."		
id -f- j to learn V« school junior high school		university il.^ commute to school ^± academic degree
		
ON-KUN READINGS:
"ippy, enjoyable;
comfortable; * ithout difficulty
	ON-KUN READINGS:	I HEADER:
		1 JC
forehead; sum of money; frame
: = iGIN: The old form §rS was a pictogtaph of an oak tree with acorns. Acorns placed in a basket make pleasant, rhythmic sounds like a rattle. Rattles make people feel merry and happy. The kanji 5$; means "happy; enjoyable; comfortable" jr "without difficulty."
-	
f 4 music	frSi pleasure trip
-3i 1: easily, comfottably	£ easily, effortlessly
J - A enjoyment	S;Sb sheet music
'   i   fi  ft  ö -ö Jo      ;ö< jö< jö<     !ö', n	
	
ORIGIN: ^ was used phonetically and jfC depicted a head. Togethet they indicated a "forehead." It was also used for a writing that could be thought of as a prominent fore-head—the headline of a plaque, the stated value of a bond ot money, and the frame around a writing. The kanji §1 means "forehead; sum of money; frame."
I forehead ffilt frame
$K sum of money, plaque I ^flf'J set fee system 4lH sum of money H 3d face value
18
THE KEY TO KANJI
I
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER
ay-fc(s)-3«)-fr0 ! 'J
to divide; to apportion
ORIGIN: The left side ^ had a basket over a mouth and signified "ro stop (talking)." The right side '] is a vari "sword." Together they indicated to cut decisively knife. The kanji tF'] means "to divide; to apportion."
ORIGIN: The left side / was water. The right side i§" was used phonetically as the sound of watet gushing, which indicated "lively activity" or "live." The kanji "ih means "lively; life; activity."
	
%<}■£> to divide	f)'J# division
	
$'l   U relatively	= *J 30%
	
^t'J division	tl < to spare, to cleave
*    I1    r*-i         tfy  dp t$j?	| $ $1*1 12
	
(daily) life
tram
77~/J£Vl club activity iiM actively involved
'ii9t    active and lively S£**** »l1 fresh ?£ft vigor
ORIGIN: The left side was a tree or wood. The right side "red," here used phonetically, was derived from the fact that a tree stump is red. Together they meant a ttee stump ot stub. A share is part of an investment like a stump is part of a ttee, and one expects a share to grow in value like a tree can grow from a stump. The kanji ^ means "stump; share."
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicred a house *J' over walls of bricks, to prevent cold air from coming in. Underneath were two hands that blocked cold air, and ice /. Together they meant "to freeze" and then "(to feel) cold." The kanji ^ means "(to feel) cold."
ft stump, share ft^J'c'tt corporation $4 shareholder
ft^C"ffji§ stock exchange
ftS stock broker
MftSi
■eTft old timer
^ ^ * cold (temperatufe) 3S«l chill
tM*tW><
clothes to prorect against cold
MJS^ chilly SSS. cold current JSff hamlet
1" t ^ f t^t^^i^i^
10
12
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER.
	'1
:- V The left side ~f~ was a pictograph of a spearlike !--_ weapon, bur here ir was used phonetically to indicate ■  carve." The right side 'J is a variant of "knife." : ;ould catve writing on a piece of wood with a knife to : wood blocks, which wete used for printing for circula-: . Plication. The kanji T'J means "to publish."
*i  morning paper weekly magazine : to publish	$rf']# newly published book CfwM, f'l monthly publication 5B%tj SSEfillf pteviously published book
f = f t f'J	
131
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
7L
perfect; :o complete
7L
: - GIN: The ancient form was ^ "house" or "to completely ground," and 7C "person with an cxaggetated head." A person completely surrounded by a house or a wall signi-a meaning of "completeness." The kanji ^ means "to :: mplete" ot "petfeet."
»    I: perfectly tM completed ^co unfinished	7tlit I ^ perfectly complete end; finished !C'^o completion
'   /'   r*-> r±*       i*» r=t>	
ORIGIN: In the old form the top was derived from two hands ttying to make a tice ball and underneath was a person crouched. Togethet they signified "to toll." Fotmerly, a written document was tolled up in a scroll. The cuttent form means "to roll" or "volume (of a book)."
second volume scroll
nori seaweed roll
Si# the best of
^■ii^iiti to get dragged
into
tolled papct
	
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
government official; sense
jf ORIGIN: The top r** was a pictograph of a house. Underneath 1 it, two people or things signified "many." The tetm indicated J many government officials in a building. Bureaucrats are to a government as senses are to a body, so, the term also came to mean "body senses." The kanji B means "government official" ot "sense."
	
-ft:'? chief official	TiTtt sensual
	
TäfÄ bureaucrat	f $! government-issued
tfAS	
t$ government official	If ft publicly supported j
' '"ffftt	X
THE KEYTO KANJI
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictogtaph of a forked wood stick that was a speat ot spike, indicating "to protect" or "to 1 attack." The tetm came to be used for a phonetically similat wotd, "to dry." The kanji *f" means "to dty."
i ^f"t to dry, to air #^PL cloches line l^^f- pickled plum	t-Aj Lav T ~& i'Z) to interfere, to meddle dried fish frA,fc<5 ^f 4Gf& reclaimed land
	
ORIGIN: The left side and the top of the right side consisted of a sun, plants, and a banner, signifying the sun tising high. The tight bottom ~f~ was a pictogtaph of a forked wood stick that was a speat, but hete used phonetically. Together the kanji $^ means "trunk of a tree" or "main."
St ttunk ♦ managet, secretaty artety road	LefrA. ift editot in chief LA,frA.^A. Shinkansen bullet ttain #£P leaders
	
135	ON KUN HEADINGS: HEADER:		136
(^)			®
to feel			to become used to; to become acclimated
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	']'
(DO- <fr
ORIGIN: The top ^ was made up of D "mouth" and spear" or "halberd," signifying to make someone be quiet with a threat of a weapon, or to keep the contents inside. The bottom      is a heart. Together they signified "to feel strongly inside." The kanji     means "to feel."
11	
L'4 to feel	$sV) i~í to be moved
frA,*?	
$sf& impression	sense
	: frAXA.
,s*'i'fi feeling	ift(\J-fi> to be impressed
; r r r & & &	
	
ORIGIN: The left side t was a variant of a heart. The tight side ~% was "to stting coins togethet," here used to mean "to accumulate." Together they indicated one's mind getting used to something. 'Ihe kanji 'IK means "to become used to; to become acclimated."
..e^frA
W'Ef customs, habit
frA.J:3<
fftffl^7 idiomatic exptession
i frA,Z3
tXflS to be accustomed to     IHVi customs, ttaditions tit 'l± inertia
frA.L»5
'US ttadition
" t rrrrcmwwijrflr 14
1100 Kaliß
	
ON-KUN READINGS: *>	HEADER: i
ORIGIN: The left side > was water. The right side was an animal hide being dried over a fire, signifying "dryness." In China, the Han /H Dynasty originated in a dry river called H The post-ancient Chinese characters got solidified as the writing system of the Han and came to be called han-H -J- "writing of the Han" (or kanji in Japanese). It also means a "man."
A •? kanji
ift Chinese word
^ ffVf Ä Chinese character to
:MiC classical Chinese
language
A'ftiH a man who eats a lot
Japanese language dictionary   H?r-3I outsider, layman
ON-KUN	READINGS:	1 HEADER:
-fry		e
to watch closely; to gaze
ORIGIN: The hand is above the eye @. Togethet the term indicated "to see a distance with a hand above one's eye." The kanji     means "to watch closely; to gaze."
	
■#-6 to see, to take care	sign-board
	
H"tf 4§ nurse	^i"^ nursing, tending to a
■f"^p (prison) watch	sick person
	if iir^-S to overlook
	
ORIGIN: The left side j£ was jewelry. The right side had an eye over jewelry C7 placed around the collar (varianr of ■T^) of the dead, dressed for a last journey. (An eye signified awakening again.) Ibgether they indicated "to teturn" or roundness. The kanji     means "circle; round."
	
8?:*£ environment	
	
JJSfift circular road,	
beltway	
' T T J J'	i^JPj^i«^ if jflf 17
140 vir) p     pipe; control j	f       ON-KUN READINGS:        j HEADER^l	
	[ /ff* ^ *	
j ORIGIN: The top was a pictograph of bamboo Y{. The sound 1 of it" indicated "to pietce through." Together they indicated a pierced bamboo stick for a musical insttument, such as a flute, or just a pipe. The kanji ^ means "pipe; control."		
■ r: ft pipe V 5! control ^jjll? water pipe		AtI1 bloodvessel f$> If transfer of authority SJt-T?   air traffic control
		
THE KEY TO KANJI
letter; simple and
ORIGIN: The top ft was "bamboo," which was used for writing brushes. The old form of ?a\ had "moon showing thtough an opening of a gate," or "small space." Togethef they indicated writing in a small space, such as a lettet, which is simple and brief. The kanji f$ means "letter" or "simple and easy."
IBS # <i' simple and easy #fBj lettet, document ffi^r-ft simplification
tjffi bamboo tablet
plain ibs Bfl 'j.' concise
lit!
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	P'l
duration of time; between (spatially nd temporally)
ORIGIN: The outside PI was a pictograph of a two-door gate and the form H was originally H "moon." Together the tetm indicated "moon showing through an opening of a gate," or distance between." The kanji f$ means "between" (spatially and temporally) and "duration of time."
Pol duration, between MM. a#H time, hour t •fen [fll: while that, in the meantime	AF^ human being 1s£L!W] room to let feffi relationship
i p r r rrcnn	™wm 12
142
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
to look over
ORIGIN: The left side of the old fotm HL was a big-eyed, crested bird like an owl, here giving the sound kan "to look around." The righr side, from @ "eye" and JL "person," indicated "to sec." The kanji     means "to look over"
	
observation	iftff/1C subjectively
to look over	fMt watchful waiting
%%>)tWT{ sightseeing trip	- optimistic
' ' '■ * r- f f ♦ %	
		
144	f       ON-KUN READINGS:        I HEADER:]	
(S) relating; to connect; I     checkpoint j	12 j     i 1-	
I ORIGIN: The old kanji Hi had PI, the pictograph of rwo 1 doors closed and two shott threads tied together, which I signified "ro lock." Togethet they indicated "to lock a gate I to control people coming in and out." The current form |H] means "relating," "to connect," or "checkpoinr."		
Ml,?, relationship a*, M IT concerning ftM customs house		-H33t checkpoint M foi> to perrain front entry
1 r r r r nnnnmmmm >•		
1100 Kanji
PIG N: The left side f- came from IE and depicted food in I cvrl. The right side Tif came from a big house      where 1 government officials and othet people congtegate. I ;;ther they indicated a latge house where a lot of people i ocd. The kanji
to
means "latge building."
panese-style inn | * if library ! S if movie theater
main building Ifflt new building ft large house
16
r
ON-KUN READINGS: 7J>-5L
HEADER
cliff 1 IL	/MW\ ill ff p
3IN: The top was a mountain UJ. The bottom had ) V "It " and "T~, which was used phonetically. The kanji — eans "cliff."	
£ cliff s tivetbank = * coastline	; shore i c si IfaZJ-W the opposite bank : ft:l*6vv 1 M$ opposite side of river ................i.......................................................
	'**_J
r
i
146
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
round; circle; I completely; a ship's
■ ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a stooped petson under a curved line. A person with a curved back signified roundness. The kanji      means "round; circle" or "completely."
is also used for a name for a ship, as in "The Hikawa-maru."
iL vv round
H<O^L Japanese flag
is ;
A.Äüst.' to coax
A C £ in its entirety
is
JL     1t£ to circle as correct answer
%JL bullet
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the left side was an eye @. The right side J^. consisted of an eye and halted legs, signifying not able to move forward, thus staying in one place. Together they signified eyes that gaze at something. The kanji @R. means "eye."
ft ittz BR- BR eye
Si BR both eyes
BR + I" in one's eye
BRrt eye glasses
IC<A7i,
1*1 BR T with the naked eye iJlBR neat-sighted
n n b i rrs3
li
the key to kanj
149 ( UJ \ rock; boulder	ON kun readings: header:	
		
origin: A mountain ub and a stone -iü made up the kanji for a mountain rock or boulder. The kanji 7ü means "rock; | boulder."		
75 rock j b£ rock I —<T) monolithic		rock)'area áaJUL rock surface tbM cave, cavern
1    U.  lUOlUlUlUllU 0		
origin: In the ancient form the left side T% had ^ "collar," V "bluff; square," and ^ "beautiful design," indicating "a man who has a well-defined, handsome forehead." The right side S was a head. Together they indicated a part of a head that had pretty features. The kanji 31 means "face."
IS face
IS fe facial color SS&iu'J acquaintance
M^i feature, expression ■^"IS face with no makeup on llif'f painrs, pigment
origin: The left side ^ had T~ "bluff" and %. "fountain in a crevice" or "the source of water"; it is used phonetically to indicate "source." The right side K was a head. What flows out of one's head or mind is a wish. Together they meant "think profoundly" or "wish." The kanji i$Jt means "to wish" or "prayer."
	
request, favor	&M wish
nr,-	
M1 to wish	SSS desire
	
#r# application document	M í t M t i> to make a vow
	
on-kun readings: header:
"7?
origin: In the ancient form the top depicted a person crouching ^ over a cliff / and the bottom [Zi was a bent person. A person on the edge of a cliff is in danger. The kanji /E, means "danger."
dangerous
jim,
f&fk danger
/&"><! nearly, almost
crisis
jä(l>
harm
feffi—M hang by a hair
S ST
J
1100 Kanji
[ 153 1	ON-KUN READINGS;         : HEADER:!		154	ON-KUN RFADINGS: HEADER
11 u J j 1 used pleased; i happy	^ *             JL ^		^^^concráwr^^^l	"WW ~
'   -i:-s The top depicted a bowl overflowing with food and 1 ne bottom O was a mouth. Together they indicated hap-nmrs.5 it icasting. The kanji -g- means "happy" of "to feel j I araxd; to rejoice."			' ORIGIN: Four boxes signified "many," and ~$\. (signifying dog ^\.) with an open mouth also signified "many." Together | they indicated a collection of boxes that had an opening. The kanji     means "container."	
:o feel pleased, to         %-S-3c   mingled feelings rejoice                              of joy and sorrow 1 **c                                 i krj 4- : -r ■?> to please                -S-ffl comedy ibilation                  ! ISSI all feelings			39t>                                         - ' S container                     ^Hffl fX clumsy U*J»                                               I 30*3 i -ftS dishes and bowls           Sfi1)'1 H s good-looking i^i .  ■                                (used for a woman) Sr ffl 1 dexterous                • ' | ±11 earthen ware	
			i     ,,   it   xn  or, np vx>                  vj^^                            j ^	
.55	ON-KUN READINGS:        j HEADER:	
1  ~:-.nidation; base 1	.................."	
:1 3iN: In the ancient form the top ^% was a pictograph of j •oaare sieve on a table or foundation, and the bottom - _-* ii dirt. Together they meant a square foundation. From | ~i: meaning, the kanji 3j means "foundation; base."		
i base í fundamental 5í? foundation		standard jfcjii- fund base
		
156 1    strange; odd Í 1	[         ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	\ L * A*A * 1	
ORIGIN: The ancient form consisted of 7v "a person standing tall" and ~°J, which was phonetically used to indicate "one-legged." Together they indicated a person who was standing on one leg; seeing such a person was unusual. The kanji of means "strange; odd."
čito	»*»
if *'> strange	fl-JJ miracle
?T3	
fit odd number	-ftt'i' novel, eccentric
i M	
Sk-efti adverse fortune	-f-^-ti' odd and strange
-     * Is-Js-Js-Ji-JSr	X
THE KEY TO KANJI
157 ^^^^ 1 to be inclined to; { to stop by	ON-KUN READINGS:         j HEADER"	
	ZI	
I ORIGIN: Inside a house ^ is ~)\. "person," and "T, which I was phoncrically used to indicate a "one-legged" person who 1 needs to recline on something. In the combined form, the kanji t=F means "to be inclined to" ot "to stop by."		
-íí> to stop by, to depend tl£ ^řípj elderly person flF ft donation		^tlift parasite ír í§ # residence hall bť> %M<T> closest
		
ORIGIN: The top came from 3^, which signified mixing or the motion of fine weaving. The bottom fj^ depicted a hanging cloth. Together they indicated that a tightly woven cloth rarely showed gaps; rherefore rhe meaning became "rare" and also a "wish for that which is not ordinary." The kanji ^ffi" means "rare" or "wish."
J..'i wish	if? %~*Ř<F> unprecedented
#4MMt value or worth due	rare, scarce
to scarcity	
%i\<n unique	
	7
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
i t
ORIGIN: The left side ^ is a hand and the right side W- is military (soldiers surrounding a convoy). A military commander signals with his hand to charge, hence "to agitate; to wave a hand." From the meaning of "stirring up," ir is also used for volatile matter. The kanji $p means "to command" or "volatile."
So 5
display töW^f musical conductor
LS
4h1¥ command
If SH±tf> volatile Wbenzine
12
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:!
	
ORIGIN: The left side ?K "wood" and the tight side /L "table' indicated "wooden table." The kanji     means "desk."
#1 desk $L_t«j a mere theory, an academic theory r£#L writing desk	fläfL side table
'  t Í 6	
1100 Kanji
HEADER:
MGIN: The left side and the top of the right side was a flag - i pole,     on the right side was a pictogtaph of a square n a table ot foundation. Togethet they indicated a o_ire flag. The kanji ^ means "flag."
»Hag I? national flag *■*• standatd-bearer	¥tt the militaty colors half-mast RM the banner of revolt
* 11 v tr^wwum 14	
ON-KUN	READINGS:	HEADER:
3p	127t	
machine; loom; 1 moment; chance 1
fl : i N: ?K was "wood." The right side consisted of two ii, 'short threads" indicating small pieces and two ^ "spears" ent to A. "person." Together they indicated "wooden . hine used to weave thread; loom." Works or a mecha-given by a god is a moment of fate or destiny. The kanji WL means "machine; loom; moment; chance."
*tif IS airplane r.:SflS washing machine machine
ftS') weaving ■fflfifi-] on speculation fiHE turning point
ON-KUN READINGS:
j HEADER:
; fl
7^;
ORIGIN: The left side -Jt indicated a demonstrative word "that" and the tight side indicated "moon. The waxing and waning of a moon signified a cycle of time, and further "what is foreseen or predictable." The kanji ^ means 'period" or "to expect."
school term
ffl5k#v®< final exam
3ttft"f-£ to look forward to . W*f to expect WFt deadline regularly
r r * t *
12
ON-KUN READINGS:	: HEADER:
	
	
2 - ux-jt*	If 'if-
ORIGIN The old form iffi? had "two found piles of dirt" and 1 I "foot," signifying a round tiip, and "rfr "broom." In ancient I times, after a wedding the groom visited the bride's home I before returning to his home with his new wife, who carried I a broom. Now die left side is simplified to 'J. The kanji ')% 1 means "to go home; to return."
'M £> to return home 56' 'Ait naturalization %induction "%-~$L a return home	'lla return to ones own country ^X'W'f-5 to come back, to make a comeback, to he testored
	
THE KEY TO KANJI
ORIGIN: In the old form T, was a depiction of rising steam (or of one s breath) and ?R grains of rice scattered in all ditections. Togethet they indicated "steam rising from cooked rice" and in turn meant "something in the ait; spirits; unseen force." The current reduced form ?<\ means "air; spirit."
weather Klí- •         a feeling Sftair	SXSE sign, indication 3 o 9\t"rí{ to notice »** j\#j j5<i <v > generous
	
ON-KUN READINGS:	; HEADER?!
	:3
ORIGIN: The top ^v, "harvest," and the bottom      "child or offspring," signified the duration of time in which harvest-ing of crops is done—that is, three months. The Icanji Sjfc I means "quartet of a year," or "season."
| #-ip season 1 L5 1 e9#- four seasons 1 ?c: 1        season word (in haiku i poem)	j3a,3 131.* í|í)X-)ř; experienced 33 rS#- rainy season winter
1  " ^ ^- J- ýZ^^LŽ^žg. x	
JN READINGS
HEADE=
steam; vapor
IMP-TTT
ORIGIN: The left side > is water and the right side ^ was a depiction of rising steam, vapor, or of one s breath. The kanj r \ means steam or vapot.
.1'.'.	
I       steam locomotive	
	
i^fn steamboat	
3T3	
i^íŽ (steam) whistle; siren	
* í j y j»-.       i i i i r\	7
	
168
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
! #
to begin; to chronicle; order
ORIGIN: The leftside jf\ was thin, silk filaments being pulled out of silkworm cocoons, signifying threads. The right side 5 depicted a moment at which a crooked, long rope got straightened, hete used phonetically. Together they indicated the beginning of a long continuous thread, of a travel journal. The kanji means "to begin" or "to chronicle" or "order."
31m.t*^ i27tff B.C., before the	IEJt2000^ the year 2000
Common Era	; A.D.
_U»&3 yi7lt! thejutassic Period	; —+#iS twentieth century
3cd teff travel journal	: .So 3 M,l£ public morals
1 * * ♦ * $ r*p	
1100 Kanji
:>= GIN: In the ancient form the left side was a compass that loc used to draw a circle. The right side jfL consisred of an 'eve* and a "person," signifying "to see." Togethet they indicated someone looking at something using a tool to mea-—The kanji SI, means "standard."
rule
regulation HR ruler
3f<
ftft covenant Wfi'l tegulation fT*Jt#?ft new contract
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER
ORIGIN: In the ancient form in rhe middle, the top had two hands holding something ptecious. The bottom M. was a cowry, a rare and beautiful shell from the southern tegion that was used as currency. Togethet they indicated "precious; high-ranking person." The kanji j?C means "precious."
$<5*3tM, #]fto?j valuable items	! it^^i' noble	
"i" valuable	jlf^ aristocrat	
jt i < • 3» >. * revered	i 3C3L it^^f" young noble	
,     n « * ^		12
to record	ON-KUN READINGS HEADER:	
		
p ORIGIN: The ancient form of    "to say" had ^ "tattoo nee-I die" and C "mouth," signifying "to express an idea sharply or to articulate with words." The right side 5 signified a crooked wire or a serpent on the verge of straightening itself, here used phonetically. Together they meant writing a long account, ot recording. The kanji     means "to record."		
i j BI2 diary n*>< %ZVk records i.i IE i" to record		3fc< sEtt memory te (journalistic) article ua #l£ recording secretary
*              A"   .* *	4-   * in S   5 5   5 oCi	
172
ON-KUN READINGS:	; HEADER:
3)	
to get up; to arise
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the left side had a person in motion and a foot, indicating an activity involving feet, ot running. The right side £ signified a crooked wire, or a serpent on the verge of straightening itself. Together they indicated a quick motion. The kanji      means "to get up;
t, S$£ to get up i fe?T>. v4 to stay up ,; Jgdi" to wake someone up	feEWM time to get up %I5A initial otganizer, proposer feU^ entrepreneur
	
THE KEYTO KANJI
173	ON-KUN READINGS:         1 HEADER: ft	
skill; work; deed	1 IE ^ 1	
ORIGIN: The left side was a pictograph of a hand. The right J side depicted a hand holding a bamboo stick ^L, moving 1 about with a "skillful hand." Together they indicated doing | with two hands, or skills in general. The kanji      means j "skill."		
special skill ?e»o ttitj technology, skill t£ work, deed		tttg skill, ability isttt acting c<* Mic national sport, Sumo |
rt *		
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER
	
ORIGIN: The top came from a pictograph of a sheep, which was the embodimenr of something good. The bottom ^t, "halberd with rugged blade," was used ro cut sheep, or just used phonetically. Together they came to mean "correct" or "right." The kanji 4^ means "good" or "correct."
It correctness rXsft noble cause ■ftlf obligation
£H; A titleholder ft S duty
ft^r mother-in-law
¥ * J£ Jfe S^^JfLi
ORIGIN: ihe left side depicted a person with his or her head (t) turning back. Tie right side consisted of the head of a child ("7) and a foot (•*£!.), signifying halting steps. Not knowing what to do makes one doubtful. The kanji IS means "to doubt."
ftito doubt ttH a question Jti^fS!1 question and j answer	If ft*v skeptical 15*1 a doubt, suspicion 4Ms*« half in doubt, incredulous
	
ORIGIN: The left side ~s was "to speak." The right side 4 used phonetically, had -T- "sheep" (an embodiment of "goodness") and $t "ragged-edged weapon." Together they indicated "discussing in search of the correct answer." The kanji sit means "to discuss."
meeting flfeJHL agenda it™ argument
JS'k assembly ^ mystery
3BJ0
chairman, speaker
13
'rrrfw#««li& 20
1100 Kanji
	ON-KUN READINGS:        ■ HEADER:"!	
	\&*$ *	
A jar with a double-knotted lid secuted valuable 1 EEs. The form also came to indicate something auspi-lac or "good luck." The kanji cF means "good luck" 1 w "auspicious." 1		
IT* ;ood news 1 T: luspicious day ;ood omen		j\^5 great good luck (in omikuji "written otacle at a shrine") ^ o"^.' ominous
[ —\- x- x- -j.-	*_-L	
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
■st; customer
GIN: Inside a house      is 4^. 3^, a "foot backward" :rten signifying "not moving ahead"), and O, a "tock," gether indicated that someone hit something hard with i root and stopped thete. It signified a petson from outside topping at a house, or a guest. The kanji     means "guest" or "customer."
r- & *L customer, guest -passenger - ?«: visitor	3t<tt ^rA guest $5. **3t>6 to lose a lot of customers &tt&9 objectively
	
178	ON-KJN READINGS		HEADER:
	1   #9 *       * «|?		
i ORIGIN: The left side C? is a mouth. The tight side "contract" (a person carved with a knife, possibly a slave) was used phonetically. The kanji °l? means "to swallow."			
'**: sS'J coffee house "KSPff smoking area ;iSi"S "f •£> to eat and drink plentifully			
	*f c* 1*7 teb? teg 12		
180
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:
	
ORIGIN: The upper right 9* depicted a person upside down. The bottom was the left half of a crossroad, signifying "to go fotward." Together they indicated "to go backwatd" or "reverse." The kanji ii£ means "opposite; reverse."
i$. wrong side, reverse, wrong way iS - S upside down mutiny	Site reversal i¥i.*> upside down iS.^ dream or reverse reality-
'    " - £r      #^#.$S 9	
THE KEY TO KANJI
mmmmmm
181
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER J
time; lasting
ORIGIN: The ancient form shown in the middle originally depicted a valley between two hills. Now the kanji jX means "hill."
is®
ft hill #it dune
&m hui
183
HEADER
A
ORIGIN: The left side A was a petson standing, and the right side was a ttee. Togethet they signified a person resting in the shade of a tree. The kanji     means "to rest."
Wf* rest, vacation
ft
1+ L' to rest, to be absent Itf^ A summer vacation
t^H holiday, a day closed
i+BR vacation
iii^K consecutive holiday, long weekend
ORIGIN: The ancient fotm was a depiction of an old man with a stooped back, and an additional stroke pointing to his back to support him. Someone old has lived a long time. The kanji %^ means "long time" or "lasting."
Al%,(~1i'«- *) not for a long time
tenacity 2SA/j."£ eternal
A Lo*'j after a long time SKA eternity
If U?t/3
|j X.-^ I - after a long time
9 X
	|        ON-KUN READINGS:        • HEADER:
® to reach; 1 in addition	
ORIGIN: The ancient form of /$_ shown in the middle depicted a person with a hand of another person coming from behind, indicating being caught and pulled back. The kanji TX means "to reach" and also "in addition."
Tk.   in addition
to teach, be equal &%.~t& to extend, to spread
7k-%&s passing score a'S.'f Z> to mention 1f#.-f 4 to spread
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:	1 HEADER:
	a
; : •. The left side was CJ "mouth." The right side Jk. -   i person with a hand of another person reach-behind, indicating being caught and pulled back, a mouth one sucks food or air in. The kanji means •uck; to inhale."
i inhale, to suck 1-6 to absorb absorption
Ä bteathing
X artificial respiration
inhaler
ON-KUN READINGS:	1 HEADER:
4^O-^-C^-fr*?	
ORIGIN: The top ^ is a house, and the bottom § depicted houses or rooms connected. Together they indicated a big 1 estate that had a number of houses within, that is a palace. The kanji 'S* means "palace" or "prince."
fc"tT shrine 1TH palace
^' Shinto shrine 1T# 'J visit to a shrine
■^rt/f Imperial Household Agency
»il'S'X 'J shrouded in mystery
10
ON-KUN READINGS:	I HEADER:
	<7
;fliGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a double cu nature (recurved) bow. The kanji *5 means "bow."
	
9 bow	western bow
	
arch, arc	^ ^ bow and arrow
	
^it archery	
- = g	3
188
ON-KUN READINGS:
(<")"&(<)
upper part     was a person stooping ovet and 3
was "hand," depicting a person chasing another person. The bottom iv>» was a heart, or "feeling." Together they indicated a feeling of being rushed. The kanji ;ft means "to hurry; to rush."
ft <" to hurry, to rush iSfif express (ttain, bus) tf & special express
ÄI; suddenly, at shott notice
£^>3*3
W-& I - promptly
3©^13:
,fti§ emergency
THE KEY TO K AN JI
ľON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER: 1
	
to rescue; to save
■L
ORIGIN: The left side jR depicted a pelt tied in the middle. Fur was highly sought-after and desirable. The right side^ was a depiction of a hand with a stick, signifying an action. Together they indicated an act of seeking something, or rescuing. The kanji $C means "to rescue; to save."
St to save, to rescue iicA^ ambulance vehicle ft^fr saving life	%Mj&#1 relief activity SMfri savior ftv rescuer
- t t t *	
to cry
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	: /
('('( ///	
m * />/ *	J
	
	
ORIGIN: The left side / is water; and jt, used phonetically, was abbreviated from the kanji $4, "granule," which signified "tears." Together they indicated a person with tears, or crying quietly. The kanji /i means "to cry."
;i< to cry
Slip crying voice
jfcS £w tearful smile
. ;±S ft < to implore
j H ere
complaint : ^fair Z> to wail
190 (Í) to seek; to request j	ON-KUN READINGS:        i HEADER	
	y	
: ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted an animal fur tied in the middle. A fur was essential to keep one warm in ancient days and thus was highly desirable and sought aftet. The kanji means "to seek; to request."		
u to seek >f.A&% help wanted ad ~4.^~f i to pursue		job hunting $5)5. demand 5)s.4t marriage proposal 7
ORIGIN: The left side JE. was a pictograph of a beautiful jewel. The right side was a depiction of fur pulled into the middle, making it a round shape, or "round." "Together they meant something precious that was round. The kanj 3$ means "ball; sphere."
the earth ff S baseball =1 ball	5;Jif stadium #5$ Ping-Pong fi.J$ air balloon
k' T H I-JfIÍ-3BÍ":Eřlfc3fc 11	
1100 Kanji
[        on-kun readings:	: header"!
1__	j  * J
-: investigate "oroughly
:- S: The top 7^ "hole* (from ^ "house" and "i-otion to divide") indicated thrusting through a house. —-; bottom 7L was a bent elbow trying to teach the end of a T-: to see what was there. Together they meant "to investi-Eire further." The kanji ^£ means "to investigate thoroughly d the answer."
LsČ tesearch
' -~ É? research office, professor's office
U ultimatelv
S tó4 to investigate thoroughly
tfl 'tis to bring to light
194	on-kun readings:        \ header	
(§) 1     order; class 1	|	
| origin: The left side      depicted thin silk filaments being i pulled out of silkworm cocoons. The right side Ik depicted j I a person and someone behind, signifying an order. Togethet | they signified weaving in order, a meaning that was extended 1 to "class." The kanji      means "order" or "class."		
if fi>8i high-class jj RHRA. classmate Wfc. classmate		—15 second grade level HM& grade PS 81 class, rank
[' 6 M ft	1 & ,191	& 9
*"l95	|        on-kun readings:         i header: 1Í	
to supply j	1 Ěj - 6 - *	
origin: The left side /fs was silk being pulled from silk I ;: coons. The right side has ^ "to put a covet over" Dal 1 indicating "to meet." Togethet they meant to mend r. jIc with thtead—and, futther, to provide what is missing. 1 The kanji $d means "to supply."		
i monthly wage ♦#♦4- salary 15 S&'VeT H hourly wage of 800 yen		to be given [humble I verb form] I&^K water supply Li33*5 salary raise
l«   *  *  f f ,		
196 j®l |     old (not age) ]	f        on-kun readings:        • header:	
	pit. 1 iter*	i
| origin: The old form "jf consisted of a crested bird (such I as a type of owl) at the top and £3 a mortar that had a hole. 1 Together they indicated "old," a meaning teinforced by 1 the phonetic use of the bottom portion. Now drastically 1 reduced, the kanji IB means "old." (This kanji is not used I for one's age.)		
1 'ill »old lír IB new and old 1 -s,o3a5332 5 1 ít IH ťflř work to restore I    the old condition		IH^ old style 10 £ old friend 3BJ-5.-ť IHiC old friendship
|i li íniRiH		5
THE KEY TO KANJI
197 (J) a cow 1 1	ON-KUN READINGS: =pnr7-9 L	-EADFR:
		
ORIGIN: ^T" was a pictograph of a cow's head with two horns. The kanji T" means "cow." Cows were early domesticated jj animals; this form is also used in a number of kanji rep- 1 resenting things or matter in general, as in 41/ "good," i^T § case; martet."
L T COW +1*1 beef 7-K+ water buffalo	+# exttemely slow walk 19+ bullfight +3? £#„4 to take control
	
ON-KUN READINGS: rfg.-j.rSf;
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a depiction of a container with a double lid. This double lid signified security, which further indicated "storing things for safekeeping while one goes away and leaves a place behind." The kanji ^ means "to leave" of "past."
4+ last year
trz
i§£ past to leave
deletion
Lit
death ■i^'f-i> to recur
ON-	KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	•W-5)-fc%(<5)	
ORIGIN: The top originally was the posture of squatting. The 1 bottom which came from "skull" signified something 1 hard and immobile. Togethei rhey indicated that one stays in one place. The kanji ^ means "to exist" or "to reside."
	
<S£ • ®-5> to exist	<SFol living room
	
dwelling	<S-§?^£tt9 to pretend to
jj Sii # resident	be absent
	X
200
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER
*3 I 1
ORIGIN: The ancient form shown in the middle depicted a large, tectangular ruler (carpenter's square) with a handle in the middle. The kanji cH means "huge."
fe A giant
g^'j.' huge
S M big fellow
g ^7 <T> % vast wealth
EH enotmous amount of     E enlarge ship money
1100 Kanji
ainer rhich
ON-KUN READINGS:	: HEADER:
	\ 5-
:o raise hand; to conduct
# 1
3R GIN: The top of the old fotm ^ had four hands around ir: interlocked shape, signifying "to cooperate." The bot-i: m      was also a hand. Four hands cooperatively raising OCTething also had the meaning "to carry out." The kanji - eins "to raise one or both hands; to conduct."
election
f-
W$ a show of hands m
* ~i to lift up
—#i: at a stroke
—£$#lf7 the whole family
;*C # IT in great force
w
203	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER: j
V/m\ J to fish	\ %'!> * # * J 1 j V K	
: = GIN: The left side was water and the right side jffl was a rictograph of a fish (with a head, scaled body, and fins). The canji     means "to fish."		
.* fishing fishery * 3 fisherman	j        good haul of fish ; iWn fishing boat ; -f->.#. poor haul	
		
		
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
[        »3-KD-5 CT)	5
j ORIGIN: The left side g meant "words" or "to say" and the right side ^f" depicted a "mortar," here used phonetically to indicate "to forgive." The kanji ~vf means "to forgive to grant."
ittr
St =T permit
st~f to forgive
Sis A JriE driver's license
tfft patent
tt§ÄJB approved limit Itit fiancee
r f> v ö ö u
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a fish (with a head, scaled body, and fins). The kanji ^ means "fish."
3*s
£, fish
fishmonger
S/W*
goldfish
ft./"I,^ fish market 9r&& foreign fish tropical fish
f fi ffi    « $ # & &
11
the keyto kanji
205	ON-KUN READINGS:       i HEADErTJ	
--- I (J) capital 1 1		
1 origin: The top "J- was a roof; C was a house; and the bottom indicated a hill. The houses on a sunny hilltop were I protected from floods or enemy attack and belonged to the 1 most powerful people in the land. A place where the power-1 ful people live is the capital. Tire kanji Jf\ means "capital."		
1 ItM Tokyo 1 ~f.& Kyoto 1 Sil A^r 1 % <D # (old) Kyoto		L'*?3,fc? £.%~ti>x.o go/come up to Tokyo f IS# Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe 3*5-i.3 Kyoto-style
		8
to offer; accompaniment; together
3eÄ'
origin: The left side 1 "person" and the right sid< hands holding up something" together indicated "to offer.' They also meant "to accompany." The kanji \¥k means "to offer; accompaniment; together." It is commonly used for^" $\ "child," indicating the hands of parents holding a child.
•f-m child
to offer ttfft "f 4 to sponsor, to offer
fcfS accompanying person
<*o
fftft offering at alter confession
1 M^WA
207
to compete
ON-KUN READINGS:        ; HEADER
origin: In the ancient form each of the top two shapes shared the origin s "to speak." Two people exchanging words sharply signified "to argue." The bottom was also two sets of legs JL. Combined, they indicated two adversaries "to race" or "to compete." The kanji j£>£ means "to compete."
3;5?5		
competition	I       horse race	
	c-tf *	
St i to compete	1 'ht£'J£^ * skirmish	
3J5UV	I *	
auction	1 jR'J auction	
• * *■ * * f ft ft		&20
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a person holding something with two hands, signifying "both" or "together." The kanji Q means "together."
# I: together PIT jointly #(8 sympathy
Ää& common ■ftftiÄ communism
li&3*3
anti-communism
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	
cooperate
I
N: The left side ~\~ indicated bundling ten into one. Tjk right side had three strong hands. Togethet they indi-;hat many people did something together. The kanji :ans "to cooperate."
cooperation association agticultutal co-op
i compromise ^ cooperation
agteement
ON-KUN READINGS:	i HEADER:
	
	
«rang; to force
GIN: The ancient form consisted of ?H "te-curved forti-icu bow" to indicate "large; strong" and life "wotm." The ™ in this instance would have been a hard shell worm cch as a beetle. The kanji ?§ was eventually teduced to ^ "bow" and A (no particular meaning). Now the meaning has been dropped, and the kanji ^ means "strong;
strong £?E study f I: forcibly
58^ f£ powerful
L
to compel, to force ^lti"'2> to strengthen
11
I ORIGIN: The left side i was "mound of soil." The right side | X, consists of ia" "sound; music," and )Yi "person's legs," 1 phonetically used to signify an "end of singing." Combined, they indicated the end of one's land. The kanji ^ means boundary."
	
<S*£ environment	| boundary
81*4 country boundary	*&F*J the grounds (of a
boundary	temple)
	I        state of mind
-t * *' r* **■ ** -t^i?-mi&i#ipi% i4	
212
ON-KUN READINGS:
+a^-fe-tr{n§)
header
to feat
ORIGIN: The top consisted of a tool and a persons hands holding something in prayer, signifying "fear of god." The bottom was a heart. The meaning of god was dtopped. The kanji ^2: means "to fear."
SS^U 1 frightening
hi
to fear 3®W fear
Sffi panic
dinosaur
JSSiB to be much obliged for
/ Ai» /vii
10
the key to kanji
on-kun readings:
header:
origin: The old form Hxl had 5t "to mix or interact" and -J" "child" on the left. The fight side was "motion or activity" (from "hand pounding something with a stick"). Together they signified an interaction in which adults teach a child. It also included religious teaching. The kanji $C means "to teach" and "religious teaching."
214 Iff
on-kun readings:
bridge
Ijjltfllf
%Z.i.i>m teach ft£ classroom #:W education
^AfS: Buddhism religion
1st
%kh& to be taught
g origin: The left side ^ was wood and the right side ^ I shares the same origin as the kanji raj "high; tall," except
fot one bent stroke on top that signified a hanging bridge.
Together they meant a wooden bridge that sagged in the
middle. The kanji ^If means "bridge."
* * # ? f fftt
11
UL fit bridge ^iH'flj pedestrian bridge $k$$ railroad bridge	lit bft L"t-S to mediate P4$l overpass log bridge
mm rrrr^w^^^'	
on-kun readings:
on-kun readings: header:
:|HHMffil
origin: The left side <J came from a depiction of a dog or animal. The right side 3^5 indicated a person between two people, indicating "narrow." Together they meant a toad that was very narrow for a person to pass, such as an animal trail. The kanji <R means "natrow."
* narrow, cramped ti narrow-minded ?/lft L£ overcrowding	a i -1 ft¥ L*.1 cramped cramped
	
origin: The left side f\ depicted flesh of a body. The right side ^ showed a person embracing something ^*7. U inside was an empty container, signifying lungs. Together they indicated "chest; heart.' The kanji M means "chest."
Oft
W chest
inside one's heart StW courage, nerve
|3JH girth of the chest
n n n ir nmmmm
uneasiness WfS. bust of a statue
10
J J 00 Kanji
		
217	ON-KUN READINGS:           HEADER: 1	
(m) to raise; to start	1	
3 N: The ancient form of this kanji, shown in the middle, J consisted of as many as four hands. The middle l°] meant ft " - i."ne" Together they indicated that many people lent hands 1 :: >tart or raise something. The kanji |P| means "to raise; 1 to start."		
d*S intetest H"t* to start *^r-5> to amuse oneself ■■■K I   1   ■ ■ ■		imprompru Wff public entertainment lltfJtP Tf? boom town if « griffiffiififSJll 16
		
219	J         ON-KUN READINGS:         j HEADER: T|	
mirror		
: = 3IN: The left side it was metal. The right side Jt) con- || ;ted of H "sound; music" and     "person," and was used 1 anetically to indicate "scene" of "shape." It indicated a 1 -.ctal that reflects the shape of a person. The kanji     means I *mirror*		
0. mirror t hand mirror » eye glasses $T		SBRIS magnifying glass WMML binocular telescope
		
: hometown; vi
ORIGIN: Of the three parts, the left and the right both mean E a village (an area and people). The middle part was taken from the middle part of a kanji f^P that depicted two people eating a meal. Together they indicated a hometown. The kanji means a "village" where many people live, or "hometown."
KW> hometown Vfjffl hometown 8$ A homeland
h *F?
ffli squire 2WOT^ nosralgia 43¥ A ex-service man
220
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:
	! *&
> be startled
ORIGIN: The top "tespect" consisted of a person bent low to pray with a sheep head, and "to strike," and was used phonetically. The bottom, ;iy "horse," is an animal that gets startled easily. Together they originally indicated a horse getting stattlcd. With the meaning of hotse dropped, the kanji a^ means "to be startled."
fc-e-s
XK to be surprised
H-R-W amazing
U"JI wonder, admiration
THE KEY TO KANJ
221
ON-KUN READINGS:	DEADER:
	
ORIGIN: The ancient fotm shown in the middle depicted a latge stand for musical instruments, with a base and a top, and a number of hooks for hanging instruments. Because of the intricacy of musical instruments, the meaning extended to "skill" and "job." The kanji lit means "(hard) work" and skills (to be able to do complex work)."
%k%. class instruction X.H industry M karma	business l^lft corporation er-3C!:< consequence of own act
	
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADEF
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a ruler that was bent. A musical composition also has a contour, so it came to signify a piece of music. The kanji f& means "to bend; a musical tune."
ft (music) piece
ittflfc curved line *
to bend, to turn
Sl6 distortion AS stunt
tttt music composition
i nTfritf.f#?$J
222
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADE= |
r
section; circumstances; government agency j
ORIGIN: The two forms on the left and the middle arc the ancient forms that showed two hooks facing each other with a small square inside, indicating a part ot section or a job. The kanji also was used to indicate circumstances. .: might occut in a government office. The kanji means section; citcumstances" or "government agency."
•flff^ post office
in the end
^§ §- telephone number ptefix
the situation, war time authority general situation
224		ON-KUN READINGS:        ; HEADEF^	
(8) extreme; to culminate		^TT "1	
0RlG1N: The left side /fc was a tree, and the right side depicted a person stuck in a narrow space between two lines. A hand X. on the right was also pushing the person into a small area . Togethet they signified something reaching an extreme. The kanji 'f® means "extreme" or "to culminate."			
% **>"5 to culminate the Antarctic Wfo extreme			2«33*<T3 ^li^j i: ultimately lfi_h excellent quality St> with all one's might
-1 =m r^T^^/^js^ i2J			
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
3 V Hie ancient form in the middle was a depiction of iored jewels strung together. The kanji i means r*     When used as a recurring component, it is written -     :n JIL "logic" and JjR "ball."
— £ hundred-yen coin
ball
r- *! a ttcasurc box
£S throne *K3i polka dot Sitft'J sunny-side up
227	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:1	
® ewen; average 1 i		
J loiGIN: The left side i was a pile of soil. The right side J 1 _cr.:ried "to surround," and the last two strokes j signified qual things. Together they indicated even ground, or - -. Dae kanji 0] means "even" or "average."		
I average fi uniform quality **—		#7^flC evenly #7^* equally divided
		
to work hard
ORIGIN: The left side depicted an animal hide being thor- I oughly dried over a tire, here used phonetically to indicate I hardship." The right side indicated a strong hand. One jj works sttenuously using hands. Together they meant "to jj work diligently." The kanji W] means "to work hard."
1
ilf# "t £> to commute to work
Wj^T^    to be employed
*ACSS
Vl$fJt place of employment
WlM fi diligent Vl97 labor, service ibWl'fii to attend work
—  >- at
12
ON-KUN READINGS:	i HEADER:
*>	
to forbid
ORIGIN: The top -fr was a forest where gods were believed to live, hence a place that wras sacred and forbidden to enter. The bottom consisted of an altar table used in ancestral worship with a moon, sun, and star. Together they indicated forbidden" by a god. The kanji     means "to forbid."
to prohibit ^ah prohibition a taboo thing	Sit smoking not allowed JRS" strictly forbidden
"   "t   ?\   ?f                        7^£-                                    n 1	
THE KEY TO KANJI
ORIGIN: The top     was bamboo, indicating something wity ot fibrous. The bottom Ml "limb" came from flesh (E) and muscles in a strong hand ffi). A bundle of fiber-like rissues | in a body are muscles. What goes throughout a story is a plot. The kanji W] means "muscle; line; reason; plot."
muscle H5 muscle, tendon, story ffij'W3 synopsis, outline	1 ;-. 355 CO il_ b'j.'i1 unteasonable IJiS ^ diagonally blood, lineage
	
231 'S) neat; close 1	ON-KUN READINGS:         j HEADER-j	
		
1 ORIGIN: The upper right ff was a pictogtaph of an ax. The 1 left bottom i—, formerly ;C. was the left side of a crossroad 1 I and a foot; it signified "to go forward." The kanji ill signi-I fied an ax coming close (to cut.) The kanji iLt means "close; 1 near."		
I iäl * near i&pif neighborhood 1 :RiZt recently		Htii~tZ> to move in close to ■ffi/i vicinity close, familiar
r / f /Tft;/T&		
indicated "wise" or something vety important. The bottom ffc was a pictogtaph of thin silk threads being pulled ou: ot silkworm cocoons. Together they indicated thteads tangled ightly. The kanji 5? means "tight."
tension KAjSHtu emeigency contact ja,ij< Ri£l/c strained, tense	KffiWft tightening finance policy 1fs§ extremely close
i   r r r= p p b     BXBxgj^B*B£g*.e£ 15	
232
ON-KUN READINGS:        : HEADER: 1
7f<
ORIGIN: The top part meant "to collect things under a cover." The bottom depicted gold nuggets ot othet precious metal hidden underground. When used as a part of a kanji, it means "metal." It is also used to indicate Ftiday in Japanese. The kanji ^ means "gold; metal; Friday."
	
irflB Friday	£t# a rich person
toOt money	ffr lei"   to save money in
j & gold	a bank
	hardware
	8
HOOKanfi
233
ON-KUN READINGS:
iHEADER
silver
r-^iGIN: ^ "metal" had      "to collect things under one ■" and "precious metal hidden in the ground." f^. "cpicted an eye and twisted legs, indicating someone turning lack to le-examine something. Together they indicated care re-examining and picking precious silver from among metals of lesser value. The kanji sfR means "silver."
SS.# silver screen, movie screen
fR'W silver coin
mum
iftfe silver-color
KIN: The ancient form shown in the middle depicted O nouth (words) inside quotation matks, indicating a group jrds. The kanji 'H? means "phrase."
mu X =7 complain	i <TA, ■ tyM, period, full stop
J= 5J haiku poem	festival
=TM.£. punctuation (. and 7)	: U< i 't-'v] words and phrases
	5
234 ® nine	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	1	
ORIGIN: The ancient form shown in the middle was a depiction of a bent elbow. One tried to thtust a hand into a hole to teach the end but fell short of it. A number that is almost full (ten) but a little shott of it is nine. The kanji     means "nine."
	j 3»?_
-ft. nine	9l{\§ nine items
	; <tf-D
jl "> nine objects	i fLfi .September
	
JbB nine days, ninth day	-\-$>>\9l nine out of ten,
	mote or less
	2
ORIGIN: The old form [K had TT "encircling" and va "an area that is furthet divided into small sections." Now abbreviated to SL, the kanji means "section," of a subsection of a larget city, or "ward."
f-«BBEChiyodaWard K9'l"f & to distinguish ffeE section of an area
i to divide
: <2Km>9 KiiiffiS land readjustment
:       school district
THE KEYTO KANJI
237
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER
ORIGIN: The top -Vf- was a reduced form of W "plants," and the sound of "4" in the bottom was the same as the word "bitter." Together they indicated a plant that tastes bittet. The kanji ^ means "bitter; painful."
<-5>3
hardship
<4
Tir U * hard, painful ¥ * * bitter
&ri2-t& to take pains
lefi'T
^^r^i is weak in
1 forced smile
— *-■«-**: Stář
ON-KUN READINGS: i HEADER
ORIGIN: The top 5^ "hole" indicated "open space under a j roof" and the bottom X. "eraft" came from a depiction of two boards pieced together skillfully. When you pierce a board, the piercing leaves a hole, an empty space. A sky is an empty space. The kanji 3t means "sky" or "empty."	
$sky <3c3 j Si# airport 1        naked fist, karate '   <•               t?C l?C >?C >£C	5 3Ě< to become vacant S empty <31^ Stí unprecedented 8
238 (Iz) \ V J to equip; tool; equipment; filling	ON-KUN READINGS:           HEADE* I	
		
ORIGIN: The top @ came from a round pot containing food in a religious rite; the bottom showed two hands holding the pot. Together they indicated "to offer something with both hands" and, further, "to provide." It also is used for what is inside the pot, or filling. The kanji      means "to equip" or "equipment; tool."		
■ ) < if A tool ^fä-üjiz concretely <■ A filling (in food)		(WtC< £A hardware *< HA appliance Altai representational painting
i n n n m b ja 8		
240
ON-KUN READINGS:	i HEADER.
	
ORIGIN: The top r depicted a hand balancing a long bar that connected heaven and the eatth, which signified ruling. A person who rules with wotds, D "mouth," is a lord. The kanji ^3 means "lord." The term is also used in addressing a male person who is one's peer or junior.
»>L/LJC A, Smyt Mr. Ishida % you • H"± head of a state	master sf* i. ^ZWX Kimigayo, Japanese national anthem </v>>'„ SUSI" -i> to reign over
	
ORIGIN: The toj pent, indicatini of a two-whed mg vehicles. In vehicles. The cc means "arm
1100 Kanji
241
ON-KUN READINGS 5-J
.«son; Japanese reading of kanji
ORIGIN: The ancient form had "s "to speak clearly and -plv" and J'l "river (flowing water)." Together the com-ied form indicated "to explain difficult matters with ease; I •0 teach." When kanji was introduced ro Japan, its Japanese
sailing was kept as kun sound for kanji. The kanji ll'l I means "lesson" or "Japanese meaning (reading) of kanji."
teachings, lesson \ *t training StH| family precept
it" ill Chinese and Japanese sounds of kanji
(.&£<.
W5Ä Japanese reading of kanji j       instructive lesson, moral
I) I)' 1)1]
ON KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	*
military; army
ORIGIN: The top came from a depiction of a round serpent, indicating "to surround." Underneath, ip- was a part of a two-wheeled chariot viewed from above, and signifying vehicles. In a battle, the soldiers circled around military vehicles. The combined form indicated "military." The kanji W- means "army; military."
¥ W an armed forces, military
:AW navy
f A milirary personnel
PS¥ army
W-SL an umpires fan in sumo
%W. military uniform
242
ON-KUN READINGS: ; HEADER:
group; throng; herd
ORIGIN: The left side % "lord" consisted of IP "a hand balancing a long bar that connected heaven and the earth," which signified "to govern," and words C. The righr side was a sheep. Sheep stay in a herd. Together the forms indicated a group of animals or people. The kanji f>¥ means "group; throng" or "herd."
t$tl herd Prfc crowd large herd
V6
SM'-S to crowd archipelago
<-a,ss<
colony
ORIGIN: The left "lord" consisted of IP "a hand balancing a long bar that connected heaven and the earrh" which signified "to govern" and words O. The old form SL of the right side, now P , consisted of an area where people gather, signifying a village. The kanji ?P means "district" or county."
iß county
i!5 rjT county and ciry
ißÄflS: county-prefecture system
-T =f 3
ř ř f I frf?fp
10
THE KEYTO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
1
ORIGIN: The ancient form had 4 "person" and & "thread" with an additional stroke ar the top. The additional stroke signified that the threads were connecting to other thteads or to people. Together they signified a relationship, or a per-sons involvement. The kanji \%. means "involvement," "person in charge," or "relationship."
%. 'J person in charge relationship ifk fo%> to be involved	*5£-H"{& receptionist #.M person in charge ifd^ dispute
	
247
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
mold: pattern
ORIGIN: The top ffll consisted of a "well" or a "square shape" and "sword." The bottom was a mound of dirt. Together they indicated a mold of pattern to put dirt in. The kanji Si means "mold; pattern."
	Mb t
S form, pattern	32 iMi to make a mold
	
S[S sentence pattern	large-scale
grooved	LA^ft: ftrS new model
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEA
* ML
ORIGIN: In the ancient form shown in the middle the to} part O signified a mouth (associated with speaking), or; latge head. The bottom part was a man or older maie child crouching in prayer. The kanji X means "older brother" or a "male elder person."
X older brother ti JL i L older brother ^L$p brothers, siblings
parents (of students) ■ft^t oldest hrothet
L'-jUl.'
^ 5E. one's own older brothet
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
ORIGIN: The left side came from a square (the shape of a well frame), and the tight side ^ signified "beautiful design." Together they indicated a frame that has various shapes. The kanji fl£ means "shape."
■■■■■ shape = ftffž triangle Aflž doll	IfJffl facial expression : f& H memento ifefty topogtaphy
	7
UOOKanjt
249
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER;
narrow, straight path
ORIGIN: The old form had -f , the left half of a crossroad, >ignifying "to go," and «< "the warp on a loom that runs rroin the top to the ground i." Togethet they indicated a narrow, straight path. Now Hi has been replaced by Th kanji -f^ means "narrow, straight path."
Síž diameter radius
a lane, path
□ S caliber (of a firearm)
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	I H
: view; scene
/fv
l ORIGIN: The top B was a pictograph of "sun," and the bot-I torn /f> came from a depiction of a house on a sunny hilltop. Together they indicated a scene in which an object was I clearly seen under a bright sun. The meaning evolved to "view." The kanji     means "fine view" or "scene."
1715
Äfc scenery
,i,3l7l<
scenery ¥ Ä background
I3VS
business conditions, liveliness
Sno premium, a giveaway
night scenery
ll ORIGIN: The left side depicted a person wearing a sheep's head bending low to show humility. (The sheep's head could have been used in a religious rite in which sheep were offered.) The right side depicted a hand moving a stick, signifying an action in general. The combined form indicated "to act I humbly." The kanji tfk. means "to respect; to revere."
*** -
7 to respect
?Cf5 polite expression
-$f£ respect
|i.?L salutation
ITW Koto
IS; * J ft -f to express a respect
^$Z.i~Z> to be impolite, to steal
— -*£
% $ $ $ f
12
252 1	ON-KJN READINGS HEADER: *T T *	
(J)s 1   lineage; system ] L_J	1 fj i	
1 ORIGIN: In the ancient form shown the second from rhe left the first stroke signified an act of putting two skeins of , thread together by a hand, making one continuous, long thread. It signified things tied together continuously, and it came to mean one's family lineage. It also means "system." The kanji If* means "lineage."		
Coltlr'CA H^A person of Japanese descent y'll-k blue shade & $L lineage, system		; t.t-3iti.> jl^: direct descendant outline, system iLf§& the solar system
		
		
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:
kr-f-*g17"v(5)-A:(0)
to go straight; | longitude; teaching j ofBuddha
ORIGIN: The old form B. had & "rhreads" and «< "the watp on a loom" in which threads run from rhe rop to the ground i. Togethei they indicated "to pass or go straighr." Ir also means the teaching of Buddha. Now {({ is simplified to 5^. The kanji $5: means "to go straight; to pass through," or "teaching of Buddha; longitude."
%k%k experience economy (personal) history	H ft Buddhist sutra to elapse, to pass Bft+K? Nikkei index
****** 11	
255
	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
		o
IN: The top, '
;pect," consisted of a person with a sheep's head, humbly bending low, and a hand holding a stick, which signifies an action in genctal, and was used phonetically. The bottom g indicates "word." Together the kanji     means "to alatm; to warn."
1 t% police J 'tiH. alarm 1 m,\z< 1        warning notice	IHft security, guard i'lfi, precaution iff'f    police force
	
ORIGIN: The left side s consisted of a needle and a mou;. which indicated "to say words clearly and sharply," or "to say," ot "word." The right side ~T" signified a bundle of ten. One counts aloud by tens. The kanji if means "to measute: to count."
etjv B#ft clock, watch	ffjf calculation	
Itill plan	| "oif sum	
<zrt+ accounting	:£lt livelihood	
' ***** r v	* *-*+ W   VI   o I	9
256
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER
ORIGIN: The old form fS had a cart Jp- on the left, and (({ "the watp" on a loom that runs from the top to the ground A, signifying "something going vertically." Together they I meant a lightly armored chariot. Now somewhat simplified, the kanji     means "light."
«-5
ft flight
6^ £ easily
ft-^ L< imprudently
ft4 lightweight
airy ft^ ti careless
r  n  S H
5 $
12
1100 Kanji
	
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:'
art; skill
J
ORIGIN: In the old form S the top was two plants; in —; middle the plant is tended by someone carefully with — 3 hands; and the bottom depicted something pushing srward. Togethet they indicated a petson tending a plant. Tr.e cutrent form is reduced to the top and the bottom. The ~ : XT means "art; skill."
:. skill fine arts HI handcrafting
MS horticultural
SSbA show business people, entertainers
C5lft>
IS industrial craft
• -i-*- -w-
i         ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	'1
, drama; intensely
:= GIN: The ancient form consisted of two animals, $t "tiger" and 5^. "pig" placed vertically, and  'J "sword."
rs who wear an animal head act strenuously. It indi-:i:ed that one does something intensely or acts in a mili-: >wordplay. The kanji $!\ means "drama" or "intensely." Many depictions were drawn vertically because of a narrow ~;mboo tablet.)
*. play -1. ~ -? theater t S powerful medicine; violent poison	$i#7\t' dramatic tragedic opera
* r rr ???% %n n^	
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
1—
ORIGIN: The right top depicted two people bowing to each other. The bottom 1^, formerly 5tl, was the left side of a ctosstoad and a foot, which signified "to go forward." Combined, they indicated the act of welcoming someone. The kanji tSI means "to welcome."
IfciS welcome
jJs.iS-' s'X shuttle bus
iffiiUff < to go to pick up someone
tb iffi X. coming out to welcome
to chime in with
i$# Happy New Year
C -tp jtp j£[J
260
ON-KUN READINGS:
intense; agitated violent
ORIGIN: The left side / was water and the right side depicted that something white £3 was thrown to the four winds ~}} by hand 3C. Splashing watet signified something being agitated or violently thrown. The kanji ittfc means "intense; agitated; violent."
'M0rR ~t & to encoutage, to cheer up
:lx$ extremely cheap
mm fierce fight
YYfYf'F? f% * www®. £
U * violent Sife deeply touched iSitit 'j.' extreme
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER
to lack
IT ORIGIN: The ancient fotm depicted a person crouching with I a mouth wide open, gasping fot ait (due to lack of oxygen),
or exhaling (after which one lacks air). The kanji X. means
"to lack."
11 ,t>4 •JCS absent < XltT1-    to be chipped -k. < to miss, to lack, to be short of	I        weak point an alternate, filling a vacancy XJt opening for position
/    J-t hr hr	4
IS
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADEP
to decide; to do decisively
ORIGIN: The ancient form had > "watet" and $k "archer's glove" and "hand." (Ir protects the atea between the thumb and the finger, where rhc archer holds a notched arrow. When the atchet decides to release the attow, it flows like water. When a deadlock is broken, a decision is made rapidly. The kanji     means "to do decisively; to decide."
	
:A^Z> to decide	ffi/k solution
	
to decide	■ Mik confrontation
lt->l.A,	■ uov.*
Y%:><l'f£> to decide one's	5kM determination
mind	
	
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	> 1
ON-KUN READINGS:	\ HEADER:
	1 ft
ORIGIN: The left side > was watet. On the right side the top indicated engraving with a knife; and the bottom jfc was thtead, which was used phonetically to signify "to mark up cleatly." Togethet they indicated to cleanse ot purify with watet. The kanji 'M. means "pure; brave."
M I * gallant, heroic HM cleanliness, hygiene EJ innocent
Hm pure ^•M unsanitary
integrity
" : 3 f ? J* ? f5?0^^^
15
ORIGIN: The top ^ was a house and ^ undetneath signified dividing something into two, ot digging the ground or J a wall to make a hole. Togethet they indicated digging a hole to make a dwelling. The kanji ft means "hole."
5t hole (IbJ^ cave JXSA^-f £ to covet a deficiency	T^if good place known to a few people ^"Ki^i to dig one's own grave
' <' - J^'A 5	
IWOKanji
ON-KUN READINGS:        ; HEADER:
v>trr(^)-($(-3) ; &
Zf GIN: The left side ifc was a pictograph of thin silk fila I r.cr.ts being pulled out of silkworm cocoons. The right side fj I "r depicted a jat with a tight lid. Togethet they meant binder tightly with thtead. The kanji &a means "to tie" or ■ end."
266	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
®\ blood LU	L 1	
■ marriage r conclusion : result
Vrt
jž-i* to tie ígíféi to fix hair Sift betrothal gift
12
ORIGIN: The ancient form (the second and the third forms) depicted a bowl of animal blood as an offering in a religious rite. The first stroke in the current form emphasized the contents radier than the container The kanji jáu. means "blood." (In contrast, the kanji JTJ1 means "plate")
■> A blood	blood
aes J^jfn nose bleeding	blood
rfjjfe bleeding	relationship ; Jfaflai/C'i' hot-blooded
	6
PiGiN: The ancient form was the shape of a crescent moon, kanji H means "moon; month." The kanji H is also 1 to indicate Monday in Japanese.
	
= ÍH Monday	;=.yfl for three months
	
= month	3fr Vi every month
— r February	1 H"^**> monthly
j nnn	4
IGIN: The left side 'f was a person, and the right side jf depicted a cow's head. A cow was sometimes used to signify 1 all things and matters, as used in the left side of the kanji ■rv "thing; stuff." Together they indicated a person counting cows in a hetd or counting cases. The kanji f-j"- means case; matter."
IM, -fcoft the matter being discussed UltA incident ejiiMi condition	3lif matter, case l?a,T5 ftffc number of cases Aft®' personal expenditures
	
THE KEY TO KANJI
269
ON-KL	N READINGS:	: HEADER:
	?z (^ir)	•f
The left side A was a person. The right side Sp-
it depicred a hand holding a brush straight up to write. The lower left 5^ was the bottom half of a crossroad with one end extended, indicating "to extend." Together they indicated a healthy petson standing straight. The kanji f^t means "healthy."
ltAC5
it-H health
t:
tHC in good health ■ftfstr-fT public heath office
mmm,
ttii: 4' wholesome ttP goodwalket i~& to be well
u
271	ON-KUN READINGS:         '■ HEADER:! <T> 77
I -X 1 j ticket	
ORIGIN: The old form had thtee hands together (an open palm and two holding something upwatd), with 77 sword; knife" to make notches. Together they indicated a notched tally for a pledge or contract in business. Such a tally allowed one to pass into a meeting or membership. The kanji 4^ means "ticket."
	
passenget ticket	TtiiS# airline ticket
	U*?t>MJA
# ticket	iluo# gift certificate
	
Xi§# admission ticket	passport
	
270
ON-KUN READINGS:
^y-mta,)
HEADE=
ORIGIN: The ancient form shown in the middle depicted two rice plants and a hand. Having two things in one hand sign ficd "to do two dungs concurrently." The kanji 7$: means "to do two things at one time," or "concurrent."
%ck±h to double as
iftffl serve both putposes
LMifaZi cannot, be hard to do
Mi& additional post SUHtfcl consttaint, difference
~%%L%M having wit and
beauty
10
ORIGIN: The old form on the leftside 1<5t depicted two good: | and two people under a cover signifying that many
things and people were gathered in one place. Here it was phonetically used to indicate "pointed." The right side 'J a variant of 77 "swotd." The kanji     means "sword."
It'. sword LMJA ft earnest; serious #] sword	It/..,- ") #lit Japanese swordsmanship £'Hlr swordsmanship £s$] dagger
's- + *& 4H$jt] io	
llOOKanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
K
tlN: The upper right ^ depicted a hand holding a writ-brush straight up, which signified "straight up." The >r*er bottom part comes from the lower half of a cross--: =d. which is stretching, signifying "to extend." Together v. Kanji St means "to erect a building."
building to build —%f T two-stoty house	T$Mt. architecture #^ rebuilding Jtif. ~t%> to raise a temple
„ „ 9  g. j	
275
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:
L v-
'an
7)7)
:=IGIN: The left side 7fc was "wood." The old form $t on thi ~-du side depicted two goods and two people under a cover ft"), signifying that many things and people are gathered in : r.e place. Officials checked the wood tallies used as tecords :: goods. The kanji ^ means "to examine; to inspect."
physical checkup
S inspection 4[i&ffc license examination  4&^lF prosecutor quarantine eye exam
12
■■■■ . HEADER:
constitution; important law
1 ORIGIN: The ancient form consisted of a basket covering an I eye no, and a mind at the bottom. Putting a cover over one's eyes signified something with power to restrain oneself from committing a bad action. A heart indicates that one is mindful of abiding an important law, such as a constitution. The kanji !*t| means "constitution; important law."
%vk constitution
iL% constitutionalism
SiiiSix. breach of the constitution
military police (MP) itS unconstitutional police authority
fefr frig '%p'f'%% 16
ORIGIN: The old form 'RS consisted of wood and a crested bird, here only used phonetically, to indicate "scale" or "to weigh to see a balance." Weighing was done by an authority. The kanji $i means "right; power; authority."
tM'J right
real power
CA.IM,
Attt human right
tkWM voting right
I tt^7 power Tff citizenship
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:	i HEADER:
	
ORIGIN: 'Die ancient form was a depiction of a dog standing on its hind legs barking. The kanji ^ means "dog." When used as a recurring component it is written to signify animals in general, as in ft- 'to hunt" and narrow" (like an animal trail).
1 % K dog	; ■K'hS. dog house; kennel j IJA.X.A, V* i AftOT'tt' hate each other
^ffl^t Akita breed	
watchdog	! 1,>«3C rAc.JEU'f £> to die in vain
	i
278
@
to hone; to sharpen by grinding
L.
ON-KUN READINGS: HEAD
'C3      / ED
ORIGIN: The left side ^5 signified rocks or stones under cliff. The right side originally had two sticks of equal leng Together they indicated using stones to grind the sticks to an equal length, or "to hone or refine." The kanji 5Jf means "to hone; to sharpen by grinding."
WSt research t SftC to sharpen (knife) 1$%?% research institute	research lab, professor's office
" T r JP £ T^TF-WR 9	
ORIGIN: The leftside & was a pictograph of thin silk threads being pulled out of silkworm cocoons. The right side D had a round worm or silkworm, and ^ signified flesh. Together rhey indicated the thread that a silkworm produced. The kanji $3 means "silk."
	L'A,tM.
m silk	A^i rayon, artificial silk
	
^al fine-textured rofu	
ifi')4 silk cloth	
' * * m * *■ r	8° £f    4g n p *i s>n *fj $h 1
ORIGIN: The left side of the old form had a head hanging upside down for execution. The right side sfc indicated a continuous line, or rope. Together they signified an official in a large jurisdiction who had enough authority to execute a criminal. Now abbreviated, the kanji ift means "prefecture; jurisdiction under a narional government."
-a prefecture S'fctfWUA. tt&JII* Kanagawa Prefecture IJA.(n-ift-c prefectural assembly	i7a,*A. & R, residents of a prefecture
i n n n @ iil i|_ js.9	
1 WO Kanji
281	ON-KUN READINGS:		HEADER.
; watch; look |			
I : = IGIN: The top part @ depicted an eye, and the bottom _ depicted a person standing, ot one's legs. Togethet they --dicated a petson looking at something. The kanji J^L r.eans "to see; look; watch."			
1 i to see, to look at %   ~T Z> to discover spectatot		[humble] to view ?}<o< to have a rough idea of sample	
			
			
283 ^-----	ON-KUt^ READINGS:		HEADER:
)5 - 7m
■IN: The old form li« had "horse," and which had - - gathering goods in one place" and M. "many people." People gathered horses to examine and grade them. Now -educed a little, the kanji St means "to examine."
experience 2^ personal experience examination	%Wl experiment person taking the exam, applicant \feH$M an ascetic
	
* 7)7)
ORIGIN: The left side P signified dirt raised high, or terrain. The old form ^ of the right side was used phonetically. Togethet they indicated mountainous tettain, which is dangerous. The kanji ffe means "danger."
f&fk danger w* P&l-t ' steep Haw, Sfs^ insurance	Ffc&ft critical, gloomy mfk adventure underhand, crafty
	
	ON-KUN READINGS:	I HEADER:
		
7L
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a person in motion; the head was cnlatged for emphasis. The head is the most impottant patt of a body or a place from which many things statt. The kanji 7C means "head; origin; source."
It/uS 7tft cheerful, healthy *? 7L formerly, origin >5»5lfA ti +711 mid-year gift	7t B January first *27t2007#- 2007 A.D. 7U#- funds
— T7L	
THE KEYTO KANJI
ORIGIN: The top f indicated a cliff The part underneath came from Ji, a fountain. Together they depicted a fountain of water running from a cliff. It indicated a place or "field" from which water springs, and further, "its source." The kanji <5j> means "field; meadow" or "source; original."
At*5 f?% field ^SI cause atomic power	IttJK atomic bomb ltt_C 'SiS original language "f. >4 crude oil
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
to redu
///
at
ORIGIN: The left / is "water" and the right had ra{, which consisted of "halberd or weapon" and "mouth"; combined, they indicated "shutting someone's mouth up with a threat of a weapon." Throwing water on that threat could have been viewed as reducing the effect. The kanji     means "to reduce."
Jt-S to reduce ■A'y reduction tiu;/S,i~i> to make allowances
for, to adjust
* > J jtjf&r
fctfl'ltt
^ilvA taste
f3;$,'J incremental loss (in weight)
liMtt.
reduced to half
12
ON-KUN READINGS: C*t/(U\)
f '
0
ORIGIN: The ancient form had three mouths V27 (used phonetically) and cliff T~. Underneath, ifx! was a kanji that signified two hands grabbing hair and was used phonetically to indicate "hole." Together they originally meant "large boulder," but a new kanji was developed that meant "boulder* and the kanji tljt. came to be used to mean "strict; solemn."
ft' J&Ia »strict, difficult ttt8'< 4t# fi stringent UfA, s£,$t dignity	tiZi IM^J.' solemn ltt,U*3 Mft 1* strictly, sternly ltt,.i'. aj£5C strict father
	
OIM-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
///
///
ORIGIN: Theleftside / was water. The right side ^ depicted a water fountain from which water ran from, signifying source" of water. The kanji is now used to indicate source of many various things. The kanji "M. means "source; origin."
M source, origin Utt, ^jtiSS natural resources US electric outlet	fcM riverbed origin of a word tli$#7 fundamental
	
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN	HEADINGS:	HEADER:
fy-fo	bt>(tl5)	
N: The left side iE. was jewels strung together. The ! : Mde JL had an eye and a person bent a little, signifying i c." Combined, they indicated jewelry, such as a neck--ue. becoming visible, and "to become visible; appear" in reneral. The kanji JSE means "to appear."
3 i at the moment, presently
?t      to emerge
realistic
tfaJH emergence JSft modern times Hit cash
11
290
ON-KUN READINGS:
fy-^y-i^-zt
!HEADER
ORIGIN: The top "tattooing needle with a handle" was used for religious ceremonies and punishment of criminals, and signified "sharp." With the bottom O "mouth" the kanji indicated "to speak clearly." The kanji g means "words" or "to say." When used as a recurring component, it pertains to language, as in si "talk" and fa "word."
"sjl words
TO to sav, to speak
r>cct
— a" a few words
3 i# language
ii e~ message
i itolfA, $5~5'tZ) to speak out
ON-KUN READINGS:	1 HEADER
	■
SIN: The left side P signified an earthen wall surround-the house, or "boundary." The right side H. was an eye -. halted legs, signifying the inability to move forward, ether they indicated marking of a boundary, or limit. .<anji rR means "to limit."
a: irEb^'not necessarily X
upper limit
^.X limit
PR.-??- boundary, bounds,
limits
ttvtM,
Wl restriction limited
292	ON-KUN READINGS:         i HEADER?! 3                       j A
individual; general counter	□ « 71    C_yJ ^
| ORIGIN: The left side A was a person. The right side 13 had I D "an enclosure," and "old," which came from a hard 1 skull. Together they indicated a single solid object. The kanji "f@ means "individual." It is also used as a general counter for objects.	
three items CCA ISA individual f@?'ll- individually separately	: IS & 1C individually | cat-i iUtt personal character i ctA ffl/H one-man exhibit
	
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
n
ORIGIN: One view of this kanji is that it was a skull-like mask that reptesented ancestral gods. Another view is that it was a depiction of an old skull whose pronunciation was the same as that of a word meaning "old." The kanji it means "old (thing)."
*oold	*!poid
■£"1^, the ancient times	CTAy itft classics
4"^ secondhand	■£ 4" now and the past
	5
solid; firm
295
I
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER
® 9 ;
□
ORIGIN: Inside [3 "enclosure" was which phonetically signified "hard; firm." It indicated a forttess wall serving as protection, ot something hard. The kanji HO means "solid; firm."
H1 v hard B#- solid body iflHtr stubborn	E Bl *£ steady, firm sfig-f & to fix ce & to decline firmly
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADE= D
ORIGIN: The left £7 was "mouth" and the right side meant ait bteathed out; to exhale." The kanji also had an extendec meaning of "to call out" or "to name," because that is one of the things one does when bteathing out. The kanji °f means "to call out; to exhale."
to call out, to ask to      ; «f IT'S given name
come Jia. j.    t °ry\ expiration
+ t/m addressing without |£
honorinc suffix
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
E
ORIGIN: The ancient fotm depicted the moment at which a crooked rope or a serpent became straight, or the moment at which a petson with slouching postute sttaightened up. The consciousness of those acts leads to awareness of oneself. The kanji 5 means "self."
	:
S £ self	S      one's own style
0ZX3	
%-\ £69 selfish, self-centered	j ÄE'^ spirit of self-control
hi	
JdE intimate friend	
	3
1100 Kanji
297
ON-KUN READINGS:
The top f~ was a pictograph of a house whose ide does not have a wall, jfi was a pictograph of a rafted, two-wheeled chariot viewed from above. It i:;d a place where vehicles and armor were kept, a louse, or a storage area. The kanji /$ means "ware-:: storage."
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a door. A house where a family lives has a door. From this it also means "household." The kanji JP means a "door; household." (In jj contrast the kanji P^J had two doors in its ancient form.
—F 5tT detached house
upboard
pm cur F\P M & open-door policy
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
J
2) - f
3H GIN: The left side "rfe\ meaning "old," originated from •.all. The right side     depicted a hand holding a stick, Heating "motion," or "action" in general. Together they ■ Stated "to cause something to become old." The kanji i& to cause," or "past."
* & accident	1 CLt5 iJcS breakdown ff Ä connection	
?C K deceased		
-tl- consequently	1 Stfti: deliberately	
- + r- * * # #-##t		9
ORIGIN: The left > was water. The right side 4fl was used phonetically to mean "large." A large pool of water is a lake. The kanji Sjj means "lake."
	ZUA>
M lake	:M^f lake side
imz	
fSSSj Lake Biwa	
	
'X lake water	
' 5 > >-)+ »■ * $ $ mmm    ' n	
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:	i HEADER:
_-J*-UO(0)	—
ORIGIN: One of the ancient forms had five lines to indicate five." Another form had two lines, one at the top, one at the bottom, and a cross in berween. When one counts to ten using one's fingers, five is the crossing point. The kanj -5. means "five."
ON-KUN READINGS:
each othe alternately
£. five | £. A. five people
-} five items i £-B May
: Co;C.i:
AB fifth day of the month     iMi1' evenly divided
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a pestle for pounding steamed rice into cake. A pestle hits the center of a mortar, and symbolizes the middle of the day, noon. The kanji ^f" means "noon."
ce/v +$ in the morning ^mf'r' 1- before noon	j JE+ noon rime, midday |          the meridian line i ^fS? nap, siesta
IHft in the afternoon	
	4
f ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a spool that was used to
Iwind a string. The middle part indicated a place whete a hand is placed. Winding two strings alternately signified "each 1 other; mutual." The kanji M. means "each other; alternately."
tz1f
H 3- \v each other iSS. mutual
JL^ evenly matched reciprocal mutual aid
ON-KUN READINGS: 9L(5)-fc<(n§)
HEADER
behind; later
ORIGIN: The left side % was "to go." The tight side had 'short threads," which further signified "smallness," and & a backward foot." Togethet they indicated a person with
inverted feet moving with small steps, hence "behind" or to delay." The kanji fit means "behind; later."
behind	| ^<n(k after that	
t.r &"T later	I cauA. ; ft+ second half	
tf'ik afternoon	: -ff/vC ^M. postwar	
'  ?  \ f		9
1100 Kanji
N: The left side A signified "to go" or "to act." The right ■ :de ^P, the depiction of "pestle," "footprinr" and "kneeling," - as used phonetically to indicate "to keep a horse." Together . indicated "to handle a horse" or "to control." Someone who controls or reigns the country was an emperor. This sinji was also used as an honorific prefix for a noun. The kmji $P means "to control" or an honorific prefix.
* JL token of gratitude master, (someone's) husband RF+ messrs.	to handle, to control H'lift-f-S> ro control palace
	
307
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:
	5
DM GIN: The left side ~s was a combination of a sharp tattooing needle and a mouth D, signifying "to speak clearly and r. irply." The right side had a mouth nexr to a person, inditing that what was said was not the person's true thought or meaning. The kanji     means "mistake" or "to err."
wAitz mistaken s*? misunderstanding I5-? wrong letter or kanji
Cf_<
WttR. mistranslation WM. erroneous report B#ft$tf& anachronism
306 1 ("sS. j ! V / word; to talk	ON-KUN READINGS:        I HEADER:	
		
ORIGIN: The left side ~§ consisted of a sharp tattooing needle ^ and a mouth D, signifying "to speak clearly." In on the righr side, -5. signified "mixing" because two lines crossed and O "mouth" indicated "to speak." Together they indicated "to speak in response," then came to mean simply "to talk." The kanji fn means "word" or "to talk."		
i. ISA.-H^ffi the Japanese language S'h S S& foreign language word		ft^- language study 1M9 word and phrase trtz t&& to talk
I '   * * * * * * áTáT-** 14 i    p   p  p   p   p   p   pi pn pa		
308
ON-KUN READINGS:	I HEADER:
_3*_	B
^ * SL
IN: The left side ~§ consisted of a sharp tattooing needle ^ and a mouth O, signifying "to speak clearly." The right side was a crested bird with a hand, signifying "to catch in the hand." Together they indicated to speak sharply to protect something. The kanji ki. means "to protect."
a z
ftífí protection
M
If-S to protect
ritA.
it M- safeguarding of the Constitution
Äiä escort
CLA.C*o
il#ííf art of self-defense
IfM guard
the keyto kanji
on kun readings:
header
origin: In the ancient form a person with legs crossed signified crossing or mixing. Ihe kanji 3£ means "to cross; to intetmingle."
i(.ioi> to mix SEii to mix
iz.?k& ttaffic intersection
SiiitS traffic violation
ISr^JcJSi. international exchange
; 3:      to exchange
311	on-kun readings:        ; header:	
x—\ J ® I iight 1	t i 1 *  ft * 1 ____	
I origin: The ancient form depicted a burning fire, or a torch, above a person. A burning flame gives light. The kanji ?t means "light."		
3i light Q* sunlight *$* ray		glory jtt:)fcW fluorescent light Wit spotlight
		
UN KUN READINGS: HEADE =
origin: In the ancient form the left side "1 is a person. The right side had a person on top of a watch tower, where an arrow was hidden. It depicted an atchet watching for a sign of an enemy approach. The kanji fi^ means "to watch for ■ chance" or "sign."
AUS climate weather
iR'HSBf meteorological station
li1 i.       .   : 4M£ indication, sign
IK the literary polite style I ,,c5lJ
of /atu/ or /iru/ JtSS candidacy
10
J
312 I	on-kun readings:		header'1
© public			
origin: The top      signified a motion of splitting something into two. The bottom A was a bent elbow, indicating a claim of ownership, or private property (the same origin as the right side of      "I"). Breaking up private property meant making it public. The kanji     means "public."			
-JMS park 'iiiL publicly supported c3?n< £M open to the public		£ public public and private iS^'iMv election pledge	
/ s\.ss.s\. i- A	4		
IlOOKanji
ON-KUN READINGS:	1 HEADER:
	
nerit; achievement
= 3iN: The left Tl was a pictogt aph of a tool made from two - n nected boards, signifying craft or skill. The right side was it. arm, with flexing muscles to muster strength. Together r-.ey meant "skillful hand," "merit," or "achievement." The kinji tf] means "merit" or "achievement."
Wjb success
Z3 fi
: ^"t-S take effect ': "f ?'l seniority system
lf]%h merits
JjSH merits and demerits
pious act
ORIGIN: This was originally a variant of a kanji (not shown here) that consisted of 2>C "to cross" from a person with his legs crossed, and "to coerce." Together they indicated "ability to do." The current kanji uses "power" on the right side. The kanji     means "having an effect."
effect VliQ effect £#77 effective
£4 < to work (with an effect)
i t03.7-33l:M.
ili'A#3PR valid period
i t-C5
*£4 invalid
315
thick
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
=f>3?>0(^)	r
: = igiN: The ancient form consisted of the top V, "cliff" i--.d a tall watchtowet that was upside down, here pho-- ctically used. The concept of descending many stories of a :: wer was extended to indicate "substantial" or "thick." The
: '=f- means
'thick."
ii' thick
Mi > thick
1 & heavily clothed
^BI-\ > hospitable
mild-mannered -f-^JU 1 impudent
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER D
ORIGIN: Tlie ancient fotm was a pictograph of an open mouth, a hole, or a container. Tire kanji D means "mouth; opening."
	i e\.z5
D mouth	; AO population
	;
th a exit	Id foul mouth, slander
	
XUn-Xn entrance	1 DiH tone of voice
i no	3
the key to kanji
317
on-kun readings: header:
I face;
ft
opposite
origin: The ancient form depicted a house with a window o. The side that a window faces is the important side. The I kanji IbJ means "to face" or "opposite."
la) < to face toward
c
the other side
c3e*3
to improve
-tioji looking upward iS]*^ vffi'l facing side
C5C3
f#|£] tendency
319
on-kun readings:        ! header
co be fond of; to like; desirable
origin: The left side ~& "woman" and the right ~f~ "child" together indicated the tender way in which a woman cared for a child. It also meant "beautiful woman" or "desirable." The kanji     means "to be fond of; to like" or "desirable."
£rí to be fond of ■&A liking
favorite food
partiality
■ convenient
£fsB good condition
318
on-kun readings:
header o
empress; queen consort
origin: In the ancient form the upper left signified a person, and C in the lower right signified a baby being born. A queen consort is someone who bears a child for her country's posterity. The kanji f& means "empress; queen consort."
Jl JS empress 13 queen consort
empress dowager
320
on-kun readings: header
filial responsibility
origin: The top part ^ depicted a long-haired old man with a stooped back and a cane, indicating "old." The bottom ~F~ was a child. Together they showed a child supporting an elderly parent. The kanji ^ means "filial responsibility."
$i#if filial duty
c?c?
#iT devotion to parents
act against filial duty
loyalty and filial piety
| C3LJ
filial daughtet
1 WO Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
X
HGIN: One interpretation of this simple form is that it epicted a pole that connected two boards rhat had holes in ne center, which requires skill to consttuct. Another is that : depicted a carpentet's tool. The kanji X means "craft."
—♦4" under constniction	1 7 j Xi§ factory	
— 7^ plan, device	i AXCO man-made	
AI carpenter	j Xäf-S to contrive	
L-TX		3
HEADER:
:=*IGIN: The old kanji consisted of f~ "house" and a vari-rf "yellow" that depicted a flaming arrow or rocket »Ith combustible materials in the middle. A flame illuminated all four directions, hence a "wide" area. Now reduced, ■ he kanji /A means "spacious; wide."
> wide, spacious ' Z'% public square ~% advertisement	: v-h j Ä*t>-5 to broaden, extend If It, men's suits j spacious
	5
322
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
4 * ^ *
good luck; happiness
ORIGIN: There were two ancient forms. One consisted of a person whose head was srruck and another person who was upside down, which signified "to tevcrsc a calamity." Another one depicted a handcuff with an inverted shape at the bottom, again indicating a reversal of misfortune. The kanji ^ means "good luck; happiness."
c»t> #-tf>j.' happy #l >|Z luckily ^■^^ unforrunate	: • . i happiness fT^ imperial visit 1zZ*> ^ much happiness
	r 8
324
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:
□ 9	
ORIGIN: The ancient form came from a depiction of two hands holding a pestle in the middle, indicating something solid in the middle. The bottom four strokes were scattered rice husks, which were hard and grooved. Together they indicated robust health and peace of mind that comes with it. The kanji     means "healthy; peaceful."
IM tt* health LlöZö fcfe '\*)$-£&~> to have a brief lull	
	
THE KEYTO KAN JI
ON-KUN READINGS:	1 HEADER:
=1 ■>+*(«>-5)	
to attack
ORIGIN: The left side X- "to craft" (from piercing two holes in two boards) and "action in general" (a hand pounding a stick up and down) originally indicated "to produce military equipment." From this concept the kanji J$C came to mean "to attack."
4ř-Jjr. specialty in study
attack íJC<^4 to attack
J&Ri attack and defense capture, conquest
C5tfl.'
the offensive
327
ON-KUN READINGS:	! HEADER:
33	1 *
ORIGIN: The left side 7fc"tree" and "aperson with crossed legs" indicated a place to mingle. A school is a place where pupils and teachers mix. (Another interpretation of t>C is j wooden shackles, a less congenial view of school.) The kanj also means "to check," because this is what teachers did at school. The kanji     means "school" or "to check."
(říÉ school #cH school gate 1ÍC5 Ttt~ť?> to return home from school	5H5c"f 4 to go to school school yard proofreading
	
ON-KUN READINGS:	|HEADE=
	a
again
furthe
ORIGIN: The kanji originally consisted of S "table," phonetically used here to indicate "to change"; it had a striking hand to indicate "to act; to coerce." Together they indicated "something goes further." The kanji 8* means "again" or "further."
Silt a change	j 4-i at this belated time,
It 1" furthermore	after so long a time j IM1 : it It It late into the night It'4 shakeup, reshuffle
tlSLA. Štlfr renewal	
I     ~ řn y=i ■& ^ ^	
ON-KUN READINGS:	! HEADER:
	
ORIGIN: In rhe ancient form the left side was a ttee or wood and the right side was a configuration made of timbers that had two identical sides. It depicted two balanced sides of a structure. The kanji 'HI means "to construct a well-balanced structure" or "structure."
A^^rt university campus   %l to mind, to care about
splendid; considerably 4 to square off
j »t
%hfi^ ' not matter, of no
Zotl
ill structure
1 t * rffffftttttt 14
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
til
HEADER:
;aiGIN: The left side / was water. The right side ^ "town" consisted of $\ "together" and £ "person," indicating a r.ice where a lot of people come and go. Togerher they indicted a waterfront where people come together, or a port. . he kanji     means "port."
i * airport P port
* 3 import of Kobe
i^9! porr town fishing port ¥># naval port
12
emperor . 1	|         ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	5.	
ilGIN: In rhe ancienr form, the top came from a depiction 1 of a nose, which signified "face" or "self? and the bottom jE. "king" came from an ornate weapon to signify the power of a king. Together they indicated a crown. The kanji M. means "emperor."
	■:
(Japanese) emperor	-tjl cx-cmperor
emperor	MM. imperial family
it IE imperial family	itt imperial throne
' r*      v*» «§j £ ^ ^ j|	
331
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	j %
	
3BIGIN: The left side ^ was a pictogtaph of a rice plant trooping under the weight of the ripening grain. The right :de rl; was used phonetically. Together they indicared —aw. From the appearance of scattered straws this kanji was -:-d to indicate quick wriring or draft. The kanji ^ means "manuscript."
manuscript V R draft :::: Zii%'ti to contribute (an article)	squared manuscript paper Sftffi finish writing
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the leftside %S was a pictograph of thin silk threads being pulled out of silkworm cocoons. The right side was used phonetically. Together they indicated ted cloth; the kanji $X means "red."
to* black tea Dfcr; lipstick -r to red <tWH,< to red	lax Sto scarlet toE3 red and white cs^ta, to—A one woman among men
	
THE KEY TO KAN JI
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the left side ■yfc. was a three-pronged plow, and the tight side -fir was a square well. A field was divided into squates to till. The kanji ffi means "to till; to cultivate."
i  #f "t to cultivate, to till
H 5*5^5fe
1 <^W*£ land laying fallow 1 m&k tiller
rkffim farming life Wttt-Stofarm, till %tffi copying, a scribe
10
ON-KUN READINGS:	HFADER:
	1 #
ORIGIN: The left is a boat and the right side A, depicted a long, straight neck and was used phonetically to indicate straight." Together they indicated that a boat went straight forward. The kanji     means "to sail; to navigate."
#LjE^± airline company ftldfe voyage, navigation ill Art ship leaving port	JJjtS& (sea) route stowing away SffiiK stormy passage
' f A n J5 * ITi	
ORIGIN: The top patt ^ depicted an elderly stooped man with long hair blown in the wind—long hair signified being thoughtful. The bottom comes from "5\ which signified "bent; detour." Together they indicated a person who would ponder for a long time. The kanji ^5 means "to think (thoroughly)."
;t thought	S*? thinking, thought
^si.& to think	; ^'eV!¥ archaeology
utf c 4f ^.i^i.' to be lost in	1 #-#3CWt references
thought	
	6
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:
-J^.^3^.7>.^«).	
	
tT
ORIGIN: The ancient fotm was a pictograph of a crossroad signifying "to go" beyond the crossroad. The meaning of going on also had the meaning of carrying out a task or bust ness. The kanji if means "to go" or "to conduct business.' The left half;? is used as a recurring component in a num ber of kanji that pertain to the meaning of "to go," as in ftf "to wait" and "f"behind."
#<>$N to go	SiZ'i \ ft i to conduct, to hold
*RlT bank ff line	j    (an event) j fTif>t administration
e<* frtf whereabouts	j l^f i~ -6 to carry out
' ' i r'rft	6
1100 Kanji
337
ON-KUN READINGS:
30
f * I**
to lecture
; =! IGlN: The left side 5 came from rwopictographs: a sharp (■too needle ^ and a mouth C, signifying "to speak .early and sharply." The right side was a pictograph of symmetrically built frames, signifying "well-balanced structute" but here used phonetically. The kanji fit means "to lecture."
L
3 J lecture hall S ft lectute lecturer
ft^tt class cancelled MW review
%isfr attendance at a lecture
*****
-       jh* *4h -# 5   p   5   o   5| 5
1"
ORIGIN: The left side X depicted a petson with his legs crossed, signifying "crossing or mixing." The right side P signified a village (an atea with people). Together they indicated a place where two villages meet, or outside the capital The kanji #P means "suburbs."
ÍP?f suburbs
3/"„c5
í45P neighboring area
ON-KUN READINGS:
30
HEADER
m
=MGIN: In rhe old form tit the left side was metal, and ".e tight side used phonetically, depicted a fire arrow laminating a wide area with a yellow glow. Together they iicated a dispersed metal (a mineral or ore). The kanji i&
leans "ore."
E3	
K coal mine	i aá
m	
S ore	
	i l&>Z9
— mine	: um
mineral vein
a  t, A
13
ON-KUN READINGS:
A  * A
•liar
I ORIGIN: The left side m was metal in the ground and the right side |S|, used phonetically, consisted of an iron mesh and hills that signified strong and hard. Together they indicated hard metal. The kanji fP! means "steel."
SB hard meral fflikV steel
#W steel IB* steel plate SfflBf steel mill
the key to kanji
to fall from the sky; to step down
origin: The left side P comes from a pile of dirt or a hill. The right side consisted of a right foot and a left foot, both of which faced downwatds to signify "coming down." Togethet they indicated the motion of coming down from a high place to a lowct place. The kanji P% means "to fall from the sky" or "to step down."
get off
to fall from the sky (tain, snow, etc.)
mm rainfall
T & decline 8t&~tZ> to surrender surrender
10
on-kun readinc
header:
a
to call in aloud voice; number
origin: In the ancient form the top O was a mouth and the bottom ^ indicated something bent, signifying someone forcing his or her voice out of the thtoat (the passage of air is not straighr) or ro call out in a loud voice. One also counts things aloud. The kanji means "to call in a loud voice or a "number."
number	: r5(lV4 I -f"^ command	
|?ej-f- fourth one	|         Car No. 6	
c5-p3la/c3 ^Jalla    ttaffic signal	: ■f'ii wailing	
		5
■ origin: The old kanji fa} was a pictograph of a tall watch-towet. Ftom that, it indicated "tall; high." Now slightly modified, re; is used. The kanji 1=7 means "high; tall; expensive."
Iti >■1 high, tall, expensive       ftH highest, maximum, best
z=>Z7 ; irrtir-
Sjtt high school >n,Si^ high-minded, noble
high school student    jSHit high price
V- -iV ^r -A" -g;
10
		
344 (things) meet | exactly	on-kun readings:         j header: Ji-yfo (-5) 0	
		
origin: The top was a cover and the bottom indicated a | hole. 'Ibgethet they signified an action in which a cover and 1 a hole met exactly. The kanji o" means that "things meet exactly." (The kanji for "to meet someone" is .)		
i (things) to meet •k o" meeting i f. 'i$t>'£-h*t& to meet up		That explains it. battle -^1^1 T jointly
1 y yv^y^yxyx 6		
IWOKanfi
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER
	a
to proclaim; to inform
□ IN: In the ancient form the left side "*£ was "wild boar :: skeleton of an animal," which was phonetically used to --.dicate "carving an animal to the bone" or "engrave" on a ■_ird surface. The right side 'J was a "knife." Mincing time is ir to time ticking away. The kanji ^'J means "to mince" :: "(time) to tick away."
	
**?*! time	t!\ b Y. every moment
	
ATli~-i, to be late	'M-tA t£ serious
	
*. í- to engtavc; mince	Sffl scheduled time
	
ORIGIN: The top was a variant of "to live" that was used phonetically to indicate "to emerge"; and the bottom C was a mouth. Togethct they indicated that words came out or, "to tell in person"). The kanji % means "to proclaim; to inform."
-5; <£^r advertisement ^% advance announcement £\fi> to proclaim, to tell	C<*3tJ #?'1Ä farewell ceremony confession ■fe U ~f   to enter a complaint against
'■*-■+ it. it-it. it- 7	
: = iGiN: The top depicted a deep mountain range. Between Mountains there is a low area, an opening O into the moun tiins. The kanji     means "valley."
	! te«e
valley	bottom of a tavine
	i 1X-ttt>
^■'A ravine	\ '4tV\ mountain stream
* £ canyon	i         Sorge> canyon
	7
N: The old form H had LH "to enclose, or and 3%, "to protect territory O with a spear pier form used now is SI, where      is a crown kanji 19 means "countty."
a territory, ." The sim-jewel. The
country "J7 S3 China
aVC< ; LC<
?M3I abroad, foreign country   raM Shikoku Island
vkz< | e<r
£H throughout the country : BIS Japanese language
nnmrnPiPi®
THE KEY TO KANJI
JRIGIN: The top left was a variant of a shell ot husk, and the bottom is a rice plant. The right side i<! consisted of an ax ot a tool in hand, which signified "pounding; hitting." Together they indicated threshing grain hard, or grains. The kanji ?X means "grain."
1 IMfr grain 1 KoZ< I .ttW threshing 1 f-.Z< fit'ft miscellaneous cereals	SIS" granary Aft all kinds of grains
	
351
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:
ay-late	
ORIGIN: The top meant a scalp and upper body bones connected by the vertebrae. The bottom indicated flesh. Together they indicated bones with flesh attached. The kanji If* means "bone."
		lim-
# bone		it-ffiA- sttuctute, frame
■bus		iMa »
if" backbone		# £it& to take pains
		t!->Zr>
Sfl- skeleton		$t1r bone-setting
1     n   Rl   B ,ra		
ORIGIN: The old fotm rrr, came from a chimney with black I soot, viewed from the top, and a strong flame (j^) underneath. In the current form, the flame was replaced b-. fire." The kanji ?S means "black."
<4
M. 1 black
E3 S. black and white
ZillA,
W-AH blackboard
■ *r t in deep black
2>hZ<,
BS><^datk, gloomy
the power behind the scenes
ON-KUN READINGS:
to be put in; to be crowded
ORIGIN: The top part A. was an atrow showing where to enter (an entrance). The bottom part 2^, fotmetly ;5L, was the left side of a crossroad and a foot and signified "to go forward." The kanji iii means "to be put in; be crowded." (This kanji was created in Japan; thus there is no on-reading.)
iii V to become crowded A.sh'f* throng, a crowded place z a i^Ao"7 to become thronged	t U&ti to tegister, to apply *c ILüA prospect ty z IE 1 tut' to dash into
t J 5	
HOOKanji
	
353	ON-KUN READINGS:         \ HEADER: |
® w; present time	© r ___________________
W GIN: The top patt x£>v signified "to collect things under i lid"; and ~7 indicated "things enclosed inside." The present moment gets captured under a lid. The kanji means 'now; present time."	
■t- now =^3 today -Y%- this year	: .-Ax©"} "7"JS this week i c/„e ; 4"St next time, this time j ^-f& from now on
	
	
355	j         ON-KUN READINGS:         ^ HEADER"1 a>           i I
marriage
r^iGlN: The left side      depicted a woman. The fight side - consisted of a shaip-edged ladle (also used for cutting rood) and a sun, signifying "dusk." (The reason is unclear.)
:ding ceremonies were held at dusk in the ancient times. The kanji     means "marriage."
??<9 an engagement to marry
marriage
sifit, wedding ceremony
;A,ttl'
if wedding
LA.CA..io.S.
AiU newlywed couple
oca
$8 if divorce
11
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	□
□
ORIGIN: This kanji was a pictogtaph: "a tree" inside D 'an enclosure" signified that one could not move (or was in difficulty). The kanji H means "in trouble."
B   to be troubled
Hit difficulty
cm,;:.*.
povetty, destitution
BSlI"-S to be at a loss HH destitution
1 nnrnpfi™
356 ® root	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER •-
	r © u/ i	
ORIGIN: on the left is a tree or wood. on the right consisted of an eye and halted legs, possibly because the pet-son saw something that prevented him or her from going forward. Thus the kanji indicated one who temains in one place. A tree root remains in the same place. The kanji 'fR
means root.
tKW^R ttee root
t>
+1-3 Z tree root +R^*7 4 fundamental
iv firmly rooted Wtt~t& to etadicate foundation, source
10
THE KEY TO KAN Ji
ORIGIN: The left side was "water." fcb on the right side signi-
fied two (meaning many) people mingling under the sun, but this side was only used phonetically here to indicate the sound of watet swirling. Watet mixes easily with other things. The kanji 'Ml means "to mix."
i	.:/,.? i
-tf-S to mix	~t%> to confuse
;a.«	
>UJt congested, jammed	;ifcW.~t& to get entangled
r.a,*a,	
;Pr,SL confusion, disorder	I iiffl ~f & to mingle
'  j  j « an cf? .-e :& 4   4   4   4   4 4-	
ORIGIN: The left side A is "person," a side-view of a standing person. The right side i. "left" originally had i left hand ovet .1. "crafted object." The left hand supports what the right hand does. Together they indicated someone who assisted others. The kanji ii. means "to assist" or be an "assistant."
Ml
lUii. assistance colonel
ORIGIN: This kanji had a left hand over -I- "crafted object." When making a craft, one uses the left hand to hold the object in place. The kanji i. means "left." (Note that in i the fitst stroke is the horizontal one, wheteas in "^3 "right" the first stroke is the slanted one.)
ux.ittt>
ifl the left side left hand
left and right (both sides)
left turn left-handed
UKIlk
iffl financial difficulties
360	ON-KUN READINGS:           HEADER 1
® difference	
ORIGIN: The top depicted a rice plant with a ripe head. A slanted sttoke signified a "left hand" and X. was "craft," here used phonetically for the sound /sa/. Together they indicated uneven, differing heights of rice plants in the field. The kanji zk means "difference."
X^/s1. traffic intersection M: difference (in number) difference ze?'I discrimination	? o ;S:L5I? the balance a* A time difference t%£X'r jet lag
•   " « Y ¥ M.^.^^^. 10	
2100 Kanji
examine closely ;:
- 3IN: Originally (in China) this kanji indicated wood (/t>) raced in a stack (the bottom). But this kanji is not used in this -.raning in Japanese now. This kanji was bottowed to mean
■ examine closely." The kanji ate means "to examine closely."
iSJr investigation *5" 3! inspection £K visa
JTl'ff<
S^IS assessed amount fltS search, investigation ii*S policeman
:*='GIN: This kanji depicted a scene under A   "roof of a noose"; two people faced each other sitting on the ground —. It also signified a place where they sat ot were sitting. - r kanji iiE means "to sit" ot "seat."
5 * seating *    to sit
i ^2 floor cushion (used [ -itting)
ftlf oi bank account
&2k& table talk
'fiiE'f 4 to leave in the middle
10
362 @\ sand	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:	
		
I ORIGIN: -G on the left indicated rocks under a cliff, on 1 the right indicated a wood stick being shaved into pieces, 1 or "small." Together they indicated rocks broken into small pieces, that is, "sand." The kanji     means "sand."		
sand i ^L-Jp-^; I i-fytfy') pouring rain		*j">x desert #di sand hill (TL* ±^ ditt and sand
" r r jr e *J #J		
ON-KUN READINGS:
■9-f-fcJ:fc(-r)
HEADER
4
to urge; to hold (an event)
ORIGIN: The left side 'f "person" was a side view of a person standing. The right side -§1 consisted of li-l "mountain" and f£ "pudgy small bird," here used phonetically to indicate to utge strongly." The kanji jft means "to urge" or "to hold an event."
f-fHS-t-5 to hold (event) an fl£-f to hold (event) bits fll I- event	£ to urge, to press tear gas bomb filBlMfi hypnotism
	
THE KEYTO KANJI
ON	KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
		; n
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a structure -ft- that is the same configuration in the front and in the back. (The fitst stroke signified a mirror image.) From that idea, the kanji ^rf- came to signify "again."
# If again
meeting again #TÖt rc-cxamination
#^ again and again
nTH-fW re-opening
3t'l7/.
ftí£"f i> to teenact
ORIGIN: The ancient forms (the second and the third in the middle) depicted a bride, indicated by a woman wearing II bridal hair ornaments, and a groom's hand in the middle | showing that he took her as his wife. The kanji "ft means "wife."
-j) 1 # wife | ^.if husband and wife I 4ei~ wife and child	ář# beloved wife ■t# late wife ft.lt good wife
í      —i ■*=*■ -a-     s|&- ^ ^ H	
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADEF
a
ORIGIN: met
anginal meaning consisted of a watrior's hel-I2! signifying "to attack" and an ear grabbed by a hand
IifX, signifying "to take." Together they indicated "to attack." How this form came to be used for the current meaning is ■ not clear, but most likely it was simply borrowed. The kanji means "the most."
si'SA. M.ÍÍ lately		ftS the worst	
ft t the most		the last	
ftf-5 the first I.........................................		ftŤ in the midst of	
I <   n p=r B Ä-p-f			12
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER: I
IGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a weir that blocked water flow. It came to be used to indicate timbets or materials in general. The kanji ~% means "talent," because one uses one's talent to build something. The kanji is also used for one s age in casual writing (the correct kanji is M
	3i>x.a,
-tnŠ talent	~tH_ accomplished woman
	
i 9i>t genius	ready wit
	
-YJĽ%  nineteen years old	genius
—tar	3
1100 Kanji
to pick
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER: *
r & ♦ * *	
1 f-A-	
I^iGlN: In the ancient form the left side $ was a hand. The -.sht side jfc had ^ depicting a hand or fingers from above, L-.d ?K "tree." Together this means the act of someone pick-the fruits of a tree or plants by hand. The kanji means 'to pick."
S i to take - ^ T^ to adopt, to emplov a person) ?> ballot-taking	*£ lighting SU?, marking, scoring WM- fi*fctt.£> to be profitable
-1 * rrrrptf$%L «	
3HIGIN: In the old form 7n, the left side / was water and -; right side consisted of three things neatly lined up over ire, signifying neatness. Together they indicated teg-i_iting the amount of water. The kanji means "to put I otder."
	
65 economy	:        settlement of accounts
economics	$C;£ relief
Si"*'to get through, to	iSS?      to pay back
finish	
1 } r rr^frfrfrft 11	
370
ON-KUN READINGS:
--tz-f -
HEADER it
age; year
jh
Pi
ORIGIN: The ancient form consisted of two "feet for "walking" and ^ "weapon" in between for "a marking made with a shatp knife." Together they indicated that one walked back to the beginning. A passage of time brings you back to another beginning, or "one year." The kanji ^ means "age; year."
+7*tj£ sixteen years old end of a year ti$S.% end-of-the-year gift	SMS*) revenue ifeB^f £ glossary of seasonal terms 7?    cheers, hurrahs
	
372 v^yj serious trouble; 1 calamity j II i	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER: *
	»8»	
ORIGIN: The top v!{ was a weir to block a river, signifying flood, and the bottom ')s. was a fire. Together they indicated a calamity. The kanji $t means "serious trouble; calamity.
tSJ# calamity 'X 3c fire damage
SIMM,
licit disaster, calamity
PI
Xjfi natutal calamity 3i i * calamity A 51 man-made disastet
THE KEY TO KANJI
373	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:	
1 festival; to worship 1 1 1	1 "iiI^-n	
M ORIGIN; The ancient form consisred of    "meat," >C "hand," I 1 and yj\ "altar." Together they indicated that people offered, 1 1 by hand, a purified, sacrificial animal on an alrar for a reli- 1 1 gious rite. A festival was a celebration of a god. The kanji ^n" i means "to worship" or "festival."		
'   »'1 festival I %B holiday I ««a holiday		college festival Thanksgiving Day altar
1 '   -7 7 9 f ^.£X.£X.:*K.£X.:gX. Ii H                                          — T 7T 7?. 11		
		
375	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:	
J vegetable; side dish
ORIGIN: The top A+- "plant" is a simplified fotm of "plants." In "fingers from above" and 7fc "tree" indi-
cated "picking wirh fingers." Together they indicated "leaf vegetable" ot "vegetable" in general. The kanji means "vegetable" or "side dish" (food other than staple food).
ff3£ vegetable
i
3^-11 iTeaf vegetable
E3Ä Chinese long cabbage
— ->_.»->.
IMÄ^ vegetarian
2£ daily household cooking
uh^ wild vegetable
		
374 j	[        ON-KUN READINGS:        i HEADER j	
(S) slender; detail		)-»    $  * ffl
I ORIGIN: The left side ff\ was a pictograph of thin silk threads 1 being pulled out of silkworm cocoons. In the ancient form. 1 the right side was a depiction of a baby's head viewed from j above. Together they indicated "small; slender; detail." The 1 kanji $15 means "slender" or "detail."		
1 $B\ > thin 1         * minute, small V]£ir# detailed account		#f£a details feag" wife [male speaker] Iffl-ft11 slender
■ ' * 15 t it jfc ft IrmM l]		
ON-KUN READINGS:
■y--f-3««)-fc(o)
to cut cloth; to make a decision in coutt
ORIGIN: The upper righr side consisted of ~\~ "timber to make a weir" and ~% "weapon," signifying "to cut." The lower left "T^ depicted a collat, or clothes in general. Together they indicated "to cut a cloth" and took on the extended meaning
to make a cleat-cut decision" in court. The kanji means
to cut" or "ro make a decision in court."
fTO justice, a trial &\& $<< to try (in court) tik/ftfflHSti economic sanction	>¥Ä Western-style sewing fe%k appearance ttÄ dictatorship
	
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER: P
occasion; contact; edge of an area
5j3
IRIGIN: The left side y was a pictograph of a dirr wall or .: idary. The right side "festival" was used phonetically :: indicate "to meet; to come in contact." Togethet they _-.dicated a border between two areas. It is also used for a -.cw phase or "occasion." The kanji 1^ means "edge of an ir;a: occasion" or "to contact."
5^*7 international
fcR£IC actually, in effect ■r: -1 f£ on that occasion
fSH< narrowly
Mffi windowside
xsb
skill, cleverness
L
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	
tjnber; materi
t**
IGIN: The left side ?K was wood, and the right side
- is a pictogtaph of a wooden weir rhat blocked water from
- : wing. Together they indicated timber or materials in gen-
Ihe kanji 'f-t means "timber; materials."
T*4 materials, ingredients tKW timber
■ ill' I *SV
R$t teaching materials materials
iA> :
.*T capable person, good S# subject, theme petsonnel
1   t  í fit**
ON-KUN READINGS:	! HEADER:
■y-f«ft(4)	i
ORIGIN: The first three strokes came from ~4 , which was a weit that blocked water from flowing. Together with i-"soil," it indicated that dirt blocked water flow and kept watet I in place. The sense of something in one place was extended to mean "to stay; to exist." The kanji -j£ means "to exist."
	i iraav
Jl?£ present time	; A4 actual existence
*	
to exist	i 4^ be at home
IA,SV>	1 j.?t>
existence	i       absent from home
	6
Jj ORIGIN: The top 017 is a net and ^ shows "going in the ]§ opposite direction" (wrong). A net over a wide area catches i someone who went the wrong way. The kanji means crime; sin."
H guilt, sin crime
being not guilty innocence
^ U being guilty
PttU'l'cruel
äH# apology
13
THE KEY TO KANJI
ORIGIN: The left side M was a cowry that was used as currency, signifying trade or money. The right side "<f" was a dam but here was used phonetically to signify "materials." Money and materials together make a fortune. The kanji ,l~t means "fortune; finance."
3v3a
property, assets financial policy W$Hfi finance ministry
wallet F£t0] foundation, estate
£M3 3
ttS treasure
10
ORIGIN: The left side i- indicated a pile of neatly packed dirt. The right side R depicted an act in which one spread a cloth (but it draped back), here phonetically used. In walking up a slope, one feels that the body is being pulled back. The kanji ifc. means "slope; incline."
	
iS. slope	iJut uphill road
-h. U i£ upward slope	fo'tcz^a' steeper of the hills
T 'J S. downward slope	
- + i i-r^^L	-
383
©
to create; to make
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER
-^•+r-0<(£)	
ORIGIN: The left side \ was a person. The right side "T~-depicted a tool, such as adze, chipping off pieces of wood. Together they indicated a person creating something from a raw material. The kanji i*f means "to create; to make."
	- - r
It & to make	f'Mt creation
HX written composition	3 to ftffl action
ItS piece of work	ft/ft movement, bearing
' 1 y rttttft	7
ORIGIN: The left side Q was the sun and the right side ""p "to create" was used phonetically to indicate "to repeat." Together they indicated a day (or a time in general) that is repeated. The kanji     means "past; last."
3 05	1 tV>3<ß/„
BtB yesterday	—the year before last
^'p5<tjo —b^B the day before	ntl£ last night
yesterday	at 4^ recently
&f%- last year	
1   n  H H By B/-"BT"fr-fB^ 9	
1100 Kanji
' - GIN: The top Yf was "bamboo" and the bottom     was a thorny long stick" that was used to wh ip a horse. The bam-x>o tablets were used for records and plans. The kanji '. means "plan" or "policy."
countermeasure % plan,step policy
MikW. solution taising money strategist, schemer
'    f-   \   Ac* An*- *V *är      &r lit ,
12
on-kun readings:
header
n
'.urnc (ofbook:
JL
gin: The ancient form depicted a bundle of long wooden :: bamboo tablets that were bound together as a record, or :: make a bound book. Split bamboo sticks were singed to -emove moisture and oil, and writing was more often done :r. the sutface than on the inner side. The kanji fffl" means "volume" of books.
: five (bound) books fflffi number of volumes Hf booklet separate volume
: j:A.3q
I strip of paper for poem   :9"-fU separate volume
nmiii]#
um&mm
386	on-kun readings: 1 ^	header' *
■   rope; to search I J		*
■ origin: The ancient form in the middle shows a tool forpull-1 ing and intertwining strands of threads into a rope. In searching for something, one follows along a string of clues to get to the information. The kanji ^ means "rope" or "to search."		
header, index tkf" search ™ contemplation	i' ■: ■£> to feel one's way 1 i Sf^ inquiry, exploration search, inquiry	
—               ,=>=. i^=> r^f» rfc řJ£		111
		
		
388	on-kun readings: +h>-f(S)	header:
(§) to print; to renew j		
5 origin: The left side, a person and a cloth, indicated someone wiping his or her hands with a cloth. A knife 'J shaved off the old writing on a wooden or bamboo tablet to be reused, signifying "to renew." Reusing a writing tablet over and over again would be equivalent to present-day printing. The kanji     means "to print" or "to renew."		
» ■■• ff'l-s to print 1 WJ print	; ?3?o if <S'J addirional printing SbW& reduced-size j edirion j l-*T feWi color prinr	
" ' rr& %®m -		
		
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:
to conjecture; to perceive; to look thoroughly
#     -fl
£3.
390
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADE=
ORIGIN: The ^ top was a house. Underneath, "festival or celebration of a god" consisted of H "meat for an offering,"
'hand," and aT> "altar" signifying a hand purifying an | offering. Inside a house of worship, people look for a god' will carefully and reflect on it. The kanji fr? means "to con jecture; to look thoroughly."
Isfc observation
I 53
jj %~$i> to petceive, to feel sympathy, to guess
I to perceive
■H^ conjecture
la,3o
If ^ medical examination
tr53o
insight
posted announcement; paper money
ORIGIN: The left side 7fc was wood, and the right side L indicated "pressing something down, or making t: u Together they meant a posted announcement written on -piece of wood. The kanji     means "posted announcement* or "paper money."
5-3 bill, banknote —Tintl 10,000-yen note ;»»« bundle of bank notes	+1 tally, tag Wl+L ttump ft+L house name plate
- t 1 ML s	
ORIGIN: The left side of the ancient form had /■ a "scissors," and <t> "millet stalk." The right side $L had a weapon in a hand, indicating a fight ot engaging in work. Together they signified to harvest and strip millet, ot, furthet, to kill an animal, ot to reduce. The simplified current form means "to kill; to reduce."
S-f tokill SA murder AMI murder
T-Bfi set off, offset titfi sterilization #S poisoning
10
ORIGIN: The old form ^ had ^ (^C) "clothes" and %. 'to gather" bitds on ?K a tree). Togethet they indicated clothes made of vatious types of cloth, and in general meant "assorted; various." The current fotm has the bird on the right side. The kanji $f£ means "various; assorted."
3c L
fltS magazine
.>.<«
ftlfj.' complicated It ^i" careless
ifctt crowdedness
iftft1 dust cloth
HUE
Jtrlk mochi soup (special New Year's dish)
U 00 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER £ ŕ) nu
393
0
plate; flat dish
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of an empty compote (a bowl with a stem). Now the kanji $0- means '-at dish; plate."
plate, dish
— small plate
■Krt
_ — latge plate, platter
ŠI m ashtray
HM
> doing dishes jmftž shape of a dish
n r? tmím
3IN: The old fotm depicted a woman who had thtee accessories A on her head and was dressed in beautifu, Khes {J> "design"). Togethet they signified a woman visit-; a temple or shrine. Now rhe top is abbreviated to one A ic kanji ^ means "to come or go" (humble form) or "tc .: a temple or shrine."
* i humble] to come, go -~f& to use as reference
to participate, join #i| shrine approach
- = i la,sa.
I * '! visit to a grave site #r # newcomer
I ORIGIN: In the ancient form three fingers (or three sricks of wood) indicared the number "three." The kanji JZ. means "three; thitd."
	
— three	; H A three people
*^	
ezi "> thtee items	- zz.fi March
	
j=- b thtee days, thitd day	iŕ-gR three hundred yen i
of the month	
	3 i
ON-KUN READINGS: j HEADER: |
+f>-v>át Oj
ORIGIN: The ancient fotm was a pictogtaph of a mountain range with three peaks. The kanji li-l means "mountain."
	'ít.ä
Jj mountain	djib ') mountain climbing
.s.uí a, Ä drub Mt. Fuji	; ÍR Jj a lot
t HA,	
S Jj mountain climbing	; di%k~t~Z> to pile up
1 lL th	3
the keyto kan Ji
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the left side consisted of hemp plants that were broken up for fiber, and H "meat" that were likewise cut into pieces. Togethet with "pounding action," it indicated the act of bteaking into pieces and scattering. The kanji H>C means "to disperse."
5A,:j		
i f)t# a sttoll	%lM. haircut	
%		
Hki to dispetse, fall	tC.jp f£ merciless	
J7ffk dispetsion	Mft breakup	
- *  * * f * f f	rrro	12
to give bifth to produce
ORIGIN: In the ancient form,      "beautiful pattern" thai layer of collars formed and 1  signified a handsome forehead-like a well-defined cliff. The bottom i is "birth." Together they indicated a birth of a beautiful child, or productii goods. The kanji     means "to give birth" ot "to produce."
Hi." to give birth
3 c
jfeAifc-f to create dial childbirth, delivety
industry H ^-S. Japanese product
fl£ bankruptcy
origin: The top TT was a pictograph of bamboo stalks. The bottom came from flr, which depicted two hands holding 1 a pot. Bamhoo sticks were used for counting. The kanji 5f means "to count."
ft 3^ calculation	-:     3; JLt % addition	
arithmetic	51 subtraction	
3uW mental calculation	}t##/ calculating	
pi ? j~       At&~~ Ae^f*   ^jp^r *tp^t ^r^r   ^§^e" ^^f*		14
ORIGIN: In the old form 3a, the upper part was used phonetically to indicate the action of burrowing, and the bottom had two ife wotms. Silkwotms burrow bcrween mulberry leaves. From this idea, the kanji came to mean a silkwotm and the simplet kanji came to be used. The kanji § means "silkworm."
jh>c H silkworm	
I ^rW: silkworm culture raising	
	
#3ft sericulture	
	« 10
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
y-y
HEADER
2 31N: The old form ft had two occurrences of the charac-'. - 7*C "two feet in a forward motion" and the bottom was a : wry, signifying money or goods. Together they indicated 1 Irving a present when meeting someone, which would pre--mably help the relationship. The kanji 5f means "to assist r.ibly" or "to praise."
9   -f Z> ro support, to be        Ji% hymn
in favor of StS. ,
Sfi yes or no, approval or
* ^1 ~i~£> to support ; disapproval
= S- S if self-admiration      j i\M praise, glorification -  »  * *
15
402
ON-KUN READINGS:
tf>-TM
HEADER
:id; oxyge
ORIGIN: The left side S was a pictograph of a wine jar. In the right side the top signified a supple body and the bottom a backward foot, indicating a person who is slim and supple. Acid is believed to help to keep ones body supple Fermented liquid like wine that tenderizes food is acid. The kanji 1$ means "acid" or "sour."
f&.->[£\1 sour R'tt acidity St^i. sour taste
oxygen KHt."f i> to oxidize SSX lack of oxygen
r n n a r i rrrrs^itit
14
403
ON-KUN READINGS:	■ HEADER
+f>-co::(£)	
	
3P GIN: The old form ^ had ^ "bones or death" and two nces or halberds," which signified cutting (bones) into mil pieces. Together they originally indicated to kill, cut, ad leave the pieces, or remains. The kanji means "to ""iin" or "to be cruel."
I fc regrettable i i to remain H atrocious
S£B3r
ffiM the balance
5S# lingering heat of summer
^ ?X leave-taking, trace
10
404
©
to serve; to work
ON-KUN READINGS: V-V-Ofr(X.'g))
HEADER
ORIGIN: The left side A was "person." The right side, i "warrior," came from a weapon placed upside down during an audience or a ceremony, signifying a member of the warrior class, or standing upright. Together they indicated a man who stood upright to serve a master. The kanji tt means "to serve" or "to work."
LCC : Ltrtc
f±# job, work ; f±5?ti<fJ-'^* cannot be helped
f±#:'J tradition, a customary  #f±;1§f# volunteer activity
j Lfe<
i±i£')i'i to send allowance fix.4 to serve
practice
' 4 f-fHt
the keyto kan j
		
405	on-kun readings:	'■ header: 1 1
(8) to use; servant Jf		
origin: The left side ■i was a person. The right side j^L was a hand holding a containet of bamboo tallies that were used to count and record goods, or a hand of a government official who tallied. Together they indicated a person who worked (in general) and also the vetb "to wotk." The kanji ift. means "to use" or "servant."		
Hi to use                        ; Htfr mission ttffl + in use, occupied        ffcffltt fee to use 1 Aft ambassador                 Aft angel		
1' i rr^i&&<&		8
406
on-kun readings:        ^ heade
to administer; official
origin: In the ancient form, the first stroke was a variant a person x. The O underneath may have signified either a mouth (to speak or to order his subordinates) or a snu. section of task which a person administered. The kanji o] means "to administet" or be an "official."
sJ-k master of ceremony
sl>4 judicature, administration of justice
s] i> to take charge of
?<5C
51 referee in sumo S]# librarian _f_s] boss
		
407	[         on-kun readings:	header: o
/"—X ^ ® history; to chronicle |	^\ *	
origin: The ancient form was a depiction of a hand holding a container of bamboo sticks that were used to count, signifying counting and keeping records. A chronicle is a recorded history. Tire kanji jfe. means "to chronicle" or "history."
SS. history B 4^ Japanese history world history
5t-t in history
historical facts historical site
on-kun readings:
□
headef □
E9
origin: The ancient form for "four" had four lines. The later form E3 consisted of D "an area," and ^ "splitting up into half"; it was borrowed from anothet word that had the same sound. The kanji E9 means "four."
E3 four
E3o four items
13 B fout th day of the month four days
E9 A four people E3   all directions
chat about general
topics
i nnnva
II 00 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:	'■HEADER 1
	
man; warrior
^^IGIN: The ancient form depicted an ax or a weapon placed *ith the blade down. During an audience or religious rite, raving a weapon placed upside down by ones side signified lember of the warrior class. The kanji tt means "man" or "warrior."
f.zt samurai — i soldier _ "» family of samurai ancestry	-t5\ morale, fighting spirits "Xzh literary person i] i sumo wresrler
- + ±	
411
older sister
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
* TtT
J* %
o,uv ^\ was a pictograpi i v,i c wvjiii^ii. n
form of "rfT depicted a matking ar the top of a vine stake, I
eating a start. Togethet they indicated a first female I
The left side <
as a pictograph of a woman. The rking they
., such as a first-boni daughter. The kanji Jvji m sister."
older sister
s * L older sister
% sisters
W$ bossy woman Wft elder daughter
**3 c^p(*p
#f 3 L, ~kM wife who is older than husband
		
410	ON-KUN READINGS:         i HEADER:	
(§) to begin		
f ORIGIN: The left side >C was woman. The tight side a con-1 sisted of a plow A and a mouth £7, here used phonetically 1 for "to begin." Togethet they indicated a fitst-born daughter but later the female meaning was dropped. The kanji 'ka means "to begin."		
i&P>& to begin %-kbirh to begin IJl" b&M~ in the beginning		io#; first (rrain, bus) of day xwu ^-fe^i: to begin with 46**IFb1 beginning time
		
412
ON-KUN READINGS: : HEADER
(Sä  -» —
figure; form
ORIGIN: The top /A means "to get ready" from A. a "person stooped ro put two things (—) in order." The bottom "^C is a woman. Togethet they indicated a woman tidying herself up, or appearances in general. The kanji ^ means "figure; form."
# figure, shape appearances ft.lr the appearance from the back	posture # A a full-length mirror it$ gallant figure
	
THE KEY TO KANJI
ORIGIN: The ancient form of this kanji was a pictograph of an infant waving its arms. An infant is in a diaper (thus the two legs are not shown). The kanji "T" means "child."
Ť« child
S Ť rř _fe male student
fíA/í: c
*<7)Ťgirl
&9Z
>H.Ť parent and child
XL
disciple, student
ol
i'l Ť interest
T-T-
market; city; municipal ZL*. *    Aj' "*
ORIGIN: The top was a foot, indicating "to stop." The bottom indicated balance (a watet weed floating on water), rfl "market" is a place where many people stop walking to see the goods and negotiate prices. The kanji TfF means "market," "city," or "municipal."
"t" city
?*
AffiTp Kyoto City ffi-ft mayor
it? if market tt»í,ffjii stock market ÍFjífT morning street market
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of an arrow. The kanji     means "arrow."
"7    bow and arrow ^ arrow á^ép arrow
poisoned arrow 8 brunt of an attack — to take a fling at
416
L
teacher; mentor; military unit
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER
Íl ^ ^ ľ-
ORIGIN: The left side t depicted a stack of dirt, ot hill, or boundary. The right side was a banner. Together they signified a military division. A military division has a commander, who guides the soldiers. From this meaning it is also used for someone regarded as a mentor. The kanji tip means "teachet; mentor" or "military unit."
tStÉifi teacher
(Sit
pastor
% Hfj 1M teacher and student relationship
' r ŕ ŕ t i E'lrinii
"St? ones former teacher
Le
i"to study under
USA.
fPBI military division
lo
1100 Kanji
417
ON-KUN READINGS:
:5-?"(T)
aspiration
~^IGIN: The top i came from ah' footprint," indicating "to jo. Ihe bottom     was a pictograph of a heart. Together, ney indicated where ones heart wants to go—that is will, I imbirion. The kanji ~£ means "will" or "aspiration."
1 ~4JC £ aspiration X* ambition Z S? desire, ambition	o:l 'ff * volunteer "£"MÄ volunteer (soldier) lc-5 Xn tendency
--t-iiiii	
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
v"^y-e?(T)	1 *
41
til
E3
in: The left side ~f was a pictograph of a hand. The side H consisted of a small knife and a mouth with inside. Together, they signified "tasty": using fingers to good food. The kanji ~Th means "finger."
* finger ^ ~ the tip of a finger * *k~t to point at	^%j% reserved seat 3tr #BI"f-S to instruct, give otders ^aln ring
	
ON-KUN READINGS: V-fot(9)
to think; thought
ORIGIN: The top 33 depicted a baby's fontanel viewed from above, which signified "mind." The bottom was a pictograph ot a heart with an artery. Together they indicated thinking with both mind and heart. The kanji a§ means "to think" or "thought."
tit, * 1 to think et t "S ^1 it memory	"Sfil thought, ideology "SSfe'f •£> to consider
tsh id }% i ' it    to recollect	
memory	
i  n m m w m i	ffl S S 9 (V^ i^i. i"<3
§1 to support; branch
ORIGIN: The old form depicted a hand holding a bamboo stalk straight up, which signified "to support." A stalk also has branches, so it also indicated "branch." The kanji ">C means "branch" or "to support."
jtit'ä) to support
ll
support 3tlt suppott
3täflA. manager
: UCA.
JtJ£ branch store
yKM branch ofEce, chapter
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
tree branch; bough \
ORIGIN: The left side /fc is a tree or wood. The old form :x_ depicted a hand holding a bamboo stalk straight up, which signified "to suppott" and branches. With the two sides combined, the kanji ^x means "tree branch; bough."
4i branch H^t the tip of a branch 'hfi twigs	tt^tf'ft btanching out ttS^SP unimpottant details ^iH green soy beans
- -t * * rr&& *	
ON-KUN	READINGS:	; HEADER:
		
to die; death
ORIGIN: The left side ~^ was a variant of if* "bone." The right side depicted a petson who pays respecr to the deceased. In ancient times, a body was left outside to be weathered by exposure before a burial. The right side is now written as , a variant of "person." The kanji Ft means "to die" ot "death."
t : o?l
?E*i to die | *7ET frantically
4S?E death due to an illness i Bp ft instantaneous death
UV9 fr6?C
?E.tir death i§5^?t death due to ovetwotk
i exhaustion
All
ON-KUN READINGS:
iiea:::
jJl
®	or it
to stop	1$^
ORIGIN: Among the various ancient fotms, footsteps either right or left were found. (But only one foot! Both fee: make up another kanji, ^, "to walk.") A foot that stays in one place is stopped. The kanji J.L means "to stop."
ik&)Z> to stop jkifiZi to quit ^jt'ti to cancel
^•.'JjhW cancellation I iHfotW traffic closur
| 3»3c
i Wat stop, suspension
424
ON-KUN READINGS:
HFADE-
ORIGIN: One intetpretation of the ancient fotm of this kanji is a flat spoon with a bent handle, which was borrowed to mean "patticular noble family," on a hill. Another one is a short knife with a handle that was used to cut meat for a feast of a clan. $v indicated family lineage. The kanji $C means "surname."
Jj a fx Mr. Yamaguchi fX^ surname and given name fx lineage, blood	' fxW^i family name and upbringing fX# patron saint : ft fX he, boyfriend
	4
1100 Kanji
ON KUN READINGS:	! HEADER:
	1 *
personal; private
1 a
IRIGIN: The left side ^ was "rice plants laden with crops" the right side, A "an arm bent to claim what belongs "3 oneself?' signified an act of claiming one's petsonal prop-I he combined form indicated "private" or "pertaining to oneself." The kanji      means "I" or "private; personal."
private university •Jfl personal errand public and private
#A&9>w.' personal (mattet)
CM
tyJk personal property fclf ptivatc fund
f * #
Zf> GIN: The left side fa "thtcad" depicted silk filaments rti.-.g pulled out of silkwotm cocoons. The right side rcpicted a flat ladle, emphasizing flatness. Together they indicated a thin sheet of papet made of plant fibers. The vir.ii     means "paper."
.paper
colored paper *-*£. letter
1/rMIS, newspapet (papet) i&fflft a piece of paper
(J<L fee
e3ro start afresh
10
ON-KUN READINGS:
mmmm
HEADER:!
fa I
B*
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of thin silk filaments being pulled out of silkworm cocoons, signifying thteads. Alternatively, it may be viewed as a skein of threads. The kanji fa means "thread."
fa. thread, yarn
c beginning, start
tut
raw silk
&ffc wool yarn ; MB*
; &@ sritches
i fcOin thread (section headet)
428
> reach i
ON-KUN READINGS:	; HEADER:']
	
ORIGIN: An arrow hitting	soil i. does not have anywhere
furrher to go. It reaches its target or the ground. The kanji	
2 means "to reach an enc	I."
'.•/	
S 4 to reach	j S.-h^'? supreme order
IfU	j y-sL
S.S the summer solstice	; >Xi3L<7) inevitable
	j L&Vi,
£,ft<n utgent	extremely difficult
t: -r -e.
THE KEYTO KANJI
429 to gaze ac 1 WBSmMSMBKBEEtaBOEEffliam	L         ~y         ! A J	
		
|J ORIGIN: The left side Ts originally depicted an altat where the moon, sun, and a star were worshipped with an offer- 1 ing on a table. Here the left side is used phonetically to 1 mean "straight." The right side JL depicted a latge eye and a person, indicating someone looking straight at something. Together they form the kanji -{JL, "to gaze at."		
1 eyesight 5á.L ■AM. nearsighted L&<X$ visual		viewpoint «jJ<C Ů-ifctí to look squarely tit MíHťf-5 to ignore
		
ON-KUN READINGS:        ' HEAC
part of speech word; lvrics
origin: The left side "b^ came from a needle ^ and a mou D, signifying "to speak cleatly and shatply." The right sick || §] "to administet" was used phonetically. Together they indicated words that were connected, a part of speech, or lyi ; of a song. The kanji 6^1 means "word; part of speech; lyrics
Sfcfs] lyrics
Í<LLp
'JfPl^ lyricist €f»I noun
verb if5§H adjective iWffi particle
******
"   T   n   8   o Jo JfJ^'Jo"
431	ON-KUN READINGS: .HEADER:	
(g) poetry		
ORIGIN: The left side "IT came from a sharp needle      and § a mouth C, signifying "to speak clearly and sharply." 1 consisted of a foot and a hand holding something down. Together they indicated writing down words that express one's thoughts. The kanji     means "poetry."		
i t| poem t# A poet uw WSRpoerry		ttIt collection of poems ft'If poetic sentiment classical Chinese poetry
1   '     *    *   *   *    *    *   *- *+ i± *± -ÍÍ *i n i    ft   6   p   p   p s""iqp7		
	
432 ;	J        ON-KUN READINGS:        : HEADER jy-fcisb(?)-zz.?>{frz>)\ t
fl      to test; trial 1	! «t - I * *
ORIGIN: The ancient forms in the middle consisted of 5 "to say," and "forked stick," and JE. "complicated craft." Together they signified that in testing an apptcntice the examiner would tell the apprentice to make some craft. The kanji IŽ means "to test" or "trial."
suk examination
ICW^l.
Ali entrance examination líé" game, match
W^f to try, to attempt ii A£> to try
•i.il
a   5   5' 31" 5*
13
IWOKanji
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER V
-ugazine; journal
I-
4J "
ORIGIN: The left side was a
word." The sound of the gjlt side was i* "to keep in one's heart" ot "aspiration." Together, they indicated recording words—and, further, papers on which one writes down one's thoughts, ot "maga-;   Ihe kanji a* means "magazine; journal."
&fe magazine = 5* journal
í ^ft^ weekly magazine
monthly magazine 'X^%k. literary magazine ft^f,* topography
J-   *   *   *   *   *  4— *+4±*Jri-t4±i±
ON-KUN READINGS
v-fr(?)
HEADER: t
GIN: The left side derived from 'fe "food" (or "to eat"), i.-.c; the right side S] was used phonetically to indicate "to :"; combined, they signified feeding or rearing animals, kanji fs] means "to keep (animals)."
- keep (an animal) to raise (an animal) Animal feed
13
ON-KUN READINGS: V
HEADER
S
ORIGIN: The top means "to get ready" from a person stooped over to put two (or many) things in order. The bottom JS, was a cowry used for currency to buy goods. The combined form signified the goods that were to be used in the fututc. The kanji jlf means "resources; capital."
Ml
ttíř investment W*'4 data
Ld'<
license, qualification
y yy^i
lit capitalism
L3A.
JHtfond
*]<<L
^itf education fund
13
ON-KUN READINGS:	i HEADER:
v-ti	! i
o°oo
tooth
■ ORIGIN: In the ancient form the top jt was a footprint, indicating "to stay in one place." Inside U "mouth" were two
1 rows of teeth, a form that later was replaced by Together the kanji combined to form the kanji "S\ "tooth."
1 tooth 1 CLI2 1 iti #f decayed tooth, cavity 1 ma i #1 $T front tooth	ftftE dentist lift* fetf dentist if fil • BrS tooth ache
	
the key to kanji
origin: The ancient form depicted a right hand holding a cylinder-shaped container with bamboo tallies, which were counted by a tecord-keeping official. The meaning was extended to indicate any job ot any mattet in general. The kanji     indicates "thing; matter."
# matter
matter % ^ errand
^+f situation, circumstances ^■ft incidence
current affairs
439	on-kun readings:        j header:
®	
a very young child If	
h J	
origin: The old form     (as well as the ancient form shown	
in the middle) had	a break in the top, signifying two tufts
of hair on the head of a very young child. The bottom JL I was legs, or a person standing. The kanji l/TL means "a very I young child.'
ef3
St* child it'll infant orphan
'hltft pediatrics
Sic, kindergarten pupil
—iS'/?, three-year-old child
i   ii in if? is i.
on-kun readings:	heADC*
v-lCKS)	j 4
4
to resemble; to take after
origin: The left side 4 is a person. The right side     v. a plow and a hand, signifying a farmer—here used phonetically to indicate "image." Together the kanji indicated son one who looked similar to another. The kanji     means "to resemble; to take after"
WTi    to resemble to resemble WSI portrait, likeness
<,>,i-*.;.
XSS/fes resemblance to one's
father
fie
ffiM similarity
origin: The top ^ signified a house, and the bottom ~f depicted a child. Children are born one after another in a house—and that idea signifies proliferation. Writing forms were also produced prolifically, similar to the birth of children. The kanji rf- means "letter; writing."
T lettet, writing i       numeral, number
iH? Chinese character, kanji  <f a village section te • e*<
X? letter, writing ; subtitle
1100 Kanji
on kun readings:	'■ header:
	1 "t
= SIN: The top A, from A "footstep," was used phoneri-and the bottom "\f~ depicted a "hand". The combined rbrm signified "to own; to hold." It was originally used to ~ean "government office" and then changed to "a temple"
fcet a gtoup of Buddhist monks started to occupy the r jilding. The kanji     means "temple."
* temple
*,J* temple
~. t<e
~~       Daitoku-ji Temple
old-style private school
il/^F temple in a mountain temple and shrine
442
on-kun readings:
V-t,(Q)
header:
i J
ft
| to hold something ! in hand; to possess
j origin: The left side $ came from a pictograph of "a (left) ll nana, from A "footstep" and ""J" "hand") origi- |
nally indicated "to have in hand." Together they signified to hold something in hand. Ihe kanji -Nf means "to hold something in hand; to possess."
f#"^ to hold in one's hand
I
I #-r>Ti    to have, to own $f-oT<4 to bring
W#"f Z> ro bring a belonging
ce<
lf$L~fi> to sustain
on-kun readings
header
a
: 3 N: The left side H was a sun.     is comprised of A ginally A "footstep") and ~\f "hands" ot "a small aount." Togethet the forms signified sustaining time. The means time.
tunc period, era 3.=* thtee o'clock
^M$l timetable ^ B# at that time
L«a.C
5#Bf momentarily
10
444
on-kun readings: V-V-0«")-0?	1 header: x
es-® * - *	/A.
origin: The left side / came from —, which meant "to put things side by side." The right side 5s. was a person crouching with an open mouth to bteathe deeply. A traveler, while resting, placed his belongings side by side for the next move. The kanji (5s. means "next."
■If	
next	3table of contents
ut	
'•5s<T>K next person	~<js*t 1" one after another
	
next time	^S'.X^ 4T successively
THE KEY TO KANJI
445 way to govern; to control; to cure ' .......... &	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER: >
	[   $ * I * > it'*'**	
ORIGIN: The left side / was watet. The right side o had 1 a plow A and a mouth C, signifying communal, agrarian 1 work. Togethet they indicated working together to control irrigation water or a flood. When one puts his illness under control, he is cured. The kanji /□ means"to govern," "to con ttol," or "to cure."
~/a& to recover from illness
u<,>e
iftin politics
Li
fS/o self-governance
>o     to govern, to reign
;6S public safety
;'dS medical treatment, remedv
IGIN: Tlie left side -5 was a rock. The right side had gra and two short threads, signifying young, short grass multiplying profusely. Iron filings get pulled to a magnet and look like tiny seedlings of grass. The kanji 'St means "magnet."
et-i-<
*8£ magnet
eu
magnetic field electromagnetic
PSJ*H» ceramic ware
C-3
porcelain
yv-ej
1i"8J:lI celadon, porcelain
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the top was an offering on an altar. The bottom came from the moon, the sun, and a star, together indicating ancestor worship. An altar was where a god's will was shown; hence the kanji 7J~. means "to show; to demonstrate."
	-: L
at; i~ to show	%kir-~t& to present
tJMUISA,	; UCA.
ffixn^ bulletin board	Siii> settlement out of coutt
	! *A,CT5
&?T-~f& to indicate, to	VbTF-^I suggestive
manifest	
	5 ;
448
©
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
3f
ORIGIN: The ancient forms (the second and the third ones'1 were a pictogt aph of an car. The kanji -^f means "car."
ear
Hj^ both ears
tx<s<
•WM-Vr a nose and eat specialist
hatd of hearing ^mt'^deaf mishearing
IWOKanß
449
®
oneself
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:
v-v-^Tfr(b)-	
	
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a stylized depiction of a nose. A nose is in the centet of one's face. When one refers : 9 oneself in Japan, one points to one's nose. The kanji means "oneself."
: T by oneself, on one's      £3t)j%- cat, automobile j l:ta.l* Ölz# bicycle
6      I: automatically-
own
& h on one's own 3-i each
r n ri g
ORIGIN: The old form ftrr consisted of two hands trying to untangle threads, and ^ a "sharp tattooist needle." It indicated to "solve the point of dispute" in a criminal court. Now the left side is replaced by i§~ "tongue." The kanji ^ means "wotd" or "to decline."
if # dictionaty gtHi~& to decline
Mil'
announcement of
to quit (position)
j ei,*<
Jf® resignation from a job I i^li resignation
appointment
13
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:
	
'IGIN: The top \ was a stake and X. a craft. Togethet rhey -.dicated a set way ot format to make ctafts, ot a social set-tng such as a cetemony. The kanji means "formula" or :crcmony."
i_» ; m>i.s
. emony formality
Z~^.?K graduation ceremony  i^ti'formal
~- r. Japanese style 1$.^, numetical formula
_  t"~ j: 5^
ORIGIN: The left side ~w came from a tattooist needle and "mouth," signifying "to speak clearly and sharply." The righr side had ^ "pole posted in the ground" and ig" "sound," indicating "sign." Togethet they signified "to recognize differences with wotds and matkings." The kanji w{ means "knowledge; matk."
et 51.-*
#tät common sense £otS knowledge vfcitA intellectuals
fft? ■£ litetacy rate iÄ?1!      to discriminate
1>L5
ÄIÄ consciousness
~'fS5\äSiai>    t*1" i^"
lillllllllill^
19
the keyto kanji
on-kun readings:
GIN: The kanji ~\~ "ten" was cut in an odd way, not quite in the middle. Seven is an odd number that is more than a half but short or ten, which is full. The kanji     means seven.
	
-t • -t seven	■tn July
	
-t^ seven items	-by? the Star Festival (July 7)
	l.J=,tf>A,ib* =>
-tH seven days, seventh day	-bffiA turkey
of the month	
	2
454	on-kun readings:        ; heads*	
® to lose; to slip away		
1 origin: The ancient form depicted a motion indicating thz 1 1 something slipped out of one's hand. The motion signincc 1 "to lose." The kanji 3^. means "to lose; to slip away." 4		
rudeness £J&.-tZ to fail sue ^ 1 to lose		^.^^ jobless person, the 1 unemployed '• *rL.O fault heartbroken
		
origin: The top part ^* was a house. The bottom part £ depicted an arrow reaching the ground i and not going further, signifying "to hit an end." Together they indicated a room (because in a room, one cannot go beyond the walls ot the ground). The kanji "M. means "room" or "cellar."
£f*3 indoors IT cellar, greenhouse Japanese room
ffi'S'S. waiting room
it £ staying in one's room
origin: The two tops ff were two ax heads, which were used as scale weights. The bottom was a cowry used as currency. Together they indicated goods or money who;; values are weighed. The kanji j^C means "contents; quality" or "to inquire."
KM question
'14 K disposition, nature
AS" hostage
KM pawn shop ^R65ti' substantial 4*7 K material, substance
f   f-   ft  ft' ftf ftf- life lift
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER-
	1 1*"
real; fruit
<S>*n
3RIGIN: The old form jlf had rJ~" "house," EH "rice paddies it crops," indicating "fullness"; and M. "cowry" or "currency." Together they signified "filled with crops and trea- I sures," or something of substance inside. Now simplified to K, the kanji means "real" or "fruit."
as a matter of fact mZ&3 realistic |tf>$ nut
^ßft actual thing 3t)Si"-i> to feel actually -S to bear fruit
/i> *i- .g- ^ ^»
		
458	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:	
/T\ ! V ° y ? house 1 1	1□ "	
1 ORIGIN: Ihe old form ^ consisted of ^ "latitude; room I to spare" (from removing dirt out) and O "mouth." (In 1 the cutrent form, ^ is replaced by i.) The currently used 1 kanji 4d indicated "a place where one breathes easily and rests" or a "house." The kanji     means "house."		
ft# school building ! 3F7s# residence hall SR# station building		E# the country countryman
		
ON-KUN READINGS:	!HEADER:!
■>tôO(T)	: /—*
- Ill
UN: In the older form ^ "a small bird in a house" was rd phonetically to mean "to take it outside." The meaning i "transferring to somewhere else" was used for this kanji. simplified to      the kanji means "to copy."
?£ photograph ? + to copy W - duplicate
L
ÍS^ description, depiction íífe. sketching (of nature)
iL»
reproduction
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER?!
	
ORIGIN: The ancient form consisted of a bow and an arrow, and later "hand" was added to indicate "to shoot." The left side % (derived from a pregnanr woman viewed sideways) in the current kanji is believed to be the result of mis-copying the shape of a bow. The kanji i$ means "to shoot."
Ätt reflection lioL* firing, launching i* fti> to shoot (an arrow)	L*30 to shoot to death íítt injection l*9L*tfA, #ctt$fc radiation
	
THE KEY TO KANJI
ORIGIN: The old form was . The left side was t "hand." The right side ^ was used phonetically to indicate "to put something down." Together the forms indicated a hand putting something down and leaving it thete, of throwing away. The kanji ■}!; means "to throw away."
t#T£ to discard, to throw away Wtill^-f 4 to pick a good one and discard a bad one	BtllX round-off T * #T#OT desperate
	
	
ON KUN READINGS: vv&CD	HEADER: 5
person
ORIGIN: Originally the top was a fife and the bottom a container, signifying "to bring things together to burn." This kanji was one of several varianrs such as ^ and 4i'. For phonetic similarity with the word that means "this" or 'that," the kanji came to be used to point out someone. The kanji     means "person."
# person IS^f medical doctor, physician scholar	t3Sfc<D villain L,CL> UM believer, follower !£:# journalist, reportef
	
ORIGIN: In the old form fi, signified an altar table an the moon, the sun, and a star together, i-was a mound ( dirt. Together they indicated a shrine, and "congtegation" ( "company of people." The form instead of 7J\ is used i the current form. The kanji -fi means "shrine" or "compar of people."
#tt Shinto shrine til*! inside a company ttS company employee
tt^ company housing ttffl company business ttS social intercourse
HEADER 1
ORIGIN: The ancient form consisted of "g", "word," and "a bow and arrow being pulled by a hand "\T." Like an arrow released from a bow, one feels a release of tension when one says wotds of apology or gratitude. It can also mean "to change." The kanji Ht means "to apologize; to thank."
!%-M gratitude M £> to apologize M}H apology
J-   *   *   *   *   * i'
tW^l honotarium
f Stt monthly tuition
©£"Hf!fe no visitors allowed (for a patient)
J
fBBGss The
t ber»ra
1100 Kanji
465
on-kun readings:	j header:
	
- DIGIN: The older of the two ancient forms (shown on the th was a pictograph of a long-shafted, two-wheeled char-it with a load, viewed from above (shown on the top). The
-tanji Jp- means "vehicle; wheel."
	: <4ä?
M. car, wheel	%%k sitting in a circle
	
+   to depart (as in a	.'!'-:'d roadway
vehicle)	J^S car/train window
TeM- parking	
i   n i=i s .a. jjL	7
<i.c: old Japanese foot
ORIGIN: The ancient form was someone measuring by the .n between the thumb and the four fingers. That distance • is used as a unit of measurement in China and one shaku was 22.5 cm (about 8.85 inches). In the Japanese measure -.ent system one shaku was 30.3 cm (11.92 inches), or almost it. The kanji     means a unit in the old measuring system or "scale."
the old Japanese foot UK reduced scale K% scale	«:- „ • ; #K measuring tape Ky^ (Japanese) shakuhachi flute
	4
on-kun readings:	1 header:'
->^-Ä-(Qä)	
4
it
to borrow "*  "7^7"   a ,
origin: The left side "f is a person. The right side "b" comes from the sound meaning "repeating days." When something is borrowed, it changes hands to anothei person and then is returned to the owner, an action that is repeated between two people. The kanji "fts now means "to borrow."
	1 U^L*<	
ff'l-S) to borrow	I #"fH      to borrow	
fljSSi rented house	[humble-style] j L+<J:5	
ISA" borrowing money,	• fäffl ~t i> to borrow j trl*<	
debr	j IXft    1 relendess	
		10
468
on-kun readings:
header
origin: The ancient form depicted a young woman, or shrine maiden, with a supple body kneeling down and gently combing her hair. Both signified youth and suppleness. The form was also borrowed to mean "if." The kanji 7(5 means "young" or "if."
	
31 i 1 young	3£ ^F" W some, a few
? # young people	£ Lf by any chance
£t=] i<n fit for young people	3? ^ young man, green
t, £ H li or, otherwise	horn
	
THE KEYTO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
I 3
ORIGIN: The ancient form came from a depiction of two I ornate bows (^ "beautiful design"), signifying bows that were decorative but not strong. The kanji §§ means "weak."
11 if I 1 weak 'liM stress, rhythm L< feebly	if A weak point JfciS fi sickly J:*? If A weak point
	
	
ON-KUN READINGS: va'cffl	HEADER: f
to take
ORIGIN: The left side ^ was a pictograph of an ear, and the ht sideX was a hand. Grabbing an animal by the ear usually gives you control. The kanji IJX. means "to take; to get."
	
to take, to get	^.'J "M 7 to handle
	
itWty-Z) to receive	take-home pay
Lc»av	
fyJli'ti to gather data, to	ife^cco progressive
interview	
'rrrni p& s	
470 / **» \ (3EJ master; main	ON-KUN READINGS:		HE AD! - | J
			
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a burning oil lamp. I The top N was a flame and i was an ornately decorated 1 long-stem lamp that stood still. A mastet was someone who stayed in a place, whereas servants moved about working. The kanji 3i means "master" or "main."			
at 3l proprietor 31A master, husband 314§ housewife		K-t, 1 3iiC primarily L"»<fcg 31# 4'principal, important 1 L«7 1 31 ft doctrine, principle	
	5 I		
ON-KUN READINGS: • HEADER
ORIGIN: The top part fi* was a house, and the bottom part ~"t" was a hand. With one's hand one protects a house and the people inside. The kanji     means "to protect."
*?■£ to protect
^itr guard
SS'? absence from a house child care, baby sitter
conservative 4 to watch over
; r5> rt;
llOOKanji
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
Vrj-T'TC	
ORIGIN: A pictograph of a right hand. The kanji means "hand" and also "person," who uses a hand. There are a number of forms that also indicate hand, including, J>\., as in t , as in frf,      as in      and 3 as in H".
9 hand
5ař skiiifui
right hand
ilte^ driver
handwritten
fcfcT
a leading (company)
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	i
Japanese sake; Aoholic drink
r.aiGIN: The left side j was watet and the right side H *as a wine jar with a natrow neck. Together they indicated -cuid in a wine jat. The kanji /§ means "fermented or alco-- . .it drink" or "Japanese sake."
i alcoholic beverage I      Japanese sake = ? liquor store
>¥>B foreign wine or liquor
refined sake >H*i bar, saloon
10
«;;»-.--.říji ígapíKiSJíiSSE; 474	Í-      ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADFR:
seed; kind 1		
ORIGIN: The left side ^ was a pictograph of a rice plant dtooping undet the weight of its head, signifying "crops" the right side JlE was phonetically used to mean "late.' Together they indicated particular kinds of late-growing cereals. The kanji ^jl means "seed; kind."
S seed MS kind
u-fcti
■XM. kindling charcoal, cause (of dispute)
various kinds AS race
-f K?#W preventive inoculation
Mil fffWttft* 14
ON-KUN READINGS:
Vn-<t7-el-5^
HEADER
* b
ORIGIN: There are two types of ancient forms, shown in (a) and (b) for this kanji. In (a), there is a head with hait and a nose in the middle. In (b) there is an eye and possibly an eyebrow. Borh indicated a head ot neck, and from that con cept, it also means "chief." The kanji ~H" means "neck" or "chief" or "top."
neck
"líffl prime minister S51ä head of a party
I Hi*?]& to fire (an employee)
| <u
' ro get fired
: L»v
! H""fA the top
■r-n-ft-nt
THE KEYTO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
yg--3(175)	1     * .
	
	- ft
warn
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the top ^ was fingers, indicating a hand from above, and the bottom X. was a hand from below. Together they depicted the act of one hand receiving something from another hand. The kanji 5ei* means to receive."
Iblt'S to receive 7 t ■ftHTfr-Zi to receive, to take delivery of taking an exam	31 ?Sill-6 to answer for, to be responsible for IT.* LA iti£i'%> to see a doctor L"»LA ■Sett i~l> to receive a message
	
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER
ORIGIN: The left side 7fc was "tree." The middle depicted a feast but here is used phonetically to mean "to stand" (with ""T, "hand," on the right side). Together they indicated planting a tree and caring for it with one's hands to get it established. The kanji     means "tree," or "to establish."
1±f S&W roadside trees
#t§fv age of a tree
e»t<
trees
c«a.s
WM. tree sap
XWB orchard
e«')o
#}iLi"-5 to establish
1 i *rrr?#*
16
ON-KUN READINGS:
v:i-3-f(l73)
ORIGIN: The kanji -fit consists of three hands: ^ "hand," ^ "hand picking something from above," and A "hand receiving from below." Together they i nd icated "to bestow ot convey something." The kanji I'k. means "to bestow; to grant."
C*?i5
$Sts£ class instruction
3t
Slt4 to grant; to instruct
SjvC*
4£$r. professor
TA.L»
personal instruction confermenr, awarding $tS3t job training site
-1 * rrrrr#*#?
ON-KUN READINGS: • HEADE
VH^-fec?(i6f.) j
to collect; to store
ORIGIN: The left side H depicted two strings twisted, signifying putting things together, and the right side a hand, which would have been used to put the thing-together. The kanji     means "to collect" or "to store."
HirtZto pay (fee)
income IsliRi"£ to recover (thing)
^ 'Ix monthly income
earnings 3":<7) iRJI trash collection
1100 Kanji
481
ON-KUN	READINGS:	j HEADER:
		a
a
ORIGIN: The ancient form had rice paddies packed with seed-.:ngs and O a square lot underneath, signifying something "full; complete." From the meaning of something totally mil, the form was also used to refer to the "entite circumfer ence." The kanji Jo) means "around."
	
surrounding	—M i~i to go around
H ÜS circumference,	ffl%a<F> well-known
surroundings	five year anniversary
surrounding area	
nnnnmm	
ON-KUN READINGS:	i HEADER: 1
	
religious belief ofa group;head of group
-Tic - ^
ORIGIN: The top patt *Jr* "house" and the bottom "altar used for worshipping" indicated working in a house where believers gather. The kanji is also used for a non-sectatian group as well. The kanji means "religious belief of a group; head of a group."
5f*ft religion nilü the originatot ÖCSf" convetsion to another
religion
L»5iJ
"JCSfc religious sect ST* I"" sect fJpSr* Zen sect
/-»-» »i» >±» »Ä» t±» »±»
— *T* AT 75
ON-KUN READINGS:	i HEADER: j
	
:o rake up a job; :o be completed
?
- jIN: The left side /?-> was a house on a hilltop, a capital The sound of 3d "long, excellent" on the right side meant 1 trrive." (Its otigin is obscure.) Togerher they indicated j mportanr person arriving to take up a position, or somc-■-':ng becomes complered. The kanji 2j>~L means "to take up a ?b; to be completed."
-fiio become employed
v.^B^y working hours
taking up an office
ftM±U^t< to take up a office
Ätt achievement, fulfillment
L*t>LA,i;*>'A,
*tÄo#W bedtime
f f I f"~$"lt5>t
12
ON-KUN READINGS:	1 HEADER: 1
	! ;n
sandbank; latge atea; state (in the United States)
a| ORIGIN: The ancient fotm was a pictogtaph of a sandbank. I The meaning was further extended to indicate a latger area 1 and is also used to mean "state" in the United States. The kanji ')'\'\ means "sandbank," "latge area," or "state."
ilM  Kyushu (island) =f*I!H1 delta
li/i,L.i65 1 fc"pL*?
Honshu (island)        j gkffl Europe
Li» "5 : C?L*7
T-^+r^ ')'\'\ the state of Texas; SHU Australi;
THE KEY TO KANJI
on-kun readings:
header
to learn; to master
'A
3
1
origin: The left side A "person" with ] "water dripping on the back" and "action" indicated "to cleanse (body and soul)." The bottom ^ on the right signified a "nice shape." Together they indicated "to master skills or knowledge." The kanji
means to learn; to master.
If **>-5 to study, to pursue 8B£ training WHt apprenticeship, ascetic practices	irSSi repair llf itK monastery IrJ-JE "f •£ to correct
mm' rrrwit 10	
	on-kun readings:	header:
		
origin: The left side, ^ "grain plants drooping with the weight of ripe heads," signified harvest. The right side, "fire," signified "to dry" or "to gather." Autumn is the season in which rice plants are harvested and aired to dry. The kanji means "autumn; fall."
*3
autumn, fall SC^W fall school term
: B#ft late autumn
: IJ<Lo2
"tfiC early summer
i »»u
fXif^R autumnal equinox fA8! iX clear, autumn day
day
* f jf if *
486
on-kun readings: ->zl^-vzlC7-05(-5)
to pick up; ten
ORIGIN: The left side "f "hand" and the right side "to collect in one place and meet" suggested "to meet (pick up something with one's hand." The kanji "Jo" means "to . up." This is also used as "ten."
[>-5 _
ftl to pick up
L*3i:<.i:o
lost-and-found item fti'ta found object
*x narrow escape
vi t
ft »        skimming through
L'«3f A.*. A.
4£"*~ P) a hundred thousand yen
488
on-kun readings: iSZL0-1ö{fc>%)
HEADEr
origin: The left & indicated "thread." The right side I "winter" (the season when foods are stored, and the season of ice) is the end of a year. Together they indicated the end of a thread. The kanji     means "to end; to finish."
%k-fo& to end
C©5TA.
H-A last stop, destination ft*£H the last day
Ü-B all day long
L»39*5
m end *Ö*5- all the time
li
1100 Kanji
ORIGIN: The cop ffl consists of two wings. The bottom £3 may originally have come from §=1, hete used phonetically mean "repeatedly." Repeated flapping of wings signified little bird learning to fly. The kanji H means "learning by repeating" or "to learn."
S 1 to learn practice ■V§ refresh learning, study review	"T'W study beforehand L»7 U calligraphy practice & ^v habit, custom
1   1   S  313133^^^^^ 11	
491 (3)	ON-KUN READINGS:        ; HEADER: vi1)
	
week	
CRIGIN: The uppet tight )U indicated "around" phoneti The lowet left i—, originally (the left half of a crossroad and a foot), indicated the motion of "going along ad." Together they indicated walking around the stteet. ..".e kanji z£J is now used exclusively for "week," which is a cycle of days.
this week	L*?j:o Jl^. weekend	
$.jJS next week	#i2l every week	
S last week	—iiFfl one week	
) n n n n n n n		11
490 mass; many people	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER: in
	or                    -rfo- jrfix 1 ty^MI**	
ORIGIN: There are two different ancient forms for the top, one with a sun and the other with an eye. The bottom was thtee people standing, indicating many people, or mass. The kanji ^ means "many people; mass."
mass (of people) people C»??(.^ SfdiK rhe Lower House	L»3 mob the public listeners
'   i'        «h rf» jfa. j£l j^i ^jfj.     ^f. ^                   J 2	
Wmm.............■».....................■......................'
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
to collect; to gather; to congregate
IS
ORIGIN: The ancient form had three 'ffe "birds" on top of ?K "tree," depicting thtee (signifying many) birds flocking on a tree. The kanji ^ means "to collect; to gathet; to congregate."
i-'J %H to gather i%*t>& to collect L»3C3 U*7v A^b^W meeting time	^ii- money collection meeting ^"7 to congregate
' \ r r it--fr # «rfc^^^ i:	
THE KEY TO KANJI
493 1	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:!	
® to reside	a	
ORIGIN: The left A was "person." The right ~E was "master," from a depiction of a burning oil lamp stand (as a master sits I still). Togethet they indicated "where a master lives." The kanji     means "to reside."		
T ttX^T1. * "> to reside T llS^' residence e»5t< i£?T address		ttR, resident : l>t»5 #f± migration 1±&& residential area
		7
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADE:
ORIGIN: The top part depicted a baby upside down, the writ is born. The bottom JL was legs. Togethet they indicated 1 the changes that a baby goes thtough, from crawling :: walking, as he or she grows, or fills out. Tire kanji ^L, means "to fill."
L*5.,:A-
in full, enough
Ue3t-j
1t%'$Z> to enrich teJEi" •?> to expand
-ir *
1t&~ L/c § bloodshot eye ?rLCi"^> to recharge $r)'JLi~6 to supplement
J
ON-KUN READINGS: | HEADER
ORIGIN: There are two ancient forms: (a) Two lines crossing indicated all directions, signifying "full and complete." Alternatively, (b) in tallying, evety ten sticks were tied together (marked with an emphatic dot). The kanji ~\~ means "ten" or "full."
+ ten + ten
+B ten days, tenth day of the month
—+ twenty
ten minutes
e*7j:A.
-H)" I: sufficiently
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADE
! 4
v
ft
IN: The left side -f "to go" from a crossroad was "to go further." The tight side of the ancient form had two people, which became V, and a footprint, /fl. Together they indicated a person following in the footsteps of another. The kanji fit means "ro follow."
US*
$ti to obey
to engage in work M worker, employee
Iii I
SHIS; obedience
in the past
flattery
ii/fö^ £ to follow, to be servile to
10
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
///
: RIGIN: The left side / indicated "water" and the right side h "ten" was used phonetically to express "liquid." The kanji '■\ means "soup; liquid; juice."
	l ic
rf soup	;+© sweet azuki bean soup
	
^Tfit miso (fermented bean	1*1;+ gravy
paste) soup	•$■;+ liquid ink
íiit fruit juice	
• i r-Tf	5
ORIGIN: The left side ^ was "threads." The right side "to follow" had 4 "to go" and "two people with a footprint," signifying that one person follows in the footstep of another. Togethet they indicated "a continuous line to fol low," or "vertical." The kanji Wk. means "vertical."
SíWíÍ"ž> to cut vertically warp (as in weaving)
Stt# ? vertical writing —?'!fřÉFS single file
lis'?- in all directions
SEA trek along a ridge
DRIGIN: The ancient form shows a man standing 3r, with a heavy bag ( $. in the middle) on the ground i. Together I they indicated a person with a heavy load, or simply "heavy." The kanji also means "to overlap; layer." The kanji is means "heavy; layer."
f 1 1 ■ Jt£:V* heavy í # íi' important ♦ At.' of great importance
useful 4*2-6 to pile up W~Ě. body weight
ORIGIN: Inside a house there is a person ~i and a woven mat to sleep on "§". A place where people rest and sleep is an inn. The kanji ?S means "inn."
Til Ji Japanese-style inn UL»< Tfi boarding house ?S inn, place to stay overnight	camp out ?§ h to live, dwell, form L*<fif-t=> ^S^i^T an inn village
	
the key to kanji
on-kun readings:	header:
	
to celebrate
a.
3ft
ORIGIN: The ancient form consisted of 5J> "altat" and Ä 'person kneeling." Togethet they signified a priest chanting a prayer in front of an altat. A religious rite is a celebration of a god. The kanji -vL means "to celebrate."
*£Ätt graduation celebration (gift) AT to celebtate L»<eo ÄH holiday	L*9IMi föT wedding L*<-5»< ?>lt§ blessing woe ?At»] Shinto prayer by priest
'MÍÍffft 9	
503
on-kun	readings:	TheaderTI
		
0. řVV)
origin: The top depicted a person bending forward to cook food with his hands. The bottom is a variant form of !K. "fire." Food is cooked to ready it for eating. The kanji **& means "ripe" or "mature."
$:"f h to ripen
*L><
irü^'j.' immature
Lfz skilled, experienced
Äft/c ripe
e*<r
?*fg idiom, Chinese compound word
careful consideration * * * 1 t W «k,#.£ft.jflL$fc$L 15
on-kun readings:
^^•T5t5'(C)
hea:e=
! *
71
origin: The left side ffc was threads, signifying continuity The right side ?S is a place where people rest and sleep, h< used phonetically to indicate "to shrink." When the s thtead is pulled, the cocoon shrinks. The kanji IfS mcj to shrink; to teduce."
US tj to shrink SIfü curtailment
L«b<L*<
JSX reduced scale
ffi'h 1"& to teduce
L»<t
Ißll miniature copy, epitome
<-A,L»<
reduction of arms
504
©
to come out; to go out; to appear; to take out; to send out
on-kun readings:
Iv^y-Xi'-TtähfciT)
heade-
u
řh
ORIGIN The ancient form depicted a footprint above a line, or a foot in footwear, signifying "to go beyond a line" ot "to go out." The kanji tB means "to come out; to go out; to appear; to take out; to send out."
■ ÚižtQ come/go out it ~ť to take/send out th D an exit	y^tt!'f,  being out C»otf3 tblfH attendance If tfc1"£ to submit
	
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
! if
J I   J L
- N: The outside fT was "to go" or "to conduct." The He TJt depicted a millet or rice plant with grains -ached to it, signifying "to attach." Togethet they indited the processes that people followed ro do things, or ■tans or skills." The kanji     means "methods" or "means."
visual art hne art surgery
ikM technology
terna
IfUŘ magic Eifi" medical att
t t" ft ft 1* ft í>T$FÍ$í
11
507	ON-KUN HEADINGS: HEADER
®	
spting	
z- GIN: In the ancient form a new growth of a mulbetry tree 1	
d the sun indicated the season for new growth. The kanji #• means "spting.
* spring
5.-^ A spting break
' ")Q spring equinox day
the New Year
#*X to become spting-like
™       (the age of) puberty, adolescence
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
4
1_
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the righr top 7|t was gtains of millet or rice sticking to one's hand, signifying "to stick to" ot "to follow." The bottom left indicated "moving forward." Together they indicated "to follow" (what pteceded) ot "to teiterare." Now the meaning of "following" has been dropped. The kanji     now means "to tell."
	cpL'we;
i&^-ii to state	ni£ dictation
	3c»o
žfif£ a predicate	description
	
1ni!t.<D aforementioned	ftiE statement
"~ ť          /R "tR jTn jTJs 8	
508
ON-KUN READINGS: Vzt>
HEADER
///
'J,
standatd; to apply-correspondingly
ORIGIN: The top left / was "water." The top right EE and the bottom ~\~ made up the kanji phonetically used to indicate "leveling." The combined-form kanji £p means "standatd" or "to apply correspondingly."
W£ standard	^Ít\JÍ# semi-final	
16standard	i *3p level	
i£ 1-5 to apply	: C»/i.t/ žpl# preparation	
correspondingly		
• 1 5 r fi >á	yt* Jff J# ># ýtt ýfc řj|	13
the key to kanji
ORIGIN: The leftside fa was a pictograph of thin silk threads
I- being polled out ot silkworm cocoons. The right side 4i 1 depicted a silk tassel. Together they indicated a pure raw silk 1 thread, a meaning that signified without impurity. The kanji means pute.
:.*A-n-
SEf^'pure
I ti pure SE6 t£ pute white
SEA 4r naive, pure SEA purity ■¥-SS simple
1 * m m rr,tm
10
on-kun	readings:	header
	•cCo	TL
origin: The ancient form of the old kanji JM depicted a tiger, or a person with tiger fur, sitting on a table J~L with an I emphasis on his feet & resting. It signified "one stays in one place." One manages or settles the affaits of business while staying in one place. Now, the reduced form At is used. The kanji     means "place" or "to manage; to settle."
■_	
At a place	j *f«t-T4 to handle
	| urn*
£!J£ treatment	Ätff'J execution
	
mä"ti> to throw away,	#£3: to cope successfully
punish	
	- 5
e «/,:»a.
)il5# turn, order )W order ■^111 order
i origin: In the ancient fotm the left /'I depicted a river and 1 the right depicted a person with a head and a headdress or hat to show his rank. Together they indicated that one must follow along the course of the river, which gave the meaning of being "compliant" or "in an orderly manner." The kanji )I|J| means "compliant" ot "order."
- smoothly
itJIl direction
e»9C*A.
ttJlll tc obedient
512	on-kun readings:         ■ heade-«U(ftTWio-*(«b*)	
1 for the first time; j to begin		
1 origin: The left side ^ came from the collat of a piece of I clothing, and the tight side 77 was "sword." Because the first step in making clothes is cutting cloth, the kanji formed from the two characters, means "to begin" of "for the first time."		
ae H»T for the first time JSW li at the beginning ■VJB first day		:       U1 innocent, fresh i WiK first generation the beginning
		
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:	i HEADER:
	P
ORIGIN: The left P was a door and the right side fT was an ix. Originally rhe left side P "doot" was used phonetically to indicate the sound of an ax, ff on the right side, chipping wood. The current use of "place" may have come from "a shop to make woodwork." The kanji rvf means "place."
-•5ti. :
■5.pf[ address oBt kitchen
ii5t neighborhood, vicinity   ?ff S<^ prescribed, fixed
*»Hf place -ibflf merit, strong point
(§) rope; beginning	ON-KUN READINGS:        j HEADER?!	
		If
:=> GIN: The left side >7x was "thread" or "continuity." The I -ght side "If was used phonetically to mean "beginning." _~uher they signified "the end of a knotted thtead," or "beginning." The kanji     means "beginning; rope."		
I fc*-jL* —$f 12 togethet "?*f emotions, sentiment, atmosphere = *S pedigree, lineage		K t% rope Beg sttaps, thong (of sandals) SfB^S Ofigin, beginning
t   ft  ft |		
ON-KUN READINGS:
->a-*0(U)
HEADER B
ORIGIN: The sun 9 was on the top. The bottom "If, originally a pictograph of a fire burning in a stove, indicated "to gathet in one place to burn wood sticks." Like a fire in a stove, sunlight convetges and gives heat. The kanji ^ means "hot" (as in atmosphetic temperarure).
# i * hot (weather)
* mid-summer
lingering summer heat ul^'"1^
IS,,,        ,,     ., "8#te summer resort
* I Js-1.v hot and humid, t5Li
muggy :       extreme heat
12
ORIGIN: The top tJD was "a net" that cast over a wide area, and the bottom "If phonetically indicated "to stick together." A government organization is like a net that is divided into divisions and sections. The police and the taxation office cover people thoroughly. The kanji =^ means "government office" or "police station," or "tax office" in particular.
police precinct S-ft chief of police ftllS- "f tax office
S¥ signature signature /'[TO "f- fire department
1--1  (t      tttt tl" tjD
13
THE KEY TO KAN JI
517
ON-KUN READINGS V3-7W)
it
HEADER: I
7
a
ORIGIN: The top part ^ depicted a hand holding a writing brush upright. The sound of 0 (originally ^T) was the same I ; that of "to copy." Together they indicated the act of writ-ig using a brush. The kanji w means "to write."
Hr < to write
CLttrA,
If #tt library
at*}
JUr postcard ♦® document
«.M»
;## last clean copy UMI* book
dictionary
10
ON-KUN READINGS
ORIGIN: The left side depicted stacked layers of dirt. The right side fj was flexing one's muscle to muster "strength." The kanji     means "to help" or "a help."
H*ll£to help
tzr
8ftto be helpful Sij^- assistant
i n n b fi #7i#
a front passenger seat SfifcZl aid, backer }8tB# financial support
518	ON-KUN READINGS:         I HEADCaB
	f
various; many I	
ORIGIN: The left side ~w was a sharp tattooist needle anil I a mouth D, meaning "to speak clearly and sharply." The 1 right side     was used phonetically to indicate "to gather.* 1 Together they indicated to gather many writings. The mein- 1 ing of writing was dropped. The kanji      means "variolic 1 many."	
L s% & countries Li</„ all (male peers gentlemen t6fc-S V&J? (Pi various	; '•'I A       the Hawaiian Islands !   L^L 1 If    all the people 1 if MSI various problems
r n	*  i- 4+             ****** Ait is! p  a   u   5   u-   l-i BT1 &fl ■
	
	
520 /—\ 1	ON-KUN READINGS:          HEADER |
® woman; feminine if	
1 ORIGIN: The ancienr form depicted a woman kneeling with 1 her arms crossed in front. The kanji "^C means "woman: or 1 "feminine." The same origin of a pliant posture of a woman 1 appears in      "mother," ~% "every," JSjt "sea,"      "poison," 1 $ "wife,"     "secure," $f" "favorable" and others.	
•k woman, female I *W-^girl 1 ^ctt woman	5? ^t man and woman ■k-fZE^L female srudenr j trmtt j tt^T she, girlfriend
	3
1100 Kanji
■■■■■ ■:■ ■■■
ON-KUN READINC ve3
HEADER:
I r
order; beginning
ORIGIN: The top f~ was a roof over a house. Inside rhe house, might also have depicted a motion in which a shuttle was ;:>ing between two warps in weaving. This motion of weav-g under a roof is orderly and the shuttle catried the beginning of a thread. The kanji Pf means "order; beginning."
i|* order * order
* T'l- by the way, in passing
%k&F public order Pf~6 preface
ffM- prelude, opening act
ORIGIN: The left side "f is a person and the right side was -iid phonetically to indicate "to injure." Together they 1 --.dicated someone who was wounded. The kanji \% means I 'injury; wound."
<S wound s •* injury *1F bodily harm • ~5< to hurt
If □ cut
+1$ slander, defamation M% burn
13
i       ON-KUN READINGS:	I HEADER:
	P
ORIGIN: The left side P signified an earthen wall surrounding the house, or a hill. The right side ^fs consisted I of a spade and motion of digging, signifying making a I space by removing dirt. Together they indicated removal of J{ unwanred dirt. The kanj
means to remove.
of
P£ < to remove fxUP£< to remove W]fk deletion
expulsion (from membership)
if PáiŘ vacuum cleaner
S.p£ waiving
10
ORIGIN: The left side was a tub or container for an offering. The right side was two hands holding it up in prayer for a | good harvest. Sttength 77 was added to indicate an effort to ■ gain. The kanji     means "to win" or "to gain" ot "victory."
■J to win match, game 9M- victoty, championship	a sweeping victory result of a match unyielding
) jo ji i if nurrw    ' «	
the key to kanji
525
to summon; Co call; to wear
on-kun readings:	i header:
	a
	
or O V	77
	77
\J) f	c3
r—I
origin: The top of the ancient form has two different interpretations, "sword or knife," used only phonetically, and person." Together with the bottom C? "mouth," the kanji signified a nobleman summoning his servant to assist him
to eat, put on clothes, and so on. The kanji □ means "to summon" or" [honorific] to call; to wear."
ft       ft ; Li?L»5
SLjL*s*-f) [honorific] to eat j   g A "f i> to convene
ft
g*^" to summon
fr.i.< »
fadR £§"t to wear Japanese- I style clothes [honorific]
"7 7}
on-kun readings:	
	- j
origin: The ancient form consisted of a tattooing : with a handle, a table, and O "mouth." The person who i the power to tattoo criminals also was the one who consuhJ the gods. When the meaning of god was dropped, the me ing of "consulting or talking to someone" remained. It ca to signify a merchant negotiating the value of merchant with a buyer. The kanji j§ means "trade; commerce."
fiiii: business, trade
L*5ICA.
itiA merchant
L.*3l*
iStt general trading company
Mi to trade
3fi5L.»3lcA.
rTÄA, peddler
LijtlA,
itiUt sales battle, trade i
527
on-kun readings:	; header:
•>3-)^S(x.5)	
to recite; to sing (energetically)
it side e
origin: The left side H is a mouth. The consisted of the bright sun and a voice coming out of the j mouth; it was used phonetically to indicate something j thriving. Together they indicated singing loudly. The kanji I
eg
S means "to recite" or "to sing (energetically)."
I m 1 "Sx-S to recite, to advocate 1 X^Liö I         ~ti> to advocate 1 &°§ chorus	H"m solo singing "If; school song L£?t> 0Sfa-f i, to say in unison
1 i   n n bi iinrjnoBn'	
origin: The old form had tI "table with legs" on the and on the right, "meat for an offering" and "if" "hand." Together they indicated offering (by hand) meat on a table before a battle. A person who makes an offering for a future battle is a general. The current form of the kanji, means army general" or "future."
Tbl.' -IT* future k¥i general L   5 < A, PtW- general, Shogunate	team captain general, soldier & commissioned officer
	
1100 Kanji
529
©
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
small
ZRIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a stick shaved into small pieces. The kanji 'J11 means "small."
: ■ 1 small, little
.iztriZÖ
MM8 elementary school % small bird
3VL*5
ft'h the smallest 'jvjfi drizzle /Ml brook
: R 3IN: The old form was 7$., which consisted of yj, a bed depicted vertically, and wood from a tree, together signifying a wooden surface to sleep on. The current form ^ was its variant form. The kanji ^ means "floor" or "bed."
I floor
S £ barber's shop =~.<0Fb1 alcove
TP ft ft
»Ll5l:«rA,
JS^BfRfl rising time
gjrc
9)E^ sleeping bed or futon
UliLi?
Ifitff. sick bed
530 ® small amount	ON-KUN READINGS: [v3^-T<(^v>)--rr_(L)	HEADER:
		
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the top part /JN depicted a stick being whittled and the wood chips scattered, and the last sttoke indicated the act of whittling. Together thev indicated "to shave"; hence, "making less" of the original object. The kanji     means "small amount."		
> t: 1 jttC\x a little (amount)         'Jr+aCCi at least 1 :5'/ a little                          ')r M  a little 1 TC                                                            o'K T< I ^ La little                       j $ * 'ifl '¥ >M»H more or less		
1 j A^>y	4	
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:	
	r	
532
ON-KUN READINGS: j HEADER
Iff * $ *
ORIGIN: In the ancient form there was a person in the middle crouching to show a humble act and on the side two hands wete thrust out also to receive something humbly. Together they indicated an act of receiving humbly and accepting what was being said. The kanji /fC means "to receive; to accept."
	
to consent	^■fc^ffr grudgingly,
7^ Z> [humble] to	reluctantly
undetstand	%M ~fi to consent
0*51*5	;»i>c*5
T ^ consent	B 7^   ■?> to succeed to
	
the keyto kanji
j origin: The left side •} was "hand." The right side 1 a knife 77 (used for the sound) and a mouth t-7 _ signify-
ing "to summon." Ibgether they indicated "to beckon with
a hand." The kanji -fo means "to invite."
It. fS < to invite Li3fcv-t§l# invitation I  fSA summon 1	-fc^'f   to bring about iVi^Ü to invite, bring
	
535 f pine ttee	on-kun readings:           header: '	
		
s origin: The left side "4""- was a tree. The right side 'l* was 1 used phonetically to mean "to praise." A pine tree is an e\ cr-I green, grows tall, and has a graceful shape. For these quali- 1 I ties, it is considered ro be an auspicious ttee. The kanji j| means "pine tree."		
I fe pine 1 fcttft pine-bamboo-plum I    (an auspicious arrangement) I te+k pine tree grove		felt pine needle fife gate decotation (for the New Year) teBfl a pine torch
- -t i * + t^fc 8		
534 I	on-kun readings: ->37	
(g)	#■* Q -1	a
bright		77  °;
		o
origin: The left side B was a sun. The fight side § i knife and a mouth was used phonetically. Brighr light c from the sun. The kanji H§ means "bright."
Bg $ Showa era (1926-1989)
Bgfc -       20th year of Showa (1945)
n H H H^B»B^B#Bg
on-kun readings:
->aV'lt(T)-5(^l
origin: The left side / was "watet." The older form of the right side    had A •• "small" and    "flesh," signifying "shaving meat into small pieces." Togethet they indicated that something that is cut into small pieces disappeats like watet i evaporates. The kanji ~M means "ro disappear; to erase."
rfflf to erase ;f L^'A eraser "flX.-?> to disappeat
ift'^CII fire extinguisher M~/tii~& to be dissolved i j'ftlt digestion
10
1100 Kanji
537
	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
		k
ORIGIN: In the old form j$fc, the left side X was a fire, and the _:It side ?c had three hills (A) and JL "person," signifying "high." Togethet they indicated a soaring fire, or "to burn." Xow somewhat reduced to      the kanji means "to burn."
I to burn incense-burning
*    j : * CO
i *#l duplicate print J ,S> grilled chicken,
K ff total destruction by I yJ
fire 3 iftlt sunburn
12
539
ON-KUN READINGS:
tt&(<)
HEADER:
to examine carc-~_liv: to omit; (government) ministry
9
GIN: The ancient form shown in the middle depicted a branch over an eye, possibly in a religious rite, which niocked one from seeing well. It means "to omit." The cur-form, "little" and @ "eye," was borrowed to mean .xamine carefully." A government ministry oversees rs carefully. The kanji 4 means "to reflect; to omit" or j   arnment ministry."
* A4 to reflect
^ § reflection
omission, abbreviation
Ministry of Foreign
Affairs
em*
self-examination 4'x;t- enetgy saving
ON-KUN READINGS:	: HEADER:
va^-T(S)	j »»
to illuminate
U
(*3
a
77 a
ORIGIN: The top Bp means "bright sunshine," primarily used phonetically, and the bottom is a variant form of ')\ fire. A fire intensifies the brightness. The kanji means "to shine" ot "to illuminate."
9&h't to shine BH lighting HJ!?,8*5fl daylight time reference	reference inquiry comparison wrap,?.'J drought
I   n  H  B H^EP'Hi'HRBSBSBSaSaS l , ,,,,	
ON-KUN READINGS:	! HEADER:
	
.sic-
ORIGIN: The ancient fotm depicted a tattooing needle with a handle that has an ink reserve in the middle. Beautifully done tattoos were something to show off or mark social class, thus "badge." The kanji form also signified something in increments, thus "chapter." The kanji 5j£ means "badge' and "chapters" of a book and movements in music.
%—% Chapter Two L * 5 writing W>—sfe^ first movement (in music)	ot der, medal 12# medal ,%S: arm-band
'                ^■^■^■^■^■^^ 11	
the key to kanji
541 j	ON-KUN READ;[\GS: HEADER ->3'i'-t)b(5)-X.(t') tl	
to smile; to laugh 1	|        ; 1	
I ORIGIN: The top IT is bamboo and the bottom 3s. depicted I II a supple body, or someone who was dancing. Together they 1 I indicated someone smiling easily. The kanji     means "to I f smile; to laugh."		
\ i to laugh S % • "J6 laughter 1 tlllktJ to smile		ti •       forced smile ^i'# object of ridicule &.3£ faint smile
/    a-   a-   fc/ W- AA- **r ^ ^ ^ jo		
M—^M^^——M^IM.....IIII Bt		
543	j         ONH<UN READINGS:         j HEADErTm	
>s A at 6lh
fir ^
origin: The old kanji 6,3. consisted of g "word" and Sl^ "to climb" "two feet slightly apart" and 3- "tall compote," both indicating to climb), which was used phonetically to mean "evidence." The combined form signified telling the truth, or giving testimony. Now a different kanji gIE is used, meaning "to certify" or "proof."
¥*ffi student ID
proof fctliE driver's license
ftfiE guarantee
Li5C
evidence 0M£ perjury
f>   3 S   Dial" §11" Sit
ya7
■> 77
origin: The left side     was threads, signifying continirirj The right side S "summon" was used phonetically combined form originally indicated "to connect thread people" or "to succeed." The kanji $o means "to introdn (someone to another)."
ISS-ft" introduction
fefW letter of inrroduction
N-KUN READINGS: • HEAI E:
elephant; to resemble
origin: The ancient form was a pictograph of an elephant ■ with a long trunk, tusks, four legs, and a tail. An elephant is a huge animal with an unmistakable image. A strong image may be used as a point of reference in seeing other images, p When two things have similar images, they "resemble" each I other. The kanji JpL also means "to resemble"
tefciLrfS
tfffc. the object, the subject
M
elephant fPS- impression
flfl1 ivory
symbol ttJ£.6y abstract
<r & & &
12
-
b\ 7
— r: r
JlOOKanß
ORIGIN: The cop IpJ, a house with smoke rising from it, was ^>ed phonetically. The bottom H. was a cowry, which signi-ied money or precious items. Together they indicated an =ward. The kanji j^C means "award."
jf iz award money jVS prize
listening to music    At*; certificate of merit
f prize
f:1!f receiving an award
ON-KUN READINGS:
IN: The ancient form depicred a dot above a line, hasizing a point in space. The kanji _L means "above; 3}p" or "to go up."
— top, above
— h to climb, to go up JET top and bottom
-tlf-£> to give T.# outer wear
Ci^3±?
X % coming up to Tokyo
		
546	\        ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER: 1
(A) to block; to hinder ''•	IT ♦ t ♦*	
dirt. The right side J^- was used phonetically to indicate "to impede." Together they indicated blocking with a wall. The kanji F$ means "to hinder" or "to block."
F$i!p obstacle	ATS'! hindrance
LLj? ~XK- obstacle	shoji screen trbK it* 1+1: fti> to be bad for one's health
?: ttf¥ breakdown	
	
548	1        ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:^
® length	:a
ORIGIN: In the ancient form, rhe top came from a stick of wood 7^ "ttee; wood," and the bottom was a hand. Together they indicated a cane, which was used to measure length. One jiL was approximately three meters. The kanji
means "length." (The kanji for the original meaning of
is now written as cane.")
Ä^L'i' stout, strong ***C'all right M^.'k stout, sturdy
; 9l3ifj: tough-minded, I courageous
jcl height, length
: -öfcw
! fft. height
the key to kanj
on-kun readings:	header:
	J
origin: The ancient form depicted a man 7v standing on a tree 7K with both feet firmly anchored to reach a high place. Now slightly reduced from 3p[, the kanji ffsi means "to ride" or "to get aboard."
5) ^ki to get aboard passenger ticket M')%ki.Z> to transfer (ttansportation)	C*5j-P< passenger (KS       to take advantage of i;nii ^.7% horseback riding
	* 9
ORIGIN: The left side i was "pile of dirt neatly forming i rriangle shape." The right side consisted of -% "halberd or weapon," and "T "nail," which signified "to hit." Together they referred to shoring up the soil against an attack, or making a castle. The kanji felt means "castle."
is. casde
■iEJ&tíí Himeji Castle JožTffr castle town
iátFI castle gate iůM casde ruin ~&iš, old castle
ORIGIN: The left side i. was soil. The right side sisred of S "sun," the "motion of raising something high," I and £ "sun rays." Together they signified "bright place" because the sun has risen, or "place" in general. The kanji means "place."
at* ijjpfr place		X+— if ski resort	
<fei§ venue		USA, ifSi situation	
parking lot		Ý<7)i§T" on the spot	
- +  * *' iniH			12
origin: The top Ip) ("long" from a smoke rising long ana igh) was used phonetically to indicate the train (of an offi-I cial's clothes). The bottom ijl was a draped cloth. Because the length of the train was always the same, the kanji came to signify "always." The kanji ^ means "constant; always."
Hfl: constantly ii'f usually \ S.% normal	H-lit^i.' extraordinary HfH tropics, everlasting summer '\l*£:*33axa ^f'Silte regular operation
.   ».    ,» ,* ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ u i    n rfl	
1100 Kanji
553 motion; feelings 1	ON-KUN READINGS:         j HEADER:	
	«f~- * t» »	
Z- GIN: The left t is a variant of     "heart." The old form ft consisted of 4 "new growth" or "fresh" and fl" "clean - iter in a well," indicating clean freshness. One's feelings can :< rresh and clean. The kanji trf means "emotion; feelings."		
*^ exptessions *Hfft$7 emotional £rf love		[s]f# sympathy ^tt real conditions If tf&* * pitiful, deplorable
		
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
idition; lettet
:~IGIN: The left side y| of the old form was a long table, that s. something flat. The right side "^t, "dog," has a slim shape. MK kanji came to drop the "dog" meaning but kept "shape" :' "condition." It also came to mean something that is writ-tin on a flat object, a lettet. The kanji -bt means "condition" x "letter."
condition ^.-K present state j£t£ linear
' 1 i
Viyji situation
P,ty\ distress, sad plight
«>A.e.*5
diploma
HEADER
line; clause
ORIGIN: In the old form fl^, on the left was a petson with dripping water on his back, and the tight side was a hand holding a stick, signifying an action in general, and a puri fying twig. Together they signified cleansing to purify. The kanji also indicated something long, such as a stripe or a line. The simpler form ^ means "line" or "clause."
\ ^tft condition	^:ft treaty	
Hi        itemized list	^">C article	
et-et-s? JL^:^ the Stats and Sttipes		
		7
ON-KUN READINGS:
;HEADER
71
'/As ii
ORIGIN: The old form W for the top """ was plant leaves and roots; the middle part & had heat rising between two hands, which were throwing brushwood in a fire; and the bottom was a fire. Those three parts combine in the kanji 3^, which means "steam."
u	
^"t" to steam	evaporation
Ut53	
Mfl steam	SIS* distilled water
v ho	e*33#A
-'■'-L#i * hot and humid,	3S>Wo steam boat
muggy	
	
THE KEY TO KANJI
557 (§) j|       to plant	ON-KUN READINGS:         | HEADER:	
		
| ORIGIN: The left side /fs. was "tree." The right side ft was j! "sttaight" (from an eye looking straight at something). 1 Together they indicated planting a tree straight up. The !| kanji -fill means "to plant."		
fix.-Si to plant 1        garden plant 1 EOfix. rice plant 1 transplantation		#tK#- planter, pot l.»<*46 tilRte colony c*<a;o fiS# plant, vegetation
		
0N-	CUN READINGS:	i HEADER:
		
job; employment
f ORIGIN: The origin is obscure. One view is that the left was "ear," and that the middle and the right togethct signi-I fled "flag or notice on a stake." From that concept, the kanji I indicated putting up a stake with a flag of one's trade. The kanji 10, means "employment; job."
^ job, employment 1 L»5Li< ttM ~f%> to become employed occupation	ifW^tt job hunting, job search I3AL*< primary job Wi® job history
r r t r n n'Tf rf-fs-^-^-^Mis	
ON-KUN READINGS:
ORIGIN: The left side Fr* signified threads. The right side hji "3^, a wooden pole posted in the ground for some inrencioi meaning ~g" ("sounds; meaning"), signifying a marking. "Be straight post is used to make a loom for weaving. The karw ftvK means "to weave."
m, -6 to weave
woven cloth fflS organization
uk 9
haoti coat -HlK-Ji to slip on, to put on
hand-woven
« * * t m i' r r r FFi-Kiik'i
ON-KUN READINGS:        ■ HE/
ORIGIN: The top -^7" "person" above E_-i anorher person who I was kneeling down was a depiction of sex. Sexual passion heightens facial color, so the kanji also came to indicate color." The kanji     means "color" or "amorous."
M
£ color ■k&<n golden fe^ti'various fe facial color
#fe characteristics
j j;^Li< tt£"f 4 to hunt up
lt£ reluctant
I i-ari:
£^ love affair, an amour
^      ^ « j£
1100 Kanji
ON-h
KUN READINGS:
HEADER: ■
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the top part £>* indicated "putting a lid ovet things"; undet that was food in a compote, that is, a dish with a long stem (formerly The kanii Hfc means "to eat." When used as a recurring component on the .ett side, the kanji is written as It (one stroke fewer), as in "to drink."
	
to eat	;7'ft evening meal
( l meal	tc T ■ft'^'g*!) to eat too much
	<
•fcjit dining hall	■ft 7 to eat, to bite, to live (by) j
	f"f%" 9
	
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
v>-te(<5)
to sleep; to lie down
:; gin: Originally it consisted of of ^ "house" and the "cpiction of a "broom and purifying hand" tor cleaning a shrine. Later on, 7, was added to indicate a place to sleep. Togethet the combined form 3^ indicated "to sleep." Now die left side is slighdy reduced, and the kanji 3fE means "to sleep; to lie down."
H 5 to go to bed
*3la:i?
*r ítíí sleep late in the morning
talking in one's sleep
>t nap, siesta
■¥-^-¥-6? early rise, early-bed
fee:* «t
#E$E sleeping bag
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER 4
to believe; to trust; letter
1 t:g-
it
ORIGIN: 'Ihe left side "i "person" and the right side "5" "word to say" indicated a persons ttue wotds. Together they meant to believe someone's words, and also correspondence. The kanji ia means "to trust; to believe," or "letter."
LA
It     to believe
tSffl "f -6 to ttust
l»la
■SH a" receipt of a message
*r<LA
St-ft conviction
• UoLA
3Hs sending : 1. LA fclt private letter
i fc-ALA.j.?-3
iiHS^F J& no correspondence
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted the anatomical shape of the chambeis of a heart and an artery, as the ancient people believed them to look. The kanji iO means "heart; mind, (When used as a recurring component on the left side, a vertical form 'I' is used, as in '|rf "feeling.")
cc5
heart
»ALA
-f & to feel relieved •^il'ti to worry
/TAL'A
!Sf,<21£ vital
.'g.^rtOT.fi < cozy, snug lO^lr knowledge, preparation
LAilV
■^''l-'j.' unexpected, regtettablc
THE KEYTO KANJI
	
565	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER: cfeb(fc)-^l' j
1 ^—-^ 1      new; fresh 1 L____.....mm.....■H.saJ!	m * % * * it
1 ORIGIN: The left side was A "large needle" and "t"- "wood." With the right side JT "ax," the kanji indicated cutting a tree down for firewood. Cutting a tree results in a fresh surface. 1 The kanji J/t means "new; fresh." (For the original meaning, i "firewood," a new form ffi was created later.)	
lit U 1 new ft 6 $r tz^S new, renewe fjf^i newspaper	i LACM, &fS new item i LAIC«om> i             #rXi new student | Jt'LA Hilt <T> the newest, latest !
■ * * * * * $ $ i r*r#/-# i3	
on-kun readings: v>-4jD
HE
ORIGIN: Thtee (signifying "many") trees ?N The kanji ^ means "forest."
60
& forest, woods
L/MJA
forest
LA.9A.JX
walk in the woods
ffl^L/c still, silent
- -f j1-
ON-KUN READINGS:	1 HEADER: i
	>
ORIGIN: The left side / was "watet." The right side depicted a hand looking for something in a deep hole by the light of a fite. Togethet the combined form signified "to look fot something deep in water." The meaning of search was dropped from this kanji. The kanji "M- means "deep."
* ■deep depth i'*.i;£' Ä^L^i * meaningful LAC< WfRi ti gtave	*VLA.l>*< ifiktG*—M> depth of 100 metets Ä^iS-ft full of meaning severely wounded
j 4  J  i  /  r~ /T'mlifc	
ON-KUN READINGS:
v>-tö(T)
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a jagged bolt of lightning in the sky. Lightning was viewed as a god's will spoken. The meaning of "god" was dropped but the solemn meaning was somewhat retained. The kanji ^ means "to say" in a formal way, such as declaring in an official document, or talking to one's senior.
■P ~t to state
t£ L ih V to register
M t
ifJ l_tlf4 [humble] to say
LAC<
^-£■^■6 to declare
LAW.'
r^lf application, filing
U 00 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	
6)
ORIGIN: In the older form Pr, the top t was a fallen person. The middle and the bottom showed a petson upside down. The original meaning was replaced by another kanji SH. Instead this kanji was borrowed to mean "truth." Now I ritten as Jt, the kanji means "truth" or "genuine."
ON-KUN READINGS: j HEADER
4-Ä photograph 9-.% truth IJf truth
- ~ r if* * ■
X iE S ti" serious, earnest
LA.«
Jl;£/       vacuum pack
£ tttt
middle
10
I ORIGIN: The left side of the old form W was "altar table I for ancestral worship," signified by the presence of the moon, I the sun, and a star The right side ^ "to say" depicted light-I ning bolts in the sky, which was then taken to mean a gods will spoken. The kanji ffi means "god."
# god Ate ftfi Shinto shrine _^r> #it Shinto	U 1 divine Ü>A,!&L Shinto ptiest -A,.n>LO TtftS'7j. highstrung, nervous
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
-RIGIN: The ancient form, which was apictogtaph, depicted -rchful eye. A loyal subject keeps a watchful eye for his or r.cr lord. The kanji E means "subject" or "servant."
tVCA
ft S minister 2T subject = R subject
ISJSAE prime ministet
SiE traitor
rrpfSpE
it
ORIGIN: The left side was iL "needle" and ?K "wood," and the right side was ifi, "to watch." Together they indicated "keeping an eye on wood while shaving it thinner" That meaning signified the intimacy with which family members know each othet. The kanji $1 means "intimate" or "parent."
1 parent
oj^la.
rSif! parents
la.kd5
life close friend
la.-bo
ffiflti' kind (as in a kind person)
11^, relatives
11a4 familiar, close
THE KEYTO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:	| HEADER:
	
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a pregnanr woman viewed from rhe side. The kanji     means "body; flesh."
(one's) height # body, person 5fclt# passive; passive voice (in grammar)	la,* £&^H- with tender care i # to come from #tc background, identity
	
		
I 575	ON-KUN READINGS:         | HEADER: I I_v>-lj:0_j   i J	
® needle	1 1 * +	
ORIGIN: The left side ^ was metal and the right side "t" was a needle with a thick middle. The combined form meant 1 needle, and also something that shows the direction. The I kanji $f means "needle."		
#t needle ~?]ff policy, direction second hand (on a clock)		vft sewing needle tMrLA. meter reading wire
' ^ M H | #-£f 10		
ORIGIN: The uppef right jk. originated from a pictogtaph c. litde bird 2~_, originally St "left half of a crossroad and a fen signified the motion of going along a toad. The two pa combine in the kanji ££, which means "to move fotward
Mlij to move fotward
LAaj
i!^* progress
LA,*?1 <
4 to enter a higher school
c?L^
If ii march, parade j!Mt+ in progress
LA.
i££9 occupation armv
j ORIGIN: The rop depicted rain, which also signified I something from the sky. The bottom -IS depicted a clam [j extending a foot and signified "something moving." Thun-
det moves or shakes the air. The kanji      means "ro shake
or tremble."
to tremble
a.
ift® earthquake JS-li seismic intensity
It    eatthquake damage
LMtt,
SIS the seismic center, epicenrer
HOOKanji
577	ON-KUN READINGS:        ; HEADER:
®	
person	$ 1
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a person standing slightly stooped, viewed from the side. The kanji s\. means "person." When used as a recurring component, the kanji pertains to something human and is written A, as in ft to rest.
A person —A one person B^A Japanese person X A adult	AFol human being : VtT | A-f- help, assistance, another's hand Ad population	
IL_		1
r
ON-KUN READINGS:        ; HEADER:
i 77
579  i v>-->-t-t
3RIGIN: The ancient form depicted a blade of a sword 77 in »-hich the sharp cutting side pointed outward to emphasize die sharp edge. The kanji 7} means "blade."
I blade j ib 7) S T thick kitchen kn i fe
% cutlery 7/ jt lip of a blade
■3     *•    If : 9-*oli
borrowed plumes,  Si 77 <T> double-edged pretension
17170
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
f- *
ORIGIN: The ancient form shown in the middle depicted a person sitting comfortably on —, which signified a mat. A warm seat conveyed the meaning of benevolent. Being benevolent is virtuous. The kanji 1— means "benevolent" or virtuous."
CA. fc perfect virtue i— ft humanity, benevolence t #1 humanity and justice	fc£ the two Dcva kings (guarding gods at a temple)
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
v>-fc-?(ta£)
HEADER:
71	3	
->	x	=3
	a	
	t	
ORIGIN: The ancient form shows that this term contained three hands: a right hand "3 (in "t7), a left hand (in "£), and another hand (in IT). Together they indicated the span between two stretched hands, which is also six feet (called hiro in Japanese.) One stretches his hands forward when seeking an answer. The kanji, now "to inquire" or "to ask."
later came to mean
to ask
l-A.&A.
#5*1 interrogation
ordinary, common
12
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN	READINGS:	:HEADER
X-b-		
ORIGIN: Formerly written as H, rhe kanji depicted a drawing rhat showed the location in a village of storage for grain. The present form uses a much-reduced form S3 and means "drawing" or "to plan."
J*H map B*tt library
T
El drawing
SB intention
ToTri
SI* U ' impudent
us*
SI h~ft unintentionally
nrim^
to hang down
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted plant leaves hanging down. The bottom i "soil" emphasized that the leaves reached the ground. Together they indicated a state of something hanging down. The kanji jfe means "to hang down."
n>t i	
Still vettical	l£$< plumb-line, perpendi-
i. jr. il i> to hang down	cular line
£i1\!'fi*Z> to hang down	
	
		
I  582 j	ON-KUN READINGS:        i HEADERS	
to blow		
ORIGIN: The left side C was a depiction of a mouth. The 1 right side A. was a person crouching, wirh mouth open tc breathe deeply. Together they indicated to blow air. The kanji     means "to blow."		
"isi to blow wind instrument music °XM + 4 to publicize		kiirUZ to drift ^fltli'-f to blow away .5, £' voice-over
inn* rJ^o£		
to push forward to recommend; to guess
ORIGIN: The left side $ was a hand. The right side jk. wsd a depiction of a small pudgy bird, here used phonetically to mean "to thrust aside." Together they indicated a hand pushing something forward. The kanji means "to push forward," "to recommend," or "to guess."
4tt"t to recommend
Li?
3t~f -B to recommend
ftllSIK letter of recommendation
#it'f-6 to propel
Tl>*<
ttil1] guess
rtH'hsSt mystery novel
1100 Kanji
water; Wednesday
ORIGIN: Tire ancient form depicted the flow of a river. The kanji 7K means "water." When ir is used as a recurring component on the left side for "water" or "liquid," it is written / , as in "ocean" and >@ "sake." It is also used for "Wednesday."
"K warer
-rCBgB Wednesday
^ '^'k Monday-Wednesday-Friday
I ^fcj^; swimming 7J>it water mercury
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:
b—-	
a little; an inch
3 ^
- -13IN: The ancient form depicted a finger pointing at a wrist where one's pulse was taken. The distance between
- :and and that point is an inch, so this portion signified
i trie." The kanji "\f means "a little," ot "inch" in the old measuring system.
5J,t —~$ a moment ~ Iff right before T $1 skit, shott play T measurement	b>9?&36 ft —'$'fc,ti<i\A*£\»cannot see an inch ahead hf£\1 absolutely identical
	3
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
J ORIGIN: In the old form Jx!. on the left side was "worn counting as she chants," and on the right side was ^C, "hand holding a stick pounding," signifying action in general Together they indicated chanting while holding counting sticks. The kanji 8£ means "number" or "to count."
- .1 ft number	?;t;:- ' decision by majority
numeral, figure mathematics	to count
	: C»"f SSfe-otr J" tying in a row
.           U   f   j 1	
ON-KUN READINGS:
-b-b-f-d;
HEADER:
Iff  ' W *
a world; t generation
ORIGIN: The kanji "tfr consisted of thtee tens "ffl". A period of thirty years is a generation. Generations of people live together in the wotld. The kanji "tit means "world," or "a generation."
	
W world	:       second generation
it<D 41 the world, sociery	j    IS "f •£ to take care
i*H world, people	■Bmb ■ t*mb public opinion
	5
THE KEYTO KANJI
HEADER
B
ORIGIN: The earlier ancient form (the second from the left) was a ladle or spoon, perhaps used to serve the food on an altar or at a banquet. A later form (the third form) consisted of a spoon and "just" (IE.). The kanji tIl indicates "just; proper," and is also used for the demonstrative word or pronoun "this."
fttt this
JM£ by all means Jki-'fi to correct, to
improve
JkM approval
try t
ft^PfrM"7 to consider the rights and wrongs of a matter
mm
ON-KUN READINGS:
..........ii.....in..................
HEADER:
vigor; power
ORIGIN: The top depicted a plant in soil being cared for by a person's hands. With sttength JJ underneath, the term signified the vigor of growing. The kanji ^ means "vigor" or "power."
»1 vigor #^7 power A^1 general tendency	A#OA many people posture sf # (trend of) the times
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
to put in order to control
'i
ORIGIN: The left side depicted a tree trunk having its lira pruned, and the right side 'J was a knife. Togethet di meant to prune a tree by removing unnecessary parts: I meaning extended to "put in order" (or a "system"). 1 kanji $'J means to "put in order; to control."
ft'IÄ system
i&i&f+t'J political system
*vvs<<
a uniform
C505ftf<,'
Äii*ÄS'l traffic control
m>
Hs'J ~t& to govern, control ftÜäC enactment, institution
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADE
ORIGIN: The left side TJ<7 depicted a woman sitting with her hands crossed in front, and the right side i depicted growth of a plant, or "life." In the ancient matrilineal society, maternal family names were used. The kanji means surname; family name."
44« full name 44 surname IB 44 maiden name
[s]44PIS same full names E&44 change of surname
tH><L.t3
"g~44 peasant
HOOKanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
innate nature; sex; gender
ORIGIN: The left side 1' is a variant of "heart," and th sound of the right side ife. means "pute; fresh." Together they indicated "the pure heart one is bom with." The kanji EC means "innate natute" or "sex; gender."
■Mftv
man
ft sex, gender
"415 character, personality
1 a attribute, nature
*li guts
'149') gender distinction ttia efficiency
ORIGIN: The ancient form consisted of "a spear," which signified "tool," and the sound of X, which meant "pounding a nail into a flat surface." Together they indicated "to omplete" or "something gets completed." The kanji J$, means "to become; to be completed."
ttV -v l&?tl success $B3S;t Tokyo Natita Airport ^bS. completion	\ * :       to accomplish i « «: I $',)iz_£> origin i to rear, to foster
	6
N: The left side IE "just" indicated soldiers walking to ; town to conquer, which was seen as a just act. The right ■ce is a hand holding a stick moving up and down, sig-: -ing an action in general. Together the combined form -.dicaced the act of governing by mandate. The kanji if)t means "to govern justly," or "politics."
T. J
St. t; politics
tzlX tyranny
M political (administrate in) power
' T T if 'J
political situation iftSi coup d'etat ftft administration
ORIGIN: In the top, jfl was a bundle and was an action— thus the meaning was putting things together in a bundle. The bottom IE was a line above a left footprint, moving in the right direction towatd a goal. The kanji 55 means "to set things in good order."
8 xi> to set in good otdet SS order
ISC whole number
SSIS complete adjustment
SSSl £ in perfect otder
a-u+t.' t:
«/S«^^l/c well-proportioned
■   ^ & $ i? % & ft'
16
the keyto kan ji
597
on-kun readings:	! header:
	a
ast-
ir fl
origin: The ancienc form had three Q "sun," indicating glistening"; and the bottom jfe, used phonetically, meant clear." Together they signified stars glistening in a cleat sky.
The kanji H. means "star."
fi star, poinr, score, culpit
a- ijl
fl&^ä. winning scote S.S. constellation
M.S. statry sky 3tJL shooting star SB ft many years
\   n T=r a
599 1 --x 1	on-kun readings:        I header: jrj j	
© I    just; correct; i ptopet   :  : I ■ ■  ■ ■	■g , 0( iE	
If origin: In the ancient forms, a box or a line signified a town surrounded by a wall, and a footprint signified advancing on foot. Togethet they indicated conquering a rown, which was seen as a just act. The kanji IE means "just; correct; proper."		
jE^ New Year's Days jE La v correct, just IE & f£ honest		AS. Taisho era (1912-1926) xESf correct answer "r-JE injustice
~ T T if J£		5
598
on-kun readings:
clear sky
si
a
origin: The ancient form of the old form ^% consisted c: 3 sun," jfe. "lively growth of a plant," and $t a "well", whial signified fresh blue. Together the form signified a clear so. Now it" is written as "fr. The kanji ^jlf means "clear sk
Btttl> to become cleat Bt3~L clear sky 'ft8^ clear day
B$-*%tl clear day
TU
IrtbLi > splendid
1    Fl   H   H B'B^H^-r^-tf-Bfl-Bfl-Bf
on-kun readings:
HEAC = ;
///
origin: The left side / is water 7K On the tight side, the old form had iti "lively growth of a plant" and yf" "wata in a well" (the dot emphasizes water). The kanji 7i!" means "pure; clean."
f#1 * pure, clear, limpid
M
'Mbi^tk' pure, clear ;#'S^t" pure, clean
ffi'rft Lv1 invigorating spring watet
j ei-fv
cleaning, scavenging
/   /   /   y   /   /I /TT/T1/W
1100 Kanji
601 ! to live; life; person ! I	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
		
ORIGIN: The ancient fotm depicted a plant just starting to sprout, indicating "to grow," or "life." A human being lives a lite; the meaning included "person." The kanji jii has come to mean not only "life" ot "to live," but also "person."		
5t4 teacher itixi to be born 4. "5 4 to live	:.::::: il*J taw meat | —4. one's whole life i 11 |       i> to sprout	
' >~>\*>^		
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
8"
- GIN: The left     was rice scattered in all directions. The i torm "1?" (not shown above) "fresh; blue" came from "three leaves above the ground," signifying "fresh," and ~? clean water in a well." Removing tiny debris from small . tins of rice is detailed work; what temains is the essence. K kanji fit" means "pute" or "essence; details."
i F the best of ones ability  ffii3L~f h to be well versed,
knowledgeable *$ precise • u,^,^ 6
■j^r^-   ul    ' t fltifcttS vegetarian diet
rS0U ' sPlrlt (originally for a Buddhist
d:-f to work assiduously monk)
F      ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
!    t-f-va _>£(§)•	
2^(A,)	
to thrive; prosperous
• T
* ft
* t
■ ORIGIN: The top ,B\ consisted of a spearlikc weapon, indicating tools, and T "to hit," and was used phonetically to indicate "to pile up." The bottom was a plate. Together they meant putting a heap of food on a plate, signifying thriving. The kanji S£ means "to thrive" or "prosperous."
&i> to serve, to heap up jSr'l-W'S to liven up HX/fr thriving ibSllSS one's heyday
liAC*j : ttl*RV
HgiS prosperous (business)   S& A IG with splendot
ii
ORIGIN: The ancient form had "s; "eat," that was emphasized by an elongated stroke, and i "person standing" and "mouth." Together the forms signified someone who could hear voices (including the words of gods) extraordinarily well and give advice. Such a person is knowledgeable and respected. Etc kanji Si! means "sage," "saint," or "sacred."
SA saint
sacred US' cathedral
ffi saint #£ *£ sacred £# the Bible
r r
r x a a>    So ;gu ;ja iju -jo
13
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON KUN READINGS:	\ HEADER:
1 t-f	dt
(P
ORIGIN: The old form consisted of "slate" (used as a musical insttument), ^ "hit by hand with a stick," as a musical instrument is played, and "ear," to listen. Togethet, they meant banging a slate with a stick to make music that could be heard. The reduced kanji 7" means "voice."
J*> voice
zKP T in a loud voice
four tones in Chinese
P ii tone of voice
BUM
^2 reputation
cheering, support
— -+-       ^ -de ^
ON-KUN READINGS:
-E-:
1
ORIGIN: The top f|l) signified pruning a tree. The bottom depicted the folds of a collar, indicating clothes. Together tbe» meant making clothes into a good fit using scissors, or sira to manufacture well. The kanji $i means "to manufacture.
B^F-M Japanese product Si IT production ffSi production
^ W- handmade ScS (finished) product W privately made
il
ft * #i ft'i ft,') ftu   jgg ti| ft)
J
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	B
^1
ORIGIN: Tlie ancient fotm depicted a basket that was used to extract rice wine, lhe line on the right side indicated the I sound of dripping. Fot an unknown reason, the kanji took on its current meaning, "west."
izt
B west
BD west exit
AH east and west
M 5 the Kansai area
• 5 aP the western region
I -tr.>fc-5
i Eft Western Europe
ON-KUN READINGS: j HEA
ORIGIN: The left side 5 was a needle and a mouth C7. signifying "to speak cleatly" ot "word." The right side was used phonetically to indicate "to overlap each other." Together they indicated that words and actions are the same, or "sincere." The kanji t$, means "faithful; sincere."
W. sinceritv, fairhfulness 'tt'sincere, faithful
8$,$ sincerity
loyalty, allegiance
I SAA one's ttue heart, devotion
* * * *
r b a
13
llOOKmji
609
		
	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:]
		! * J
610
1
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
® blue; fresh			quiet; serene i	4r * b=p^ #>'">,i#i#
ORIGIN: In the old form if", the top part 4, which came rrom leaves above the ground, meant "fresh." The bottom part TT (now changed to h) came from "h1 (clean water in a well "H1 was emphasized by a dot in the middle). The current lcanji Jrf" means "fresh; blue."			ORIGIN: In the old form W, the left side if" (now written as fl ) meant "blue and serene." The right side ^ consisted of a hand coming from the top and one coming from the bottom, signifying fighting to grab something in the middle. Together the two sides indicated "quiet after a fight stops." The kanji     means "quiet; serene."	
t blue It^- young man ^ green youth, immature	; -f-^^ youth •## the bloom of youth 1t"X# c7) sky-rocketing		it It   quiet, serene ;^fti: Calmly, Cooler Wi'i tranquility	I          a vein leadedly   r#jLi"'S to stand still ! ^t^l-'t'S to rest quietly in bed
			-+ * * f«*t rrwt 14	
ORIGIN: The left side ^ is a rice stalk, signifying "harvest." . ne right side of the old form 3£> consisted of ^ "to part in - middle" and Jll "older brother or male member of fam-(person with a big head). Togethct they indicated "to - d the head of a family of his harvest," that is, to levy a tax. Tnc kanji f& means "tax; levy."
■ft tax
= fftt consumption tax * *#do duty-free goods
o^$c taxation M ft customs duties , tax evasion
f i if f fff^ft
12
ORIGIN: The two different ancient forms both had a "house" (/"*"); the first one had a mat to sit on and the other a "cloth" (ffj) for a floor cushion. Then the seating mat was replaced by a cooking pot, perhaps to signify seating in the comfort of home. The kanji)% means "seat."
us
h% seat
tfaffi presence, attendance Xffi absence
audience, seating area
?tt3
t$.)$ seat of a chair h% % sweep over
10
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
B
a long time ago bygone days
3*
B
ORIGIN: The top came from two lines indicating "to repeat." The bottom B was the sun, signifying the passage of time. Togethet they signified times that had been repeated. The kanji "b" means "a long time ago; bygone days."
em.
# old times, bygone days
%fc   once upon a time
IriS story of the olden days
4~1r now and then —"a ten years
t*3co
old days
i  n b e
ON-KUN READINGS:
stone; rock
ORIGIN: The ancient torm depicted a stone under a c The kanji -"5 means "stone" or "rock." (In the case of k though, it is used as a unit of measure, for example, of i grain, timber.)
€ rock, stone
ants
fossil soap
: mm
| jewelry
i cl'L
; pebbles —7?^ 10,000 Ma of rice
| ORIGIN: The left side 3f. was a rice plant drooping under the weight of the crop. The right side, "Jc "liability; responsibility"—phonetically used here—depicted a tugged, thorny shape above currency (H,). The kanji originally indicated tribute in the form of grains. Collected tributes would pile up. It also means "the product." The kanji fff means "to pile."
%ttJ to pile up
area, measure #*t volume
fit'J intention, idea
fflir.& reserve fund
fl-^    longstanding, of many years
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER
t*	í"
ORIGIN: The left side jfc was "thin, silk threads pulled out : silkworm cocoons." The right side indicated "liability responsibility." The combined form originally indicated i tribute that was expected in the fotm of threads or woven cloth. The kanji     means "to accumulate" over time.
past records ItMM ISft achievement, business results result, grades	#/!St distinguished services spinning
' * * t f i ^rrrri'nit^tsjim i-	
1100 Kanji
	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER
	•tr*-tŕ(íĎí>)	
S: In the ancient form the top depicted a tugged, ". shape, and the bottom J3. was a cowty, used as trade. The combined form was used to indicate •_:c that people had to pay. Ftom that, this fofm indicii something that is demanded. The kanji jit means
far" ot "to blame."
responsibility obligation
j   CUS OA.
I ff r i to blame I remorse
he? i MM&
taking responsibility      XH; responsibility for -ron oneself wording
— ■+■ *
ii
	ON-KUN READINGS:	: HEADER: '
		
JRiGlN: The left side -fc was the numbet seven, here used conetically for "cutting." The right side was 77 "swotd; The use of a sword or knife creates a siruation that one I iindles seriously. The kanji ^P] means "to cut" ot "serious; :i-v.est.
| c i to cur | 7W1 *X important, valued
1 , i MM
fi kind, good, obliging all, everything
t postal stamp l^'l-Wiftsold out
t
! Wl~ earnestly, eagerly
618	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
® red		
ORIGIN: The top part i- was a variant of "large," and the bottom was a variant of lK "fire." Together rhey signified the color of burning fire. The kanji iff means "red."
#red *ir    If-5 ifoLtyj baby # baby	-S3« #i| the equator #3F3£, brick red #;ii5R red blood cell
	-
ORIGIN: The left side $ was a hand. On the right side it "tattoo needle" and 7&T "woman" signified a tattooed woman—that is, a slave. A servant would have stayed close to do manual woik; the meaning evolved to "close enough to contact." The kanji -f^c means "to contact."
M tt-3 S4# interview JU# direct indirect	lí"f 4 to meet in petson, to contact fcl#£ reception room 1io3A í#iá"f-6 to approach
	
THE KEY TO KANJI
621
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
to break; occasion
ORIGIN: The ancient form shown in the middle indicated rhar $ was in fact not "hand" but rather "grass; wood broken in two." 'Ihe right side 7f was an ax. Together the fotms signified "to break." When a break happens, it creares a new occasion. The kanji \\f\ means "to break" or "occasion."
f. ; #<?> to bend; to bteak J&iit right turn tZ on that occasion	<^U-3 /ffitt refraction, bending tt# collapse, setback tt-H1 "f 4 to divide in half
-t * rff^r	
section; holiday; occasion; I moderation; tune j	ON-KUN READINGS:        j HEADER:	
		
| ORIGIN: The top Yf "bamboo," which has distinct joints, 1 and the bottom     "a person bending his knee to eat food" 1 1 togethet signified "punctuation." Something that punctuates 1 time was a "holiday" or an "occasion" and something that kept 1 one's behavior from becoming in excess was "moderation." A I flure made of a section of bamboo makes a tune. The kanji Ip I means "section; joint; holiday; occasion; moderation tune." 1		
i^ffi season ,.,L IP joint, tune not ffJjSi moderation		.'■/.--■-:. f^ff? joint f££j seasonal festival /kftiSt5 naniwa-bushi song |
		
ORlGlN^melelt!ride was "wedge," which was miscop^J into & "word" latet on. The tight side     was a weapon i hand, indicating "to fight," a general meaning that becanrl
"to engage in work." Together they indicated "to se: something following words (perhaps order)." The kanji SL\ means "to set up."
15
fitlt'S to set up lltasf. new setup istif design
Wvto
construction
ffiJ? setup vov
tstfll equipment, installac
i    n   o  5 5
624 I to explain; opinion	ON-KUN READINGS:         i HEADSM tr>*r-f-i:K) f	
	J     ^ I ^S*   M                  n£ I	
1 ORIGIN: The left ~5 had ^ "needle" and D "mouth," sig-! J nifying "to express an idea clearly" or "word." On the right 1 side, in the old form      ^ means to cut into two and 5L 1 was an "elder." Togethet they indicated a wise man who 1 explained a difficult matter The kanji IS, means "to explain* or "opinion."		
1 uoai,' 1 MBH explanation Pift commentary 1 ~$ti& canvassing rour, campaign		i# view, intetpretation t Si/ to preach oiJt( to persuade
I           _^    J-     A- .1. ** 1	i   o   d   5   u   a   a   a/ a/L	
:«ir
1100 Kanji
on-kun readings:	header
I <£3>	3
ORIGIN: The top W depicted "rain; something that fell from the sky." The bottom 3 came from "hand holding a broom to sweep" ot "to cleanse." A snowfall blankets the earth as if cleansing everything on the ground. The kanji l? means "snow." (The broom has been dropped in the cutrent form.)
4? W snow	L/v-J :) $t1f new snow
^1" blizzard 5"     snow shoveling	■ffW avalanche «Ci< IF 5^ vindicating one's honor
*  " r~~* rf^ ^t^* atF* f5T^* rcii*	^■^•^ 11
	
on-kun readings:
header
: = IGIN: In the ancient form the top comes from a forked ■-ting weapon, here used phonetically to mean "to thrust and the bottom is O "mouth." A tongue can move in md out of a mouth. The kanji "^ means "tongue," and also "speaking."
% tongue
6 5. Wfti insufficient (explanation)
4 M ttT? to eat with gusto
^■i&^'jio to speak
eloquently
extfo
^■o- speaking bitterly, stinging tongue
on-kun readings:	header
	1 *
to cease to exist; cxtremelv beautiful
origin: The left side & was "threads." The right side fe "sword" and "bent body," used phonetically, indicated "to cut." The combined form indicated cutting threads. Because
rli means "color," thus it also gave the meaning of beautiful colored threads. The kanji      means "to cease to exist" or
extremely beautiful."
fg#tl- absolutely r-to cease to exist i&i^'fi to cut contact completely	$62^ hopelessly, desperate j tf44ft< very beautiful scenery MS extinction
	******** *
628	on-kun readings:         j header:	
® ahead; to proceed; j the past		
origin: The top was a foot, and the bottom JL was the lower I patt of a person. The tip of the foot is the part of the body that is foremost when one walks. The kanji yfc means "ahead," "to proceed," or "the past" (that which has gone ahead).		
rife 4 teacher tl:j8 last week s*,eo tt:H a while ago, the other day		last month /t i- ahead of f^/t^? by priority, preferential
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a combination of a person A and one . Soldiers were counted by the thousand, and divisions of ttoops were marked by a line. Hence the kanji depicted people coming together by the thousands. The kanji ~f" means "thousand."
1M, -f- thousand BAr three thousand ■S-^f-TJ Fl fifty million yen	hs ■f-fi Thousand generations ■j-$k<M closing day (in sumo, play) -f"MBft second sight
	3
ON-KUN READINGS:
to state in public
631	:         ON-KUN READINGS: -fe>-fcol$'(b)	HEADER:"! •t
specialty		
ORIGIN: The old form     depicted silk thfeads from cocoons being reeled out by hand "^T and converging into a single point for spinning. This signified "a point to convetge" of "to specialize." Now slightly abbreviated to      the kanji -lp-means "specialty."		
UA4,A
■#H specialty
major (in academic field)
-M'llfc'/o autocracy
— r n 1=1 © * ^.j
UAJ:-:
ffl exclusive use b solely
-ttALA.
Jf-<C LT wholeheartedlv
ORIGIN: The top ^ is a house. The ancient form of M. a coil between two lines, indicating an imperial room rounded by boundaries. The words in a ceremony, and ji cial decisions made in an imperial room, were proclair publicly. The kanji JL means "to state in public."
»«>«. %\i advertisement	jtftW missionary	
jET declaration	fi* oath	
-tiA-t*Aa.c< 1 iSMM^a proclamarion of	i ttMT ; ST imperial decree	
war		
		
		
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADS
"1
ORIGIN: Originating as a pictograph of a flowing rive: between two banks, the kanj
means river.
		
)1| river	Fill] river	
hi A'tt		
H<nn\ the Milky Way	| illW satirical poem	
	[ trhlt,	
Jl|^ river bank	\ HIT downstteam	
)    Jl )\\		3
1100 Kanji
633 j war; to fight	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER L iz>-^<$-fztzMö) 1 *	
	Vp ■» *)^"%	
:=IGIN: The left side Jp- (the old form of      was a forked 1 weapon in which the fork was emphasized and the right side 1   '. vas a halberd. The old form      is now simplified. The 1        ^ means "to fight" or "war."		
1 (St* war 1 ^ battle 1 <"to fight		*f *5 to have a match SAI^ Giants'game $W strategy
* - r * *		
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
GIN: The left side / indicated water. The right side d two halberds, which signified "to cut away" or "to reduce to small pieces." Togethet they signified a small irr. :unt of watct, or the lack of depth in one's knowledge or :: -.sideration. The kanji 1% means "shallow."
I ■  shallow shallow beach
l£la * despicable, shameful   i^#S shoal, shallows I : t ,7j.' superficial ■ 'AM f£ shallow, superficial
/ }*" >** 'r^fki'Mi
■■■■■■■■■■■■Ml	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
		
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of spring water running between rocks. The kanji 7^. means "fountain."		
%. fountain S A hot spring, spa fountain water
geyser
LfVtfADMfl.'
M AsSfft taxation at the source
ORIGIN: The left side J was watet and the right side "/fe consisted of a footprint and a person JL, signifying "ahead" or "to proceed." (One's feet always move ahead of the body.) Combined, the two sides indicate to clean a foot with water. The meaning of foot was later dropped, so the kanji means to wash."
älfel to wash
T*<b
a^-:i§t^1 washroom
3t>It& • iSfcilfli washing machine
uSp'T washroom
n.'-&A^a.c t
'fcfcHrfi a flush toilet i$ML baptism
^>^" » At <■ At- '»Ab-
j j j  f Jr JKi
THE KEY TO KANJI
637 ^—s to dye	J         ON-KUN READINGS:         \ HEADER:^ I   t>'L(*)-f(*§i *
	1 i* ft. *
ORIGIN: The upper left side > indicated "water"; the ori gin is the same as the kanji "*fc, which depicted a stream of water. The upper right      depicted a person who kept his eyes on fabric being dyed. Dyes were taken from the berries and bark of a tree "rV The forms combine in the kanji which means "to dye."
to dye
\i.$kln contagious disease
fcttA,
:^vk contamination
Ifefel^ chromosome Ifett dyes infection
- i ij au ifti ^
638	ON-KUN READINGS: *>	* 0
line	Q *   it. * * is:	
ORIGIN: The left side was threads, signifying son "long and thin." lire right side jfl "founrain" was used f netically to mean "slender." Together they indicated i: thread, or line. The kanjii
; means line.
^ line
*>*0>TtA.
ilt^iK Yamanote Line —track number two
Tftl underline flŽiĚŘ derailment í-^ lane
	ON-KUN READINGS:	! HEADER:
		
A a
O
IGIN: The left side was "boat" and the right side indicated an action that moved along a hollowed-out area. A boat sails along with the flow of water. The kanji fyv means "ship; boat."
ite ship, boat fsl by boat, by sea 'i     little boat	msa >#<to bathtub MIS JSoii! embarkation teši ferryman, boatman
' / n t a a it rr*r>«& 11	
mm
ON-KUN READINGS:
to choose
fa ^
ORIGIN: The top M consisted of two people put forward bv two hands, indicating "to select people." The bottom came from a footstep in a crossroad, signifying "go-forward." The kanji ill means "to choose."
m
«8.4* to select
iS# election
iS-^ athlete chosen to compete
^  '  j  r ? »
MsiS'f-6 to be elected
,11* A.
i5, ill preliminary heat iS"*? selection
? 55 if g p |'|j
J
1100 Kanji
>mall change; coins |
origin: The left side & was metal. The old form of the right side, "Hi, had two sharp-edged halberds, indicating "to cut into small pieces." Together the two sides indicated ?mall pieces of metal. The kanji §§[ means "coins" or "small change."
'J *fj[ small change (of money) ir£% money JOSi, five sen	public bath B §k daily cash income money
* * * & $ * $ $ ri=^^ 14	
origin: The left side M. was a fish. The right side was sheep. Because sheep could be used for food or for wool, and were also attractive, the form for sheep was versatile enough to be used in various kanji to indicate 'fine or of desirable quality. The two sides together meant "fine fish," hence "fresh." The kanji     means "fresh."
LArttA,
fresh
»?
fft-K'fr clear, vivid Sfofj'i.' distinct
3d fresh vegetables it«Sf North Kotea
ttA,<
Sfist freshness
643
front; befo
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER: 'J
7 - n
^7 - 'J
JM 3IN: The old form had jh "footprint" and /f "boat" to signify "moving forward." A 'J "knife" was added to indi-tt  cutting the toenails," the foremost patt of the body. Now the kanji B'J is used to mean "befote" or "front."
; — two years ago
I C5iA.iT.
£"Kls?f in front of park
BE&«*9 : Ct?A.
— *j + before noon, in the     ^ #f I - beforehand morning
». before, front
9:00 A.M.
rrrrfr
644	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:	
® good deed	1	
' ORIGIN: In the ancient form, the top was derived from sheep signifying something good. (Sheep ate good-looking, tasty, and useful for wool.) The bottom was derived from the two old forms of s "word." Togethet they indicated "good deed to be ptaiscd with words." The kanji -|§- means "good deed."		
# goodness U«A 1 S# charity I 1fAA'		&#<7) the best f^##J hypocritical self-righteous
Is        « ** ij ¥ # ^ jt_^Lj|fc_g. 12		
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:
f.
; W-,....
ORIGIN: The ancient form consisted of H "meat," j\. "dog," and a variant of "fire" J^C. Together they signified "to burn animals meat." A new kanji was created fot this meaning incorporating an additional form for fire IK. Then f& came to be used phonericaliy to mean "naturally" or "yes."
1 not at all ä ^ nature =ä *SS justly	natural u-tfA. spontaneously #&-J exactly so
>  9 9 9 9-& 9K9K9K9&9K9K 12	
ON-KUN READINGS:
V
HEADER
ancestral
ORIGIN: The left side -7- (originally /f\) depicted an altar; it was used in kanji that pertain to religious matters. The right side was a pile of stones, indicating a tombstone. Together they signified ancestral celebration. The kanji "fJL means "ancestral."
S.X grandfather ffi# grandmother
ancestor (of family)
jä^fc ancestor (of race)
_£c<
filial one's own country
7Cffi originator
7 t "f }1 ^n^R^B^g.
...................................Ill......—
S/ S ON-KUN READINGS:        - HE-O
04t> t>-T^(T)-S-D/c«)
ORIGIN: The top part indicated "to collect things unc one cover." The bottom 7C. was a "craft." Together A indicated "collecting all the crafts completely," or just "coj plete," or "perfect." The kanji ^ means "all; entire; pecH
^ < entirely 5E:£l: completely
1?a.^: £SP all
^rM entire country ^^fv ail-American annihilarion
ORIGIN: The top form "to droop" came from the dcpictio.i of a rice plant hanging its heavy head, here used phonetic... to indicate "soft." The bottom fa. was thin silk threads being pulled out of silkworm cocoons. Together they indicated taw, unrefined threads. The kanjimeans "crude; original.*
ffiA simple ^cAti obedienr, gentle barefoot	i,-:. ■■ ■$A amateur tu< Tpr+hfr simple, artless ^TÜ') passing through
	
1100 Kanji
on-kun readings:
header
ORIGIN: The left side %\ depicted thin silk pulled from silk cm cocoons, signifying threads. The right side was a pile
of stones, indicating ancestral tombstones. Together they [ ant to assemble threads one by one or "to braid," or what
■vis put together, a group. The kanji %B. means "to braid" or
"group."
*£ class, group program
Bd i l<
-5*; organization ttffiA mechanism
I ! i »
mij to form a pair or group fo4± combination
n
r
on-kun readings:
V><b
header:
-: jrage; warehouse
Q
a it
=IGIN: The ancient form depicted a stotage space for grain, :th an opening for access, indicating that it was a structure nere one could move grain or other crops in and out. The IDji & means "storage; warehouse."
ť % warehouse
ti   tti^f granary region
Z*><!f,
rice granary
JSl^S-lSi; to seize by the coat lapels
,
OHIGI N: The left side "storage" was used phonetically to indicate "to cut," and the righr side 'J was "knife." Together they indicated "to cut" or "to create" something new, or a "cut or wound." The kanji W\ means "to cut," "to create," or wound."
i'i i> to create
H«
i'Jie creation
«*3T?
iW+j: original, creative
i'JSX^ ingenuity IWfeif founder
*3L.*5
il'HS knife wound
12
origin: The ancient form depicted a scene in which two hands offered a sacrificial animal to a god, signifying "to put words or music forth to a god or a higher being." The kanji ■ means "to report to a ruler," or "to play (music)."
i ĽÍ5Í3
:M # musical performance   j -h # ~t í to report to a ruler
Ií^ř3
ff# accompaniment
r«3 ■ »-,i=>
#T"~> to play music ft # solo performance
# musical ensemble
THE KEYTO KANJI
	ON-KUN READINGS:	■ HEADER:!
		
		
ORIGIN: The top depicted a roof and IT, the old form of E3 underneath, was a rice steamer. A food steamer has many layers so steam can citculatc effectively. Tire meaning of layer also refers to people. The kanji <^f means "layer" or "class of people."
t ^ layer %Wl t'f high-rise building tk>§6\> superficial	i&p)t#^f^ low-income people i^M stratum ^-1 three layers
	
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
y •>««)	
ORIGIN: The left side ^ was "hand" and the right W depicted a hand holding a btoom, which signified "to sweep" ot "to cleanse" a place of worship. The kanji ffr means "to sweep."
«1 W'.t. cleaning .j to sweep cleaning	—^"f-6 to sweep away, to wipe out
	
I ORIGIN: The left $ was a hand. The right had the moud» I 1 of three birds perched on a tree ?K, which indicat "noisy and busy." Together they meant doing something I busily. It is also used fot a way in which a person shouic behave, thus "chastity, faith." The kanji     means "to operate" and "fidelity."
frtt physical exercises, gymnastics
tit
Äff operation
time in operation
1S£ to operate, to manipulate
®W integrity, chastity
L'i3-t5
ttS aesthetic sentiments
1100 Kanji
	
657	ON-KUN READINGS:           HEADER: \
® early; quick	
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted an acorn. The outer shells were a source of black, or dark, dye. Because it is dark early in the morning before the sun rises, the kanji means "early, quick."	
-S- >1 early at ri^-i good mornin ■S-ii at once	-¥-iS leaving early j tohto 5              Jp-W early morning ]        speaking quickly
	
MGIN: The old form ^ showed two hands, one coming MB above and the other coming from below, fighting for mething in between. Now the top      has been replaced The kanji means     "to fight; dispute."
to fight, to dispute ~ ^r-^iÄ labor dispute Ü* controversy
Wlfy conflict, disturbance
the point at issue l*l#" internal conflict
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
ORIGIN: The old form Ä depicted §J "little heads of three chicks sticking out of a nest," which was on top of a tree ?tv The kanji     means "nest."
Ä nest **
leaving a nest
it T
32?Ä robbery in ones absence
Clip
fit a lesion
TIJC
All birdhouse
r w & « jh ^ |£ ^
11
ORIGIN: The left side Tfc was a tree and the right side @ was "eye," which signified someone facing a tree. Combined, they suggested "observation" or the "state" of what was observed. At the same time, the tree faces the observer, making it "mutual." A government minister also closely watches a matter. The kanji ^1 means "mutual" or "state" or "minister.'
	Stützt.'
$B%- opponent, partner	to confront
	
:fBJ& consultation	palm readings
	
?MS foreign minister	market price,
	speculation
- t * * ft fri+nfäfs
THE KEY TO KANJI
661
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:
	Í &
ORIGIN: The old form W of this kanji depicted an opening in a house, that is, a window. Then, for reasons rhat are unclear, "heart" was added underneath. Now simplified to      the kanji means "window."
,^ window
Mt* next to window-is-";
^ iS by the window M c window, counter
Xh.it
skylight
reunion (of graduates), alumni association
I isii
11
ON-KUN READINGS:
grass; plant
ORIGIN: The older form 'r't of the top depicted two water plants floating in the water or rwo plants in the ground, which was simplified to The bottom "early" was used for its sound. The kanji ^ means "grass; plant."
	
¥ grass	¥® zorc sandals
	t«J
i%^- detour	medicinal herb
<^.?	
plants and trees	fast, grass-style writing
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
vr>-T(^-5)-T^(T)
(1)
4£
ORIGIN: The old form was The left side & tograph of thin silk threads being pulled out of sil cocoons. The right side was used phonetically to mear. get (threads) together in a bundle." Together rhey indie; a "putting things into one" or "all." The kanji rr.c whole" or "all."
CtlTT overall
Su'k' general meeting
Ml^ general affairs, a manager
*§Tall
general, synthesis £ti< president, governo
1 * M řH rrrreigi
7
ON-KUN READINGS:
hea:e="|
ft
71
ro wear; to equip
ORIGIN: The top      consisted of a table and a soldier nified by a weapon placed upright), indicating sometl. . "grand" or "manly." The bottom     was "clothes." Togetl they indicated "to wear good clothes," or, by extension,' equip" with something. The kanji to equip."
means to wear or
MM. outfit
S i to dress
«*,
ktS. installation
attite 1   i s
trti
9M. costume
Ťl^M, wrapping paper
^Sf# cquipmenr, gear
12
1100 Kanji
ORIGIN: The top i. depicted a person running with arms up md down and head forward. The bottom was a footprint, which was somewhat stretched to indicate the long stride of a runner. The kanji ?t means "to run."
X£ to run
•^tMt foot race
^■TSiltt mileage, distance covered to drive
«1*
3zM runner If A December
- + ^^^^
667	on-kun readings:	header: 4
image; shape		
l= GIN: On the left 4" is "person." The right side IfL was a 7 -crograph of an elephant. The enormous size of an elephant ^d its odd shape imprinted a strong image in one's mind. .: jether they signified "image," or "shape," which are still ■C current meanings of the kanji •f$L
s %3i pottrait e % visual image ~t- video footage, image
image of Buddha ^tlls real-life image %fft film development
origin: The upper right part depicted sending something with both hands. The ancient form of the bottom K_ was the left half of a crossroad and a foot, signifying "to move forward." Together they indicated going to deliver something. The kanji     means "to send."
iS-S to send out T/o-ta fii3si"!> to forward i&'H fee to send, shipping fee	broadcast station K,22£-£> to see off, to postpone t5JA sending money
• "* * 9	
668
ON KUN READINGS:	i HEADER:
	±
to increase
ORIGIN: The left i was a neat pile of soil. The right side W rice steamer" was used phonetically to signify "to repeat." Together they indicated to add more soil. The kanji means "to increase."
iU"f to increase i^io an increase to increase
Mil* sudden increase
if    swelling (of a river)
if-6 to grow presumptuous
14
the key to kanji
on-kun readings:	: header: J
7 7	IZJ
<p -» if
14
origin: The left side came from 1^1, a piece of meat or flesh wirh muscles, relating to a body. The right side Wt "stotage" had a watchful eye of a protector (E) with a halberd (~%). Together they indicated internal organs or body parts, which are protected within one's body. The kanji l$St means "organ; body part."
'■^88 heart	AWir^Kf the internal organs
F1" St internal organ	and bowels
SSSff lii organ transplant	
nil rrrrr»	'rwwwffiffimmm "»
origin: The top is a grass radical originating trozt W plants growing with the roots in the ground. Underneath was which had a halberd (7^) and * a watchful eye of a protector (S), signifying "to protect." Combined, they indicated "to protect by hiding under grasses." The kanji ML means "to store" or "storage."
■ Mt storage P*-]JloD internally equipped %W.<n treasure	storing into avault CCA.-P5 inexhaustible JfeSy/zo (guardian image)
	
671	on-kun readings:        j header: '/■>v-> •*-<(*) H		672	on-kun readings:         j heade = V->-3<(«) ^
to give a present I	mi JK		to create	
origin: The left side M. was a cowry, a rare shell that was used for currency. The right side M came from Is", which depicted a steamer with a stack of steaming trays, signifying "to add extras." Togethet they indicated "to give a valuable		1 i	: origin; The ancient form consisted of a flat bowl on the left and % on the right, which was used phonetically to indicate "to teach." The left side was latet replaced by i__"to go forward" and the new kanji 3j= came to mean "to create."	
presenr." The kanji!	la means "to give a present."			
1 f3-CV» P.f & to give a present          ■ Bf JL prescnration of gift fc<                                        j 3t"3 If'1^ present                     ^Sf contribution f¥S presenr                 ; If 4«. gift tax			-x jj5& to create                      is It artificial flower **«                                                i CA.f5C crearion                    ! Aij|;$i man-made lake WHSl!                                         i h<4?0 $JiSl3£ manufacturing         7Kift wooden structure industry	
i n n B a B i	r rrrjwwnHMMi i«		' " * * f ft ftio	
IWOKanji
673	ON-KUN READINGS:		HEADER: 4
® l side; close by J		Mi- w * /? «	
| ORIGIN: The left side 4 was a person. The right side Mil, which came from a tripod with a catving knife, symbolizing a tool used for inscription, was used phonetically to indicate "side." Together they indicated a person standing beside a tripod. The kanji iM means "side" or "close by."			
■&1W right side TI below C 6* T -1 ffil the other side		fUül close associate $] side %&$\ veranda	
/   '   f -fn fn jH -fi -fli .			
			
675	ON-KUN READINGS		HEADER:^
instant; to accede to (the throne)
ORIGIN: The left side depicted food, and the tight side P i^picted a petson taking a seat to eat. Combined, they meant "to take up something immediately," which extended instantly." The kanji BP means "instant" of "to accede to the throne)."
	
5p *> that is to say, exactly	SPIi enthronement
!■'■   1: promptly	BP 1c spot sale
"S 7—/y precooked	?P?E. instantaneous death
ramen noodles	
" " 9 F B g-Jgp	7
ORIGIN: The left side M. came from a thfee-legged pot that was used to cook offerings for an altaf (it is not a cowry). The right side 'J was a knife, signifying a rool "to inscribe." Characters were inscribed on the bronze pot to record important events. Those inscriptions became the rules to follow. The kanji H'J means "rule; law."
3-t< regulation «*< W'J school regulation • it1] LT in conformity with	S3 B'l punitive provisions ^UJtLTin principle JO1] foul play
i n n b i ii |iji| 9	
676
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the top § was a nose and the bottom iv^ was a heart. One breathes through the nose which moves oxygen to the heart, so rhe combined forms indicated "to bteathe." Breathing deeply is a sign of life which is perperuated by the prosperity of a family. The kanji Mi means "to breathe; to increase" also "son."
^5 & breath vtz &^ son ,1^*1. out	of breath	; /c*a.t a sigh j l*< : -J-A [honorific] son j «-t< j 4 A "f 4 to inhabit	
Alki test,	relaxation		
' f n	* r& ,*	ft * ft 'Mk Aii	10
the key to kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	
CD
7n
origin: The ancient form depicted a bundle of sticks tied tightly together in the middle. The kanji j^t means a "bundle" ot "to be united" (such as people united for a cause).
fvJR promise %.t±4> to bundle
fe#."f i> to presenr a united   #)5fc"f   to restrain front
i autM
bouquet of flowers
j *<I3<
MM yoke, restraint
on-kun readings:	header:
Vi?-*L-fc(0«)	! Ä
leg; foot; to uffice; sufficient
O
origin: The ancient form depicted a leg between the knee and the foot. The top patt cotresponded to the knee (O and the bottom was the foot, which was somewhat stretched to indicate a motion. This form was also borrowed phonetically to indicate "to suffice" or "sufficient." The kanji JlL means "foot; leg," "to suffice," of "sufficient."
k%. left leg SJ)ti^ *be short of Hk—JL a pait of shoes
"fÄ. not sufficient, shoftagc
* tc
S^Ä'J/: to be contented with
Ä"S* ankle
on-kun readings:
/ft
o
origin: The left side > is "water." The right side I'J was used phonetically to indicate "to measure." Tc they indicated measuring the depth of water, or me; in general, 'lhe kanji)!'] means "to measure."
observation
*<TK
JW/E measurement
Wir
«.<*<
@ eye measurement ~fsS']<n unexpected
il'l-C) to measute -"f% forecast
^"jffl actual measurement
on-kun readings:
HE-
z-.^1- fc
origin: The uppet right     "bundle" depicted a tope encircling twigs, but here it is used phonetically for "to be qi The old form %, of 2— (a foot on the left side of a crossroad signified "moving forward." The combined form iJrl means "fast."
i§ \1 fast speed speed pet hour	ttsttt^- fast ttain ill it express mail delivery itjitiSSS- highway, expressway
'      "äff 10	
• CO
1100 Kanji
ORIGIN: The old form Wi) suggests an animal mating. The top as the rail {/%.) of a female animal, and the bottom was a male animal. Mating results in producing an offspring with similar attributes. The kanji fl| means "to belong," or "same charactetistic."
%~t & to belong Jf-S exclusive
-*« i •>•<■<
=f <S belonging to, affiliation ftÄ being attached
t<it^ 5A?<
%-~k generic character, metal attribution
683		ON-KUN READINGS:        I HEADER: jS v->o-3(<) &
to continue		»«■» ■» » • <f>* ©»
ORIGIN: In the old form       the left side      was threads, which signified continuity. On the right side, T_t was a foot, ;:gnifying "to walk"; m was "net"; and H, was a cowry for trading. Together they indicated trading continuously. The sanji     means "to continue."		
< to continue                   t££si connection sSfct continuation                f?c%i recurring occurrence : *9f| * £ one after another inheritance / * * t * * trmnp-frtk 13		
I ORIGIN: The ancient kanji was apictograph of an arrow under a clan s banner, which was tied to a crude pole. A clan moved along with its own banner in battle, signified by an arrow. The kanji     means "family" or "tribe (under one banner)."
—Ä clan people, ethnic group |s]Ä"z;f± family-owned company	W.tk rribe, race ISySt family special interest politician
' * 11 rm*fefrt£ »	
684 ®\ soldier; Co end; | sudden	ON-KUN READINGS: L v,>	HEADER:
		
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted clothes that had a mark-ing or badge. Marked clothes were worn by slaves or soldiers. The ancient form has also been interpreted as clothes for the deceased, signifying an end. The kanji ^ means "soldier," "to end," or "sudden."
	
graduation	A45 soldier
	
7\ -t * college graduate	graduation
$M?]-f & to faint	ceremony
>?~~ &~ tZk ytK yj^.
the key to kanji
to sustain; to know; to think [humble]
origin: The first three strokes came from , a weir that blocked water from flowing. The bottom right "J\ used phonetically, indicated "to accumulate." Together they indicated "to pile up, to dam," that is, to create something solid. The kanji •f-f' means "to sustain; to exist." The kanji is also used as a humble form of "to think" or "to know."
#4 existence 3L# survival
PA, j 3*A.
#LT^ x-6 [humble] to know j Bt£<7) existing ika i MMM>
to preserve I #^I* to one's hearts
content
687 ;	on-kun readings:        i header: Lv>*£5£m«;fcoE(t*)j -f
(¥) i to revere; to respect 1 L i	1 ^s*""1"
origin: The top part depicted a large wine vase, and the m bottom "\}" was a hand (or two hands in some old forms). Together they indicated offering wine with both hands during worship. From that idea, the kanji 4£ came to mean "to revere," or "to respect."
t->v. Kit # k» ■ # i > revered ♦ft respect ♦it "f   to think highly of	i;t a.la. iSI'c: self-tespect ♦ A i- haughtily LiA,?A, principle image
	
686 grandchild; offspring	on-kun readings:       : HEAcJ	
		
origin: The left side     was a child, and the right side £ 1 was lineage (askein of thread extended). Together they laA-cated a child in one's lineage. The kanji $h means "gn»J 1 child" or "offspring."		
% grandchild ■Tft descendant iCX'THi granddaugh	cer	: *cjc awa, • 5>W daughter's child j wsr «*a, • great-grandchiic
- t ? r^ww		
688
on-kun readings:
c?9 * M
origin: The left side ■rf was a hand, and the right side, M was a big, round tripod, here phonetically used to mean "tc damage." Together they indicated something that was damaged or lost. The kanji -tM means "damaged" or Toss."
■e-a,
loss
f a,£<
tP.lf gain and loss ffiS damage
?Sli+-5> to damage
*a.l-3
loss
J4PA.
complete loss
IWOKanji
3RIGIN: The left side ?K is a tree and "3" on the tight side is a hand (used here for its sound). A place where one rests (a r.and) is a place where there are trees. From that, the kanji came to mean "village."
H village
%       city, town, and village
farm village - fll
i$M fishing village village people village mayor
690
on-kun readings:	header
	1
origin: The left side A was a person, and the right side "& was a big-headed scorpion, signifying danger. Combined, they indicated a potentially dangerous person, or a person from outside the group. The kanji f& means "others."
Wfo. others
■ft A people outside ones family, outsiders
fftIG othet than
ft s""f -S to tell other pcopi
BfcKt
i      I: both oneself and others
ftg murder
691	on-kun readings:	header:"1
(?) -	^"*>1	
. - gin: The ancienr form has two different interpretations: f was a pictograph of meat. Two of them together indi-ited "many, a lot." An alternative view is that 7 was an rrescent moon, and many moons also indicated "many, t." The kanji ^ retains that meaning.		
£ >1 a lot H ^ ^j.' varied kinds
5 3' some, a few, mote ot less  ?tSit to become manifold;
5^     , ,, j diversification
ft t probably : ^
: ^ it f£ full of difficulties
- ^ ^ ^
692 big; thick; fat; peaceful	on-kun readings: ^-r-^-^c-M	header:
	\  ík     * , m fa**	
origin: One view is that the current form was simplified from the kanji ^ "peaceful," which had depicted two hands saving a petson from drowning in water. Another interpretation is that X. comes from     which meant "big" (double "big"). The kanji 3s. means "peaceful" or "thick; fat; big." J		
Ai1 thick ' . - ^ ~? the Pacific Afil the sun	impudent Ocean    j &A log ; J.T-^:i: ¥ Al: in bold strokes	
		
THE KEY TO KANJI
ORIGIN: The left side % was a hand, and the right side T was a pietogtaph of a nail. A hand hit a nail to pound it in. The kanji f T means "to hit." The kanji *FT is also used to give a simple wotd an appearance of a compound word without adding any meaning.
-	C9V
tr? to hit	tTM-f-6to break the
5 h fjt,WH& to confide	deadlock
3 » tT'j'o to-tt meeting	JT^f hitter
	tT'ft to abolish, break down
-1 * m	5
695	ON-KUN READINGS HEADER:
(§) opposing; pair	I'f>
ORIGIN: In the old form H)" "notched stand to hang musical insmiments" signified complexity.     indicated a hand. Togethet they signified a hand balancing complex things, ot a pait of things. The current reduced kanji form "fcf means "opposing; pair."	
£g*ti: absolutely mi:*tlTonthe hand fcl>J;3 MaZ'ti to tespon	: I in a pair other       #ttfc comparison &j">& confrontation d
' * 7 * *-*t-*t 7	
ON-KUN READINGS:
heai
9
ORIGIN: The old form fS. consisted of rl* "uppet b bones." ffi "flesh" and Hi "plentiful harvest offered on ±x altar." Togethet they signified an entity with full bones ar*a flesh—or an entite body, in contrast to limbs only. New teplaced by a totally different simplet form, the kanji r~£ means "body."
W- body ##■ body # whole
physical education appearance one's true colors
696	ON-KUN READINGS:         i HEAOH	
belt; obi; sash; to 1 )»v carry on one's body ^-Ul		'rff
ORIGIN: The top part of the old form $T depicted a scene in 1 which various decorarions were hung, and the bottom pan depicted a hanging cloth. Together they signified a long sash with various decorations. The kanji "n? means "belt; obi; sash" or "to carry on one s body."		
^ belt portable phone, cellular phone —% whole area		X$&&$? industrial belt i^nfa solidarity ff[%$ household, family
		
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
*-r-S(0)
: wait; to handle
pjlT		
-> ~i r	ir	
		
		-t
		
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
Ö
44
I=>
■KM: The left side -f was the left half of a crossroad, which '^pnified "going." The right side "temple" consisted of — "footstep" and "\j~ "hand" and meant "to hold in hand; :: nandlc." Together they indicated someone waiting for the ane to act. The kanji f^f means "to wait; to handle."
*~~> to wait
~$%> to invite
s »
" £h-it& to meet up
$f o'S waiting room
j fci>«5
föiS tteatment
i in'(j ^
<T) hoped-fot
11 rm&ftft
ON-KUN READINGS:
HA
opearance of ones ij tent or ability; demeanot
8*
sib
: ^IGIN: The top Hb meant "ability" and the bottom iO was i "heart." (The origin of Be; is unclear. The ancient form somewhat resembles a bear.) When one is able and detet-d ro do something, that determination show's in ones cemeanor. The kanji H§ means "appeatance of ones intent :r ability; demeanor."
	
R % demeanor	one's condition
	
JfeJH actual condition	Si1& abnormality
	
Bj&fö.£& remaining,	Ml# preparation, attitude
unchanged	
* * r f? n n r	
ORIGIN: The top part was" "plow." The middle CJ, "mouth," was used phonetically to mean "listless." The bottom i ^ was I the shape of a heatt, signifying emotion. Combined, they indicated "lazy" of "to neglect," a meaning that temains for the current kanji
•si	; HW.l.'	
,&!+■?> to be lazy,	to neglect    f#Ä fatigue, ennui	
		
Äfit negligence	j .4'ft idleness	
	: Vi ito	
M> & to neglect	ft.l+^f lazybones	
f* # £	& # # e	9
	/      /Va /'C*	
700	ON-KUN READINGS:        j HEADER:^
I   to lend; to loan I J	1
ORIGIN: The top i\ consisted of \ "person" and ~\ "stake." The same pronunciation also meant "to replace people," or to change." The bottom M. depicted cowry shells used for ttading. Combined, they signified money changing hands from one person to another. The kanji means "to lend; to loan."
-H-f to lend • ÄLkf-f :+ rental video If I it lending	KSC house to let lease loan, lending
	
THE KEY TO KAN JI
ORIGIN: In the ancient form, the uppet right came from the sun and a backward foot, indicating that the sun was setting. The lower bottom 2— was "moving forward" (formerly or JtL "crossroad" and jt "foot"). Combined, the kanji iB. means "to regress; to retreat."
retirement
CUCt<
retirement from job ifi ( to tecede
C3f;i-
•ffcift tecession, tetreat, regression
iJLio conquest, root out
ifcii one's course of action
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	j 4
	
(people) change; generations
ORIGIN: The left side A was "person." The right side "X] depicted "something twisted," or "stake." Together they indicated people interacting with one another, ot changing generations. The kanji i\ means "(people) change," and generations."
CUV
B#fv, age, era 1960^ft 1960s
I Wfoh to change fUS surrogate
: 5* i.
ft to 'J I - in place of, instead of s^" -fi "'ft Japanese national Ift a turn, shift anthcm "Kimigayo"
ORIGIN: In the ancient fotm, the left side P wasadirtwal or a large hill. The right side depicted a pig or an animal wnä big ears; phonetically, it meant "to fall down fast." The combined fotm was also bottowed to mean a "group of people." The kanji     means "band of people."
8fc band
XR enlistment
formation lSfäfi£ explotation party 'J£ PS musical band
' 1 r r rrrftPtvtWM.
ORIGIN: The old form Jfc consisted of A. "dirt," apart i "tall house," and 5L "reach to the ground," which together indicated "platform that reaches." The much simpler current form □ was borrowed phonetically to indicate the original meaning of at and means "platform."
l? platform oPfr kitchen	i. /-i. > j — o two machines/cars
	j JOtv> #6 stage, platform
dÄ typhoon	: ft:^£ j •E?ÄLi:'j.-5 to become
	j    spoiled, ruined
ä	5
J100 Kanji
705	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:"|
big, large, great, 1 grand L __	
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a depiction of apetson standing with arms and legs spread to look as large as possible. The kanji 7s. means "big, large, gteat, grand."	
A *». » large -university ^\fF mastetpiece	-KK adult "A^R. gtaduate school Ä^; <t" colossal
	3
ORIGIN: The left side JF; ("this" ot "to go straighr") came rrom a ladle, but that meaning has no relationship to the current meaning. The right side H was "head." The title comes •t the head of a work. The kanji ® means "title; topic."
SB title &M theme
8 ^ writing of the title
ep-m proposition m% tide *ll untitled
	
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
ORIGIN: This kanji consists of bamboo 1*t and a variant of 5^ "younger brothet." The ancient form of 5^ depicted a marking on a srake indicating a point below, which in turn signified the lower rank of a young age. Combined they indicated "order," in which bamboo writing tablets were placed. The kanji ^ means "order."
Wizzz.% lesson Three f£—tt a first place
LSI.'
<fc#H" gtadually
SVl'SvALj:?
%y—£Pik first impression '"".j't/S sixth sense W>—t& front line, leading
11
ORIGIN: Undet the roof of a house r** was -fji "deeply rooted grass," signifying a place where one stays in one place for a long time (such as one's home). The kanji ^fS means "house."
1z<	L»5C<
i->^L (your) house	j li'fi housing
	
one's own home	stay home
	: 3izi
'SÄfiS homedelivety	I II^JS tetutn home
setvice	
• / * /-H. ris* c^r 6	
THE KEY TO KANJI
709 1 CO attain; to reach; j plural suffix for j people	ON-KUN READINGS:		HEADER: i_
			
ORIGIN: The top i- was a variant of a person, and "sheep," an animal that gives birth easily. Together with the bottom :l_ "to go forward," the term indicated "things go smoothly." Because people do things together, it also was used to mean "people." The kanji it means "to reach; to attain." The kanji is also used as a plural suffix for people in the kun-teading.			
%t% friend ;fcAif friends '.s^Kl SEit delivery		fcit4f t stay in good health HbX't'Z) to reach if A expert	
- * j*. *			
			
711	ON KUN READINGS: t-n		HEADER: 5 I
5^.
o
RIGIN: In the ancient form s" on the left side indicated words" or "to speak" and the fight side 'Hi was a pictograph of a little bird. Originally the kanji was used to mean "to inquire." Over time the kanji aft came to be used fot the interrogative word "who."
! who
Ten
ffM' someone
tan
W-itH > no one
It Tt anyone
* * f jr t ft witwwmw. »
ORIGIN: The left side B was "flesh of the body." The oi£ form of the right side j& consisted
of/V
to cut sometrm*
apart" and )Zi "elderly man." Combined, they described Ac state of the soul of a man in prayer: it puts his bod', trance. From this concept, the kanji Wi has come to mesa, "to take oft; to leave."
PS' to take off (clothes) Ktb to escape fH&L'tZ> to cast off the skin
flSt'-fc dehydration
tea
8t"f & to free oneself from
Kit
omitted letter or
; character
J
712
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER*
ORIGIN: The ancient form, which became was a two-pronged thrusting weapon, with each prong wrapped for reinforcement or another type of weapon, a shield with rw feather decorations on top. The meaning was lost entirely when it was borrowed to indicate the current meaning. The kanji -^p- means "simple" or "single."
W-ti word (in isolation) ^7G lesson unit £A,LA..i.::A, W- 9t fttt taking up post without one's family	(credit) unit #■17^ a book, separate volume KMX -Wi alone
.....' r w & m m. M. ^	
1100 Kanji
713 ® to carry (a burden); f to bear	ON-KUN READINGS:        | HEADER:	
		
:=>IGIN: The old form IS had 1 "hand" and a person put-j> a heavy weight over a word ("§"), which was phoneti-uscd to indicate "to carry a burden." Together they j-.dicated carrying a burden in one's hand. Now the right c;e is replaced by J=L. The kanji     means "to carry (a bur--tv\' \ to bear."		
teacher in charge (9 sharing responsibility to carry on the shoulder		AO burden £/i,i:7 tS ^ -f & to take charge of 4n}h assistance, participation
- t Mi »		
ON-KUN READINGS:	i HEADER:
	
"RIGIN: The ancient form consisted of til "mountain," T~ and >\. "fite." Together they signified burning wood _ndcr a cliff (a dirt platform) to make charcoal. The kanji X means "charcoal" or "carbon."
	1 lC?AfrfcAt
R charcoal	; —K'ftÄ^' carbon dioxide
	j » T*
G vfi coal	; 5WL^4 cinders
	
* ^ carbon	iM.it~f& to carbonize
	
714	ON-KUN READINGS:        | HEADER:"1	
(§) to search; to look for		
ORIGIN: The left side 1 was a hand, and the right side depicted a hand searching for something by the light of a fire. The kanji ^ means "to search; to look for."		
30 to search, look for j< M 's to investigate tMIA, ffitö exploration		inquiring mind t^^a detection i^-fH detective
		
716
ON-KUN READINGS:	l HEADER:
	i *
short
fit
ORIGIN: In ancient times, an arrow 7^. was used to measure length. The right side 3. depicted a raised bowl and was used phonetically. The two items are short in height or length, and thus the kanji     means "shott."
*Cff
£s* * short ■ft® length
short period
£ÜPfT shortcoming
£s^ff short-lived life
rzhLh
Js#t hout [short] hand
12
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:
to be born
J L
~i r
ORIGIN: The original meaning of I5<E, "to prolong," was totally different from rhe current meaning. Because the sound of "to extend" had the same sound as "to appear," the kanji f$ came to be used as "to be born."
lfc£H birthday fcAei5 U± birth
tM'ET^ie^r centennial anniversary (of the birth)
15
718
	
ON-KUN READINGS:	hea::= □
ORIGIN: In the old form BJ, a spinning spool -*J- was inside an enclosure O. A hand ar the bottom signified "round motion," or "round." Together they indicated thinp wrapped together, or a rounded mass. Now abbreviated fH, the kanji HI means "group of people; a mass."
a.£A
^Hl futon
S^ffl a floor cushion 13    organized group
AEB group, mass t>{ 33 theatrical company H.fe ~t& to be united
ON-KUN READINGS: j HEADER
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the left side of the old form m had four short skeins of thread in secrions, and the right side was an ax that was ready to cut. Now the inside of the left side is reduced to ifc. The kanji W(means "to cut decisively."
ir-S to decline
rz
to cut ;£®t determination
BttK suspension of water supply
Khz
BH^IT resolutely ^Srr interruption
t * » H'
li
720
ON-KUN READINGS:
I ORIGIN: The left H was the sun. The right side consisted of a 1 hand from above and another hand from below, X., pullinc ] a round object, and it was used phonetically. Together thev
indicated "warmth that is created by the sun." The kanji ^
means "warm."
bJc^h > warm
IftJf ;gB£it global warming «fkm hearing
#h£It thermometer DJc^ warm winter B&'tP fireplace
H  H  B B"B,'B<'B'"B*B^B>2Bfa^
1100 Kanji
origin: The left side was "pile of stones laid" and the right •:de was "tool in hand." A blacksmith used cools in his hand md the stones laid on many levels to forge metal and to build earth. The kanji came to mean "steps" or a part of many . avers or levels. A section of writing is "paragraph" and a part of a situation is "case." The kanji |yt means "step; paragraph; case."
■fcft seventh step fkWL stairs UV sreps
I       £ gradually ^iX<T> usual, every day ®SS- paragraph
	ON-KUN READINGS:	______
	**>	S JJ
to talk
3rigin: The left side s indicarcd "to speak" or "word." The right side $k was abbreviated from three (signifying many") fires burning strongly, and was used phonetically to mean "peacefully." Combined they meant "to talk softly." I The kanji     means "to talk."
|B_I consultation Ht talk
«f l£ idle small talk
collusion in bidding price, consultation
t$il& conversation
%Sh a joke
*  *  J-  *  * ■»> i
-rrn^i^i^ 15
722
mmmmmmmmmm
ON-KUN READINGS:
'ill
header: H
H3
man; male
ORIGIN: The top ES was "rice paddies," and the bottom was 3j "hand." Someone strong enough to work by hand in rice fields was a man. The kanji 3? means "man; male."
toes ' male
man
§*©-§■ boy
E^-^st male studenc •ftS firsc-born son
/?A.t:.t
%    men and women
i   rr m m is
-7:
■ ORIGIN: The left side, A "person," and rhe right side, |B_ I "straight" together indicated someone looking at a matter 1 squarely to evaluate it. The kanji i_L means "value" or "price."
OCA,	
MX price	■fet value
l5tT *> value	litT If lowering of price
	
SIS low price	Siil numerical value
	
the keyto kanji
origin: The ancient form consisted of pictographs of an arrow 7^ and a mouth D. Together they indicated speaking with the speed of an arrow. To do so, one must know what one is talking about, or to have knowledge. The kanji %P means "to know" or "knowledge."
£ctTv    to know
l
tifab-tf: a notice
l *
^'Jo1 * acquaintance
£uiS knowledge fabL.i;'l nonchalance £dE wisdom
* ¥ ¥■ ft Znfta
on-kun readings:
header
>
origin: The left side > was "water," and the right side was a big-headed scotpion with legs flattened, signifying something strerched flat. Combined, they indicated a pool of water that was spread flat. The kanji 7til means "pond."
	
;tfe pond	>8*5i4 irrigation pond
K.'E^ dry cell, battery	Üfe old pond
fff ?K>4 water reservoir	
	6
on-kun readings:
he.-:e = ±
726
®
ground; soil
origin: The left side A was "soil, eatth." The right sic. 2 was a pictograph of a big-headed scorpion with legs flattened, signifying something stretched flat. Togethet th<T indicated a space that was stretched flat, or land. The kar.t $L means "ground; soil."
i&^r5 place name	i *tk± landlord	
che earth	• ÄT?K ground watet	
j&ftfe temper, obstinancy	: etc local, home	
- -i *		i
to place; to leave
origin: The top 1=1 was "net." The kanji is. "sttaight" came from @ "eye," facing something straight. Together the signified leaving a net straight up to catch birds. From ths idea, the meaning extended to "to place something." The kanji S means "to place" or "to leave."
1	j.. .-
B< to place	t^'JUtS to desert
	a' fe-
apparatus	ll!1 ^3L$ir2> to hoard
	
ixW.'ti to install	ffl K inversion
1 \—' t' 1 rro vtrJ r$r,	
aicceros, a
*• lares'
4T.T - to
4r".-6tob
1100 Kanji
729
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
ORIGIN: The upper-right part of the old form š4 was a rhinoceros, an animal that moves slowly. Trie old form of the bottom, ;SL, was the left half of a crossroad and a foot, signifying "to move forward." Now the kanji is somewhat simplified :o Ü, which means "slow" or "late."
•Jí'-' late, slow ■AMirito be tardy I? 1 a to be late	tlx ilai'Wb belatedly USE delayed deliver)' £LT little progress
- * r r F w- ß & I'lsg i2	
731
®
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER tt
bambo
:RIGIN: The ancient fotm was a pictograph of two bamboo ■talks with narrow, pointed leaves which hang downwards. Bamboo was used for many things in ancient life, such as in crafts writing building (II), and so
:orth. The kanji t[ means "bamboo."
\ bamboo
~3Ř bamboo bush
|WŤ bamboo shoot
f><it ti, SWzt childhood friend
"Utt fresh bamboo
ftcff CO      x irresistible fotce
Mm
730
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
) build
ORIGIN: The top -V^" was bamboo stalks with leaves. The middle part had X. "craft" and a person pounding the dirt with hands. The bottom patt is tree, wood." One builds a house using bamboo and wood on a well-prepared foundation. The kanji H means "to build."
	■ LAÍ><
3ttŘ arehitectute	#IŘ new construction
	
$£< to build	?X%k remodeling
	
■fcWt4 to construct	*b IŘ-tí expansion work
'   *■ " **               -i^sr ST S?CS9LiSt3^|£|j| 16 j	
732	ON-KUN READINGS:        i HEADER:
/íí\ ví/	§ A
tea	K-fL * /ft * *
ORIGIN: The older form W of the top      was plants. The bottom jfc came from a spade. A spade moves dirt to help make a room, which can be used to relax in, and ^ also had a sound that meant "bittet." Tea leaves are relaxing and also bitter. The kanji     means "tea."	
řííS tea
black tea S gteen tea
A 3£ (quality) gteen tea °^&t£ coffee shop, cafe $it the art of tea cetemony
the keyto kanji
733
on-kun readings:
header
to put (clothes) on; to arrive
origin: m was originally a variant of 4a, which depicted putting used writing tablets into a stove, thus meant "to put in" or "writing." Later, 4f came to be used for writing and ^1" was used for "to put (clothes) on" as well as "to arrive" because of the similar sound . The kanji means "to put (clothes) on" and "to attive."
#•6 to wear
a
% \ to arrive #$7 kimono
—# two pieces of clothing, second place in a race
t^h## arriving at six o'clock
#S good idea, concept
Y ¥A
~f*" "TT" "tT" 41" "it"
12
735
on-kun readings:	\ header?!
	f
relationship
origin: The left side A was "petson" viewed from the side; and the right side "t7 was "middle." Together they indicated something between people, that is, a relarionship. The kanji means "relationship."
««■   t : ««
'("t'**     1 be on good terms close friend
with ! i?i _     , , S>MV WOT on bad terms
l+'fr mediation : l
yjj.j. j ITA go-between,
1+ A < in hatmony matchmaker
middle; center; inside; throughou
origin: The original form depicted a flagpole going t the center of a ting. The kanji "t7 means "center; miacje." "inside," or "throughout."
■t* middle, inside <f*B China si 4*  busy signal
C»3'J 5*5*5
i£J£4' I- during class
* s»
truecentet, middle
— 0+ throughout the c« all day long
r-TT^vip
on-kun readings: ^9
e^eS
	1     |^|   ■» 1-1
	(!)          if ^
space; sky !	1 o^'*
origin: The top H"' was "roof" and the bottom 1~b depicted an empry gourd. The dot in the middle in the ancient ing emphasized the emptiness inside. Combined, the t and bottom indicated an empty space undet a roof. The I kanji i& means "space; sky."
universe ^ fft '1 hanging in midair
*3»5 -J
$3 I -   < to float in the air It? iS') somersault
'      ^ tt7 'S? i±T
i Y-r
lWOKanji
737	ON-KUN READINGS:		HEADER
loyal	C u		
1 ORIGIN: The top T7 is middle ot center, and the bottom is an anatomical heart. What is in the middle of a heart is sincerity, or loyalty. The kanji     means "loyal."			
- * = r; advice faithfully devoted	,í E loyal subject to serve loyally		
i    n a 4i t(i + di [b 1     VV^ <>ii			
ON-KUN READINGS:
Ťf-^-1-ÍL-b
HEADER:
pillar; column
DRIGIN: In the ancient form the left side ?K was "wood," and me tight side 31 was a "master." (A burning lamp stays in one place just as a master stays in one place to give an order.) logethet they indicated the wood that did not move but most important. The kanji ^S. means "column; pillar."
S pillar, column
T-.5»3
Ktt electric pole
the central pillar of a house, breadwinner
fi$ltt wall (grandfather clock
'Xfe pillar of fire flames Hfi gate
mm ^**#ť#*ě
OR IGIN: The ancient iorm 4 depicted a hand holding a brush the sun H, and two lines signifying two times (when daytime begins and ends). The current form § retains the sun and two lines, with a roof added at the top. The middle of the day is noontime. The kanji     means "daytime."
3: noon time, lunch i fi#   lunch break
: jt>s
jtNl daytime i M9t broad daylight
5rS. twenty-fout houts, day i  #1% lunch and night
to pout carefully; to pay attention
ORIGIN: The left side / was water or fluid. The right side 31 was a candle flame burning still. When one pours water or liquid carefully, one musr stand still and pay close attention The kanji /i means "to pour carefully" or "to pay attention.'
5®3%A
an order 'fi to warn, to watch Ü C to pour
)i@       to pay attention to
ägiA*"^ to attract attention
l3->5»5
placement of an order
51
THE KEY TO KANJI
741 ® worm; insect; bug 1	ON-KUN READINGS	HEADER:
	it   4 ^	
ORIGIN: The old form iH was a depiction of three (signifying "many") coiled snakes or caterpillars. It indicated "small creatures," such as a "worm. Now an originally unrelated and yet abbreviated form ife is used. The kanji life means "worm; insert; bug."
i. worm, insect, bug § ü£ harmful insects 3F4._! parasite
& ¥ L airing of stored clothing
ijl'l
3t& hairy caterpillar s4*l insecticide
ON-KUN READINGS:
-jvjutt
ORIGIN: In the original kanji, the top was "bamboo," which was made into a writing tablet. The bottom ^ was used phonetically to indicate "to make something clear." The cop was replaced by "w" "grass," and che kanji now means "to write" or "conspicuous; remarkable."
3?4f author
% ~f to author
Itlt
book famous
^&e*
La i conspicuous S-lf "i' conspicuous £ ¥ famous book
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the left side It was a prcciots I cowry used as money in trade and the right side depict.. frame or container to hold precious things such as a shells. The kanji $f means "to save money or goods."
Wfift money saved in a bank W reservoir
tc
6JÖ<
ffU saving FfrTMl lumberyard
11
tr *i I) to save (money)
1100 Kanji
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a nail. A nail is pounded in at a sttaight angle, so the kanji came to signify a straight angle or squate. It is also used fot a city block, and as a countet for small items. The kanji ~T means "(squate) block."
	
—T@ 2-chome block (block	SL^—T one piece of tofu
used in street addresses)	(bean cutd)
	
*ftT side street	•£T kitchen knife
exactly	
	2
on-kun readings:		header: l
I ill		
RIGIN: The left side *fl was a piece of cloth hanging on a role. The tight side "ft "long," used phonetically here, came ~om a stooped old man with long haif. Combined, they --.dicated "drape." It is also used for a bound bookler in the current writing. The kanji fH means "drape" or "booklet.'
L'SS'i' mericulous, merhodical
-*S pockerbook
£1 notebook
5*,*5
S&lft record keeping
C5*j j 5
iill'ft passbook
S J 51s
ffi:3| account book
11
origin: The ancient form was a pictograph of cracks on rhc underside of a baked tortoise shell. In divination, a piece of a tortoise shell ot animal bone was heated, and the lines that appeared were read for the tuler to make a decision. This kanji was also borrowed for its sound to indicate trillion. The kanji ^ri means "sign; omen" or "trillion."
2 trillion yen	■ tM.i5.t5 EW^fe precursor	
sign,omen	j ?T*3i3 Sft good omen	
15J5C3 ^■flS sign, omen		
)   1 1		6
on-kun readings:
header f-
r
1
origin: The ancient form of the old form /|H had f~ "roof of a house," "ear", i "standing person", and ,<S "sincere heart." Together they indicated a place where government officials listened to what people had to say. Now the lowet right side has been replaced by ~T phonetically. The kanji tf means "government agency."
*j'A.*ji5 L*=*5L-P
"ifff government agency      'iff'f# city hall
9\i%.fr meteorological IrttfT metropolitan police
agency
!ft/T prefectural office
/T# government building
THE KEY TO KANJI
HEADER:
*5
ORIGIN: The left side ^ "bow" indicated something being pulled straight. The right side "ft depicted a stooped elderly man with long hair, with the general meaning "long." The kanji 5ft means "to stretch; to pull to extend."
ilijft "t" & to go on a business trip y w 5I-33&& to pull a s Sft'l'ty-J' to be enthusiastic	A. the author of a plot, (ring) leadet ±51: assertion, claim If 55: exaggeration
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
morning; court dynasty
ORIGIN: The ancient form had the sun H rising from bevc a field of gtass with a boat ^. Togethct they signified time when a sun rises and a new tide comes in, "morm; Important business in the court included wotshiping sun; thus the kanji was used for "court" and "dynasty." kanji     means "morning" or "court; dynasty."
W morning 4"W this morning court
Heiancra
W% morning and night iffl the dynasty DUt breakfast
f * * * % % $
ORIGIN: The left side >  was "water." The right side, $n "morning," was derived from H "sun" rising through the gtass along a river, signified by V\ "boat." Together they indicated a tide that comes as a morning statts. The kanji means "tide; seawater."
i^a# chance to do; opportunity
ffiM high tide
low tide
*ffl«F'J shell gathering MM the Japan current
f * * ?* *
15
752 © town	ON-KUN READINGS: +3Ar6	hea:;= j B3
		
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the left side EB was a pictograpb of rice paddies with footpaths. The right side ~T was "nafi pounded in a straight angle," suggesting a junction of paths ot "squate block." Together they indicated land that hac blocks of areas with footpaths. The kanji T means "tow:
fflT town
"I neighborhood association
BT4' the street
t*u»3
BTtf the entire town
OTT the Ueno and Asakusa areas of Tokyo
i n m m a
1100 Kanji
® intestine IM__	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER: n
	'Ts -—r-  * s T - ^ 71 m	
ORIGIN: The left side came from 1^1, a piece of meat or r.esh with muscles, pertaining to parts of a body. The right ;;de is phonetically used to mean "long." Intestine is a parr of the body that is long. The kanji W) means "intestine."
fell large intestine
.'!§ small incestine
t^W <7),?.i » heartrending grief
if W the appendix #-TI long, winding
13
755
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
ft
long; chief; principal
;=GIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of an elderly person with long, flowing hair with a cane. An elderly person tas also a tribal chief The kanji "ft means "long" or "chief; principal."
-ü •' long
company president ~-W mayor
W3£ elder, wise old person \\-k first-born daughter longevity
r f p jg.
ON-KUN READINGS:
^a^-Lb^-S)-__0(?)
HEADER:
to investigate; tune; condition
m
□
SE
ORIGIN: The left side s signified "to express an idea sharply," 1 or "word." The righr side J°l, used phonetically, indicated 1 thoroughly" or "harmony." Using words, one can investi- 1 gate the state or condition of a matter. The kanji vM means I
n
to investigate; to arrange," "condition," or (from harmony) tune."
M^i> to check
_ML.
Ifl-f" condition b %M G major
us
M tune
I£sS health condition
% i to become prepared
ON KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
^_^-^fcfc(<)-	1 Ä
	
summit; to receive [humble]
t
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the left side T was a nail with a flat top and the right side W depicted a person who was wearing a headdress to show his rank. Together they indicated the top of a head. The form was also used to describe a deep bowing of a head. The kanji Tit means "summit," or "to receive" in the humble-style verb itadaku.
Tl < to receive [humble] IS ft -fZ ro receive [humble] 5J.5TA pinnacle	Tl-t summit ill (7) Tl summit iff IS to reach rhe summir
	
THE KEYTO KANJI
757
ľ      ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	
ii ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a bird. The kanji,% means "bird." (Another pictograph of a bird is 'H which is mostly used for more abstract ideas, such as in "§ day of the week" and Hit "difficulty.")
1 *) bird ztl 'Kfe small bird eft z>> 3E').fe migratory bird	IK *>.*:? E3,ft swan AS night-blindness St .ft wild bird
' f f f ŕ* ŕ- i, A.ft.ŕ^ 11	
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
I"
ORIGIN: The top li "to bear a burden" derived from a person having a burden (a full spool of thread). Jl was a cowry, which was used as currency for trading. Together they referred to paying money to hire a person to do work, a meaning that was extended to money paid for fees. The kanji K means "wages" or "fee; fare."
***
rent 1t& wages 1£Jf-ft train fare
JfK fare
Skit reward, tip : ^a.» to-e? «-tlf gfl-f- wage (hike) dispute
13
758 ® straight; direct; 1 to correct ■ill..............mini i.....in.............ilfll	ON-KUN READINGS:        : HEAOol ?(<•)-tctc(ib iz) -\Sfi-	
		
ORIGIN: The top part had a straight line over an eye @, irxi-B eating looking something straight in the eye. The low e: was added later to indicate "to straighten" phonetically. Tae 1 kanji iS. means "straight; direct" or "to correct."		
■.i fi. "f to fix .J if.I: directly ,  Ail direct communication service		t It <" immediately to negotiate personally jS.^ T intuitively
		
ON-KUN READINGS:
he~:e;
^1 ,i£p
IT"
=1
to follow; to chase; to pursue
, I ORIGIN: The upper right came from mounds of soil, whicr
was also used phonetically for the kanji that means "to I
follow." The bottom part      meant "moving forward*
(formerly i_, or Ttt "crossroad" and it "foot"). Together
they indicated to follow someone or to chase. The kanji
means "to follow; to chase; to pur
it i to chase
ifi#n addition
fc
iíh ^tHt-S to chase after
expulsion a chase 5 to mourn
r i" ŕ fi 6'&i6it
1100 Kanji
ORIGIN: The upper left f~ was a vertical depiction of a person lying on a bed, signifying someone sick. In \W, the top ~? was a person stamping down a stick through a board to get it through ($5), which signified "to go through." Together they indicated "pain going through a body." The kanji     means "pain."
A? I1 painful %'r% headache W$k stomachache
j '-j^frA.
S'fi'f Z> to take to heart f&ty \~ poignantly #fi^ damage
DRIGIN: The left side A was "person." The right side signified a mound of soil, with the underline indicating the .owest point. Together they referred to a short person. The Kanji     means "low" or "short in stature."
'C. • ' low ftfS worst 'i.T lowering
i&^L~ti to hang low
j Tk*6tQ
f&fLEE low pressure i t.-m "flfsSH bowing low
762	ON-KUN READINGS:       1 HEADER:	
I v^y I 1 —^ f I  to pass through; j to go through I smoothly		
j ORIGIN: The upper right rr\ ("J7 "person stamping on a stick 1 to push it through a board ^ ") signified "to pass through." The bottom part     meant "moving forward" (formerly or Ti. "crossroad" and iL "foot"). The kanji iH means "to go through smoothly; to pass through."		
trt _ i8.7 to commute ::K to pass through ~t i> to commute to school		il     to be understood, to open up c505cc ^ii^ft traffic accident f ii suspension of service
"•rriBHiiniiSäl io		
iHE^flflHMMRHiflBSINSIIIIHllflillBHI		
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
4
ro stay and not move
* 4. »if
ORIGIN: The leftside^ was "person," standing sideways. The right side ^ was an inn or a house with a gated archway through which people come in. Together they indicated a person stopping and staying in one place. The kanji W means "to stay and not move."
S-<S.3tl>l»
^IRf?% local train ' *X ff bus stop teefW (bus) stop
Tt'L
ff-ih stoppage, suspension
T^A,
ff-ft cease fire i£ power outage
li
THE KEYTO KANJI
ORIGIN: In the ancient form, under ^ "house" was /$L "line over foot," signifying "to halt a step." Together they indicated "to stop one's feet in a house," and thus "stable; fixed." The kanji     means "to be fixed; to decide."
	t~.
'ikfe decision	^"fe scheduled
*ct>	
^£ decision yet to be made «K	3? «0    as feared
	C*3t*3
to determine	H_7a play by the book
	
767	ON KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
^ Oft) i garden		
ORIGIN: /*" depicted a house with one side open, indicating a courtyard. consisted of 3r "person standing on dirt," and "to extend" (lower part of >%_). The three ideas together—a person standing on the ground in a courtyard with a roof extending over it—suggested a courtyard garden. The kanji     means "garden."
.:>-. M. garden k%M garden Kb ^ *CT gardening as pastime	1%$$ gardener JIME backyard J£t7fc T" in the garden
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
HE -
r
r
bottom
it; i:*
ORIGIN: The top f~ was a house;      indicated mounds —> soil with a line underneath, emphasizing the bottom or U Together they indicated the lower parr of a house. The k—B -IE means "bottom."
IS. bottom
undcrcurrenr bottom of the sea
WS,I: at the base of
I: the depth, bottom &tl potential energy
768
ON-KUN READINGS:
he-:e;
younger brother
ORIGIN: A twine-wrapped stake had a marking ar the li end, indicating someone who was lower in order by age, thi: is, younger. The kanji     means "younger brother."
nut
^ younger brother brorher-in-law sf*-?" apprentice, disciple
younger siblings
male children
half-brother (younger)
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
i
:o carry; to hold | hands; commander
ORIGIN: The left side ~f was a hand. The right side 5SL derived from a ladle with a handle, but here used phonetically to indicate "to catty." Together they indicated "to carry bj hand "or "to put something out," or "to hold each others hand (in cooperation)." A commandet symbolically uses a nand to lead. The kanji •}§ means "to carry" or "to offer" or "commander."
-. ?--5
sponsor
premi:
?t th B due date (to turn in) : itlij tie-up, coopetation Wtl f handbag |       admiral, commodore
12
771
r
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
enemy
:^IGIN: Originally the left side was %, which had r$* "::nperor," a person unifying three lines, with O "words." The right side depicted the motion of hitting or pound-_r.g repeatedly with a stick. Together rhey indicated a person *"ho faced an enemy. Now the kanji     means "enemy."
•fc enemy
hostile territory IK 31 enemy countty
?sSi archenemy
3*3t.*
powerful rival S"*fe^[. rivals in business
I* ft ft       ft ft $ 8' r^7r^ 15
ORIGIN: The left side ^ was a pictograph of a rice plant drooping undet the weight of the crop. The right side JL (a mouth and a person standing on tiptoe) was used phonetically to indicate "straighr." Together rhey indicated "to pile the rice plants neatly," but ovet time the kanji came to mean "extent" of "ofder."
flSi degree tit:
ft extent
%k U in moderation
BfS itinerary
i CSTl.'
: X® manufacturing process t=HI musical interval
12
772
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
63
target; having characteristics of
-J.
^7
ORIGIN: The left side was 6 "white" (B in some old forms) and the tight side was ^7 "ladle scooping watet." What was selected in the bright sun stood out and became a target. The kanji &\) means "tafget." When added to a noun, cK? can also mean "having characteristics of."
t<T»
S^; purpose
B       having the characteristics ofjapan
sc5l.a.t5
<pri2#} tC central
#7 target
SfSfi: accutately
»'6<<-t?
tr^&l scientific
' i fi ft a *W
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:	■ HEADER-jj
	ft
ORIGIN: The top k'r was a pictogtaph of bamboo stalks with leaves. The bottom life depicted liquid flowing out of a nar-row mouth of a pot or an empty goutd. Air coming out of holes in bamboo stalks makes the sound of a flute. The kanji means "flute."
% flute affi whistle If iS alarm horn, warning whistle	3t3 t\% steam whistle, siten t*16 flute &168£ dtum and fife band
/     *■   Jtr   *r* fit- *"V A* Mr A^r /rjr Ag jj	
775	ON-KUN READINGS:		HEADER: 1
(§}. iton	■		
ORIGIN: The ancient form of the old form He had metal slz I on the left. The right side had i. "to cut down a blockage," | JL "straight,? and      "halbetd," used phonetically to indi- I cate "black." In the current teduced fotm, the tight side has 1 been replaced by v\. "arrow." The kanji Wk. means "iron."			
}k~F$k subway, underground trains ft it railroad, railway -ft iron		ftS made of iron ftl.'l iron rule :fcft private tailtoad	
>   + *> £ f $ * $			
ON-KUN READINGS:
- -
■ _,_
ORIGIN: The old form had llf, comprising 'rff' "empera person unifying three lines and C "mouth; words"—1 used phonetically to indicate "going straight." The loud indicated "moving forward." Combined, they indicated going forward was appropriate. The kanji 3J§. means "su :j_
a| 3tt suitable ft ill it' best suited I&ií comfortable
"it 7 apptoptiate
T3trt
'§ W ^i" appropriate iSHiCO competent
v- iy ,iy
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a bundle of bamboo writing tablets placed on a table. In ancient times, treatcc ! bamboo and wood tablets were used to record import^.--: decrees or chronicles and were strung togethet as books. The kanji & means "code; law."
-§f4^H encyclopedia code
CTA.
if {ft dictionary
tb "ft the source (for quoting)
Z.TA,
classics 3\ft ceremony
n in tth itoýšLM&i
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
heaven;sky
ORIGIN: The first stroke originated from an emphasis on one's head, to indicate "top." Later the meaning shifted to what was above one's head. The kanji means "heaven; sky." Note: The first stroke ("sky, heaven") is usually written longet than the second (one's hands).
TA.CX
heaven 3d Ji. rainy weather McOJl'l Milky Way
innate, congenital
J^TA,
to be stupefied
XT 'J former official taking up a position with influence
shop; stote
SIN: Inside f~ "house" was tfe "divination." h depicted es that appear in a heated tottoise shell (or animal hones), - D "mouth" signified that the signs were read orally. . igether they indicated a house where fortunes were told, «nd latet a place whete people would shop. The kanji means "store; shop."
= a store
r. Xf-.ZtrK
" "S^fH stote's opening time
_iTA,
tf£ bookstore
: TA.!:5
Ssl stote front iSiJEffi rows of shops J5# a shop clerk
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
r
ii
r
ORIGIN: The upper left f is a person with the upper body bent forward, slumping somewhat. The middle was layers of bricks, indicating "to extend," and "clothes." Together they i ndicated clothes that ate pressed flat with the weight of laid-out bricks. Ihe kanji ^ means "to exhibit; to extend."
exhibition development %M. development	outlook ^^■H photograph exhibit !           art exhibit
	
ORIGIN: In the old form $|, ip- was a loaded cart with two wheels and was a spinning spool and a hand, signifying rolling." Now the right side is simplified to '35. The kanji ft means "to roll."
5A.T/L iSfe+'S to drive	I          to roll over	
teo* to fall	1 TA,*i teJli+'S to forward	
IsJfe'f L tevolving	sushi bar          a transfer	
"~  T   r?  S B		ii
THE KEYTO KAN Ji
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
1 W 71 ^
Ik ^
ORIGIN: In the old form 1$, comes from a depiction of a chimney, signified by black soot and a fife, tfe on the tight was a ctackcd turde shell used for divination. Togethet they indicated a black marking for divination, which came to mean simply a spot or point. The kanji & means "spot; dot."
score Of<TA £T,£, a hundred points %& fault	TA.S' ,<Sj*C to light ~tA.L: the Braille system the origin, staiting point
	
783 \®\ palace; lord; Mr. I  [formal address] 1	ON-KUN READINGS:        \ HEADER:	
		
ORIGIN: The leftside wasapeison leaning forward (J3) on a stool ("ft). The right side :x! was a weapon in hand, indicating slapping or hirting a buttock. Possibly derived from the concept of the seat of power or rule, the fotm was used for "a grand building; palace; lord." It is also used as a fotm of address for a male adult in a letter.		
■ IS lord KM lord H+» Mr. Tanaka		palace gentleman lata #13; shrine, sanctuary
- 3 f       ^ H I W-WWL 13		
ON-KUN READINGS:
?>-Ofc(x.<5)
ORIGIN: The old fotm W had "f "person" and jff- "spin spool wirh a hand," hence "rolling." Just as things toll: hand to hand, a message is conveyed from person to Now simplified to fe, the kanji means "to convey; to mit; to hand down."
tee" message
ok _
fc H to convey, to hand down
&0L ttadition
^fei to help Sfe advettiscmcnt iS]£ hetedity
784
®
rice paddies
ON-KUN READINGS:
II II	u
'1 . tf	It
ffi
ORIGIN: Rice is grown in paddies (irrigated fields). The kam 53 depicted levees (strips of raised land) between the dies, which were also footpaths for farmers. The kanji BB means "rice paddies."
H rice paddies
Tl-'TA
?JcH3 irrigated rice fields H3 ft 11 irrigated rice paddies
i nmtfiffl
)H pastotal; tutal Jtffl fertile land as? fields
1 WO Kanji
ORIGIN: The ancient form consisted of 33 "rain" and a variant of ^ "to say," which depicted lightning in the sky. Thunder and lightning were believed to be "God's words descending from heaven." Togethet they indicated the electrifying power of lightning, or extreme swiftness. The kanji IE means "electricity" or "extremely swift."
= f# electrically operated     i lET" electron
:^TA.e*
%1LJ'>f power plant Ett telegram
SltSS electric appliances j        electric power
13
ORIGIN: The ancient fotm had -f "to go" and s£L "to run which depicted someone in a hurry on foot. Together they indicated a follower or foot soldiers. In the military, a foot soldier does not have much gear and may not be useful, and thus the kanji took on the meaning "uselessly." The kanji ^ means "followet; pupil" and "in vain."
±tt pupil
ft IG uselessly 'ifefjl' in vain
S#Ton foot ! ftsfift'l/S apprentice system 1fft follower, believer
10
ON-KUN READINGS:
to cross; to hand over
1)1
r
ORIGIN: The left side > indicated water, iff. on the right rriginally indicated "measuring using the span of a hand"; "ere it was phonetically used to mean "to cross." Together •_-.ey indicated "to go across a river" or "to cross." The kanji K means "to cross; to hand over"
A&to cross WHtf to hand out X < travel to the United
j ££5
I SEfc travel to Europe
:
| VMM transition petiod
States
: 'Aliving, occupation
12
788
ON-KUN READINGS:
b^-h-(Dlf(i,)
HEADER
to climb
ORIGIN: The top ^ depicted two feet, indicating climbing feet. Underneath, 3- was a pictograph of a tall container, whose sound signified "tall." Together they indicated climbing to a higher place. The kanji     means "to climb."
i -5 to climb Silj mountain climbing going to school	t ; L t 5 Kii entrance fr^ H gateway to success t ;<t:7 appointment
7 7 7' 7^7«. 7*. 7*. 7$.	7£7$.74f7*L. 12
THE KEYTO KAN JI
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	\ I5
e-»i
ORIGIN: The left side originally depicted firewood that's been gathered and was burning in a stove—but here it is phonetically used to indicate that "many things gathet." 'Ihe right side P comes from §, "village" (land and people). A place where a lot of people gather to live is a capital. The kanji 4!P means "capital" or "many."
	
Iß capital	IP^-big city
IP£ convenience	: IPT Tokyo metropolitan
AIP Kyoto	area
	I ^COip^ every time
	
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a combination of com-monet" (whose home had a pot of food over a fire) used phonetically, and "hand." Because one measured something using a hand, the measurement units such as "\f" and came from a hand. The kanji iM. means "degree; time."
this time _ vise —fl£ once more < tey 1 - every time one comes	it A often, repeatedly Lfc< ~%Jt pteparation SÄ 100 degrees
	
790 to try hard	ON-KUN READINGS:	
	!        * 1 1 J>^i ^ 1	
ORIGIN: In the top,      "woman" and X. "hand" sigsoi^ a female slave taken from enemies in a battle. With 4 "strength," added, the kanji indicated "wotking huJI^H "making a tenacious effort." The kanji 15? means "to try haaTI		
efforts -jí. *■>-?> to endeavor		
A   It  ■# #7*55.33^		
792 © soil; earth; Saturday	ON-KUN READINGS:        ; HEAOOfl	
		
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a mound of soil on~el ground. The fitst stroke is added for emphasis. The kanji i means "soil; earth." It is also used fot "Saturday."		
±sfH Saturday ±dirt ±lfe land		i.?, with one's shoes on ties 1 i B Satutday and Sunday zxe 1 Bli a nations territory
-+i		
UOOKanji
I 793 ]	F       ON-KUN READINGS: h-^-fcC^K^MO)		HEADER:
angry	! ^	j > # * ,i	
. The top part ^X. signified a slave who did manual which was strenuous or vigorous. With a heart 1 "teed, the kanji described an agitated state of mind. The -in I Be: l>a means angry.			
1 • i to get angry 1 fury : iger, wrath		er-ev angry voice $5 ft anger	
1 -   H &ttfX-&-fXjg 9			
; "J: The top X. depicted food hanging on a string for • -iter storage. The bottom / was a variant form of ?K "ice."
winter people ate stored food, and outside it was icy and .: -d. The kanji     means "winter."
-sinter £ A winter break ■T" winter season	%~\h winter mountain | ®4-i" -5 to pass a winter i C5^A. i hibernation
	
ORIGIN: The old form H comprised Ip} "long; straight" (from cooking smoke rising through a house window) and black" (from soot in a kitchen.) Together they indicated people who share food, including a "clan." In the much-simplified current form jS, the bottom has "legs or person." The kanji 3t£ means "political party."
if i
^-f£ ruling party
Sf 5£ opposition party
caw?
!S£3ft faction
&<c3
ffi3£ scoundrel, villain party member
i ttÄ£&£j to form a league
10
796	\        on-kun readings:		TeaSet? 77
®| H    sword; knife . | ■ 1	u	* 7) 77	
iforigin: The ancienr form was a pictograph of a curved 1 sword or knife. The kanji 77 means "sword; knife." When it 1 is used as a recurring component, the fotm 'J is also used, as in .			
men 77 sword 'hZ7 small knife 77$] swords		fr77 bamboo sword ?K77 wooden sword long sword	
in			
the key to kanji
797
on-kun readings:
header
island
origin: The old form came from lL| "mountain" and "bird." Togethet they indicated "a little mountain on an island in a sea, where birds come to rest." In the current form, birds' feetwas replaced by lij mountain. The kanji Jj? means "island."
Li
Jt island
peninsula
B^'JJb the Japanese islands
>hto small island
solitary island % IS island counttv
r p p p p-
10
on-kun readings:
origin: The ancient form depicted a tied sack with a pole sticking out, indicating "to thrust through." The form was phonetically borrowed to mean "east." The kanji jfl means "east."
	
i% east	M A the Kanto region
	»<<«
Tokyo	13» #. Far East
£5?v	
#.B east and west	^.S arbor, gazebo
	8
origin: The left side t was a hand. The right side a weapon in hand, indicating a fight, and also en; work. Togethet they indicated using a hand to throw thing. The kanji -fx means "to throw."
©If   to throw, to cast j #Cn©lf £ to toss
©♦IS suggestion box I ©!_'•?> to throw
£3L« : l'3£3^3
©^ pitcher (in a baseball I to get along i
game) j well
mm
800
:
on-kun readings:
i
I
hot water; hot bath
»1 ♦ #
origin: The left side > was water, having the same origji as 7jv The right side W "to rise" was from H "sun" and . motion of raising something high, and £ "sun rays." \v=.:-rises as it is heated. In Japan /?| also refers to a hot bath. Tat kanji ~Mj means "hot water" or "hot bath."
~M hot water, bath $-,'A boiling water
public bath house
teacup Ji, steam ;#)Jd bath tub
i   J   /   /   / J
1100 Kanji
801
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
■X
1
ORIGIN: The old form Jit consisted of 'X. "fire" and jaT "to climb to a high place." A fire raised high is a torch or light. The current simplified form has replaced withT". The kanji     means "light; lamp; torch."
C torch, light
n>c3t:3
9t Htfí fluorescent light B I street light
c3kd
řTřé kerosene
é.fí (electric) light /fWs#H lights-out time
ORIGIN: The ancient form of the old form § consisted of fn] "appropriate" and B3 "rice paddies." The kanji signified "to divide up a field appropriately." Now abbreviated to ESI, the kanji means "just; right," "to hit," or "this."
^'S truth
*
S tzi> to hit (a targer); to
correspond to
t5trA.
S    naturally, deservedly
i -i >i/
ÄS ÍC suitable
S ^3" for the time being
C3L*
S tt our company, our firm
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
YS
equal; equivalent; and the like
_= GIN: The top 4--V (from tt) was bamboo stalks with cs. consisted of a halted foot and a measuring hand, . used phonetically to indicate "equal" or "and others;
ir.d the like." Bamboo tablets were strung togethet to form -ts; the space between them was equal. The kanji ^
- .ins "equal; equivalent" or "and the like."
—* second place
■ 1 equal
í to divide into equal parts
1=1 If equal
K5L-AJČV
^$S-X life-sized
'    >•   Ar   A?) X*- JrJr
J5£ -Ayr 4jt
12
ORIGIN: The top UP was "bamboo," used to make writing tablets. The bottom "a" was "to fit," from "cover fitting a hole"; it was also used for "answer." Together they indicated "to answer fittingly." The kanji     means "to answer a question."
answer
S5»A»*3L
^^ffl answer sheet EJ^ a teply, answer
*AAT1
F=1 If question and answer
£?UA,
a report
12
THE KEYTO KANJI
805
sugar
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER
	-
	
	
	
ORIGIN: The left side 7T>. is rice, and the right side I^t was phonetically used to indicate "dry heat." Combined, they referred to dry candy made of sweet rice. The kanji $o means "sugar."
- ■: 5 tfj'tt sugar C5->;A fS^ sugar content iUt^c^S diabetes	ftl§ refined sugar ZUtffi ffify-tfe powdered sugar <-5?t:5 S.*>W brown sugar
	
	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
		
ORIGIN: The left part 2. "hitting an end" depicted an arrow reaching the ground i., and thus unable to go any furthet. The ancient form (the third form from the left) shows a person instead of the swotd shown in the current form. (Possibly the form was miscopied at one point in history!) The kanji     means "to reach an end."
S'l#a#Rfl arrival time S'l/£ by no means J:-?l'Lo>o!:^ ffl&JSI'J prudent, careful	| SS'l to pour in S'liti" & to reach a destination \ arrival
' r R 5 if | | |l] 8	
806
ON-KUN READINGS:	HE-!-*
	
? - (L»-IL
ORIGIN: The left side sfc was "silk cocoons," from whit long continuous filaments were pulled out. The right sx used phonetically here, depicted a change from a net born to a person, or to fill (the body). Collecting things : people togethet into one is "to unify." The kanji M. mc=j to unify."
£51. <o
tt— unification tt.lt statistics
Attfl president
i1-,r5
iitt blood line lEtt legitimate Sgt^-i'i under the comma.ir
ON-KUN READINGS:
h">9(0)
to attack; to nquire thoroughly 1
HEADER'S
-H
-» 0
ORIGIN: The left side § came from a tattoo needle a mouth C?, which signified "to speak clearly" or "words* The right side """J" "hand" was used phonetically to indie;:: "to accuse." The kanji sT means "to attack" or "to inquire thoroughly."
to attack
*?A.t5
$lti examination trtft discussion
: ^S/zt1!*) revenge MSI discussion
j £5li<
overthrow of the ; shogunate
IWOKanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
r-^-X-äaö
bean
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a raised bowl tor food and drink for religious rites). The origin of the use of this kanji for "bean" is nor clear, but it may have been used phonetically or because wooden or clay beans for religious rites were placed inside such a conrainer. The kanji 3-means "bean."
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
3- bean
so
3-£~i bean throw ■-.in
* a. black bean
I tKs. soybean : >hs. azuki bean 1£ 5. boiled beans
^ ^ f w 3L
4g * iL
an
811
Jm>......
ON-KUN READINGS:
h^-X-h-jfefci-
lead; top; counter i t a large animal
ORIGIN: The left side JS. was a stemmed bowl, which signi-r.ed something standing still, here used phonetically. The j.it side was a person with a headdress emphasized. The kanji SS means "head," or "top." It is also a counter for i large animal.
i% head 5»S headache S-tiiS watch overhead
51 w'tCLU unsparingly
5u c:e?
(^jisl five animals (cows) 7tsS leading
r p p p g g fp*
16
IN: The upper right was a crack on a heated tortoise shell ot animal bone used for divination; here it was used phonetically to indicate "to jump out." The lower left came from a part of a crossroad and a foot and indicated "moving forward." The kanji     means "to run away."
1 HI If tfa + to run away	
	i^kJt escape, desertion
JJitr escape, flight	■tic föi&lf flight by night
iftiS escape, flight	
	
ORIGIN: This kanji originated in Japan. The three parts A person," HE "heavy," and "strength" made up the new kanji ^01. It indicated that a person moves his or her body and applies strength, that is, works. The kanji Hi means "to work (for wages); to operate."
#4 < to work
•sitrsL?
#■•}:# laborer, worker
*4feB# M actual working hours
fSID in operation
/   -f   f f f f f f -jf #
13
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
K->-5C'K)	
ORIGIN: The left side jJE "heavy" was derived from a depiction of a person with a heavy load, sranding on dirt. The fight side was 7j "hand" or "strength." Together they indicated moving heavy items by hand. The kanji
1 means to move.
Vl¥k motive, motivation slf^ exercise 5c: Hi < to move	tfrffl animal disturbance, commotion ^■VlOk teal estate
	
ORIGIN: The upper part comes from another kanji, fo], a window from which air rises, signifying "high, rising." Underneath was a mound of dirt. Together they indicated a tall building on a mound or an earthen platform. The kanji ^ means "grand building" or "hall."
L*<C5 felt dining hall tit:? it^iZ splendidly fair and square	it& ©') to go in circles #S mothet [honorific] 9k.1t palace
.   „        ,-" ^ ju, JU. JU, t£      fU, n	
ON-KUN READINGS:
9-
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a piece of wood hole through it. The openings on either side were the diameter. The kanji l§] means "same." It is also used t to something that has been discussed as in "the said."
8«
IS] I' same
t9U*5
|3]'rf sympathy
CM
PI   I - at the same time
3i5«
^1=1 cotporation Is] IX likewise
the said school
i nnnm
ORIGIN: The top if| "toad" consisted of "W "neck" or "he: and 3— "to move forward." The bottom was "hail Together they indicated a guiding hand to move fonva The kanji     means "to guide."
^SSf guidance S£ \ to guide S£A -f •fa to introduce
Tt^-t-S to guide if i$ leading
primer, fuse
r ft
1100 Kanji
817
ON-KUN READINGS:
deader
ORIGIN: The top iL stood for ^F, a tattooing needle spearing the eyes of a slave. The bottom S stood for which was used phonetically to indicate "to pierce." Together they originally indicated a male slave. Over time, the meaning changed to indicate someone who was not knowledgeable. The kanji jft means "child."
l.4 schoolchild j\ik T in an extremely hurried way t" child	■ : ft It prodigy : t:?L^ j 4iO innocence, naivety Jr IS children's song
	
	
origin: The left 4l was metal. The right side 1°] wasasquare i^oard with a hole, signifying that the front and the back are . same, here used phonetically. It is easy to make a hole in i soft metal such as copper. The kanji Irf means "copper."
w copper
*      bronze ware
f&. Jj copper mine
IWft bronze statue ^7"lH weight
copper wire
* $ # # $
14
818 (it) road; street; direction	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:	
	1      ^ V* \Y ® * ^	
ORIGIN: The top "rf" was "head; chief? and the lower left i_ came from      which was a left half of a crossroad, and a foot, signifying "to move forward." Together they indicated a way in which someone moves forward, facing ahead. The kanji 3jW means "direction; road; street."		
iii street StSfeit the Tbkaido Road j& it shortcut it?§ toad		J&Tilt underpass iSH reason lT5t) it3T" indeed, that makes sense
■>    «   it v *t		
820
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER 4
JL
i r
>gam
rf
ORIGIN: The left side T "to go" came from the left half of a crossroad. In the old form, the right side had Ji. "cowry' (then changed to H), pertaining to money, and a hand"^t~ Together they indicated going somewhete to earn money using one's hands. The kanji     means "to gain."
ft gain, profit
x t>
to obtain
c<
ff i~& to gain, to profit
xt<
to master Mm~& to persuade
i #S pride, strong point
11
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS: K9
HEADER:
^r4
JL
n r
ORIGIN: The left side -1 "to go" came from the left half of a crossroad and signified "doing; conduct." The right side had an eye that looked at something straight, and a heart, which signified honesty. Someone whose conduct is sincere is a virtuous person. The kanji f,% means "virtue."
ft virtue
Aft virtue, merit fti'l -fti'J sake bottle
Hft virtue, merit j rxxo
ftffl economical j £<tn>
fttt moral character
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a woman with many accessories in her hair for a festival. The form was phonetically borrowed and does not have a relevance to the current use of the kanji which means "poison." (Another explanation is that the top came from growing grass. Plants that harm are "poisonous.")
r < z& poison ^"4eÍ"7 poisonous substance tfsr< detoxification	#>\7"X poisonous gas •t1^ poisoning, intoxication trot antidote
	
ORIGIN: The left side $c was "cow; bull." The right side-I originally indicated "to have in hand," and then later co.il "temple." How the current meaning evolved from that pea is not clear. The kanji ^Nf means "special" or "noticeable*
tf I: especially
if 9'J special
ifSS: characteristics
sale
e<rev
if A extra large if tt characteristics
14 rr^-mt
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADE*
	
ORIGIN: In the old form       the left side <f came fr dog. The right side     was a big-eyed worm, or caterpillsx phonetically used to mean "to join together." Animals : in a pack and, in contrast, the kanji IHl indicated a single animal; and from that idea, the reduced kanji <i"fe came to mean "single" or "alone." The Japanese word for Germai f A 'V also uses this kanji ("JisJt).
ft1) alone
tiiL independence
We. solitude
ť<Ď<<
ÍÉ^ self education (without a teacher)
ft i monopoly
single
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
-» ISTD
ISTD ■* JF
5Ä 1%
ORIGIN: The old form fit consisted of ~w "word" or "to speak" and J! "to sell," which had i "foot," 033 "net," and M "cowry" (currency for trade). Together they indicated that words flow one after another like goods in trade, signifying reading. The right side was replaced by *nl, and the .sanji d?C means "to read."
f-fcij to read , i R# book reading readings	■^1^ reading aloud A Chinese sound of kanji t£Ä? reading comprehension
l     i7    a    o    a    d    a    d    dJ a./L	
MMGIN; In rhe ancient form the top Y* was a person with . upper body slumped forward and the bottom t_? came m a depiction of putting dirt in a hole. Together they vted burying something deep in the ground. Tie kanji _} means "to reach; to deliver."
3 s to reach
S1+4 to deliver
1 •+ official notification
SsSfF* marriage registration
/SI+H^Z a present, an article to be delivered
it-yttsetrw
report of absence
'Z3   Jr\ ffl <^i? <§?
8
826
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
to thrust; to protrude
1,
ORIGIN: The top /\ indicated a hole in a roof. The ancient form of the bottom was J^v "dog," here used phonetically to indicate "to thrust; to protrude." Together they indicated a hole in a roof, or a protruding chimney with smoke coming out. The kanji ^ means "to thrust; to protrude."
%Wt sudden Ibä/VJ deadend S!?th-5>to protrude
ÄS crash
L*5i:oez
ifj§*^tÄ accident involving a collision
A "f-£> to plunge into
■ y ^ 75 ^? ?J?
ON-KUN READINGS:
JL
ORIGIN: The left side n came from R] "piece of meac or flesh with muscles." The right side depicted a wild boar or pig. The kanji ffa. means "pig."
*	
JR pig	#)f£ pig-farming
»1*1 pork	IS8 police cell, lockup
S'S my son [humble]	
\ in rtföföMfäm. a	
THE KEY TO KANJI
829
®
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
n
inside
ORIGIN: The ancient form indicated the movement of going inside \~\ "dwelling." The kanji F*3 means "inside."
	
-tcorti; before too long	i 1*1 § contents
	
311*3 inside a country	: I*J j[ unofficial decision
Ä ft my wife	1*3 Jt palace
	4
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
-» (5}   sj g
ORIGIN: The left side showed an animal hide being dried over a fire. The right side jM. depicted a small, pudgy bird. Together they signified the agony of a bird being roasted. The kanji ftp means "difficulty."
ZA,*£A. Bit difficulty CT* It U «difficult lAAit^1 hard to read	Lit41 difficult to do lt»t'difficult to understand ItR. tefugee
	f » ww-mmmm
830
ON-KUN READINGS:
ORIGIN: The kanji Wi originally depicted a hanging bd-shaped musical instrument that was used by a tribe c. Nan. The form was borrowed to indicate the word "sossiT which had the same sound. The kanji Pf9 means "so;:- -
south
Wi T/'M South America
m.»t<
the South Pole; Antatctica
S it south and notth
I
SÄ southeastern
! £a,.l;
: SjSP the South
two; second double
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted two extended fingers two sticks of wood), which signified the number two. T kanji — means "two; double" or "second."
— two
— ~> two items —A two people
—B two days, second day of the month
—H February
*—<T) matchless
HOOKanji
\Z a igin: The ancient form was a pictograph of a filler of meat or flesh of an animal) showing two tendons. The kanji 1^1 means "meat." (When used as a recurring component per-lining to flesh ot a patt of the body, it is written as f\, as
i meat
■ S butchet's shop 9^* the flesh
E<UA
I*IH blood relative
I*) ill with naked eyes
\HP natural human voice
on-kun readings:
iheader
I a
834
sun; day; dace
PWHWHWiB^ ......■■I|I«WI)!III»III!II!I»I.IIIIII..........IIIIIIWIIIIHIWIIIIII......
ORIGIN: The ancienc form was a pictograph of a sun with a sunspot. The kanji 0 means "sun; day; date."
;ci£/„
S ^ Japan
nit a-r
0       Japanese language B^B Sunday €<f) H which day
n r h
—B one day
—H first day of rhe month —H second day, two days ^f-B weekday
835
on-kun readings:
^1
"J^igin: The ancient form indicated that this kanji consisted :: i hand above an infant whose fontanel was not yet closed, I which signified the support of an infant who was still nutsed nd cared fot. The kanji     means "milk."
I I milk
. -"r nutsemaid r? fL mother s milk
i fill soy milk
j ILSim diary product
! © JL powdet milk, formula
1 f*  tf   <fr $
on-kun readings:
header X
to enter; entrance
X
origin: The ancient form depicted an arrow indicating the entrance to a house. The kanji .A. means "to enter" or "entrance."
X i> to entet KM-i to put in
TV
^X/H tend, to take care
"7 "X
X'Jo enttance X# entrance to a school XHfi- enttance fee
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	
I
fi
ORIGIN: The left side A is a side view of a person standing. The fight side 3r depicted a spool of thread that is full in the middle. Combined, they signified a person who had a burden or is full of responsibility. The kanji H means "to take up a butden" or "responsibility."
iff	:.!>...■._ .
•fffc-tf Z> to enttust	ftliift laissez-faite policy
.i.ICA AM£"f & to start for a new	■ LwICA, ili task manager
post	1 KViZA, i Xtt important duty
-ti^ appointment	
	6
839	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
I V   J 1 1   heat; hot; fever j!		#L
ORIGIN: The upper parr depicted a petson tending plants on the ground carefully by hand. The bottom ;>" depicted a fire. Together they indicated a person tending a fire carefully. The kanji ^ means "heat; fever" or "hot."		
f. ^ 1 hot Kn $t heat, fever «-3 la. |c earnestly	I tti^6? passionate j toirz*.* I Sfc^ tropical j O^j:5 jt^JSi hot blast	
-   + * >± >* &		& 15
to recognize
ON-KUN READINGS:
: I* *
ORIGIN: The left side ~s" was "word." The right side consisted of blade (a shorr stroke pointing out the sk blade side of a knife 77) and a hcatt, signifying "to enezi Togethet they indicated "to accept what is said." The b
5*7
ora means to recognize.
*tt& confirmation %%i<f>%> to recognize iSfft "t 4 to recognize
jg-Sp receipt stamp
l/.51ca.
approval
imia.
StS denial
1      r>    0    Kt    V     0     V VKx-OtZ±Vt<l
ORIGIN: The ancient form consisted of a tice-plant and i person bending his body forward a little, possibly to harves: the rice. The rice harvest happened once a yeat, so it signified a yeat's cycle. The kanji     means "year."
^ year, one's age ZKL •t"^- this year £ha,.r tlA 2005    the year 2005	tv13a, 5t[#- retirement age *3a,3a, ^•4" pension, annuity ^■^f1) eldetly petson
'   "     ^ $=.5$.	6
llOOKanji
841 to ponder; thought	ON-KUN READINGS: *>	HEADER 1
		
ORIGIN: The top indicated a cover over something, sig-i fying "to catch within," and the bottom was a heart. Together they indicated something contained in the heart I : a long time. The kanji i3j means "to ponder," or "thought."
i£<ntz#>\-xo make sure
■MM,
~f i> to give up
>MU>
*A'Ji: carefully
It* belief
obsession, tenacity :        slip of memory
'^.k
J
F        ON-KUN READINGS:	I HEADER:
	
	
GIN: The left side ^ "thread" signified woven goods, ihe right side F*J was a house F] and the motion of putting ». mething in it. Together they indicated storage, or paying a
with woven fabrics. The kanji lr*3 means "ro pay (due x "to store."
" " 5 to pay (due) purvey
I IE*)
- P! revenues or expenditures
assent, understanding
stotage barn, shed
engagement to be married
in
ORIGIN: Originally, the right side $S consisted of "flesh; meat, 'dog; animal," and 'j\ "fire"—together, toasting animal meat ovet a fire. But f& came to be used as "nature"; and for the original meaning of "burning," 'JX. "fire" was added to the left. The kanji $S means "to burn."
t to burn	ffl>M combustion
mm fuel	~ti to begin to burn
Wti flammable	again T'I?S'|4 nonflammable
	
844 | (§) ability	ON-<UN RFADINGS: JO	HEADER:
	a b	
ORIGIN: Searching the origin of this kanji leaves room for the imagination; scholars have suggested origins as various as a black bear or an insect in water. All agree, however, that the kanji Bfc means "ability."
»«*<
IH ij ability =t 161'able almighry
Hi Noh play I 'I4tt efficiency, performance I ^tt instinct
r ft fi ft rthff*t&
in
THE KEY TO KANJI
ORIGIN: The left side H from I^J "flesh" pertains to parts of a body or organs. The right side of an earlier form fcfUj had w\ "hair" and a skull with a soft spot (viewed from above). Together they indicated "brain." Now the form has changed, and the kanji IS) means "brain."
mo	• <D5tM,IJ^>
K brain	K Jfjfa. cerebral anemia
	I »55
jifcK brainwash	Kit ones mind
	
A K cerebrum	K3fc brain waves
) j\ n a	
ON-KUN READINGS:	! HEADER:
	i >
ORIGIN: The left side / was derived from "water." The right side J?L "skin" was used phonerically to indicate "to move up and down." Together they indicated waves that move back and forrh. The kanji /j>t means "wave."
'A wave
BtA
>,£ft ripple
tidal wave •&Ht') surfing
I ISAM $t>& shortwave
iHJt sound wave
i&iL turmoil
J
ON-KUN READINGS: jy
	%
%	
agricultural; farming
ffl 3
ORIGIN: The top came from EH "rice paddies," and the I torn /ft depicted a clam extending a fleshy ft* I pieces of shell wete attached to a wood stick to make i: to till the soil or for weeding. The kanji M. means "farnri or "agricultural."
HIE agriculture H ^ farmer farmer
MJ% ranch
cos.;.
H farmer
UK agricultural chem: pesticide
1    n in » • g
J
ON-KUN READINGS:
///
faction; to split;   1       //'/ a to stand out Ml^"*    HP ^
^■■■■MMImJI ^ ORIGIN: The left side / was water and the right side de. tributaties, indicating something branching out into d - -ent gtoups. Separating oneself from the mainstream make? one stand out. The kanji /lR means "groups that originates from the same origin; faction" and "to split."
L
iUtlfi splendid, impressive ; j£<7)Slfc|H| party factions >fR4.s derived word tfifftM correspondent
3iL3R school of art : SMr*^ showy
>/ >r >rr ^ >^
/100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:	I HEADER:
[ m«fe£(4)-'fe£(i?«)	
IN: The left side -5 is a rock. The right side ^>t, "an mal being skinned by hand," was used phonetically to ate the sound of a rock being smashed. Together they ited "to bteak." The kanji ^ means "to break; to tear.'
i> to break ■SI+-& ro get torn destruction
explosion
Ml
to break through ^K*\i^t desperate
r r jp s 9 xw*^
10
ORIGIN: The left side A was "person." The right side 41r -epicted the two opposing wings of a bird. Two opposing wings are always apart; neithet can be the other. From this
form came to mean "not; against." It also phonetically ndicates "jester." An actor acts one chatacter, and then
ther that is totally different. The kanji ffi means "actot"
amusement."
*   haiku poetry Vft actot ■'*~-K haiku poet
10
	
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER: '
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a hotse with its mane and fout legs emphasized. The kanji Wq means "hotse."
1	3ä<t)
A horse	Aäfe'l horseback riding
ml*	
A-£ horse-dtawn carriage	ftA horseback riding
	Co^lJ
tKA wooden horse	th A to run for office
l r rr if ff B.B.B,	
"'"••7	
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:
	
ORIGIN: The left side of the old form ^ depicred a hand. The right side depicted a stalk with many flowers. Togcthct they indicated an act of kneeling down to pick flowets, and, furthet, "to bow deeply to show respect." The form also serves to comprise humble-form words such as # JL. The kanji ^ means "to worship" or "to revere."
i • fttj to pray to (with hands) ff    "■£> [humble] to view ftIR, viewing of teligious icons	a visit to worship ffff-f4 [humble] to borrow ?Lff worship service
-1 irrr&n *	
THE KEY TO KANJI
853	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER: X
to lose; to fail }	1 #^ V *	
ORIGIN: The left side M. was a cowry, a fate shell from the sourh, used as currency in trading. The right side X. depicted the motion of hitting or pounding repeatedly with a stick. Together they indicated damaging or breaking some-rhing valuable. The kanji Jt)C means "to lose," or "to fail."
BStit complete loss ffrM. defear, loss
ftiLft-i to lose (a fight)
L-jI*.<
j^ift failure
3L      BC five wins and two     Ift £ signs of defeat
losses
11
ON-KUN READINGS: /v*f		HEADER:
f		
ORIGIN: In the ancient form rhe left side 1^ "flesh" was a tecurring component pertaining to a pait of the body, and the right side, originally written diflferendy, depicted the moment of a plant sprouting, a sign of life. Like a heart, a lung was consideted to be vital for life. The right side has been replaced with fJT. The kanji I>f> means "lung."
If lung Wife, pneumonia W/ifl breathing capacity of the lungs	fffi.f£$£ tuberculosis ^Iffi a lung
J II II fl ST™ 9	
ON-KUN READINGS:
;W.tjhi+^-4rt,(<)
ORIGIN: The top it. "north" depicted two people back. The bottom H has the same origin as the k=nt I flesh." Showing one's back also signified betf ayal. The 1 T^f means "back," "height," or "betrayal."
tf one's back
t* fc»>
■ffOTBi* one's height tflf bettaval
1f i£ background
tiro
1f   f/ standing on tiptoe
5*3ttV
i-ff        to be tall in
ON-KUN READINGS:
ORIGIN: Thelcft side S was a wine jar. The righr side a person kneeling. Togethet they indicated a person tendiair. I a wine jar ro pour wine or arranging things. The kanji S. means "to distiibute; to hand out; to arrange."
<<^&L~fr & to be worried about
BfLit delivery
<:s
IE 4 to deal, deliver
^5E(f home delivery service
arrangement
#■62 elderly person
i n f\ ft fi S ITS^gE
1C
1100 Kanji
(§) to double; to multiply	I         ON-KUN READINGS:         j HEADER: fH           \ A	
	i	
l| : = i GIN: The left side -i is "person," from a side view of a per-1 son standing. The right side ~o" had the same otigin as 1 and depicted a ripe fruit drat was about to split. Splitting 1 .eads to multiplication. The kanji      mean "to double," or 1 "to multiply."		
1 —    thtec times 1        double increase 1   -—\i more than usual		magnifying power wars ISft multiple föit" harmonic
		
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	! *
plum
ORIGIN: The left side /*K is a "tree." The right side -^jf "every has the meaning of fertility from the depiction of a nursing woman, similar to the origin of the kanji     "mother". The tart acidity of plums was effective for morning sickness. The kanji $i means "plum."
#jj<D7k plum tree $fT~ pickled plum
'jq> t:tV>D
thrift't^rfr rainy season
I Xft onset of rainy season plum flower viewing
i ;j<uv 631$ white plum
10
859	ON-KUN READINGS:		HEADER: R
(Ä) * 1 ^ j it		1 ->,   /5ÖC1 tro	
1 := GIN: The top 017 signified "net," and the bottom H was a 1 cemTy, a rare shell from the southern coast, which was used 1 y:r currency. Together they indicated a net full of shells that 1 it.ows one to buy things. The kanji J=( means "to buy."			
1 W" to buy ■ W - '#7 shopping 1 Ä 1 trading		MfÄ purchase price !KiR acquisition, purchase Z5ti\.i0j< RtK^7 purchasing power	
1             I-F Ml \"1 UU			
ORIGIN: The old form SI consisred of the top i "to go out" (otiginally from ttl "to go out"), 0D "net," and Ji. "cowry" (a shell used for currency in trade). Together they indicated "going out to trade goods." The current kanji was reduced to JL "legs" at the bottom. The kanji '7C means "to sell."
>fci> to sell
IJliTA.
■tZTS kiosk, selling booth $^c'J a sale
ÖA4*vi
selling, sales special sale TC^ti self-ptomotion
I
THE KEY TO KAN Jl
ORIGIN: The left side ~~\~ "ten" signified "numerous." The right side depicted a young plant whose roots were protected, and also the hand that planted it in the ground, but here it was used phonetically to mean "spread." Together they indicated to spread plants on the ground, and, further, breadth of knowledge." The kanji W means "extensive."
IKjtOSA.	: «<CS
WWff museum	■^Sfc learned, knowledgeable
l«rtf    il< L	; «<».'
■|^± *+#i expert	? fäit philanthropy
	:
(international)	; ft-f# gambling
exposition	
-1 rrrt^t3	
f       ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:
r\-y-t>:> L-5- Lb	! 6
0*8 6
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted an acorn, the inside of which was white. The kanji b=i means "white."
■ 6 v < white	: ÖE3 a confession
tea # 6 ^ pale •J<L (3 8ft. blank paper	: E3 >R white polished rice
	: LbLb I        L< shamelessly
	5
ORIGIN: The left side > was "water" and the right side gave the sound /haku/. The ancient form indicated cs water in which a boat could be anchored. The kanji means "to stay a night."
day stay
to stay overnight ?s;El stay, lodge
—;ei—H two night-three    i ?Me| -f 4 to sleep out j$.tf';ej a sleep on a era
: Tt-IJ< I
ff ;& anchorage, mooring
ORIGIN: Originally a barley plant was written as Jfc (not shown here). There was a similar kanji ^ with "foot" underneath, which signified "to come." Over the years the two forms became reversed in their use. is now red to the kanji and it means "barley plant." (3)5. is n» duced to A., and it means "to come.")
t.5
it barley; wheat 'hifcfe wheat flour
li<tf
malt
TvJt barley
rice boiled with barley roasted barley tea
1100 Kanji
865	ON-KUN READINGS:         j HEADER-]! HZ
box	1 /ff TT 1 <ö>^ g -> i
ORIGIN: 'Hie top Vr, trom was a pictograph of bamboo ■talks. The bottom ^61 had §3, an "eye" looking at ^ "tree" eely, signifying "to face each other." A horse carriage had two bamboo baskets on the sides facing each other to carry -ngings. The kanji iHj means "box."	
I box
mm bookcase
*- # fl post office box
CKJ3.Í-
tffi tier of food boxes Mil medicine box H^t miniatute garden
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
eight; many
GIN: The ancient form was two lines moving away from ■ch other, or "splitting up." Four is eight divided in half. : «^so means many. The kanji f » means "eight," or "many."
right
3 eight items . eight people
A.H eight days, eighth day of the month
j bs«
I '^R August
;
j       eight thousand
ON-KUN READINGS:	i HEADER:
	B3
(vv) *:x
ffl tffl
ORIGIN: This kanji originated in Japan. The kanji B3 referred to irrigated rice paddies. Fields that were not irrigated would occasionally be burned to give the soil certain nutrients;
fire" was added to indicate those fields. The kanji j-S means
(agricultural) field."
te field tZliTz EB Jffi rice paddies and fields iJffl wheat (barley) field	tea field Wt (field) farming l^'jEH terraced field
	
868
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
A.
to depart; sudden move
ORIGIN: In the old form fH', the top A- "quick move" signified someone jumping quickly and landing with feet apart. ^ was a bow, and     was a hand holding an ax, indicating a swift motion. Together they signified taking off quickly. Now reduced to ^-7, the kanji means "sudden move" or "to depart."	
tfcft departure 5<CUO T^CBf ft departing at six o'clock t:55^3liQ A^ft originating from Tokyo	$bR. discovery ftiS onset Íftř5IC voluntary, spontaneous
	& 9
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
ORIGIN: The top      consisted of "ft "long (hair)" and ^ beautiful shape." The bottom     originally A ("to grow"), was used phonetically. Togethet they indicated "beautiful hair that keeps growing" or just "hair." The kanji means hair."
'■ '■ «hair 4,4c hair E3 "K gray hair MM black hair	trbttk MS hairstyle 3H3c*£ barber shop ifcSt washing hair, shampooing
i  r r • m & %                 jj^jg i4	
ORIGIN: The old form      consisted of % "hand" and £ "to grow or pluck hair." The ancient form of S looked 'A a dog and may be associated with fur. Combined, the sides meant to pull a hair that kept on growing, or "to pofil out by hand." What is pulled out may appear above < things. The current form has TsL on the right side. The Lam I ■fe means "to pull out; to go above."
to • * kj*
fe< to pull out; to pluck out j ty^iki clipping
ir**wi \ lion-
above sea level an excerpt
ti    sa i uca
to outrun : $Lt$ outstanding,
preeminence
871	ON-KUN READINGS. HFADER	I!	872	ON-KUN READINGS:         i HEADSR	
® to judge			3 I (¥) half; middle 1	ü*^ 1	
¥ ORIGIN: The left side -=F" "half" was derived from a sacrificial I cow      split into half / \ The right side 'J was a knife, I which also indicated "to cut." Together they signified "to judge which half is correct," or simply "to judge." The kanji '] means "to judge."			ORIGIN: This kanji consisted of two parts, 's and . indicated a pushing motion to divide something into twe T" was a pictograph of a sacrificial cow's head in a religious rite. Togethet they meant "split a cow in half." The kanji ■=£ means "half; middle."		
flUST judgment #¥'1 a judge Sff'l reputation	; MfU -ti'i to be put on trial f1! BH i~ i to become known j Is&ffl negotiation, bargaining		.tCUA. rasf 4^ half-past four IIA,.;:*. half 4s Ii' half, the middle		■f'it-"HSV unfinished half-price =t/r^f halving
>   " w ü      äfl »flj 7					5
1100 Kanji
873 to oppose; reverse; cloth j	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:! [ MV*>'£>*-£■(*) j   X. J	
		
ZF GIN: The ancient form depicted the motion of a hand washing back a piece of "cloth," indicating "to push back; to tail back" or "to reverse." The tetm also means "to oppose." -:: Kanji      means "to oppose; to reverse" or "cloth."		
opposition, the reverse violation of rule f is & to warp		a roll of kimono cloth dislike, ill feeling fcffi reflection
LT2?&	4	
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
Z* GIN: The left side Jt~ was taken from half a tree, indicating 'piece of wood." The righr side JK. was the motion of a hand lushing back a draped cloth, hete used phonetically to indi--it; "flat thing." Togethet they indicated a wood block for :r.r.ting. The kanji W< means "printingblock," or "edition."
publication f S woodblock print :^PJW relief printing
13A.3
tRfc wood block WM copyright
874 boatd	ON-KUN READINGS HEADER:	
	[ "S *	
ORIGIN: The left side ^ was a piece of wood from a ttee. The right side -R was the motion of a hand pushing back a dtaped cloth, hete used phonetically to indicate "flat thing." Together they indicated a wooden board. The kanji -tS. means "board."		
f& board £tr#. cutting boat caiA, MAH blackboard	d	$M Japanese chef wood grain ¥ 15 ti monotonous, dull
		
ORIGIN: The left side <i came from a depiction of a dog or animal. The right side depicted a person in a crouched position. Together they indicated an animal harming a person, or, simply "to harm" or "crime." The kanji <JE means "crime" or "to violate."
H~t to violate
ija.51.'
crime
IJA.1CA,
\tK culprit
<!ElT crime, offence
j l*5ISA,
I Kffi crime prevention
i 3*?UA.
conspiracy !ME war criminal
the key to kanji
877	on-kun readings:        j header:	
(g) small groups; squad	r a ■■ *	
P origin: Each of the i on either side depicted jewels strung I together. Putting a sharp knife between jewels separates I them into smaller pieces. Togethet they indicated a small I gtoup. The kanji SE means "(to divide into) small groups" I or "squads."		
' :.»/, I JS group, squad Ifi-S: group leader I &133ua, 1 MS91 survey group		$CtM#E relief party
[" n h		
on-kun readings:
header
B
S
evening
origin: The left side H was "sun." The phonetically used fight side ^lj was a woman in labor, signifying "barely managing to do something." Together they indicated the time of the day when the sun goes down and one can barely see things. The kanji     means "evening."
ISA,
äjf. evening
UU
-t-tft this evening
(JA, IIA.
aJt - m evening meal I   IT B B   B' B^B^B^BÄB«
yt:lJA.tiw-j
—-BAI3 throughout the
night
t*A.ev • late success
WA.L*<
BJt$7 evening drinking
12
origin: \t on the left consisted of a ^ "cover" ai bowl (formerly written as fe), signifying "food" or *rc-ai The right side JX was used phonetically for the socmrf<
/han/. The kanji $K means "meal."
Z'tfc. meal, cooked rice
breakfast 'Rfe§ fice cooker
BS.S5l evening meal >,muc speaker)
evening meal
t> <t>L
<'? ffK cold rice, tieated cd
/   A  A- Aj
1
880
watch; turn; order
on-kun readings:
11,	u
It	u
11	11
u	u
ffl -»ffl
origin: The top depicted thteshed rice, in which the grains are scattered in all directions. The bottom H3 was ncr paddies. Growing rice involves a set of ordered routines from this concept, the form came to mean "turns; order." People took turns watching the fields. The kanji $t mc-r? "turn," "otdet," or "watch."
watch, turn
I'tIJA,
—# first place, most, best 5c# police box
## off-duty
#A watch
#Ä street number
«* <•> sA. sp.
°j pessimist*
1100 Kanji
881	ON-KUN READINGS:        j HEADER:
to deny; no	
ORIGIN: The top -T" was a calyx of a flower, here used phonetically. The bottom D was a mouth to say "no." The kanji means "to deny," or "no."	
i denial £ t to deny ?§5tt a veto	$§5"Mt to inquire about safety voting down | =1 "5 yeas and nays
	
ORIGIN: On the left, 4 is "to go." On the tight, & "skin" was used phonetically to indicate "distance." Together they indicated "to move into the distance." This kanji also refers to a third person, or a direction away from the speaker or listener. The kanji ilk means "over thete," or "third person
(he; she)."
	
$L he, boyfriend	; $LJ7 far distance
S'OCj:
feic she, girlfriend
'iA& equinoctial week (Buddhist service is held)
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
sad; sorrow
5>£
roc
IMGIN: The top -\ff- depicted two wings of a bird, which arc ■trays apart from each other. The sound /hi/ meant "sad." The bottom <^ is a heart. Together they signified sadness jut tears ones heart apart. The kanji SI means "sad" of >orrow."
1 sad
tl£*7 pessimistic
■ r>*5
: ffitfj." tragic
i MA,
tragic love
j o*<a.
: %M. earnest wish or prayer
12
884
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
tod
isparage
ORIGIN: The ancient form consisted of ^ "hand" and the form on the tight that was used phonetically. (Even though the ancient form existed its origin is not clear.) Togethet they indicated "to hit har d by hand." The meaning of hitting hard became "to criticize." Now the right side uses to compafe." The kanji -fit mean "to disparage."
ttff a critical review ttfl   i> to criticize mt-ti to ratify
-1 m- * rttt
THE KEY TO KANJI
885
®
to compare
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER tfc
tb
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted two people standing next to each other, facing the same direcrion. The kanji VC means "to compare."
th^á to compare
!>ir<
thft comparison ttí- ratio
; khffl}i~&to be proportional
j #f#-tt compared to the
previous year j ye*? tti specific gravity
- t ťfcb
ON-KUN READINGS
HEADER
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a hand trying to get fur from an animal. This kanji refers ro a softer skin or fur (as contrasted to which relets to the thicker and stronger hide or leathet). The kanji 1>L means "skin."
Ř. skin, peel Ř. L'i peeler skin
sarcasm •?> to cast off the skin fc*U&l superficial
886
ON-KUN READINGS:
to get tired; fatigu
ORIGIN: The top depicted a person lying on a bec vertically.) Ihe inside oL "skin" was used for its sound." combined form indicated physical fatigue. The kanj: means "to get tired," or "fatigue."
to get tired farigue, exhaustion
BAM
'iMM- exhaustion, impoverishment
ON-KUN READINGS:	HE-:e*
	
to keep secret
IK
b * *
ORIGIN: The cutrent form $6 was a variant of the older I Wk, which consisted of 7T\ "altar" and "without t Together they signified a sacred religious ceremony that very secret. The current form     means "to keep secret.'
mo
tt& secret
W# sectetary
SWUM! confidential document
i ft*^>-S) to keep secret
WIS an unknown episode
j WP
j $it& key, knack
UOOKanji
		
889	F       ON-KUN READINGS: t-C(x.S)	HEADER: i n J
C§) I r^t: corpulent; rich 1		
| ;RIGIN: The left side ^ came from 1^3, a piece of meat or 1 nesh with muscles, pertaining to a part of the body. The 1 -cht side G was a corpulent person. The meaning of the nmed form is used for person as well as soil. The kanji 1      means "fat; corpulent; rich."		
1 C*4- fertilizer 1 E ? obese 1 E*/c fat, rich	; JE^'ite rich soil : O0.t5 i JEW animal feed j JEA swelling	
I i i i rn*m.		
= GIN: The ancient form depicted two wings on opposite its of a bird. The rwo wings of a bird never meet, a ncga-xi of ever meeting. From this, the kanji represents "not" or Ration" or "not good." The kanji 4¥ means "what is not."
emergency exit
— emergency
ft3-', < by force, -r.avoidably
psa.
#it criticism, accusation
tun*
impolite tttf unmerciful
ORIGIN: The top 7% was a loose string dividing something but here used phonetically to indicate "nothing." The bot- I torn M. was a cowry, a rare shell from the south used for currency. Togcthct they indicated spending money until none was left. The kanji Iff means "to spend."
trr\ COSt -k If membership fee «Kt* '■■ \% *St actual cost	-j 1.1 Sf K"t to spend (money ot time) ;S.S' wasteful spending consumption
1 — ^f^*	
892
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
JL
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a bird flying with its wings spread. The kanji ffi, means "to fly."
v-zis
JftlTft airplane
to fly tfklflki~ to rush our
MM-f6 to leap
^Hfkti erratic, extraordinary
Mim rumor
-v -t
the key to kanji
893 (§) I co be prepared; to I 1 be equipped with :   'I-.....■.nEESJi.isieifl	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:	
	__	
| ORIGIN: The left: side "f is from the kanji A. "person," a side view of a person standing. The righr side depicted a soldier carrying a quiver on his back, being well prepared to fight. From this idea, the kanji '$f came to mean "to be prepared; to be equipped with."		
l&ffi equipment *» flt ?t"S to be prepared, to be equipped with tHM. i»° equipment		to h ■?"i$i#C prepararory school j.tF •fffi deficient O-A-C* jzJfc completely furnished
		
ORIGIN: The top came from sheep      A sheep is attrac__l and it provides wool and tasty meat. The top was usee mean something good, pretty, or rasty. The bottom 7s\ I a person. Together they indicated a beautiful or fine p : The kanji     means "beautiful."
ykA beauty
If Car)
Hffi fine arts mti' gorgeous, gaudy
j rjtr
: lift beautification
j trA,u
"H" H ti sweet, delicious H#K*7 flowery words
ORIGIN: The top H "oneself" was a pictograph of a nose. Underneath it was EH
"present" placed on "table," but here the character is used phonetically to mean "noticeable." The nose is a noticeable feature on one's face. The kanji 4%
means nose.
nose
Jfjfn. nose bleeding
taejfc
Mi humming
Wits
sandal straps -A-1if nasal sound
car and nose docror
r   i*i ŕi *
* ŕ A M Ä * JLJLA
14
ON-KUN READINGS:
ORIGIN: The ancient form was ~3\j, a "lance strapped tig between two poles," signifying the secure and safe stora;. weapons. The meaning of security led to the current meaning of the kanji 'X> "without fail."
t-tib
*i* without fail A'-S- *£ necessary >>-0*H,U inevitably '^'Millf a must-read book
r>-JL«OA.
*Soa necessities
r>7L.fl>-3i'*j<
*1lfW@ required subject
*Vu(^«r> >) not necessarily
y ä ä *
U 00 Kanji
3RIGIN: The top from "TT "bamboo" was a pictograph of bamboo stalks with leaves. ^ depicted a hand holding a Drush. A writing brush typically had a bamboo handle. The ^•nji     means "writingbrush."
* brush wrirer
writing brush
faít pencil
Ä¥ one's own handwriring ÍÍSÍ penmanship
*■   *   »/ vi; *z_*g.«g_*g_J.
12
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
A
straw bag
N: The ancient form consisted of A (from the kanji -A.
on") and ^ "surface," which was used phonetically to rtdicate "lightly." In Japan a lightweight straw bag was used tor rice. The kanji     means "sttaw bag."
rice pack Ejfc sumo wrestling arena 5 S charcoal pack
10
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
6
1?
ORIGIN: This kanji consisted of ' "one; top" and 1=3 "white" was used phonetically to indicate "hundred." (Another interpretation is that Ü3 signified the white part of a fingernail.) The kanji WW means "hundred."
[>*< if hundred zz.~§ three hundred If eight hundred	'^WÄ fruir and vegetable store -,veTHx a rigged game t'*<^< 'S M <T> %_ the best medicine
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
! HEADER
- S * A ■ * -
|VVJ
ORIGIN: The left side ?K was a tree or wood. The right side was * "woman's slender waist" and "fire." Together they indicated a wooden piece that is so light that it may blow away like sparks of a fire (or a small piece of a sign, or something to mark). The kanji S means "sign" or "mark."
■■■■■ SW. rarget, goal ffl.^- specimen +S#7 target	~ÜJ3 coordinares dir 1§B slogan MÄ altitude
	
THE KEY TO KANJI
r ON-KUNREADINGS:	HEADER:
	1 *
ORIGIN: The old form //X consisted of / , two strokes depicting lines that appeared as ice forms (as shown in the ancient fotm, second from the left), and "water" on the right side. Now with one less stroke, the kanji ?K means "ice."
art ?K ice ?k shaved ice 'K.&t below freezing point 'KS icehouse	v.t3A; ?K'°I icebetg JJCJjOT—ft small part of a larger problem, tip of the iceberg
] 1 % tf* 5	
902
ON-KUN READINGS:
ta9
ORIGIN: The top * was derived from -fc, a "won der waist" The bottom 7t\ was derived from a fire. Toee2 they indicated something so slight and light tha: I blow away like sparks of a fire. A ballot is a lightweight pi of paper The kanji III means "vote; ballot."
r>*3
S vote
Ü3EM3
«SJ-f-Stovote ftÄ slip, ticket
ballot counting
£3tM3:>-3
voter turnout undecided votes
x=~t \S~t tTft       i^fi       iffr \j& "~--T" TT 7TC
ON-KUN READINGS:
fra^-fefeT-
HEADER:
surface; outside; front; to make public
ORIGIN: The ancient fotm shown in the middle depicted fur and clothes A fut coat was worn with the fur on the outside, which other people could see. The meaning of fur was dropped. The kanji ^ means "surface; outside; front" or "to make public."
§k&~t■£> to make a presentation
ft the right side; outside
ft frl%> to show
ftffi surface
: V.t3
ft rable
| ~l.'I>*3
ftft chief representative
ORIGIN: The left side g was from a tattoo needle ^ anc a mouth C?, signifying "to speak clearly and sharply." ^F" co the right side depicted a water planr floating flat on watrs signifying "flat; even." Together they indicated speakoc evenly, ot making a balanced comment. The kanji c^P me= "to comment."
Hi 51JA,
iff1] reputation
C3CU3
if if favorable reaction if Iffi estimation
G-J:33A
If Sm criticism, review ^lf unpopular
Ti.'t*i3
!Sl If <^ & 5 having an established reputation
-t i * * -£~-£r%r>-.
i;
1100 Kanji
905
W       ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
r
"TnT ■* ft
1 N: In the ancient form, the top ■f' depicted someone on the right) lying in bed (shown vertically). p9 was ble, used phonetically to mean "to inctease." Togethet indicated a worsening illness. The kanji     means "ill-.; disease" or "sick."
^ illness S T. illness
sudden illness
patient, ill person
UW«3
feigned illness
disease
10
907
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER
fr>-L&        | O
ED
mm »
Igrods; grade; class a
N   The kanji do came from three boxes or three I mouths, signifying many goods. Many goods have differ-■ qualities; the form also was used for different grades goods, and class in general. The kanji va means "goods; I tride; class."
item
?- piece of work
I Jo have class, refined
Tn° low class
LfcfcCD
pd# goods, item
fi^X l\* graceful, elegant
\   ri a en anna
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER: j
	* J
tiny; second
ORIGIN: Tire left side ^ was a rice plant. The tip of the rice kernel was covered with tiny hard awn and they signified "a lot of minute pieces." The right side phonetically was 1 also used to indicate smaller pieces. Together they indicated something tiny. The form was also used to mean the smallest amount of time. The kanji ffi means "extremely small" or "second."
# second ftWbJ* countdown
##f second hand (on a I clock)
i4 speed per second
	ON-KUN READINGS:        ; HEADER:
o poor	[ A* A , 1 (D*©**
ORIGIN: The top ^3" consisted of 7 N "to divide" and 77 "sword." .H. was a cowry shell, which was precious and used as currency in trade. When one's money or goods are divided, one ends up poor. The kanji 3^ means "poor."
i^L poverty
I
> poor
cm..5:
a? wealth and poverry
poverty, lack jt^B shabby-looking M"J& anemia
THE KEY TO KANJI
ORIGIN: One interpretation of the ancient fotm is that in ancient times, a man would weat an ornamental haitpin upon teaching adulthood. An alternative interpretation is that a single hairpin was worn by a bridegroom, whereas a bride wore thtee, ;jc. Once used to signify a distinguished man, the kanji j^. now means "man" or "husband."
A husband A# married couple A A the wife of [honorific]
A A laborer
<A3
X A"fh to devise
TVS.
''fc A sailot
ORIGIN: The left side 7K depicted a woman sitting wit hands crossed in front. The right side "tjf was a hand hoi ing a broomstick, which signified "to cleanse; to puru Togcthet they indicated a woman who did domestic woi ot a married woman. The meaning then extended to w< in general. The kanji $jf means "woman."
4f A woman
£if housewife
.1.3.1.
A 41 married couple
housekeeper #r4f bride
C*5j.
tt!# mistress
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
is (
:c GIN: The top was a house; underneath was a widc-- :uthed containet filled with food or rice wine. Together ~ey signified a house that has containers filled with food sr.d sake, that is, a wealthy household. The kanji 6 means • calth."
ealth
* 1 abundance
Ltz abound with
erson of wealth
1 the affluent group of I ts t huge fortune
rieople
, *^=»        .i' i&»        r^p r^r*
i   n nr ifl ffl
915
ON-KUN READINGS:
7
12
HEADEF
A-
jovernment; prefecture
rf
r
ft
ft
€RK5IN: The top was f~ "roof" and the right bottom \\\ "to -c" meant someone f/f) giving out a document by hand ~T . Together they indicated a place where official documents were stored or issued. It came to mean a place where a p eminent was located. The kanji $F means "government" :t "prefecture."
"f Osaka-fu
fl government
| fl 'i.ikuju, military government
If/ft capital #/£f seat of learning ISifJft general office of
ON-KUN READINGS
"7-8&CD
HEADER:
cloth; to spread
ORIGIN: The top depicted a hand with a rock. The bottom if) was a long cloth hanging on a pole. Rough, woven hemp
material was beaten with	rocks to flatten and soften it to
make cloth. The kanji "tt7	means "cloth" or "to spread."
iS cloth	; ; ifr^p distribution, spread
■h^S blanket	! ^•fit missionary work
"ferj] dish cloth	| Tf7* fabric
	5
I        ON-KUN READINGS:	: HEADER:
L     T—	: B
universal; ordinary
ORIGIN: The top depicted two (signifying many) people standing side by side in a tow, signifying something "spreading far and wide." The bottom H was sun illuminating everything. Togethei they indicated something that could be seen everywhere, thus not special. The kanji means "universal," or "ordinary."
It-it ordinary % i£i!^ ordinary train ^sgftf universal
^t&-f& to pervade j -tlt-t^ to build | everyday clothes
prime minister
■V" "-M" Af" -^t? ^-fe. ,-Jfc. ^fe. ^fe. ^-fe.
1    fl  rl 0
12
THE KEYTO KAN JI
ORIGIN: The left side "j had the same origin as "stream of water." The right side consisted of a hand from above grabbing a child. Together they indicated a hand keeping a child afloat in water. The kanji     means "to float."
S$to float
=> t>
if tin flotation ring ifä!^ floating objects
>¥í žtA ups and downs >f-*-tt transitory world, life >$;ft^í a tramp
' s  ; r r ?S*S*SW-
IG
919	ON-KUN READINGS:         I HEADER: y         \ ft
® tag	1 J- v4t
ORIGIN: The top from ft, was bamboo stalks with leaves. The bottom f\f, used phonetically here, had "f "per- g son" and "it" "hand" signifying a hand giving something to another person, of reaching out and touching. A letter was written on a bamboo tally. The kanji U means "tag."
■Wi ticket	ttfäf charm, talisman
-t"i? musical note	! fAitif rest, pause
Vt"9" symbol	tlí? tally, check
	
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a hand hold _ ax to strike (same origin as ^C). It signified a stem The kanji X. means "father" or "paternal."
fc5Ci^ father |t
X father
father ÍÉ5C • uncle
ftX. grandfather
parents of studen: it X father-in-law
920
ON-KUN READINGS:
•7-í(l7<š)-íí(9)
ORIGIN: The top ff was a person stooping over. 1 cowry, a valuable shell used as currency. Together thev cated a person carrying valuable goods on his or her which signified bearing a heavy burden. Showing one': indicated defeat or loss. The kanji jH means "to lo owe" or "to bear."
ft\ii> to lose ft 7 to owe
L.r3.i. i
ft match, game ft H debt
£ i tttj
*> ft 1+ victory and defeat I tf ft 7 to shoulder
r fl -ft -ft -a g Ä
1100 Kanji
	
I         ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	it
ior; military
oOOO
at
ORIGIN: In the ancient form, the upper right side      was a tograph of a halberd; and the lower left it was a foot-nt. Together they indicated a person who advanced on fcot with arms to fight, ot "militaty" matters, as contrasted id "civil" matters. The kanji j^v, means "warrior," or "military,"
samurai warrior JtS arms, weapons
Ä^-fTlt use of armed forces
:r\3sl armed
■ ?. the sword and the pen    l;;t\^f a general's double
*~ t t t &
ON-KUN READINGS:
V-'JB
AUtK:
"d; manner; suvle
GIN: The top ancient form had a dragon (here ife) under lil F\ that catches wind whereas the bottom one had a * imaginary sacred bird JH with a "crown" crest, and a il. Wind was believed to be caused by a dtagon or sacred Jf. The current kanji A, kept the ctown on top of ife in stroke /, and is also used for absrract (invisible) concepts th as "manner; style."
Ä wind
,typhoon HR, • faÄ Japanese stvle
AS bath
JStfP a cold
aö
•^/C^'Jili: in amannerlike that
ORIGIN: The left side w was borrowed from the kanji that had the same sound as "to divide." The right side P originally signified a village, consisting of land and people Together they meant a part of a village, or a section in gen-eral. The kanji aP means "part; section."
• oPM room £S|5 entirely	-#oP academic department i a;*r : f?|iT a subordinate
8J5# part	1*1 -Sß inside
—$3 parr	! *$ R a corps
	* * £ $ £*£3$p
ON-KUN READINGS:
75
to accompany; deputy
I'J
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the left side was a wide-mouthed container filled with food, signifying wealth. The right side was 'J "knife." The combined form indicated something that was cut and placed next to the main thing. The kanji means "to accompany" or "depury."
i'Jti-S: vice president of a	; i Six.-5 to attach	
company	g'Hfffl side effecr	
l'IÄ side job &v\l.<	1 a.<3A,a;o I'JiS^ by-producr	
S-S'] original and duplicate		
i      y-i    a    o    xa    c* o i   n m m	g 3' S'J	n
THE KEY TO KANJI
ORIGIN: The left side -f "to go" was the left half of a cross-toad. The right side had two conjoined containets, one of which was upside down, signifying "double," and a foot facing backward, signifying going and tetuming, ot a tound trip. Togethet they indicated tepeating something. The kanji "j* means "to tepeat" or "again."
ffi'S review
el If. recovery
tifa^^f round-rrip ticket
fll5?£ "t 4 to tevive
flUR teconstruction
.>.<im.
fllTE restoration
12
ORIGIN: The left side H was "boat," which had two J The right side !5C depicted a person being pushed another person's hand (3^), signifying "to yield. Clothes, which have a front and a back, mold to body, yielding to the shape of the body. The kanji "to obey" ot "clothes."
Si clothes HRffi-f-StobeobechciK
£jj.< j -i.<j::>
S¥SR Western-style clothes ffiffl-f Z> to take mechoBi
ft.i< j <D.i:<
#dJR Japanese-style clothes SJR submission
927
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
_7^_	
fottune; good luck
ORIGIN: The left side ^f- from was an altar for making an offering. The right side was a wide-mouthed container used to stote sake and food, signifying wealth. Together they indicated food ot sake that was offered to a god. With the religious meaning diminished, the kanji 'fS still rerains a certain focus on hope, with the meaning "fortune; good luck."
	; .>>< l
S good luck	j flitt. welfare
c9.i.< #48 happiness	fi® New Year's grab bag
7851 lottery	j if* La * plump
7 t H	
ON-KUN READINGS:
abdomen; belly
ORIGIN: The left side .fl came from I^J, a piece of mca flesh with muscles, and pertains to parts of a body. The ri side was used phonetically to indicate "thick." The abdor is the thickest part of a persons body. The kanji me "abdomen; belly."
fit. stomach
fitiLT-S to get upset ljj stomach ache
<5i<
3? Jit hunger
fit<v^ trusted confidante
««<l'< frank
1100 Kanji
929
ON-KUN READINGS:
72
HEADER
to duplicate
'. The left side % from the kanji -fc- signified clothes, -e fight side were two conjoined containers, one of I was upside down, signifying "double," and a backward indicating going and feturning, and thus meaning "to tit." Togethet they indicated two layers of clothes. Later,
—.caning of clothes was dropped, so the kanji means
duplicate."
•It copy
4t1 duplication,      tt^+S copier
: MS-}
Hfrom various angles
Ml*S
'tsp+S copier
»<Sl
'W(tf£ complicated
Mft multiple number
14
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
4
:ha; France
0
'. The right side     of the old foim meant to dispetse weeping one's hand, which has the sound /fu/. It nen borrowed to express the "bu/fu" sound in Buddha, i-so used to signify France, taking the first syllable /fu/ name written in kanji. The reduced current form - tans "Buddha" or "France."
Buddhism >addha
US.-U.K.-France
A-fA Great Buddha image ;$,-(/» "fi> to enter Nirvana
930	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:
® to pay; to brush 1 away	mt, ft* %
ORIGIN: The old form Ifp meant to dispetse ot deny by sweeping one's hand -t. It also came to mean getting rid of a debt with a payment, or generally making a payment. As is the case with \U "Buddha," % became simplified to A. The kanji     means "to pay" or "to brush away."
tki to pay
* advance payment
*>tr\ih
ftfc l * pay afterwards
1 payment
T\ ffifc ^v to turn a person away
-mLi<
iU^, ~X ■£> to wipe out
1 I
stuff; things
ORIGIN: The left part indicated a cow's head. The right side 4? depicted a variety of streamers, signifying "assorted things." Combined, they indicated cows with different colorations. The meaning of cow was dtopped, and the kanji •f^ means "stuff" or "things."
to
#7 thing
food n# goods, item fhffi animal
^iffi price of goods food
%!3>]tl breakdown of
negotiations
T  4 ? *7##
THE KEY TO KANJI
933
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER 77
to divide; portion; to understand; :o realize; minute
ORIGIN: The top ' ^ "dividing into two" and the bottom 77 "sword; knife" or "to cut" indicated not only "to divide" or "portion" but also "minute" because an hour is divided into 60 minutes." Also, when something is explained in a clear-cut manner, it is easily understood. The kanji ^j" means "to divide," "portion," "minute," or "to understand; to realize."
to divide	five minutes	
Lkd_j.S:a +#C plentifully	y73"?i] 0)$>6 sensible	
IfrirZ to understand, to	-t^7"@ seven-tenths	
realize		
		4
ON-KUN READINGS
.«.(-5)
to muster up strength; to be invigorated
ORIGIN: The ancient form consisted of "^*. "big* —4 "pudgy small bird" on "rice paddies," giving the c=: .-•.: a bird flapping its wings, starting to take flight. The <__ means "to muster up strength; to be invigorated."
&# e
xcitement
#H to fight hard
H"i to muster the courage      s%# be spirited
l£$k~t& to make strenuous   #S brace oneself for efforts
W       ON-KUN READINGS:		HEADER:
yy-z-zu		
		
1  A* A		
		
■ ORIGIN: On the left ..""ft rice grains scatter in all directions. I On the right in /rf, which was used phonetically, / N meant "to divide" and 77 meant "knife." When rice and other I grains are divided, that is, ground into powder, they make I flour. The kanji     means "flour."
© flour, powder
aBJre
'hftfe' wheat flour I: in pieces
¥t)%. powder ffi}Hfy~tZ> to smash pollen
10
936	
(A)	
writing; letter;	
sentence; culture; •	
civil; penny i	
If ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a beautifully over!
• collar and indicated writing that expressed careful thou* using intricate writing forms, thus leading to the meaninj "writing." The kanji X also represented what is produ by human wisdom and intellect, such as "culture; civil tion; writing; fine arts; scholarship, etc." Mon was the sm est unit of money in olden days.
% sentence
\i-~X (students) essay, composition
idit culture
~>X^ literature
English writing ~%.*s) complaint —XML penniless
1100 Kanji
: '. The top      was a pictograph of two closed doots, ch signified something unknown. Inside the Pj, also a pictograph of an eat, signifying listening to heat ..- When one wants to know something, one listens ts. The kanji     means "to listen; to ask."
:o hear, ask
to be audible newspaper
r 7 77
JLlidSi"to see and hear
ifACy***,
WiW^fM unheard of
? t
W*4 listenet
14
m........................i........................................i...........«i.....
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER f
r.at; calm
N The ancient form depicted a water plant floating flat . water. The form signified "flat" and described a state was not extraordinary. The kanji "^F" means "flat; calm."
-3 flat i flat
S The Heisei Era
1989-)
c/x3>:3
^ # equaliry
9k. unconcerned ^tMt parallel
ORIGIN: The top depicted an ax or a weapon. The bottom depicted two hands. Together they indicated someone who fights with a weapon in his hand. The kanji ^ means "soldier."
vftdr soldier	weapons
soldier	l&^f'JSc the conscription
13^.1. * sending ttoops	j system |       military service
"* f f-	7 }
940	
	ON-KUN READINGS:        ; HEADER:
to line up; row; 1 ordinary	
1 ORIGIN: The old form Si came from a pictograph of two (signifying many) people standing side by side. It also meant something that spread sideways, hence "row." Since there are so many of them standing in a tow, none of them is special. The kanji jife means "to line up," "row," or "ordinary."	
■ $_&.<T) ordinary M.i' to line up St?1! patallel	MiL^t £ to stand side by side i -Sp-H^A weekday average : AM I-decently, like others
	
THE KEYTO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:
<-W-L(£>£)-£(.i;-&)
HEADER:
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the upper part f"j depicted two closed doors, and ~% was a pictogt aph of a weit blocking the flow of water. The kanji     means "to close."
W\y>Z> to close
; M Hfl opening and closing Tfi$% closure
M Ci to close
]^b?H a store's closing     : 16 M tightly shut time
p r r r
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
^-I'-v'-f-Cat)	
RIGIN: The ancient form was a depiction of rice scattered in I all directions. In old times, America was written phonetically as StR^'I^D; the sttessed syllable /me/ became a reduced form, as in    S. The kanji ?K means "rice" or "America."
	j la,"^1
rice	H>R pro-American
	
S/ttR new crop of rice,	ÄtRö^ anti-American
beginner <w£<	1 B*M#. Japan-US.
*n U.S.A.	j relationship
	6
942 ] (§) 1 his or her majesty •	ON-KUN READINGS:	
	H I	
j ORIGIN: The left side P was a pictograph of a dirt a^fl a hill. The right side depicted two people standmc leal to each other, facing in the same direction. put::-; ~.apl in order. With the addition of i soil the kanji i- '. jiTJil staits, specifically stairs in an imperial palace. Th = means "his or her majesty."		
PUT his ot het majesty AKT their majesties		
* 1 F P' p p'r*p£p¥P£		
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the left side was a variant h> of if" "bone." The right side 'J was a knife. Together indicated "to cut bones with a knife; to disassemble." i further indicated something separate. Now the kanj: means "to separate."
	
?■] U~<l'v 1 not particularly	?'l l:i"& to put sepatately
fiHi to separate	#■>?') I: exceptional
?'l Ar l Z separately	9'H£ by sepatate mail
■ " ° 1 % # M	
II00 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	
strange; extraordinary
ORIGIN. The old form flj had two threads that couldn't be untangled even with the use of a knife. The bottom indicated an action in general. Together they signified a state that was not normal. In the current form, the top was tcplaced with sff. The kanji 3£ means "strange; extraordinary."
xL v strange
tough, hectic I ft change, transition
£.hi> to change
i ~A.£5
%V] fluctuation
J czw
••ii'Sifot) change of mind
' ~t~ ~tr ifr tfF: ;
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
^y-MV)	
irrange; to edit; :o knit; book
f
:<= 3 n: The left side & signified thteads or strings. The sr.: side /if consisted of a door and thin pieces of writing .:- that were bound with a string into books. Together anji IS means "to arrange; to edit; to knit" or "book."
to knit ■"■"M knitting •4 editing
£5$fi>hSft short story -~hiSi&§$,  ten-car train music arrangement
i ORIGIN: The ancient form was a depiction of a tree cut in half, indicating just one side. The kanji /i* means "one side; piece."
fJ'Tziii % -fj one side —Jť <T> of one piece Mí líi. "i o*séíNb one by one	Slf >t #7 fragmental # B^f t even for a moment ^ one hand
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
^y-fotziO)--^
HEADER:
,6
ORIGIN: The ancient form of 3^ had E=§ "nose" (or "self"); S "square table," and ~J] "four directions," signifying spreading to all directions. The bottom, , was "to go forward." Together the kanji indicated the peripheral as opposed to the center (oneself). Now with the top replaced by 77, the kanji ^2 means "peripheral" or "around."
Z<T>iQ in the area, around here »(; -fCOia'J around there Le^A. MSI surrounding area	i *S*^9 ■ iQift. remote region j LA-«A $t «2 one's safety or affairs i *f< i ?Ki2 waterside
1 71 5	
THE KEY TO KANJI
f      ON-KUN READINGS:	jHEADER
	
| ORIGIN: In the ancient form the right top      depicted the
motion of a hand pushing a cloth back. The bottom left 2__
came from 7^. "a foot in a crossroad" and signified "to go beyond" or "to move forward." Together they indicated to move something back. The kanji     means "to teturn."
	i ^A,(M,
reply	ill no return of merchandise
	
ti iS L return gift	1 i4il return
	!    fc'     t>X 7hXh
i&it reply letter	#')i*t liMs shuttle service
f 3 l!k 'J* j& jg_	7
ON-KUN READINGS:	:HEADER?!
	
^ORIGIN: The left side 9t> depicted a woman straining in labor but eventually managing to give bitth, signifying "something barely going through." The right side JJ signified strength or power. The kanji means "applying strength to try hard."
	
fä.^Ai'ito study, to sell at	^Mfä idle, not well studied
low price	
	
%1&f£ diligent	
~v„*<<	
study	
'   " r* « -ft « ^ ^	
950
ON-KUN READINGS:
service; convenient ■
n
ORIGIN: The left side A was from the kanji .A. "perse side view of a person standing. The right side SL cor. of a table and a tool in hand, here phonetically used to: cate "service." Together they indicated using a servant i having the convenience of a setvant. The kanji if! "service" or "convenient."
fi? convenience, stool
U^l convenient, useful
a.^A,
^fit inconvenient If fh toilet
ISfil I; amicably, privatu
^@21st home delivery service
ffi'l letter
952 ®\ speech; flower 1 petal; valve	ON-KUN READINGS:         '■ HEADBM -<>	
	(ft -ft #	
ORIGIN: The kanji      depicted a man putting his hat over 1 his head with both hands. This kanji 4f came to be used tor 1 various meanings as a simplified form that had no relevancr 1 to its original meaning. These include (a) "speech" rroni 1 "argue in court" ^ and "dialect"; and (b) "flower petal" or 1 "valve" from IS.		
#S box lunch #W excuse #ff± lawyer		M2§# Kansai dialect "■r\, 1 # valve Tz"-/*, 1 ^# talkative
I *■                                                              5 1		
llOOKanji
ON-KUN READINGS:	■HEADER
	1 A
to keep
ORIGIN: The left side 'f was a recurring component from the kanji -A. "petson," a side view of a person standing. The right side was an infant wrapped in a blanket ot diaper. Together they indicated that a person cares for, or keeps, a baby. The kanji 'ItJc means "to keep."
ft^> to hold
^^H^f^liE health insurance card
.Jfc-A
keeping warm, thermal
kindetgarten teacher 1S?J to preserve, keep custody, storage
I         ON-KUN READINGS:	
	* J
to fill a gap; to compensate for
ORIGIN: The left side % was from 1^. "clothes," from layers rjf collars around a neckline. The right side was a young r.ce plant whose damaged roots were protected. Together they indicated mending clothes ot filling a gap. The kanji 1 means "to fill a gap" or "to compensate for."
<- i to complement replenishment 51 5. supplementation
ifä X. alternate
to replenish assistance
12
1 .Ji
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER;
ft 0
71 it
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the top it depicted a left foot, and the bottom depicted a right foot. One walks by moving the fight foot and left foot alternately. The kanji ^ means "step," or "to walk."
to walk f>C^ walk —# one step
sidewalk
#ij to walk
-s;»t>
# =rT" for a commission
1-iVjh
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
i3
to recruit people; to raise monev
■ ORIGIN: The upper part H; "to disappear" was only used 1 phonetically to indicate "to gather." The bottom f] was flexing muscles, indicating strength. Together they indicated hands gathering people or money. The kanji H= means "to recruit (people)" or "to raise money."
J5I£ application
to collect
recruitment, invitation   i>U open application
uigent tccruit
fhik fundraising
12
THE KEY TO KANJI
957
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
i
ORIGIN: The upper part, had a sun setting in overgrown grasses, which signified something disappearing. A tomb buries someone who has disappeared into the soil (i). The kanji j£ means "tomb; grave."
M. tomb, grave Sfci cemetery
• 4t#; visit to a
gravestone
M-fff burial ground
mm
SrR"l; in front of a tomb
cemetety
13
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictogtaph of a nursing mother (with an exaggeration of the breasts, suggesting nursing and mothethood). The kanji ~&£ means "mother." (The two kanji     and ~& share a similar origin.)
n-Q-^L mother #U mothet
MX
parents
ill
grandmothet
ac<
*S-H] native country
u:3s-r:
maternal side #S main house
sunset; end of a year
ON-KUN READINGS:
ORIGIN: The upper part ^ had a sun setting in o- en grasses, which signified something disappearing. Ui neath is another sun. Togerher they indicated the time « the sun disappeats, eithet at the end of the day or in wi (when the sun does not shine much). The kanji ^ — "sunset" or "end of a year."
% end of a year
tot
9%kV dusk
end-of-year gift
B^^l. sunset #6. twilight
m
to wrap
ORIGIN: The upper part depicted a person viewed -ways. Inside was a baby in a fetal position, the old forrr which showed a head in E», instead of S. Together : signified "to wrap around." Tire kanji fzl means "to wrap."
I > S small package, parcel
oo
1£L ti to wrap
U5B*7
ST kitchen knife (from
«T)
cHAft^ wrapping paper dressing, bandage "&Ttl7#7 comprehensive
J
llOOKanji
	
on-kun readings:	header: i
3in: The ancient form had depicted handcuffs and a per-■_r.eelingpushed by a hand from behind, together indicat-_ - criminal being punished fot a crime. The punishmcnr reported to a highet authority. The left side ^ has the :ng of "reversal of misfortune." The meaning of a crimi-~to repay" for his crime also became reversed to mean "to id." The kanji     means "to tepott; to tepay; to reward."
lí5A<C5lf3
!•-=• report
^ *weather forecast I *   i to reward, to repay incorrect report
IŘflt&íř tetaliatofy attack ÍÍIíjI media, report
* * é * $
12
iiN: The left side was 7J "four directions," and the tight was JC, a hand pounding a stick, signifying an action .:..l. Together they showed an act of releasing some-ptrcg from constraint, freely into all ditections. The kanji . means "to release" or "to emit."
I * á broadcasting
m to release I • *T "t i> to release
Mm
%Jfct to abandon Ä S ~t í to neglect Ä^C arson
•5 $ #
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER
ORIGIN: The old form jt? indicated that inside "house," there were i "jewelry," TJ-T "containct fot valuable things," and j=l "cowty," a rare shell used as currency. Together they indicated "treasure." Now teduced to a house with jewelty inside, the kanji § still means "treasure."
tztrhin S# tteasure Tztrb S < 12 lottery ŤS blessing of having a child	MS national treasure Sílí highly prized treasure %.1S. heirloom
	
origin: The ancient form showed a plow with a long sideways handle. The handle and the top and bottom point to four directions; pulling something in four directions forms a square. Referring only to the direction in which someone is situated is a form of honorific expression. The kanji ~2] means "direction; square; person [honorific]."
[honorific] thepetson ÝóO^T that choice
9ľ7j both
l»9C?
^7T=] direction
MA.vwtz
ítií' [honorific] teachers itW locality
THE KEYTO KANJI
1 965	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER?!
(§) 1 law	(3*8
ORIGIN: In the old form )/%, > was water and the right side ■ n indicated "to enclose" from an imaginary animal forced inside a tight-lidded container, -ifc. The kanji signified rules and laws that restrict people. Now the right side is reduced to the bottom     The kanji /4 means "law."	
- l*M-3t,*»A ^7 ;4 method, means            >£#jS,K illegal I «?0o                                    i n-sa-v 1 *# law absutd jj ilS illegal                         ! ;4|f Buddhist memorial service	
	
	
HBPMNMMHHHHBHHMMHH 967	ON-KUN READINGS:         : HEADER:
V JSL y |J   abundant; rich i	
ORIGIN: The old form jsL came from the pictograph of stalks I of broomcorn millet, freshly harvested, in a food container. I It signified the abundance of harvest placed on an altar. I Now the top part is somewhat reduced, and the kanji ilL I means "abundant; rich."
M.^^ rich Jf^'i abundance B abundance
jtff good harvest
jt^ a year of good harvest
jtijSj plump, fleshy
1  f rt"7 Ttt7 itt?
^ yfc ffi ife ^fe
13
ON-KUN READINGS:
J=:|:|;:;;;      M:: ft,;;:;*;:;;;; ;ii;S;;.;;,?i: ::.:::i:i:;;:::: :^:»;s
S"
I ORIGIN: g was a tattoo needle and a mouth O, sig I "to speak clearly and sharply" or "word." ~?J was a plow | I a long sideways handle. The handles and the top and bor Jj pointed to four directions. People ask for directions wr>n they visit a new place. The kanji ITj means "to visit."
ifrTA visit
IX t
0)%l2> to visit t>j~B visit to Japan
Wvisit to the U.S.A. ^ift coming to visit
f   n   u  u   u   u J 5v
/-—-\ 1		
to pass away; to die jj	Ss	
|f ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a person dis- 1 1 appearing behind a screen. One disappears when one dies. The kanji T-T means "to pass away" or "to die."		
•i t < fi i to pass away ftt: death iiVt A widow 1*5 t £/•?> to fall, become extinct		tl departed spirit ©on? Sit downfall trr^i" defection, political asylum
		
1100 Kanji
3 s The top TJT depicted a person hidden behind a I, signifying "to disappear," or "to lose." The bottom's-:t anatomical shape of a heart with an arterv. Together licated that a memory was losr. The kanji means rorget."
{f-Z to forget tt/£lt slip of memory
SL-^-s end-of-the-year party   tt.'SS forgetful
~ lost-and-found item    StP oblivion, forgetfulness
-t -t     -t -t
971
ON-KUN READINGS:
ft WO
HEADER
a
'. The ancient form had H "sun," two hands, and — il." It depicted an act using two hands to skin an ani-or fur under the sun. Skinning an animal was a violent nd the carcass was left exposed to the sun. The kanji; "to expose," or "violent."
H.S rainstorm tit to act violently
violent 7 violence
« o s'm w g- ji
S < to expose
u<-s
I^SS exposure, debunking Sffil riot ff-jS crash
15
ON-KUN READINGS:
'It
ORIGIN: The left I was a variant of "heart," and the right side "t meant "disappear." Together they originally ind cated the state of one being stupefied. Later the kanji came to be used to indicate the state that one was absent-minded because one was so busy. The kanji tt means "busy."
'It La 1 busy tela 3^'tt busyness tt&.HH2> to be swamped with work	j tt'f in the midst of a busy J life
	
972	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER
© to wish: to overlook (view) j	1	
ORIGIN: The left top T_T was originally r£ "watchful eye"; the right top was     "moon." The bottom depicted a man 1 standing on tiptoe, looking into the distance. The kanji 3!! means "to look over (to view)" or "to wish."
#2 hope 2 A a hope, a desire lis? * 2 a desire, a wish	-JO.;-3X5 $62*? desperate, hopeless 3^2 "t"4 to feel disappointed +2 long-cherished desire
■     -t _j in-tfj _at3^ii	
THE KEY TO KAN JI
ON-KUN READINGS:
ORIGIN: The left side ^F- was a tree. The right side "revere," used phonetically, depicted thtee (or many) hands holding a tree which was growing high, toward the gods. Together it indicated something that extended a long way. In Japan this kanji was also used for a partner who helped to beat the poles of of a palanquin (a coveted littct). The kanji ^ means "club; pole."
14 ' t$ stick t0# partner IS-5 J: #is a reading without emotion	#7'^"7 bar graph a^a^ log thief
r "t t * rrrrw##	
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the top came depicted - : horse's mouth viewed from the front and was used phoa»-cally to indicate "to scheme." The bottom JS. "cowrv" fied "money." Together they meant to try to make a protr 1 moving merchandise, or to trade merchandize. The kanpfl means "to trade."
AS trade
Ä#»K3t trade balance ÖshÄI» free trade
1IC»3*.3
ÄffKI? protective trade trade wind
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
/EP-^-ttK-)	P
ON-KUN READINGS:
ORIGIN: The left side P was an earthen wall that surrounded a house. The right side ^7 signified four directions. Together they indicated defending all difections by building a wall. The kanji F?7 means "to defend; to ptevent."
W <"to protect "if prevention R?it. prevention
defense
C<123
Bl fft national defense /'rSFv^Hl fire brigade
it
it
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted two people sitting bad to back because their relationship was cold. It also indicator that two people were running away, showing their backs after losing a battle. The side opposite to the sunny south side ii north. 'Ihe kanji ik means "north" or "to be defeated."
It notth
North America itmt Hokkaido
iityfe/tf the Tohoku region
UlWK
ffeit loss in a game or battle it-f-tl the Big Dippet
HOOKanji
ON-KUN READINGS:	: HEADER:
	! 4
■i
«3 '•: The left side 'i was a person. The right side depicted W held by two hands. Someone who held a basket - -crvant or a low-level official. From the meaning of rank, this form was also used by a male speaker when . ro himself in the humble style. The kanji IH means n »nt" ot "I" (when used by a male speaker).
< '. ntst person) [used by a ~.iie speaker]
public servant
14
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
f_-ce; origin; ^ counter for ng object
4\ *
; N; The ancient form depicted a ttee with its toots zed, where a tree originated. The kanji ^ means ce; origin; book (source of knowledge)." It is also used counter for a long object.
* >x>k *-S bookstote r Japan
3A,[2A
thtee pens
liA,?
serious
UA.ICA.
^A the person himself or herself
978	ON-KUN READINGS:        i HEADER:
®	
ORIGIN: The left side \ showed a cow's head with horns sticking out. The right side      depicted the motion of hitting ot pounding repeatedly with a stick, signifying an action or activity in genetal. Together they meant to herd cattle (ot a place where cattle graze). The kanji 4& means "pasture."	
1 ij<i:j3 I ranch I pasture 1 ftLi% pastor	#c*§ pasture ^cft-f^ to graze *L<fcSt! pastotal, idyllic
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
71
/I
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a sail on a boat. The first two strokes are the same as those of Mi "wind." How it came to mean "all" or "ordinary" is unclear. The kanji K, means "covering all; ordinary."
-"NlnJA,
^JL'i' common
IJA.CA,
.FLA ordinary person
Mt
R,^ roughly
(3A.ni.-.
FLW explanatory notes ^fLfX extraordinary
UA,J:3
V^M mediocrity
THE KEY TO KANJI
|         ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER
	-a
ORIGIN: The left side J^C was a woman sitting. In on the right side, the shott stroke ar the top indicated that the top of a ttee was yet to grow. A female person not fully grown is considered a younger sister. The kanji $ti means "younger sister."
	
younger sister	^tt- real sister
	
sisters	sister-in-law
	
%P$f* younger siblings	
	
ON-KUN READINGS:	I HEADER:
	
ever)'
ORIGIN: The ancient form, shown in the middle, was phonetically used to indicate "to work busily." It was also a variant form of "mother." A mother can bear children one after another, so the kanji signified repetition of the same event. The kanji -~^r means "every."
-^iit every week 3tB everyday every month
■^J-EJ every time
*oa*c*:
jIH-S-U every thtee days every year
982	ON-KUN READINGS: HEAfl^H	
® counter for a flat, 1 thin object such as I    paper or cloth 1	-V*K	
g ORIGIN: The left side is J*fc "ttee; wood." The right sic. I a hand holding something to pound with. Together znart 1 indicated a flat piece of wood. The kanji     is a counter iar 1 1 a flat, thin object such as paper or cloth.		
—#t two sheets ta.-ti ftft numbet of sheets —ft/3, bivalve		—ft'S' duplicitous, fork-tongucd
-1 t *		
ON-KUN READINGS:
1»
cuttain; drapery
ORIGIN: The top 5^ depicted the sun surrounded bv til grasses that were making the sun invisible at sunset. Underneath was a hanging cloth. Togethet they indicated a clo~ that hid something. The kanji ^ means "cuttain; draper
% curtain tt<Hr> IM*. the end of the Tokugawa eta subtitle	XH= tent, marquee IR^ silver screen, movie F^^^, unveiling ceremony
	
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:        j HEADER
$1Z \ x
I The ancient form was a pictograph of a right hand. : was used for various meanings chat use a hand, macng a "right hand" and "to possess; to help; to repeat.' ir-ent meaning of the kanji X is "again."
L— ^:ernatively ■f* hearsay
X1 second cousin XWL sublease
987
i
^ind; all
ON-KUN READINGS:
The original kanji iSi came from a depiction of a r:on, used phonetically. For a long time in Buddhism, • a.nji 7J has been used as a variant of Ft. called manji, c-.cient symbol of good fortune or happiness. It came to rcrrent meaning phonetically. The kanji 7j means "ten xjand."
r-: 30,000yen
. a million people ' I everything
75 <D all
\~&$t& taking all possible measures
75M, banzai cheer
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER
4\
I ORIGIN: A long stroke '    on a tree ^ indicated the extreme | end of a tree. The kanji 3^. means "end." (The first stroke of ?% "end" is longer than the second, whereas the first stroke is shorter in ^F* "yet.")
	
ifi^S weekend	; -tW^i: in the end
	! Si 5
fi ^ end of month	^.o-f-youngest child
	: Lio
end of a year	i ik^.'f i> to put in order,
	i serrle
	5
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:
	
full; to be filled
¥ ORIGIN: In the old form >i§, > was "watet," and the right I side depicted the conjoined halves of two dried gourds (phonetically, "full"). Together they indicated "to be filled with water." The kanji     means "full" or "to be filled."
*	
ijSrt-S to be filled with	i^M'S-f- jam-packed train
	
ffift full moon	'/S/S. satisfaction
	
iS M lull house	^SS dissatisfaction
j j t j j a ximmm	
THE KEY TO KANJI
989	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:
® taste	J °*
ORIGIN: The ancient form had D "mouth" and ^ "yet" (from a ttee     yet to grow.) The rop stroke is short, meant to indicate that something is yet to gtow. Similatly, tasting food in one's mouth is the process of trying to figute out what it is. It is yet to be determined. So, the kanji ^ means "taste."	
■A taste iBr^ intetest ft1* hobby	j ally ^-^OTg. food expiration dace j H-^-U»tasty
	
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER
ORIGIN: The top ^ was a house (or sacred place). The middle part 0& depicted -^t "lance" strapped tightly between two poles, stored away and closely fitted, thus "dense." The bottom, now J-|, originally came from fire, which suggested the power of a secret ritual. The kanji S means "dense" of "secret."
teffi secret
i>*
s secretly 8sl& secret talk t^L/c cramped
Sf'SK/ secret agreement 35ft *£ close IIS <t intimate
n
ON-KUN READINGS:
yet
cii
ORIGIN: In ^L, the short stroke at the top indicates: top of a tree is yet to grow. The kanji 3^ means "vt the other hand, the fitst sttoke of "fc "end" is longer t second, contiasting its meaning.)
^tzi~ not yet
not yet A-^ri future
AW primitive Aftl& inexperienced ABfl daybreak
992	ON-KUN READINGS: HEA3CM	
(*) v— vein; pulse I 1		
ORIGIN: The left side e came from 1^1 "flesh with muscles* 1 and pet tains to a body pat t. The right side depicted tribute- 1 ies, indicating things branching out into different grouw. 1 Togethet they indicated veins. The kanji      means "venTl and has also come to mean "pulse."		
Hk pulse d-ilft mountain tanges 11} Vk artery		; Att. network of persona! I contacts i ^:a^*< 1 JtSfc context - 1 DM# pulsation
		1/M
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	
people
SIN: The ancient form depicted an eye pierced with a e to make someone blind, symbolizing someone who it do things against his or her will. It indicated "ordinary atopic" who do not see things or express their own judgment or view under a ruler. Now the kanji E^. just means "people."
a r, people
democracy -itizcn
R. people
*M,»<
R.fs family-run inn
UAA,
ff R. immigrant, immigration
ON-KUN READINGS:
g
to sleep
I
ORIGIN: The left side B was a pictograph of an eye. The right side came from an eye pierced with a needle to blind it, indicating a slave, that is, someone who is ruled blindly. A closed eye is asleep. The kanji ISi means "to sleep."
BiBR sleep
br4 to sleep
ftBR?MZ to take a nap
BRA drowsiness IR/c>.' sleepy
-i.*ALj:7
insomnia
i n n b a rraraFiR
10
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADLR:
	7
■ ork on; duty mission
The left side was ^ "halberd," a weapon or some-r_r.g that intimidated. The upper right side was iC, which ted repeated pounding with a stick, or an "action in »neral." The bottom right was    , a "stronghand." Together ndicated that one was forced to work, or "duty; work." •; Kanji     means "to work," or "duty; mission."
• f*]E administrative office
■=* assignment
- *S public servant
ftfS-Bf fifl working hours
^*o-S to become employed
cot;
practical business
li
ORIGIN: In the old form, the top depicted a medium, whose eyebrows wete drawn on thick (signified by the top ■**"), praying in a trance at an ancestral altat. The bottom J indicated night. A dream was believed to be in a prayerful trance that happened at night. The kanji ^ means "dream."
dream
9-   T* frantically, in a trance
M
nightmare
dream that comes true
— +-f ^ i« jtS «;
13
THE KEY TO KANJI
997	ON-KUN READINGS:        I HEADER:
I   nothing; to not 1 exist	
W ORIGIN: The ancient form originally depicted a person dancing with heavily adorned long sleeves for a religious ceremony. It took on the meaning of a phonetically similat word, "nothing," and a new kanjl, j% "dance," which incor- j porates ^4" "footsteps" at the bottom, was created for "to dance." Tiie kanji Trft means "nothing" or "to not exist."	
MK' none V) *S unreasonable .i:e *^ safety	^It'i' cruel j fti&^r wasteful j CLj< i        having no job
	
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
daughter; young I woman
1
ORIGIN: The left side      was a woman. The right depicted a process in which rice was washed in water tc remove dust, theteby leaving only the best gtains in tr . ket. The kanji      means "daughter; young woman." TJ» was originally a reduced form for      as in H$ik* ■
i% daughtet
cc4*>
'1     young girl
granddaughter
JbX')     a girl raised in a protective, good family
girlish innocence
; name; reputation; ;   pretext; people i counter[honorific
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a crescent moon in the early evening ^. A crescent moon at dusk is in a dim light. A mouth symbolized someone calling someone's name to identify him or her at dusk. It is also used as an honorific counter for people. The kanji -^rS means "name; reputation; pretext."
%j iff name	; :         feudal lord
famous	ii% surname and given
full name	| name i        family name
ORIGIN: The top -£><■ indicated gathering people in one place. In the bottom, was a mouth, and P depicted a petsoe kneeling. Together they meant people gathered to hear the words of a superior or god—words that govern peoples lives. The kanji     means "life; order."
^05 IE,
% life ^■'t order
-±^#■1: with all of one's sttength
15«? mission
H>B the anniversary of someone's death
j
jjt# remainder of one's life
1100 Kanji
1001
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
B
rr-ihr; obvious; rraowing; to :•: - ome known
\ N: The ancient form consisted of a window and a n    , indicating bright moonlight coming through a ow. Later on, the left side was replaced by H "sun," for :::ght light. The kanji      means "bright; clear; evident; ng" or "to become known." A bright light brings out mnething in public, and makes it obvious. A new daybreak gs another day.
!-*>>' cheery, bright PeR declaration
* fit      *£?ttfe \ »3
E B • ePj B • ef\ B tomorrow I *f\ hti-\Z clearly, obviously
•s _ ©<ij.ff)Ui
e = the Meiji Era (1968-     'n^^af\ missing, lost, 1912) unaccounted for
I   (1 H B BJ H/jH/jHt^
1003
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
0
■ get lost; to be perplexed
1*$
* /[v
:<=GIN: The upper right Tpi depicted rice grains scattered in iu directions, here phonetically used to mean "too small to ' The bottom part     indicated "forward-moving foot." _.:her they indicated losing ones way. The kanji -;ins "to get lost; to be perplexed."
" to get lost lost child i "5 annoyance to others
it maze
l&Si crawling low
ijf-i: stray
[ 1002	ON-KUN READINGS:        i HEADER:!	
promise; pledge; | alliance		/                 Jtnx |
ORIGIN: The top B^ depicted moonlight coming in through a window at which an altar was placed. The bottom J**l was an offering bowl filled with animal blood that was used in the rite of making a pledge (originally J&). Together they meant pledging or promising, or forming an alliance. The kanji H§ means "pledge; promise; alliance."		
BlrSi4a United Nations HS alliance #n 58 SI member country		#n§5J£ member store • 53.31 leading power *8Lffo pledge, covenant
1    n   fl   H   BJ BH W           HJ| HJ|      Hg 13		
1004
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER
	
1 ORIGIN: The left side D was a mouth. The right side ,!%
Iwas a pictograph of a bird. The noise of a bird chirping also represented other sounds. The kanji     means "to chirp" or making sound."
?&< to chirp ^ll resonance f&°&£Xtfi to cry out
3 t,©.-
flftX1) with fanfare H "ft thunderbolt
to,'lt5
rumbling
it   p   o' of x& v&afy^vfyv^x^
14
THE KEYTO KANJI
1005
ON-KUN READINGS:	j HEADER:
	! )i
ORIGIN: The ancient fotm depicted a woman straining in childbirth, signifying "something barely going through." From this arose the meaning of someone excused from a duty, tax, or some other requirement. The kanji fts means "to exempt from."
itfc &tr!i£ driving license
ftfS^\ * I am sorry PJfc exemption
CX for the sake of a person 3tP#r& acquittal
<*■ <*t <h ■&>
1007 ® mask; face; phase; 1 surface	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:	
	I n -	
ORIGIN: The ancient form highlighted the outline of a face, indicating a mask. Putting on a mask gives not only a new face to someone but also a new phase or surface to something. The kanji §) means "mask; face; surface" or "phase."		
1 S mask, aspect 1 tsili j 56311 interesting,	amusing	SHU^f troublesome eA^ ftbfi the surface of the Earth EUtbT to be bewildered
^rr^iTrifnr^irTJrS		
ON-KUN READINGS:
ORIGIN: The ancient form had 1% "silk cloth" on tht and IrS "long continuous thread" on the right. After. (which was less expensive) was introduced from the so the word came to tefet to cotton instead of silk. The cur form has & on the left and r% on the right. The kanp means "cotton."
8? cotton
tK#S cotton
SIRS cotton product
tuh.tr
1$ ?£ taw cotton K/ISffi absotbent cotton floss silk
ON-KUN READINGS:
ORIGIN: The left side was "tree; wood." The right side h was phonetically used to indicate "to copy." Together the* indicated making a wood block or just a pattern. The kani means "to model after."
\%M pattern filS model fSfttlA.^ trial exam, practice exam	flfjfe'f -i> to grope, to seek f^iUS imitation £IM size, scale
-1 * * rrrrp	
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
■K,The ancient form was a picrograph of a tuft of fine - <anji     means "hair."
(blanket
hair -imb's wool
It 4, pure lamb's wool -T" i barren plume
1011
ON-KUN READINGS:
. \ The ancient form was a pictograph of an eye. In Dn to the meaning of "eye," the kanji @ is used for - meanings, including "order" (jr.® 0 "the third : . "heading" (§ /.At "table of contents"), "experience" K '=<• @ "terrible experience"), and "characteristics of" ~- \W "smallet-sized").
~- § third dav rr.e's senior = i^togethet, utterly
B S T aim t^B no good
j lif'S)
W- B U in good time
@ <T> S /c 'J in one's presence
1010	ON-KUN READINGS:        i HEADER:
® tree; ^^^^^l	
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a tree with sweeping branches and roots in the ground. The kanji means "tree; wood." The kanji 7^ is also used for "Thursday."	
A tree Thursday tall tree	leaf : t<» ?KB rhe grain of wood I 3 » I fc<nW tree bud
	I
1012
ORIGIN: In the ancient form the top \\ was a pictograph of two doors concealing what was inside. Inside, D "mouth" signified speaking. One asks about what is not seen or known. The kanji F°] means "to question; to inquire."
flUSI problem
ft F=l f S to ask a question
if M scholarly studies
=1 v1 question
CA*
=18 wholesale
[K] I :#-f 4 to pass over the mattet
I r r r r
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	n
gate; doors
ft n
ORIGIN: In the ancient form, fl concealing what is inside. The	1 was a pictograph of two doors kanji fW means "gate; doors."
	
H gate	jEH front gate
	
#n specialty, major	P!     1 - at every house
	
fl PR curfew time	> 1 barking up rhe
	wrong tree
i ľ r ľ rnnn 8	
	ON-KUN READINGS:	\ HEADER:
		
field; outside; outsidet
ORIGIN: The left side was .31 "village" (B3 "rice paddies" plus i- "mound of earth"), indicating a place people inhabited. The righr side, "T* "advance," depicted something pushing anothet thing to make room. Both sides rogerher indicated a spacious piece of land that was outside the main area. The kanji 3\f means "field," or "outside; outsider."
		-r -
Si Si vegetables		Sf 3£ opposition party
		] ;n"p
ft ti. baseball		: itff people out of office
mih		] f*.'
if* field		ff 4- wild natute
i   n fl a o	¥11	
		
		
1014 1	ľ        ON-KUN READINGS:	
night	J) "	
ORIGIN: The ancient form shown in the middle indicsnsrfl that this kanji consisted of 7^. "person" and "moo«r| which was about to emerge from the side of the person A1 moon comes out at night. The kanji 'K. means "night.'		
night CM-tonight 4" I" in the middle of the night		fifctft sit up all night ^itAT staying up late a late night
		
1016
role; service; war
ON-KUN READINGS:
ORIGIN: The left side, A "to go," came from the left half oi I a crossroad. The right side      had a weapon in hand : eating a fight but also engagement in work. Together tl -indicared going to fight (or war), and, by extension, role or duty. The kanji isC means "war," or "role; service."
fit role g § role ft civil war
government office
ttffiWW causative verb
* < ft
Si:in ro make use of
UOOKanji
1017
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
A7^	\ J*
^7
3IN: The left side, "silk filaments being pulled out of urns," meant "threads." On the right side, the bent shape
ladle, 'V, looked like the loop of a thtead, signifying ottcut. When one tied a piece of yam, it was a token
promise as well. The kanji fft] means "to promise" or >rten" or "approximately."
—#■ approximately a year   ##7 summary ??ít) contract
h reservation Ift K promise
lpí*! economization
A
1019
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
<n>-» <o>„
3 N: The ancient fotm of the old form 3^ had § "word," . r, and a handcuffed criminal, indicating a careful inrer-itition. Togethef rhey meant "to translate words one by f Now the tight side uses X. "to measure." The kanji fX "translation; reason."
! translation reason, intetpretation B English translarion
m but
^ liR&'i 11 apologize for ' 1*1 iK breakdown "s ^ VK excuse
1018
	ON-KUN READINGS:	i HEADER
		
medicine; pharmaceutical
ORIGIN: The old form lit had **" "plants" and ;M "pleasant" ot "soothing" (coming from acotns making pleasant thyth-mic music), indicating medicinal herbs. The kanji lit means "medicine; pharmaceutical."
M medicine crif 91It drug store, pharmacy M^Si pharmacy	pharmacology f <*? WlW- medicinal herb condiment
— -*--M-Jrf--r-rr-K--«-«-ír^»^|^^^ a	
1020
	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
		/
ORIGIN: The left side > is "watet" ot liquid. The right side Et7 depicted a goutd. When a gourd ripens and rots, its flesh becomes oily. Combined, the two sides of the kanji indicated an oil-like substance dripping from a small-mouthed container. The kanji >tfe means "oil."
a.i:f>
;'A oil
-G ;4 petroleum ;6Ufi"-5 to be off one's guatd   ilfcjf fl oily soil
ÍT5É kerosene ■!R;É crude oil
THE KEY TO KANJI
1021
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	
to transport
ORIGIN: The left side was Jp., a pictograph of a rwo-wheeled chariot, viewed from above. The right side, used phonetically, was a boat and a knife, signifying "to move" and "to remove." The combined form indicated moving goods on a chariot from one place to another. The kanji $i] means "to transport."
*c«o
With exporr
ft) IC« J
$iiA imporr transport
SfA. blood transfusion
>lt§i transportation
8?Si smuggling, contraband
1023
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER 77
brave
ORIGIN: The top was m, depicting a person stamping his or her feet on a pole to put it through a board, here phonetically used to mean "to spurt." The bottom fj was a strong 1 hand. Bravery involves spurts of strength. The kanji U means "brave."
i; -i 3 * Si. courage k'S ÄäU * gallant S ft 4' brave	ftL It A ^.-7) rash, imprudent f§ X/T valiantly ^ii>i voluntary resignation
	
ON-KUN READINGS:
actor; excellent; graceful
71
ORIGIN: The left side "1 is "person," from a side person standing. The right side ^ depicted an a mask on his face and his feet facing toward the * nifying acting for an audience. An actor expresses in- and performs a slow ritual dance gracefully. The means "actor" or "cxcellenr; graceful."
ifc^ excellence <H.v> kind ■(INS actor P f'S voice-over actor		{ftÄ; priority »?# f$fl elegance fSffiiS a sense of supenraapfl
> \ rrfffrfWr»f*f;*		
		
».......................................>™« 1024	ON-KUN READINGS: HEASal	
(§) friend		
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted two hands. Two hani 1 coming together indicated togetherness and friendship. Tnc 1 kanji      means "friend."		
& friend friend *5CA £A friend	i        close friend | friendly relationship ; *»9^5C< j &if® ally	
l-r^-k. -1		
IlOOKanji
f, I Co exist; to have t	on-kun headings:		header: n
			
IOB1GIN: The ancient form had a right hand (as in the kanji - right") above a piece of meat TW, from I^J "meat." .: ;ether they signified meat in hand for an offering. Point-1 Esg out the offering by hand also declared its existence. The i-L--.ii     means "to have" and "to exist."			
1 t-i to have, to exist 1 e r 1 T S ti famous tk toll road		fťfrí owner 3t; ^* existence í Ä Ä meaningful	
			
1027	on-kun readings:	header?! 5
\v7bj to invite; to --.duce; to lure	ľ  * -»	
SIN: The left side "g" signified "word." The right side ^ depicted a plant with a flowet on top, signifying a most I rtautiful time, and hence "excellence," here used phoneti-By using good words, one can induce others to act or I ire them into something. The kanji Wfi means "to invite; to I induce; to lure."
Ht to invite : temptation +-5 to induce
MS abduction
if IX to lure (company) to own locality
14
on-kun readings:
reason; means; originated from
ORIGIN: The original kanji depicted a gourd. When a gourd becomes ripe and rotten, its flesh liquefies and drips out. Ft om the idea of something comi ng out, the meaning of this kanji came to be "cause" ot "teason." The kanji tfe means "reason" or "means; originated from."
14Ô
Si reason S IE freedom
& I hear that
ItVMfll
Mi via, to go by way of i 1st teason
1028
on-kun readings:
header
to play; to have fun I
ORIGIN: The ancient form consisted of "flagpole with a banner" (now written in two separate components) and ~f~ child" in water; the child moving about (like a waving flag). The bottom ftom has the meaning "to go forward." A child runs and moves forward while playing. The kanji $J means "to play; to have fun."
j$|.i; to play
iSIHI j& playground
iii&SMi no swimming allowed
allAuffy] playtime ír-iSí trip abroad
gliJj picnic, excursion
12
THE KEY TO KANJI
ORIGIN: The left side 3? depicted a rice stalk drooping with a heavy head, that is, something that is dangling like a flag. The right side P indicated a village. A flag hangs in a village where a long-distance imperial messenger stops by. The kanji $P means "to post."
	
post, mail	#P iä + -6 to send by post
fMS'S post office	
4t'l>(R#'?" postal code; zip	
code	
	
1031
ON-KUN READINGS:
•f
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted something pushing another thing to make room, in preparation. Another interpretation is that it depicted a shuttle in weaving, which moves back and forth. The kanji came to mean allowing ample time in pteparation. The kanji "f' means "to prepare," or "preliminary."
	■ j.lc7
"f S plan, schedule	■f W study in advance
	
$7 reservation	: premonition
	
*5 in advance	^fi8 preliminary game/
	; round
	4
UN::«-
ON-KUN READINGS:
1030
Iearly evening; dusk
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a moon, indicating dusk. The kanji J means "dusk; evening." (This kanji has one stroke, whereas the moan has two strokes.)
9 jj early evening
ItD?
7 "* last night
-t^ Star festival (July 7th)
7B dusk
9 iL afternoon shower yiHi eveningglow
1032
ON-KUN READINGS:
3-&£(6)
ORIGIN: The original form $^ meant "plenty of food." Tic current form uses only the right side, which depicted a sp«i making a motion to divide something in two (making roc in the middle). The kanji     means "excess; leftover."
-fc') remainder, leftover ■£.|)~/^v \ not very
**
jfc'lUt too much
jf^Tj"^' excess
>% jf'i' too many, uncalled ror sfcftr; room, space
1100 Kanji
1033
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER 1
:o deposit
fit
N: The left side "T' depicted pushing something out of CO make room. The right side H was "head" with a ^■.onial headdress. The form is believed to be a relatively kanji; the origin of the use of "head" is not cleat. The . ?! means "to deposit."
5ACoJ:?A
'i to deposit (in a bank), Hftflib bank account
.cave i Jffi* .
fl § # prophet
"f fS^'J temporary checking
13
rt in: to petmit
Cc GIN: The
top '
i hou
* "valley" depicted deep ■ountains. Between the mountains is an opening or access — ). Togerher they indicated a house that had an opening - someone in. The kanji ^ means "to let in; to petmit."
: 3- content allowance
■ :.'A
beauty parlor, hair salon
7 7Xf-y7§4plastic container
it&~t-h to accept
*»«,♦
a suspect
10
1034 ® very young; immature	ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER:	
	%k OCX	
ORIGIN: The left side      was derived from short threads (shorter than fa. "thread"), signifying "minute; weak." The right side      is "strength; power." A person who is weak in body strength can be a very young child. The kanji $J means "very young; immature."		
■■ 3 S til \ 1 young #7*18 preschool, kindergarten #71?, young child		ftft^' immature ft* larva juvenile
« 2 * £7$& ■		
ORIGIN: This kanji was a composite of three pictographs: 3 "sun," ^ "two wings," and ^ "small bird." Together they indicated the sun flying like a bird, or the passing of the day. The kanji ^ means "day of the week."
EmB Sunday
uRB day of the week
I   n  H  B  H"1 H" B3 HanBs*'B3!,Bjs
THE KEY TO KANJI
1037
ON-KUN READINGS:	- HEADER:
	*
appearance; like; [honorific form of address!
ff7/ J.
4y%
ORIGIN: The older form ^ had 7N "tree," "sheep" or "something desirable," and 7}\. "long stream of water." How this form came to mean "appearance; like" or a form of address is not clear. The bottom tK. has been replaced by a reduced form. The kanji $k means "appearance; like" or an honorific form of addressing someone.
Cltt Mr./Mrs./Miss/Ms. I something like that
Ishikawa
i5T
färf appearance fäfc fS various
condition ^<W# the way it appears
m
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER
m
errand; to use
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a wooden fence, the kind used to confine sacrificial animals. Because animals were used for sacrifice, the kanji came to mean generally "to make use; to utilize." Using a person, one gets an errand done. The kanji Jrt means "to make use; to utilize," or "errand."
•       errand, engagement ^ffl S unnecessary thing
Ot'l i Ci5
T'l ffl ~t & to use, to take        j & ffi no need
j;?w?Vanta^e °^ ffl *     to make use of, to
ffl ft- business employ
ocean;ab
ORIGIN: The left side was / "water." The right side — the sound that meant "spacious and wide." The means "ocean" and also refers to places beyond an that is, "abroad."
Western clothes the East
mi
i^M, Western stvle
■5F->¥ the Pacific Ocesr
C\.-til-J:5
Affi>¥- the Atlantic Ocear
tözö
>¥iT trip abroad
J J J J /->=■/¥
1040
ON-KUN READINGS:
ao-u-oc
©	
■■HHHHiaBHntJ	1
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a sheep's heic The kanji      means "sheep." Because sheep produce wi sheepskin, and meat and are attractive in appearance, w the kanji is used as a recurring component in other kam often connotes goodness or desirability.
sheep #■4. lamb's wool Jj ^ goat
lamb #-f=h1 shepherd
parchment, vellum
J
1100 Kanji
1041
ON-KUN READINGS:
bom
HEADER:
A    /x
3IN: The old form had W "plants," and underneath was a rre with three leaves or branches." The kanji     means "leaf" *3H is used ro indicare something that is flat and leaf-like.
leaf t - i leaf T% wotd 9~9 postcard
z->t->
fcjt autumn foliage
fallen leaf AS* chlorophyll
11
..-.nv: positive
. The left side P signified an earthen wall surrounding . _>e. The right side U consisted of Q "sun," T "motion raising something high," and ^ "sun rays." Together they Bed that the sun goes up and becomes bright—thus a et--.v atea. The kanji     means "sunny" or "positive."
positive " cheetfully
P#Ff yin-yang (the positive and negative)
o
P§/c'i') sunny spot 'vJt sunbeams
12
	
1042	ON-KUN READINGS:         ! HEADER:
(Z) ^imporrant^^l	x
ORIGIN: The top m of the ancient form was a woman putting her hand on her waist and      "woman," which was added as emphasis (because a woman has more defined hips). One's waist is the center of one's body. The kanji ■fc means "important; central." (The kanji for the original meaning of "waist" is Sc.)	
to need 9ri~in short Jř#? summaty	i Jr pivot i j *A VIP i J:5liö j US? demand
T ri fR ffi i	B i If lc 9
	
1044 ] 1	ON-KUN READINGS:        : HEADER:
ORIGIN: Tlie top was derived from a kanji form for sheep which provides good food. The bottom was food with a cover on top, from the kanji 1l£ "to eat." Together rhey indicated feeding someone well. The kanji 4t means "to foster; to support."
^ 1 to feed, to foster recreation ft -f" adopted child	frit rest, relaxation rcsr, rccupcrarion farming, cultivation
.   .. ^ ^ * ^^AjIMUMt^Jfc* 15	
THE KEY TO KANJI
1045
greed; wanting more
ON-KUN READINGS: ; HEADER
3->lS(L^)-tioCf3) j X\
ORIGIN: The left side was "valley," which has a deep opening O into the mountain, signifying something deep. The tight side was .X*., a person crouching with his mouth wide open to inhale. Together they indicated a person's deep desire or greed. The kanji $h\ means "greed," or "wanting more."
Sfc greed gfeWl ti greedy
L*<*<
-ft:§fc appetite
i Vi<
unselfish
j l*
'. gfclA * want, a desire
: lr.<J:<
I^J    sexual desire
L
* * f * * * s-MB-afc
11
1047
ON-KUN READINGS:	iHEADER
3^	
next; following
J ORIGIN: The top <p] was a pictograph of two wings, signify-1 ing "to fly off." The bottom iL depicted a person standing I on the ground. Together they indicated flight or movement to the next action. The kanji 3S means "next; following."
J' L " 3£ H the next day «k£l 32#- the following yeat S+—B I: on the following 12th day	3-* 0 the day after next
-j i a sn st as aa ag. ag ag g u	
1046
ON-KUN READINGS:
3
///
to bathe
ORIGIN: The left side >  indicated a stream of water. ' right side was     "valley," which has a deep openin; ~ the mountains, signifying something deep. Together i
dicated immersion in deep watet. The kanji meats' bathe."
%lfi to bathe X/8-8#H bathing time iSS bathroom
! Bjti§- sun bathing
: ;^7fc^ bathing at the bcadl
|
yukata (cotton surrjaff kimono)
j  y  j Y
1048 ® to come; next; J to rth co mi rig	[         ON-KUN READINGS: HEAUCjJ 5-f-C(^^)-<(-l))-   ;   *■ ] »(fc)'Sfc<*)	
	1 1	
ORIGIN: The old form 5f5. originally depicted a barley plant. Over the years it came to switch meanings with a similar kanji,      (a foot facing toward you and ^s., meaning "to come"). Now ^L, from ?fi, means "to come" (and from means "barley plant"). The kanji     means "to come" or "next; forrhcoming."		
< #4to come 1 not to come $hi> next, forthcoming Ail next week		future jftH a visit to Japan ib^.c impulse
^ - r-rrnjjtj^ 7		
1100 Kami
■ ! 1049 g) to become ! 1 —tangled with ',			HEADER * J
		-> & -> *]	
|   ; - '. lhe left side *f\ was a pictograph of thin silk threads Hfcdr.g reeled out of silkworm cocoons, signifying threads in ; ■fr.eral. The right side ^ was used phonetically to exptess BMcanglement. The kanji !§■ means "to become entangled 1			
B#fe"t-S to contact, to 1 inform ^Bi|% connecting [ corridor		#&f to become entangled <0#v» incoherent	
			
ON-KUN READINGS:	: HEADER:
	L
3IN: The left side of the old form if]L depicted two hands ng to untangle threads. The right side, L, "spatula," iried an act of straightening something. Together they cated something that needed to be straightened out iuse it was "out of order." Now with a simpler form "^T he left, the kanji {§L means "to be out of order."
L
''-i to become :isorganized
L confusion
R ti rough
- * f filSL
&M+j: cluttered
confused fight, affray %Li)$L't to be disheveled
1050	r      ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
s—x 1 ® to fall; to drop j		
ORIGIN: The old form f T1 for **■ indicated "plants." >§ /raku/, phonetically used here, was the name of a river in China that ran through a stony river bed; it was used to I signify "(water) dripping down or falling." Together they I described how leaves fall. The kanji t$- means "to fall; to H drop" in general.
to fall T&fcdl
ifm thunderbolt
t&% stay back a grade
graffiti
comedic narrative by a teller
12
[ON-KUN READINGS:	! HEADER:!
	! p
00
or
if
ORIGIN: There were two different ancient forms. One is said to have depicted eggs attached to leaves that faced each other. The other was a depiction of two foot pedals for weavers, diose origin is obscure. Today, the kanji $P means "egg."
W <=gg ■fPst egg yolk IDT'W boiled egg
laying an eg il^P hens egg
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS:
li-SK)
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a combination of it and JL on the bottom. The kanji §1 "sctutiny" depicted a petson looking at his or her reflection in a basin of watet. The kanji JL also was a depiction of a petson with an emphasis on the eye. The kanji 5l means "to view."
- Kl-ti'-i [honorific] to view
UK is exhibition
PflKjt! viewing toom
—table
A K empetot s viewing
ORIGIN: The left side was     "rice plant with ripe head* mM 'J "sharp knife," signifying cutting rice plants with a ssav knife. TJie kanji ^l| means "sharp" and has also come m mean "useful."
flWJ^i' convenient
it?
WfflA4touse
OL M<
fl-f" •       intetest (on a oan ot money)
'fff'lfr advantageous
AO
^^'1 disadvantage
MS
^'lÜ profit
ORIGIN: The left side i was a "string of jewels." H. "village" on the right had H3 "rice paddies arranged neatly" and jt "soil ot land," signifying "neatly divided land." Togethcf rhey indicated splitting a gem neatly along the natutal cleavage, which would be the rational way to do so. The kanji IS means "tational" or "reason."
I4S cooking
3Srh reason
3£3£ unreasonable
; rational iSM'ti to undetstand
j 9<o
I JSS-^lf * argumentative
T H J1 JnJF,Je5f Jfjf
11
ORIGIN: j£ in the middle was used phonetically to indicate the' 'inside" of clothes. The outside of clothes was indicated by the depiction of the back of a collar and the bottom of the front poftion of layered collars The kanji =ft also indicated the interior of clothes in genetal. The kanji means "back; wrong side; inside" or "hidden."
IS back, reverse side KB • Xfi backside Äffi1] back side
•       both sides
to turn inside out Hit btibe, hidden money jtt£ an inside stoiy ITO-S to betray
T- t*»        ^ ^
13
IIOOKanji
1057
	
ON-KUN READINGS: 'J? dus	HEADER: '
ge;«
m.
DfiiGIN: The ancient fotm consisted of EH "rice paddies" .-"J i- "soil." If land had neatly divided rice paddies, people r. ed thete. Also it was used as a unit of distance and other ids of measurement. (In the old Japanese system, one ri approximately 4 km.) The kanji HI means "village" or *~ distance)."
* village
1 return to one's parents' home
-   one ri
n v=r <e ^ g
*Bf    native town AM village
cult hamlet in the hills
ORIGIN: The left side depicted two worms stuck together, and the right side depicted a bird. Together they indicated a bird caught in birdlime (a sticky resin used to ttap birds). The kanji came to signify not ttapping a bird but rathet detaching a bird from birdlime. The kanji     means "to separate."
flktli to part
3 jo
distance
ttPÉ"f-S to take off, to leave the ground
81*1 detached house íí^StK alliteration iSIJ'j separation
S ft 8 * llffftllii
1059
ON-KUN READINGS:
11$
HEADER: P
land
-A-
5
et
ORIGIN: The left side P signified an earthen wall or ladder ror climbing. The right side consisted of two tent-like sttuc-rjres and a mound of earrh. The structures signified places -here gods alight on earth (i.). The kanji PS means "land."
f land
■Stí overhead bridge 8—a-/r <AÍĚ European
6«S!
landing
landing
0<ejo5*o?
Pi-hitf    track and field
continent
....... 1060 (§) law	ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER: i
		
road, signifying "to conduct (an action)." The right side depicted a hand holding a brush upright. Together they indicated writing with a brush about the way one should live. The kanji -f^ means "law."
;£# law ť>o ^M- discipline honest	^f'XW unwritten constitution ma.*)-? feW melody —#1; across the board
	
THE KEY TO KANJI
jj ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a stick and *T~) on each end of a skein of threads, to wring out water. The four short strokes on each side of ^ were drops of sprinkled water. Pulling long threads is like uniting and leading people. The meaning of "rate" was added from borrowing. The kanji $ means "to lead," or "rate."
3££IT take the lead t)"3 3p rate ffiJf efficiency	i "eT^"^- percentage i ^to ?l ^ "9"£ to lead (people on a trip) ; t>3 ^^-6 to lead
' -*-•*-•*-■*- «4- sir si	
1062
®
to stand
ON-KUN READINGS:
U^-U^C-/c(0)
ORIGIN: The ancient form was a pictograph of a standing on the ground. The kanji iL means "to stand.'
iL"> to stand iL'A impressive
MB
fejt"f 4 to stand up
I SiL independence j!r_##7 three-dimensionsi HiL^E national park
8»- a- I
*=*!
— >-t-
1063
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER: EH
ffl
tactic; summary
ORIGIN: The left side En was "rice paddies" and the right side 41* was used phonetically. Together they indicated to conquer land, draw a boundary, and manage it. Doing this work successfully required "tactics." An abbreviated report on the work was called B§\. The kanji $a means "tactics" or "summary."
It:!- ' omission I     + to leave out, to abbreviate 1 Bg-S brief history	1 ■»<:. ■S-^ simplified character political tactics pillage, plunder
1 1   n K ffl B B/ B«	^B&Bg. 11
1064
a stream; to flow
4L
ON-KUN READINGS:
HE*
SM*
y;iL
ORIGIN: The left side / was "water" and the right side was j depiction of an infant being born, head down, with amniotic fluid dripping. The kanji )JrL means "stream," or "to flow."
olh-i to flow | fiS, elegance, refinement
"•■5ci ; xMmi
'•Ml popular UJSe, electric current
IclJA.S'^t *? : »j»3i7
B+jfet the Japan Current vftft-fi, to misappropriate — /He?) first-rate
10
1100 Kanji
1065
ON-KUN READINGS	HEADER.
	
	
Keep; to stop; to hold
£77 93
n: The top came from a depiction of a bit in a horse's ah that was viewed from the front. The bottom came t: m tfe and was used phonetically. One tied a horse to a ssk or bar by the bridle to keep it in one place. From that it ihed to stay in one place ot to stop. The top of the old was modified and the current kanji H? means "to keep; > stav; to stop."
hook
S t absence from home
S ^H-IEts answering machine
Mrt-Sto hold
foreign student i±Mh%  tesident registration
U  tf-j jyj &} «5 £*J ^ Wj7
10
ON-KUN READINGS:
'JaO
HEADER:
iGIN: The old form $9 reflects the ancient form, which . pictograph of a gourd split in two with dry seeds >;dc. The kanji     means "two; both."
(j^F both
*j3d.'
S § both persons
currency exchange, money changing
fäffi both parents iSjiz. coexistence
J3i) ryo (an old unit of
currency)
1066
ON-KUN READINGS:
[Ja-tzU
HEADER
trip; to travel
ORIGIN: The ancient form consisted of a pole with a banner and hk, two people, which was used to signify many people. A gtoup of people under a banner may tt avel together a long distance. The kanji ffi. means "to travel," or a "journey."
f trip, travel passport fci> trip, travel	0*3' A. Jfcfif Japanese inn K.UK. M-ilJr, departure for a trip passenger, traveler
	
1068
ON-KUN READINGS:
'Ja7
HEADER
dormitory
ORIGIN: The top ^ was a house; the fotm underneath had S "houses that were connected" and 'torches for guarding the premises." Togethet they indicated government offices where guards were present. Having the meaning of many rooms with someone who oversees them, the kanji     means "dormitory."
& dormitory student dormitory 9i3«t> %i- dormitoty resident	^TS mother and child dormitory/shelter dormitory for single people
	
THE KEY TO KANJI
food; fee provision
ORIGIN: The left side was , rice scattered in all directions. The right side was 4", a scoop with a long handle that was used to measure rice or other grains. Certain measuted amounts of gtain were established as fees. The kanji 5f4 means "food; fee; provisions."
j 7 ttS cooking fi-HÄ restaurant Xi§#4   entrance fee	Äft free of charge ^frtt charged for ttir fee
	
1071	ON-KUN READINGS:        j HEADER:! •Ja^-JJM R
good b *	
ORIGIN: The ancient form depicted a basket-like sieve to wash tice ot other grains. Grain is washed to remove dust and make the rice good enough to eat. The kanji     means "good."
ORIGIN: The left side / was derived from a depieno««! watet, and the right side fl> "capital" was used phoncnsJJ to indicate "cool." This kanji is used for a pleasant and caw feel in rhe air. The kanji     means "cool" in tcmperararr.
' ORIGIN: In rhe ancient form, the top 0 depicted a measure. I viewed from above; underneath was a bag tied at the top anc I bottom, signifyingsomethingheavy. i "soil" emphasized the I meaning of weight. The kanji"
means mass, or amoun:
ft improvement
RaJ conscience
a.cu^uA.
^ faulty goods -P ft. bad lot, badness
1*7
fi amount
t»
it h to measure
A,
Ü mass production
'jfi. measuted amount SjÄil immensely moved
70*7
ffift precipitation (rain)
\    r~i (=> ■» ja.
i:
1100 Kanji
1073
L-
ON-KUN READINGS:
■I MP—
*
head; chief; domain
■ —
: j : N: The left side ■? was used phonetically but has the -raning of humbly listening to an order. The right side was P. "head." Together they indicated a person who gives an r, and the "domain" or "territory" that the chief controls. The kanji     means "head; chief; domain; territory."
"".-territory ?Hx.# receipt
(country's) president territorial waters
- ■ '.: j j.?9to tJ4
occupation, possession, IcOi^'SU 1 do not get the
capture hang of doing
1075
ON-KUN READINGS:	I HEADER:!
	
green
UN: In the old form Ift the left side was f\\ "threads." .re right side was       drilling a piece of wood for carving and scattering sawdust), here used phonetically to indicate i silk." Together they mean "green cloth." The kanji IS
—cans "green."
^ green
green land It & green tea
#JT$i 0) fresh, green season £Mf green copper rust
i i.
t f % rr^mmmm 14
ON-KUN READINGS:
I ORIGIN: There are two ancient forms for this kanji. One J came from the depiction of a big hand with bulging muscles, which signified strength. Another was a plow, which also required manual strength. The kanji 7} means "power; strength."
f] strength fi{±^ physical labor t!7    *» powerful	1 - :: t}\^- masterpiece CO0i< real ability itj fj power, force, drive
7iJ	2
1076
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
	
ads
ORIGIN: Two (also signifying "many") trees standing side by side indicated woods. The kanji 'Hs means "woods." (Three
trees,      is a "forest.")
12*>l	so.;-.
woods	+a#. pine grove
	
forest	Vf-iL-fi to stand close
iS* jungle	together H#-~t & to reforest
' t t ♦ t"tf^#
THE KEYTO KANJI
r
1077
L
ON-KUN READINGS:
look out upon; to be present at; to deal with
HEADER:
E3 ->
EES EES
ORIGIN: The left side t2 was the wide-open eye of a person bowing deeply to serve a master, signifying "co keep a watchful eye." The right side had a person above od "three (many) items." Togerher they indicated "to look out upon," or "to be present at." Being at the scene enables one to deal with the matter at hand. The kanji ^ means "to look out upon; to be present at; to deal with."
1078
ON-KUN READINGS:
I
wheel
> 0
71
ORIGIN: The left side     was a pictograph of a two chariot viewed from above. The right side rf^ things that were connected fl} as one      On a -radii come to one point. The kanji fffl means "wheeL"
ORIGIN: In the old form *fp, rhe left side was a person surrounded by fires or lights (miscopied as tR), and his or her two feet 74", and the right side was a village (a land with people). A neighborhood is a place where lights are lit and whete there is a lot of foot traffic. The position of the two parts became reversed and the current kanji !§>f means "neighbor."
ffi next door °£f A neighbor
i!Ir$i£l3 neighboring countries
Riftf'ft neighbors, neighborhood
S ft neighbors on borh sides
16
ORIGIN: On the top left, tR "rice" signified all kinds of grains:
, from 7t "dog," stood for animals in general. Th< side )W is "head; person." Together they indicated a varia of things and groups. The kanji HI means "sort; variety."
ttH kinds
AH human beings
classification #SB documents
clothes
l£5*V»
PIS same kinds
«v
SlOti'i1 unique
10
cool(o
ORIGIN: The ngb The lean) as fp in
&mk n
HOOKanji
1081
	
[         ON-KUN READINGS:	;HEADER |
	1
4-
"-RIGIN: The top       indicated gathering things or people ne place. The bottom P depicted a petson kneeling in humility. Together they indicated people tespectfully gathered to hear what a superior has to say. The kanji ^ means tder." (A mincho-style typeface looks like TJ •)
-• order
t 7 ordinance
~ t (voice) command
#F%V written appointment
tl'.'Li?
t"^v watrant
wife [honorific]
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER
4
Ma
4
'J
■ ORIGIN: The ancient form consisted of A "person," ~& 1 "beheaded head" with hair attached, and 'J "knife; sword." After beheading enemies, rheir captots would display the heads in a tow as a sign of victory, and as an example to othets. The gtuesome meaning was dtopped. The kanji means "example; row; line."
&} example tz£ iJ'lxIrJf for example #] iC example sentence	#llxri"f-6 to show an example actual example m^-<T) annual, normal
;   1   ffi?|f##l 8	
1083
ON-KUN READINGS:
l^-o^cM-lMW)-
3(m
HEADER:
origin: The left side / depicted ice with a few cracks in :
kc right side 'v' was used phonetically to indicate '
kanji vt" means "cool (to the touch)." is also written t in a mincho-style typeface.)
oL"
v cold (to the touch)    i ^Hffeoo frozen food coldhearted, cold
refrigerator $t"t to cool
' } Y Y^Y^&Y^
1 /x.
I      ?f nervous sweat
to bow; propriety; a gift in token of |i gratitude
ORIGIN: An old form fa incorporated XT\ "altar." The right side jl was stalks of freshly harvested btoomcotn millet, signifying offerings. A religious ceremony requires a level of propriety. Even rhough rhe old form is seen occasionally in a festival, the kanji ^L is used to indicate "to bow," "propriety," or "token of gratitude."
4L bowing, gratitude A^l impolite me* -fLfft etiquette @    silent bow	**Lfr uncivil | mwt ; i%?Lf$ without formalities ceremonial outfit
M **L 5	
THE KEY TO KANJI
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER
r
71 il
ORIGIN: In the ancient form, the top was Jif-, depicting rice planrs now neatly hanging under a roof 7~~ to dty. At the bottom jt "foot" indicated that one walked a path ol many stops in an orderly manner. Together the forms signified many seasons of harvest counred one by one. The kanji      means "history; path."
Si history LJ<«3 work history ^•31 educational history	H^^lr curriculum vitae past career history ff&tft tour
	
1087
ON KUN READINGS:
HEADER
to be in love
sbéSLh
ORIGIN: The top of the old form ® had two skeins of thteads and words, phonetically indicating "to yearn after." The bottom was i^, an anatomical heart. Someone with a heart tangled up with emotion, of yearning, is in love. Now with a reduced top <5j\ the kanji a£ means "to be in love."
if. love řg A lover
love affairs
M U * to long for, to miss 3^,^; heartbreak
cw\£4
love letter
"*~ ^ ^ j\£
10
t no/"                  ON KUN READINGS 1086 U7	
(§)!	/tAA
. line; row	
ORIGIN: The left side was     "beheaded head," and the was 'J "knife; sword." After beheading, enemy heads i lined up in a display of victory. The gruesome mear.trjc dropped, and the kanji     now means "row; line.
no
?') line
fifth line
the worlds (military) powers
lT?'l procession
if- a train mz~t& to list
r ? ?
1088 (§) to refine; knead; train	ON-KUN READINGS:		>- í -: € 1 * J
		-» —■	
|: ORIGIN: The left side ifc "thread" came from thin silk filaments pulled out of silkworm cocoons. The right side %. was from j^t "bundle" and     "tie"; the phonetic meaninc was "to soften," referring to a process of boiling and refining silk. The kanji     means "to refine," "to knead."			
a fAi to knead fj*'J#< to parade LftA. J5t,?S trial, ordeal		- »-/-. ;5tft sophistication ftA/ro iMiiS L/r expert in, skilled in 1 /*$tl condensed milk	
			
1100 Kanji
ON-KUN READINGS:
>>0b(4^)'0(ti^)
linking; ikTcompanying
IN The upper right was Jp- "cart with a load of goods." ~- e .ower left ^ had the earlier forms l-_ from Si, the left ■ ot a ciosstoad and a footprint, signifying "moving for-ai" Together they described a line of carts moving for-d. The kanji     means "linking; accompanying."
4''-T<5 to bring (person
•£> to contact
t "fttt coalition government
r p s § § ^.'^.^^
it ft accompanying person
C<*VA
Wit the United Nations it^P federation
10
1090	■HHHIIBninilHHi ON-KUN READINGS:		HEADER:
® toad ■ j Hiiiiiihi in.....mil.....11111111111111	.......		
ORIGIN: The left side was <5L "leg; foot," which came from D "knee" and it "foot." The right side & "each" had & "foot coming down" (with the toes pointed towards the bottom) on a rock O. Together they indicated alleys between blocks in town where one walks, or a road in general. The kanji     means "road."			
road passage ^l:ii^tiu !&.h.li.#. street parking		e*^u-s + ?K-i intersection M J& road sti** back alley	
i    n o			
			
ON-KUN READINGS:
HEADER:
:o take trouble hardship
GIN: The old form ^ had two burning totches (^C) and cronghand (^7). It signified exerting all one's energy, as if burning a fire. Now reduced to /?7, the kanji means "to take :ble" or "hardship."
<45
mH hardship ?ffc labor
^hi to treat kindlv
ifiSf overwork, exhaustion j Htl trouble, effort ! t^ty strain of grief or worry
ORIGIN: The left side f^. depicted water running over rice in a basket to eliminate dust, but here it was used phonetically. The right side rW "moon" signified "bright light" and also "cheerful." The kanji £H means "bright" ot "cheerful."
WM. good news Sb>i' cheerful
(&V>1M
iH t£ clear and transparent
Efl Bt recitation
clear, sonorous
10
the key to kanj
1093
on-kun readings:
n->fc(v6)-^(t73)
header: 5*
origin: The top depicted an elderly man with the long hair of age, and t signified the body of a deceased person. An old person is close to death. Ihe kanji ^ means "old."
43 Ch,
3£K old people
Uc^fe <73 H senior citizens' day
*i Ac old
43»"
=t-ft aging
:=£?£ one's old age
43*IA,
^rtS&'tf experienced, veteran
- +
	
on-kun readings:	: header: J
	1
to tecord
origin: In the old form the left side is metal. The right side ^ depicted catving a piece of wood, with the sawdust dispersing. Together they indicated carving a piece of metal such as bronze) to tecord an important event. The kanji Sjc means "to record."
34 < fc4t record 4<fc7u ft it- sound recording 4<*= tix^'tSBi video recording	L»36< IRIS recording of video, sound, articles A£« Who's Who ?C4< Ml^ft meeting minutes
	
1094	on-kun readings:	
*	* 1	
origin: When counting to six, one holds up a fist *->z m\ additional finger. The sound for "fist" is similar to the snaw for "house," which may be why the kanji 7^, which <aeras| an entrance to a house, means "six."		
six L six items A H six days, sixth day of the month		4<CA. rtA six people 7*tiE) six times 4-JU3 statute book, the sn codes (of laws)
		
1096
on-kun readings:
ogic; argument
5=
ffr?
origin: The left side was "s" "word" and the fight side was ffl , consisting of "to collect in one place" and "fffl" "bundle of bamboo sticks to wfite on." A neatly atranged set oc deas, or argument, is logical. The kanji lis means "logic" or argument."
Ofcim argument, discussion
4A.C
&® logic
l'4A.
Mim beyond dispute
jfe?f out of the question
C34A.
Utm quarrel
*64a,
tyim naturally
j-
e a a a ai an sf) am aw
1100 Kanß
m.......................................................................■■■■■....................!..............■»
ON-KUN READINGS: HEADER
v1; Japanese
GIN: In the ancient form the left side ^ was rice planr, e used phonetically to indicate "to agree," and the right i C was "mouth." The kanji indicated that people : harmoniously, or just "harmony." From the old name of an, it also means "Japanese."
1 peace ; Afa Yamato (Japan)
- Showa Eta 1926-1989   Sfn gentle, meek
btTA. t>v
=      Japanese kanji fclfe Japanese poetry
lictionary
' f i f % fn%a
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER
	
f
1"*"*
If
a 71
ORIGIN: The left side s "word" consisted of a sharp needle over a mouth, signifying "to articulate sharply." Tfie right side i§" was used phonetically to indicate something good. Together they indicated "to speak well" ot just "to converse." The kanji ee^ means "to speak."
H't to talk IttCL-IS story conversation	; its IS WNlt5 to accost i m IS® topic of conversation fSL£-v» meeting
~   r   n   n   n   u   d   m on no	
ON-KUN READINGS:	HEADER:
7^ •	>vL«
to confuse; bewilderment
[ CRIGIN: The top indicated a certain piece of land that was protected with a weapon, ot just "uncertain (that is, not >pecified)." The bottom was     "heart." A heart that is not
I certain is bewildered. The kanji }% means "to confuse," or j "bewilderment."
- IS"? to be bewildered I hiiti to get confused Bj%i~4 to feel perplexed
l^f® doubt, suspicion 'f-Jfl the age of forty sBJ= planet
r"   sfc j& j£ j§
12
1100
0
(repeating the immediately preceding kanji)
ON-KUN READINGS: (repeat mark)
9-
ORIGIN: This kanji is a form for repeating the immediately preceding kanji, used like ditto matks in English. One the ory holds that this kanji was derived from 2IT, a variant form of w] "same." The form a? is generally not listed in kanji reference books.
j£=^? t easily
Y. deeply Kb people, each person
sometimes, now and then
INDEX 1
Order of Appearance in The Key to Kanji
Numbers refer to kanji numbers in this book.
■ - -
1 it	42		83	ft	124 IS	165	%	206		247				1      337 ft
2 ß-	43	m	84		125 t'J	166		207	IS	248				1      3cS   * ■
3 iE	44	m	85	It	126	167	$	208		249				1      3-39 fc
4 £	45	&	86	■it -i=r	127	168	IE	209		250				1     3^0 JS
5 Bf	46		87		128 ^	169		210		251	*			1 !   341 *
6 M	47	m	88	sr	129 f'J	170		211		252		ai		1  1   342 rf?
7 VA	48		89		130 #	171		212		253	ft			1      343 -f
8 (ft	49	m	90		131 Tt*	172		213		254	1+	:h		344 4^
9 \%	50		91	gl	132 IT	173	&	214		255				345 £>j
10 ES	51	&	92		133	174	m	215		256	Ä	2=-		1      346 ^
11 #	52		93	*	134	175		216	W	257		1-i		1 347
12 *	53		94	ft	135	176	oft	217	H	258	iE	iy-		1      348 3
13 J?	54		95		136 tl	177		218		259	«	3M		1      349 i'i
14 %	55		96	»	137 M	178		219		260		301		I      350 *
15 ^	56		97	@	138 5f	179	*	220	1	261		s::		1      351 f-
16 #	57		98	i*	139 #	180	it	221		262		303		1      352 i6
17 f	58		99	1«	140 *f	181	iL	222		263		304		1 353
18 ^	59		100	Ä	141 ft	182		223	ft	264		305		354 m
19 a	60		101		142 41	183		224		265		3:6		I       355 *f
20 at	61	&	102		143 ^	184	JX	225		266	A.	307		I 356
21 IS	62	m	103		144 M	185	Ä	226		267	n	308		I 357
22	63	m	104		145 it	186	's"	227		268	ft	309		358 ii
23 W	64	i	105	•	146 &	187	-7	228		269		310	» 1	1      359 £
24 —	65		106		147 #	188		229	m	270	*	311	* 1	360 £
25 £P	66	it	107	m	148 Bg.	189		230	%	271		312		1       361 fit
26 S	67	M	108	n	149 £	190	*	231	it	272		313		362 #
27 @	68	(ta	109	K	150 SI	191		232		273		314		363
28 f|	69	/BTL	110	ft	151 Ü	192		233		274		315	% I	364 ft
29 #*	70	*	111		152 /Ü	193		234		275	i	316	— 1	365 #
30 r%	71	T	112		153 -f-	194		235		276	/ft	317		366 Jt
31 *&	72	ft	113		154 21	195	&	236		277	it	318	=r 1	367 *
32 ^	73		114		155 3&	196	IQ	237		278		319	1	368 *t
33 ^	74		115		156 -tj-	197		238		279		320		1       369 ^
34	75 iffi		116	fit	157 #	198		239		280		321		1       370 *
35 if	76	fa	117	«	158 #"	199		240	i	281	i	322	— 1	371
36 t	77		118	*	159 #	200	g	241	HI	282	tit	323	■— 1	372 %
37 *#	78		119		160 #1	201		242		283	m	324		373
38	79		120		161 ^	202	If	243		284		325		374 te
39 j£	80		121		162 $3	203	SI	244	SP	285	f	326	t	375 M
40 7\K	81		122		163 $1	204		245	#	286		327		376 it
41 &	82		123		164 !)f	205		246		287		328		377 W.
INDEX 1: Order of Appearance
339	*	378		427		476 "i" I	525	S !	574		623 gf5	672	it
330	*	379	m	428	£	477 ft I	526	fg |	575 #r		624	673	11]
331	m	380	m	429		478 t£ I	527	PH J	576	*	625 S"	674	m
332	«t	381	m	430	m	479 © J	528	m \	577	A	626 ,t€	675	
333	m	382	«t	431	it	480 iR ;	529	Ah J	578	fc	627 %	676	
334	#	383	ff	432		481 M \	530	P \	579	7]	628 7l:	677	
~ ' 5		384		433	=±	482 m :	531	* j	580	#	629 -f"	678	m
: :5	it	385	ft	434	*	483 SPl j	532	fr \	581	m	630 S	679	iL
~ ■ 7	1»	386		435		484 ')'\\ J	533	n \	582		631 ■#	680	
338	SP	387		436		485 #	534	Bg i	583		632 ;i]	681	
3 39	*&	388		437		486	535		584		633 ^	682	m
340		389		438	u		536		585		634 Ä	683	
		390		439		488 j& ;	537	at i	586		635	684	$
3-2	ft	391	5&	440		489 '1 I	538	Hg ;	587		636 >>t	685	
343	»	392 #|		441	♦	490 M \	539	i I	588	it	637 Pk.	686	
3-i4	0	393	jm	442		491 ü ;	540	# !	589	7t	638	687	
3-5	M	394	~~~	443		492 H:	541	^ !	590		639 Äb	688	m
346	it	395	#	444	~A	493 J	542	IS !	591	#	640 iS	689	
	&	396		445		494 J	543	SE i	592		641 Ä	690	
348	III	397	ft	446	m	495 +	544	«. I	593		642 U	691	
3-9	fx	398	it	447		496 $t !	545		594	Ä	643 'it	692	*
330	s	399	%	448	PF	497 TT I	546		595		644 #	693	
331	?	400		449		498 ic j	547	et	596		645 f£\	694	fr
3:2		401	*	450		499 4	548		597		646 ^	695	M
3:3		402	St	451		lOO iff I	549		598		647 |ä	696	%
334	m	403		452	&	501 iE	550	\	599	iE	648 ^3	697	ft
335		404	f±	453	-fc	502 H	551	i# i	600	■;t	649 II	698	
: :6		405	ft	454		503 M \	552	t :	601		650 f'J	699	m.
3 37		406		455		504 hfc I	553	'If I	602	jxn.	651 1t	700	
353		407	«.	456	*	505 Ht i	554		603	m	652 #	701	
3:3		408	ES	457	3^	506 s£ J	555	# I	604	u	653 J§	702	B
33:		409	±	458	#	507 ^ J	556	Al !	605	p	654 ?J	703	
351		410		459		508 P	557	i !	606	m.	655 #	704	ct
3 32		411	if	460	It	509 M, j	558		607	6	656 #	705	±
3 53		412		461	#	510 HIS J	559		608		657 -f-	706	ff?
354		413		462		511	560	&	609		658 ^	707	
3 5 5		414		463		512 J	561		610	#	659	708	
3 56	*	415		464		513 Bf I	562	ii ;	611		660	709	
357	*	416		465	#	514 # J	563	* j	612	#	661 ^	710	
358		417	,0	466	ff	515 fk J	564		613		662 m	711	It
359		418	B9	467	TA	516 ^ j	565	m	614		663 ^	712	
370	it	419	m	468		517 #	566		615		664 ^	713	
371	3f	420		469	II	518 It j	567	I	616		665 jt	714	m
372		421	«t	470	J3E	519 &] I	568	h» :	617		666 iä	715	
373		422	oh	471		520 lie I	569	Ä !	618		667 ill	716	m
374		423	&	472		521 ^ 1	570	# I	619	t/7	668 if	717	M
375		424	ft	473		522 Et j	571	E :	620	ft	669 )Ä	718	a
376		425		474		523 if i	572		621	*t	670 ^	719	
377	ft	426	&	475	•;s	524 B#	573		622	St	671 If	720	at
«■■■■MHNNHk
THE KEY to KANJI
721 n.
722 I7
723 tk
724 fit
725 fc>
726
727
728 S
729 M
730 H
731 fr
732 ^
733 #
734 41
735
736 ÍĚ
737
738
739 #
740 &
741 S
742 Ii
743 if
744 St
745 T
746 ^
747 TU
748 ff
749 3ft
750 ^
751 «
752 »T
753 fl#
754
755 -ft
756 Tí
757 A
758 it
759 Ä
760 it
761 Ä
762 it
763 iE,
764 #
765 /t£
766 &
767 l|
768 i¥-
769
770	m	819	m	868	ft	917		966 W	1015	If		
771		820	n	869	U	918	x	967 Ä	1016			
772		821	m	870		919		968 ťr	1017			
773	m	822		871	m	920	Ä	969 &	1018		ŕ:	
774	it	823	#	872		921		970 'lt	1019	m	"ľ«5e  IF ■	
775	m	824		873		922	IP	971 41	1020	j*		
776	m	825		874		923	S,	972 Š	1021	m	'Z ^|	
777	9i	826		875	m	924	i'J	973 #	1022	«		
778	m	827	m	876		925		974 Ä	1023			
779	m	828	m.	877	m	926	m	975 |^	1024			i * '
780		829		878		927	-fa	976 it	1025			
781		830	M	879		928	m	977 it	1026			I * tři)
782	i	831		880	#	929	m	978 ífe	1027	m	".'ž 41 H	I ^ :"
783	m.	832	—	881		930	&	979 ^	1028		1077 i^H I	
784	m	833		882	m	931		980 JL	1029		107í % M	
785	ft	834	H	883	É	932	m	981 ^	1030		1073 • 1	i -ř < r ^
786	ft	835	IL	884	Í	933	ft	982	1031		- :: 9 1	
787		836	A	885		934	#	983 -ájf;	1032	fa	j H	
788		837	\í	886		935	m	984 ^	1033	m	::■■=: -P H	
789	m	838	m	887		936		985 3?.	1034	m	1JS3 * H	
790	#	839		888		937	M	986 ^	1035	§		
791		840		889		938		987 Zť"	1036	m	1C== 1 1	
792	i	841	it	890		939	f-	988 'M	1037	m	■	
793	n	842	B	891	#	940	ft	989 P>K	1038	&	1087 S 1 ■	
794	*	843	m	892	m	941	81	990	1039	m	1088 » 1	I
795	#■	844	m	893	m	942		991 É	1040	¥	1085 € 1	1 ři^c
796	77	845		894	M	943		992	1041		109: S- I	
797	%	846	m	895	*	944		993 Ř	1042	ft	1091 # ■	1 É*v
798		847		896		945		994 BR,	1043	m	1092 ff 1	
799	Ä	848	SR	897		946		995	1044	#	1093 * 1	1
800		849		898	ľ	947	,fl	996 W-	1045		1094 Ä 1 1	1
801		850		899		948	i2	997 *	1046	>£	1095 ft I	
802		851		900		949	it	998 Í%.	1047		1096 H 1	
803	•	852	m	901		950	iE	999 S	1048		1097 #»1 J	1 7^
804		853		902		951		1000 #	1049		1098 g j	
805		854	t	903		952	#	1001 B^	1050	*	1099 í '	
806		855	HP	904		953		1002 H	1051		1100 * 1 I	
807	S1]	856	BE	905		954		1003 iiä	1052	SP		
808		857		906		955		1004 íl	1053	K		
809		858		907	a DO	956		1005 Éi	1054			Í>L
810		859		908	it	957		1006 1$	1055			$>U
811		860	7C *	909	ff	958		1007 S	1056	*		$>LŤz
812	m	861		910		959	#	1008 ^	1057	m		
813		862	ft	911		960		1009 Sri	1058	m		
814	m	863	é	912	m	961	n.	1010 tK	1059	m		
815	ft	864		913	Min	962		1011 1	1060	w		
816	t*	865	íl	914		963		1012 10I	1061			
817 818	it	866 867	íffl /V	915 916		964 965	>*	1013 n 1014 ^.	1062 1063			
INDEX 2
In Order of On- and AT#»-Readings
Numbers refer to kanji numbers in this book.
			fttzi.	m	811	I.*				S	428
*(-5)		95	&7tb(Lu)		565	1		7		5'J	807
		344			3			8		ft	786
*(*<■&)	Jt	547			315			9	^tztz«)	IS	756
»«)	■X.	239			514		ffl	10	^Tztz$	IS	756
	«91	1001			839		#	11			1091
«(ltS)		107			492			12		—	24
		201			304		Mr	13			414
		2			264			14			743
		802			246		A	15		—	24
«(TS)		494			411		ft	16			301
		1046			971		W	17			426
	im	947			971			18			37
»(*)		378			152			19			881
	*	1025			1020			20			293
7-r		1	as*		34		E	21			277
*^	ft	660			777		5	290			1000
		143			1032			126			353
fcfc		609	&«>		34			601			990
	*	618			777	WO	ff	336		^*	981
		1001			936			199		ft	560
	CE	543			152			460	\j^t>	U-l ?S	149
	&	487	$>*>-->(&)		656		#	1042			501
«5(b*-)		1001			89		X	836	<y		25
		526		•	307		sit	79			26
	at	2			464			793		H	27
	8	750		#	954		J*	22		3\	28
		440	&b(9)		636			676		«fc	29
		635	S>b(T)		891		#	591			30
		642	»4>(fc)	m	565			23		*	70
	an*	203	$)b75NU(sb)		1031			243			
		679	Sob-ft?)		659			633			
■»1*		989	feb7t(«0-5)		100			727			31
		750	$>bfo(T)	*	743		H	1023			32
		1033	chbfc>(tl%>)		289			263			33
rT£	*	799			903			614		ft	34
	$|	1028			954			634			1025
*fc(0)	*2	948			470			188			557
mtz^	iffi	75			4			970			917
	lit	724		*	5			874			477
	>B ■/im.	69		*	6			761			454
	•ft	720		ft	336			523	9(0)	IT	693
THE KEY TO KANJI
	ft	808	x*		13	fefeM
		601			44	
		398		£	45	fefcW
		820			46	
		860			1016	fc;ŕP(T)
	É	503	Ž.ŤČ	#	421	
SV>		512	i\y		47	fe#&<3)
		547	Ž16ÍV)	í*	9	
5 is		204			640	
7 Wcí WS)	i	532	x>	R	48	fc<
		813		H	49	fe<(*)
5 L		197		&	50	
5Ľ		424		ja	51	
	ft	304		m	52	
		454			53	fecff)
		968			54	feC(£)
pre	ft	82			55	feC*(fr)
		174				feC/c(-5)
Mb		79	33			
		829	4;		2	fe$(*>*)
5o(T)		459			56	
		16 38	te		305 515	
?0<(L^)	H	894			529	fečfcM
		154			1093	feUxS)
		398	feJ5)		601	fe€M
		512		Ü	760	
e>£		850			920	
5*		102	fe{3*)	«	172	
5.Ä	#	858	fe«)	S	728	fet
	Ii	250	fe(T)	ÍT	61	
	*	1056		$	584	feite
šib	JL	547	fefó-5)		1050	
		35	ÍJ(č7ž>)		696	feto«)
	far ■zsr	36		If	341	fe&(Ľ)
			fc(£)		199	
X.					558	fe(D"f*Hb) čí CD ti
x		95			621	
	tsl	97	fetet)	T	71	feO5
		106	fc(fc>£)	m	488	fetí(^S)
x.		499			57	fejfc
		541			58	
*(*)	#	820			59	feéftv)
		37		fé	60	fe*(5)
	B*	38		iť	61	
		39		$	62	
		40			63	
		41			64	&.£(<")
		42			65	íícfc(^)
		43			330	
^ 691 A 705 & 312 fc 181 1E 876
# 852 íl 955 it- 66 M 67
* 58 iä 666 Sff 671 ft. 304 ši 729
217 793 Ä 286 4 698 ÍT 336 >é 445 ■R. 480 485 lň 843 ^í? 1034 läC 213 Ü 729
212
213 911
70 s£ 768 ^ 722 W 966 It 220 |s] 814
113
g 449
E 296
^ 696
Ä 118
Í 470
5 1007 í 499 ^ 418
6 903 S) 1007 íl 572
41
Ä 184
# 621
s
'i
—-
í
		
MU Z)		J t"
m?)		
trip)		eh
		
		irrt
mt>?)		31 'ŕ
		~ -j
		_
		
		
	m	
		
		- z
	6C	100
INDEX 2: On- and Kim-Readings
Wit
WW
?
Lb
r
its
101
& 102 $J 103 # 104 if 105 106 W 107
108 112
109
110
111
m
A
*
#f 112 If- 400 24 949 % 164 539 II 150 4$ 245 It 219 PR 291 ll 91
113
114
115
116
117
118 $ 119 US 120
121
* 179
122
^ 123
H 124
H 10
JS, 923
i 499
3l 811
St 586
JS, 923
Wi 586
3. 247
$ 248
# 946
3? 964
II 295
It 831
fg- 306
$t 771
tis®
Asb frb(Ü)
ted
248
77 796
344
t'J 125
v% 126
-£> 344
^ 267
U 713
fil 119
H 1013
# 232 31 883
# 652 Jc 1042
# 896 izT 232
882
& 592
£fc 127
Ü 328
l& 427
472
-t 547
# 570 Ü 869 i£ 762 $ 239 f§- 1049
694
f& 73
$1 256
M 882
11 256
39 83
$ 121
HI 632
ffi'J 673
£ 887
^ 128
f'J 129
# 130 7C 131 If 132 •f- 133
# 134 ^Üs 135 If 136 31 137 Jf 138
# 139
2M, JÖS>
t*«)
	140		ft	1054
	141		*	1048
	142			262
M	143	\ *tf>)		619
	144		#	733
If	145	SöSftUJ		746
	570			345
	146	5c?3		318
	147	3L	w	147
	148	»t		523
u j	149		*»]	650
SI	150	*#(<)	n	730
	151		A4 WA.	207
	284	sat	it	976
	334			1048
				56
		**		177
	152	#•»		177
4-	153			178
§	154			18
	155		m	279
	156			286
	157			240
	158			312
n	159			179
	160		at	180
	161		Ä	181
	162			182
it	163			183
'Jf	164			184
»	165		aÄ	185
	166		'S"	186
	167			187
IS	168		Ä	188
	169			189
IS	170		*	190
*	171			191
	172			192
s it	296 65		5t: IS.	193 194
	479		fe	195
	601		IB	196
	1010			234
	173			197
St	174			198
	175			199
	176		g	200
>l!f	536			201
to	314		It	202
m	937		it	203
THE KEY TO KANJI
*a0
Ěfc>(sb6)
if
204			312			78			
305		m	313		m	96			
600		n	316			110	?y		
205		x	321	tm	m	536			
206		*x	332			205			
207		B.	238			207			
208			561		±*	210			
209	<(&)		649			245			
210	<(JPÜ)		99			246			
211	m)		1048			247		ŕ?	
212	<(ŕiá)	*	958			248		*	
213	00		239		ft	249			
214	vo		186			250			
215			663			251			
216	<m		1018		*	252	3		
217	<tč		140			253		•s	
218	<«(*)	T	71		1+	254		ď	22
219	m		316			255		•f	
220		a	348			256		1	29
246	<Šfí(S)		856		+>-•z?	257			29
253	«Cr	■i-	476			258		1	:r
221		IE	649		ž*	56			29
248	m		36			180		*	29
336			99		#1	259		ä!	3a
222	<b	i*	297			260			s
223			651			261			i-;
224			670			262			
225	<bM	Bf	5			263			
377		tt	885			264			
193	<bl^	tt	8			265			
224	<£(LU)		237			266			
226	<3Í	*	465		Ä	267			;zz
227		fx	332			053			zzz
228	<5	S	350	tri; D	At	053			
229		#3	76			282			
230		m	240	o-y	H	143		od	
231		m	241		ft	268		tH	
232	m>	m	242			269		If	=
353			243			270	zm	*	:r
233		s?	244		■*]	271 272		m	
hRBb	■■■■i		nm		3t	273			
182	T	ít	72		ft	274			3í;
186			73			275			
206			79		it	276	EU*		1087
234			158		*	277	m	it	
235			165			278		*§	
236			251		IS	279			2"
237			1009		Ä	280		.ä	31-
297		T	71			281			3 _ ľ
INDEX 2: On-and Kun-Readings
'.O
Ví
m	310		<6	614			360	S*	*	322
	311	3$	&	224			419	m		657
St	312		Ä;	234			1083	m>		387
	313			564			118			388
%	314			432			198		*	389
	315			417	m	m	364			390
o	316			417		m	365			391
fa	317		•t*	98		*	366	m>	íl	392
	318			804		*	367			1057
	319			60			368	aw«)		376
#	320		f	351		*	369	Čí		1037
X	321			290			370	sum		128
	322			437		s*	371	SMS		326
	323			983			372		JUL	393
	324		H	15		-t;	373		*	546
Jit	325			719			374		ZT	394
	326		ft	935			375		s	395
	327	Cľ©(U)		319			376		lij	396
	328		ífB	374			377		8c	397
	329		m	354			381		Š.	398
4.	330			943		«	391			399
	331	G*ff)		391		B	607		■Hr	400
fe	332			780			619		5f	401
	333			18	m		378		1*	402
	334	©e		605		#	379		%	403
	335		ár	232			380			
n	336			273			381			
m	337			353		*	322		f±	404
if	338			354		«	382		ít	405
	339			355			475		§]	406
	340			356			593			407
	341		-p	357			39		E9	408
Ä	342			226			180		±	409
#	570		m	276		*	714			410
	211			286		JUX	602			411
*	218			290			210		#	412
	221					ft	204		Ť	413
	343						628			414
a	344		it	358		ft	383			415
■t	476			359		■K	384			416
m	811			360			385			417
	605			361		t	386		w	418
	244			362		#	387		ti	419
	901		H	365		*	714			420
	345			383		*	62		*	421
a	346			732			475			422
£■	347			363			420			423
11 Íl	348		T	71		íl	478			424
	349	5«)	m	125		m	1027			425
M.	350			769		*	765			426
THE KEY TO KANJI
		427		íl	572		li-	485
		428			496		ft	486
		429	tm		453			487
	n	430		tt	456		*	488
	it	431	my		454		-i	489
		432			455		*	490
	*±	433		*	456			491
	if	434			495			492
	«J	435	isV		457		*	501
	eh	436		H	834	mo	#■	486
		444	LKt	a do	907		\i	493
		447	LS	J?	797		%	494
	ä	449			447		-f-	495
V		404	Hb	T	71		tt	496
		437	P.v		362		s-	497
	JE	438 439		#	458 459		m	498 499
		440			460			500
	♦	441		»	461			501
	if	442			462		m	502
		443		#	463			503
		444			464			504
	ca /o	445		*	465	ya7		505
		446		#	466			506
		447			467	va>	*	507
		448		Ä b	613	y"i>	Jp	508
	ě	449			614		M	509
		450		*	618			510
	Ft	522	y* 2		468	V 3		511
		726			469			512
Ľ	%	1090			733			513
	m	211	i/n.	±	470			514
tím	ft	423		m.	471			515
		637		<*	472			516
	m	941		*	473			517
US)		725			474		It	518
	#	322		m	475	V 3	m	519
		55			476		-k	520
		751			485			521
		645			490		*	522
	Ä	758		it	477		ft	496
		451			478		«1	523
		452		tt	479		Hr	524
		558			483		77 Cí	525
	ft	560			496			526
II*		561			480		"i	527
	A	758		M	481			528
	ft	610			482			529
	T	71			483			530
		627			484			531
V 3 7
V 3 O
LO-e«)
Ľ m
-t sa
	
	er
iE	
;#	
í	50"
m	aa
p	
*	
	-ô:
	
±	5-"
	
í*	--.
	
á.	::
	
	
	602
ft	610
	765
	557
	558
	559
	560
	561
ó	863
if	754
	701
INDEX 2: On- andKun-Readings
- Z t)
JLi L «L<5
>t	497		a	493		7t	600		ft	641
IE	170	nm		388			601			642
^P	25	m	tt	504			602			643
*Ä	550		°x	582		ft	603		#	644
ft	703			583			604			645
6	863			584			605			646
it	562		*	585			606			
*	563	7\0		586		S	607			
	564			986			608	V		647
*T	565	Wtc		412			609			648
$R	566	?<{?)		189			610			649
5*	567			530			854			654
*	568		ft	1022			611	€15)	;d	51
	569	-fit		519		SÄ	624			512
	570	TC(L)		530	m	*	612			637
E	571	?Z(*>&)		269			613	«*)	Ä	873
	572	TL	15	229			614			482
#	573	-TT(U>)		1070		ft	615		ill	650
it	574	TT(V)	it	574			616			651
	575	-m		362			617		#	652
	576		m	505			618		*	653
it	570	**Cd		646			1030			654
e	571		*	662	*#	H	144		m	655
A	577			715			623		*	656
*c	578			680		ft	391			657
37	579			363			619		*	658
	580		t	587		*r	620 621			659 660
						-=/^	622			661
-f-	413	+Z		588			623		it	662
St	470	Ö		854		1Ä	624		*	663
	472			589			625			664
	586			188	«fV		626			665
	648			325			627		*	666
ffl	484		A	617		ft	641		if	671
	658			207		*	215		*	392
	437		ft	370		ft	215		4L	544
H	581			539		ft	628		it	667
	809		'It	553		-f-	629			668
31	811 402			588 590		a #	630 631		ill	669 670
	185		#	591		Mi	632		If	671
#	319		it	592		it	633		it	672
ü	89		tt	593		*	634			310
ft	758			594			635		in	673
	461			595		&	636		JW	674
m	662			596		m	637		Bp	675
m	806			597		m	638		A	676
i±	493			598		*&	639			677
	371		iE	599		ig	640			678
THE KEYTO KANJI
		679	
		680	
Ví?	/S	681	
		682	
		683	
ZZ	/S	766	
zz(teô)	íl	688	
€■€«*)		740	
		23	
v>		684	
		1061	
		110	
	í*	206	
	f«	893	
	m.	238	
e®	m	49	Ťz^(b)
	m	673	
«?(<)	tř	854	
		239	Ťzfr^Ct)
	&	685	
		686	
		687	
	ti	688	
	tí	689	
	#	685	tm
			tz Ufr)
	ft	690	
		691	Ťz?(ft.Z)
		692	
		473	fzfzil^)
	EH	784	tZŤZl?)
	ÍT	693	ŤztzihiZ)
		626	ŤZŤZfr(Ô)
ŕc(T)		504	Tzh
	&	253	m
		376	
	tŕ	719	tzíZM
		868	
	Ä	1062	tzT
7t(Tá)		273	
		561	tztiž.)
		744	tzlZ
		679	tzte
tins)		583	tz(D(L^)
m		692	fetí
		694	tzU
		695	
		696	ŤZÍ
	í*	697	
M, 698
M 699
Ä 700
ig. 701
fôfc 702
ÍX 703
o 704
X 705
iX 703
o 704
A 705
^ 706
M. 707
Iŕ- 768
I*) 829 939
Ä 342
S- 302
$f 333
S 962
í 708
Ü 791
M 1080
Sf 744
ÍL 548
fr 731
í| 116
Ä? 519
# 580 W 966 iE 599 Ä 456 ÍL 758 Ä 633 it. 709 at 709
710
Ä" 171
# 687 If 145 ffé 498
1082
's 347
Ä 474
5& 123
JU 677 791
% 1066
£t 192
3L 225
hfr(ř>) hfrh
m m
		195	
fciC"		1052	
		993	
fzsb	*	14	
ŤcsbiT)	*	432	
		953	—
ŤzMO)		950	
Ťzti	it	711	^a **
Ťzioh	ft	899	
	#	712	2=
	ti	713	
	m	714	-
		715	
	m.	716	H
	M	717	/t
		873	
tßsi	m	718	
	m	719	
	aá	720	
		721	
	í?	722	
		723	
/a
fS
tá
Jt
Ť IL
i*
IS
Hr
IL
m
f+
445 456
724
725
726
727
728
729 266 629 835 397 529 231
19 1074
730
731 835 918 502
27
732
733
734
735
99
t
m)		1	T 4
	#	■	"T -£
			iř-í
		■	
o(<")			
	#	S	
		■	
			
			
o(ns)			
VH	íi		
			
sei»		761 ■	
	Ü	762 1	
	fit	4Ct I	
	tt	404 I	5">
		886	Tb
o*?		406 I	
■ofržť(&)		4Ct	
INDEX 2: On-and Kun-Rcadmgs
15
>rc(x.ä)
mm
OCD(ä) OS
fa*
Ob
Ob(4£) OS?
/I 267 ft. 444 'ft 383 I'J 650 i^ 672 #1 160
782 ± 792 & 683 & 960 Ä 492 W] 226 ^ 790 /M 951 Ä- 995 If? 552 $ 119 H 956 # 367 W 380 >? 1083 Ik 211 ® 1007 ill 1089 #J 272
938
-f" 473
^ 768
]R 538
tb 504
fö- 694
T 745
Ü 763
f? 764
5 765
6 766 It 767 ^ 768 It 769
770
sc 771
Of 772
•§3 773
it 774
it 775
# 441
^ 776
x 777
KM £«)
K(i;*) two
	778
	779
	780
	781
	783
	782
	783
	784
	785
i
ft ft
ft ft 4-77
581
786
787
788
789
791
792 811 298 443 495
790
791
792
793 1012
96 624 278 941 892 862 913 422 764 1065 369 471 788
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
EfcM
KtftO
££'({03) ££<D(ö) Z-£<n[7LZ>) £4(x.-5)
to
USD £4)
& 804
H 805
l£ 806
S'J 807
It 808
3. 809
i& 810
%. 811
it 818
frc 825 843
flu» 812
% 813
[5] 814
ft 815
^ 816
4 817
it 818
lie] 819
Ä 171
^ 687
+ 495
it 54
it 762
Bf 443
# 820 l,t 821
# 822 M 825 4F 823 $k 824 tfe 825 ^ 531
552 511 513 H 370 840 ^ 826 827 If 1065 H 754 Ü: 596 D§ 527 P$ 1079 WL 783 783
5 913 ii 206
6 208
		1024
EtLrjf		801
		757
	H	718
		828
	1«!	1012
u		
i-	1*	830 843
4	HI	375
		999
my	*	997
mo		191
		1004
4K4-5)		968
4(173)		798
4(T)	*	14
4(3)		594
4(ft3)		136
SN		829
4fc(T)	-A it	445 758
		734
	#	735
4A<M		40
		755
		872
		1064
	fa	1097
4 c? (17)	tf	553
&o		78
		803
44	-t	453
4H		74
40)		453
4$		601
43.(173)		698
4*	i	847
	it	940
4b(?)	*	489
		940
ife»		722
		830 831
	m	843
	n	74
THE KEYTO KANJI
				co(t:)		29	
-		!£	439	9Sf*J		549	
		j-	578	JO		843	
		—	832		t&	844	
IZ		ft	86			845	
		ai	810		*	846	
C»)			438		at	810	
		m	565	C0C(6)		403	
		*	237	®t(<)		522	
-0			833			972	
		a	607		Wo	1077	ta <*<(*;)
-7-		a	834			304	
			713		m	506	izz.
			468		X	547	
-ZL^		IL	835		&	788	
		X	836	COO		965	
— 3			520				
			520				
		m	767			847	IJU-5)
— >			577 578			848 849	liLb
			579	m		33	mt
			837		ee	436	
			838			579 1041	ittcli
■Hi	&			it	,H	850	
3*		m	793			551	tm
«&(<)			870	W?LZ>1		38	y\-v
«&«■)			710			39	jvy
(s&L		3£	470			601	
S&CO		*	914		ft	655	t$rO
					it	72	
9HHH						81	
»		-£	70		5ft	749	
		*ft	356			598	
			724			851	
		*	563			852	
			1088 151		It -NT	853 854	
to?<*>(5)			1091		BP	855	
step			839			856	f*tt
		BR	994			103	
*>			645 840 841			857 858 859	
		m. /Via	842		7C X	860 836	lib
	0				it	957	lib(f>)
CO			1015			254	HO
CD(«"T)			50		0	581	lit.
M 678
jt 1072
M 340
1# 861
5(3 862
F3 863
861
864 971 984
23 260
865 35
214
W 512 410
f'J 650
%L 665
& 739
ft 110
M 161
a 163
#0 866
*H 866
# 812 ^ 867 >4 965 $b 868
# 869 #7 512 %L 870
986 85 895 & 963 H 1098 H 1058 fr5 1098 $ 33 ^ 959 % 539 657 s4 680 1076 ^ 285 31. 928 "fA 930 #t 575 # 507
m
7
t		
		
	■ v	
	tt	
		
		
		
	flE	
	#	
	ft	
o	x-	
		-■■**
	0	
		
	ft	
f	■fit	
	ft	
t>«)		
		:;:
		1 Zll
r>(^>)		' 2-2
	*	3n
	*	
		3TI
		10c-
t><(^)		763
	X	182
	m	6C-
	IS	124
U-tzO	'a	3Er
INDEX 2: On-and Kim-Readings
try		896			997
		897		i	668
		1040	MĎ-?)		326
i>t	A	577	MO		582
Ot(L^)		803			1093
l>t(-0)	-—	24			341
lst(*j)	&	624	77	A	911
fcV7		898			913
	é	863			923
bé D	it	899			773
		900		*	567
		901	77	V)	924
		902			925
		903 904		§ is	926 927
		938		m.	928
ía7		905			929
		906	8i L		623
		939		m	975
Ob		939		11	390
Ob«)	ffl	107	Mt	m.	828
OS	ft	738	.^7c(0)	—	832
0-5M		323		n	365
	&	486	7-7		930
		114	7"'7		931
	a DO	907			932
		908	äS£	%	897
		950		A	692
		908		&	639 639
		•j			936
7		909			795
		910		Ifl	196
	A	911			293
		912		*	934
		913		*	576
		914	7>		933
		915			934
		916			935
		917	j 7>		933
	A	918		X	936
	ft Ä	919 920		m	937
	SI	923	/S		
		954	><	*	922
y		909			948
		921	I -<(L)		77
	SP	922		li	253
	$	933 954		$1	287 905
		938			978
		939		A	1010
		940 \ 941		g	1011 597
	Fl	942		la	374
	A	843		&	868
		944			965
		332			1045
		945	líf	ig	770
		946	lít 17	&	931
		947	life		351
	j2	948	tS3(t>*3)		968
		949			873
	IE	950			979
		951		H,	980
		952			
					
					143
	IS	953 954 955		* S	569 850 1011
lí	A	84		ft	223
m	9	956	*«)	#	130
		957	*(»*)		920
		958			309
		959	f (T)	if	668
		1008	Í(D	Jfc	628
tž(Lu)		1045		.•B m	357
mr)	Ť	133		*	990
*7	'S,	960	W»		697
		961		A	943
		962			981
		963		*	982
		964			983
	>*	965		#	395
		966	K x.	tí	643
	Ä	967		ft	837
#7	ťľ	968			130
	-e	969			978
	tt	970	j 77		984
		971			686
	#	972 973		m,	569 608
		974	! w&		599
		975	! íčf(*)		524
		110	! íĽ(toS)		309
		690	! If(Ltv)	t.	908
	$	1092		A	985
*7	it	976	j g«	ííí	112
*7		977		BT	752
THE KEY TO KANJI
		986				329				1004			
So		535				830				878			
*o(9)	*	373				288			& 1005		Štarte		
		646				457				1006	VP	_-	
	ige	595				448			äj	1007			
$m	m	772	ŕWE>		t	186						ft	
toe:		661	Ív2			992							
		1099				205				1008		t-	
	í	1				789				842			
		122				999				468			
		148				1000	feto)			442			
ÍÍUfrfrlá)		1005				1001	um			472			
ífc(<)		533	5>			993			77§4 jih	602			L
		809			BR	994			it	968			-.š
**(&)		472								972		í*	■§2
		1003		V		HM				1009			
is		146				921				622	**r		sm
i-SM	n	48				995	í> ô (T)			568		«	
«MD]	S	481				996	«ř			1010			
		97				997			g	1011	m	Jj	
		987	V(Z.Ô)		A	317				1039			
		988	ttftl		É	556			#	932		to	
						1094	t)-o (T)			7			
			Ü(ftS)		m	242			M.	366			
		989	tľfr(*.S)			258	t)otí(b)		#	631	ZL		
		990	Ufr L		b	613			T	71		fit	
	—	394	tiff			864				155		é	
	*	457				961				284		f	
		573	C L			741				979	Kí		e ľ;
*(b3)		988				265				190			
		494	trffr(U	)	it	831	fcttV			155	*>«)		
		139	trfŕo			998	t CD			463		ÍT	-.v
	íl	142				216				932	0MT	Ü	
	Ä	281	tife			216	t>J:fo(T)		m	364			
	It	134				482	to			566	3$		31
gráf		31	í; b			689	m		it	518		íl	----
		656	í;b(frž)			242				936			
		716	Uši		t.	455			w	937			
*T	*	585								1012			
		300		üb					Fi	1013			
*Tfr(b)	é	449				92						m	102"
	/S	779			BR	148				m			1021
	ÍL	1051			-k	520	t		i£	1014		n	1Q2S
	it	818			i	1011			If	1015	KJ)9		
		816	sb(t)			525			M	67	Kí^		2~-.
s®	*	991				999			&	79		*	5w"
		394				1000			&	347			625
-5)		838			m	1001				867			9č"
	m ■s	1075			m	1002				415	K))^(fe-5)	• #	
«BS		105			it	1003				537			4";
INDEX 2: On-andKun-Readings
'■J
		9	187 996				1049 1050		7>J	1086 1087
• 4 (T)		It	202			ŽL	1051 1052			1088 1089
	cfc		MB			K	1053			
			1031					n		1090
			1032					no		1091
			1033	y		í>J	1054			1092
		e3	408				1055			1093
		■&	588 703			S	1056 1057	n<?	m	1075 1094
			1014			Ml	1058		S	1095
		#	644	u*		$	1074	a>		1096
		R 1071		iffl		Pá	1059			
		<f	294				1094			
			825				1060	7	*!	1097
=: S)		H	27				1060			1098
			157				1061	to	íl	90
57			1034			íl	1062			1078
			1035				1063		ft	933
			1036			ä	1062		m	125
			1037			ŽSE.	1064		%	468
		>f 1038				«s.77	1065	tot-(ti%)		944
		m	1039	U a		%	1066			1099
		1040					1067	toll	m	1019
			1041				1068	6$		173
		*	1042				1069			221
		Pi	1043				1070			372
		# /\	1044 867			ta m	1071 1072	t>T(ns)		969 1006
		ft	1045				1073			787
		/§■	1046			it	203			425
			1047				1074			541
			63			m	1075		*	817
		if	56	U>			1076	t>bt)	*	817
KL			175			m,	1077	toü	f]	125
			177				1078			2
J:íte(5)			1026 664			m	1079		S	90
F£			1014							
		.g.	153	JU		/;il	1064			1100
lóf			987				1065			
«fcfrM		if	469				1080			
			408							
					n					
							1081			
			803			$	1082			
		1048 1084				J?-&	1083 1084			
55		$	123				1085			
ABIRU-CHI
INDEX 3 On- and i^w-Readings in Romaji
Numbers refer to kanji numbers in this book.
A			araso(u)
a(biru)		1046	arata
a(garu)		547	arata(meru)
a(geru)		201	arawa(reru)
a(keru)	M	107	
a(ku) '		239	arawa(su)
	m	1001	aru(ku)
a(mu)	T-ffi	947	aruji
a(ru)		378	aruzi
		1025	asa
a(shiki)		2	asa(i)
a(siki)	Ä	2	asa(ru)
a(taru)		802	ashi
a(teru)		494	ashita
a(u)		95	asi
		344	asita
aba(ku)	*	971	aso(bu)
aba(reru)	#	971	ata(ri)
abu(nai)		152	atai
abura		1020	
ai		1	atama
		660	atara(shii)
aida	M	143	atara(sii)
aji	<*	989	atata(kai)
aka	*	618	
aka(rui)	in	1001	ato
akashi	1£	543	atsu
akasi	IE	543	atsu(i)
aki	ž*	487	
aki(raka)	H£	1001	
akina(i)	fS	526	atsu(maru)
aku		2	atu
ama	I	34	atu(i)
		777	
ama(ru)		1032	
ame		34	atu(maru)
		777	aya
an		4	aya(bumu)
		5	ayama(chi)
	5g	6	ayama(ru)
	ÍT	336	
ana	SJĚ	264	ayama(ti)
ane	$	411	ayu(mu)
ani		246	aza
ao		609	aza(yaka)
ara(u)		636	azi
ara(zu)	#	891	azu(karu)
arakaji(me)	T	1031	azuma
arakazi(me)	f	1031	
#• 659
l/ŕ 565
੠100
íl 289
ft 903
í 743
# 954
S. Š.
m. m
470 470
#j 750 635 203 679 m 750 Ä 679 W 750 igf 1028 S3 948
75 ill 724 II 811 Í/Ť 565 í/í 565 :ifa 69 Bi 720 304 3
4 315
# 514
& 839
Ä 492
3
315
# 514 839
Ä 492 Ä 936 í% 152 i§ 89 f% 307 Wí 464 ii 89
# 954 ? 440 fr 642 ^ 989 1Ŕ 1033 Á 799
ba
ba(keru) bai
baku ban
batsu
batu
be
bei ben
beni
beshi
besi
betsu
betu
bi
bô
í§ 551
Ä 850
it 72
T& 857
$r 858
Ä 859
# 860 1# 861
864
# 971 3f 984 ¥'J 871 ^ 874 B£ 879
# 880 7J 987 4& 870
986
ík 870
>fc 986
§P 922
í3 948
Ťft 943
íf 950
951
# 952 332
°T 77
"°ľ 77
?'] 944
£'] 944
íft 893
Ä 894
M- 895
if 950
# 956 A 957 Ä 958
# 959 Ä 1008 ťľ 968
969
tČ 970
# 971 S? 972
# 973 % 974 rvj 975
boku
bon bou
bu
buta butsu
butu
byaku byô
byou
cha
chaku
chi
Ť 629
tí 724
7» 725
í* 726
tá 727
S 728
iS 729
IL 835
INDEX 3: On- andKim-Readings in Rómaji
chi(ru)	ft ft	397				738	c	*	95	fuka(i)	*	567
chichi		835				739		m	97	fuku		924
chiga(u)	X it	918 19			a	740 741		J*	106 499		ft m	925 926
chii(sai) chiji(mu)	m	529 502				742	e(mu) e(ru)	ft	541 820		is St	927 928
chika(i)		231	D				eda	m	421		ft X *	929
chikara chiku	% tT	1074 730 731	da da(su) dai		JT it ft	693 504 703	ci	t IE	37 38 39	řum i fun		936 933 934
chin	f	759				704			40		m	935
china(mu)	a	27			*	705			41	funa	n	639
cho	it *	515 743			m	706 707		K m	42 43	fune furu(eru)		639 576
	m	744				768	cki	n	13	furu(i)	IB	196
chó		499				829			44			293
	T	745	dan		a	718		n	45	furu(u)	*	934
		746				719		It	46	fuse(gu)		975
	5ft	747			at	720			1016	fushi		623
		748 749			15	721 722	cn		48 49	futata(bi) futa(tsu)		365 832
	n	750			m	723		*	50	futo(i)		692
	m	751	dare		it	711		.vs.	51	futsu		930
		752	datsu		JK	710			52	fun	ft	911
		753	datu			710			53		m	913
		754	de			768			54		ft	923
	*	755	de(ru)			504			55	fuyu		795
	m	756	den		«	782	cra(bu)	m	640			
	% &	757			s	783	cra(i)	*	9	G		
choku		758			B3	784	ctsu	m	47		*	90
chou	* T	499 745	do			785 790	ctu	m	47		fa ff	91 92
	É	746				791		F			ff	93
	1ft /f	747 748				792 793	fll	ft	909 910	gai	*	110 111
		749	do		ft	812			911			112
	•i *	750 751			M m	813 814			912 913	gaku		122 123
	By	752			t	815			914		ft	124
	St	753				816			915	gan		146
	If	754			4	817		t	916			147
	*	755			it	818		>#	917			148
chu	TM A +	756 757 734	doku		ft! #	819 823 824		»	918 919 920		ft &	149 150 151
	ft	735 736 737 738	dono dou		=■* m. to	825 783 812 813	fa	ft ft m	923 954 911 913	gat-gatsu gatu	7t A n s	284 344 267 267
	IE	739				814			923	ge	T	71
		740			£	815	fu(eru)		668		it	78
		741				816	fu(keru)	%	1093		»	96
		742			4	817	fii(ku)		582			110
chuu	*	734			it	818	fu(ru)	It	341	gei		257
		735			ft	819	fuda	ft	390			258
	*	736					hide		897	geki	it	180
		737		E			fue	*	773		M	259
GEKI-HO
THE KEYTO KANJI
gen
getsu getu g'
gin g°
go
goku gon
goto gou
g"
gun
guu gyaku
gy°
gy°
gyoku
*	260	gyou	*	221
	148		m	248
	283		n	336
ft	284	gy"		197
f-	285	gyuu		197
	286			
	287	H		
m	288	ha	m	33
	289			436
5	290		7]	579
F&	291		&	847
n	267			848
n	267			849
&	173			1041
m	174	ha(eru)		38
	175			39
	176			601
9k	233	ha(ku)		655
m	162	ha(reru)		598
£.	301	ha(ru)	5ft	749
5.	302	ha(t)		965
	303	ha(tasu)		81
«	304	habu(ku)	*	539
	305	hachi	A	867
■45. DO	306	haganc		340
	307	hage(shii)	m	260
	308	hage(sii)	m	260
	211	haguku(mu)	t	23
	218	haha	#	959
II	221	hai		103
-5-
343
344 224 226 276 286 290 983 211 218 221
343
344 238 186
¥ 242 % 243 t 244 186 i£ 180 if 203 204 #P 305 * 221 ^ 248 iT 336 £ 225
Zx
hai(ru) haji(mcru)
haji(mcte)
haka
haka(ru)
hako
hako(bu)
haku
han
# 851
# 852 ft 853 1f 854 1$ 855 K 856 X 836
410
f1] 650
W 512
It 957
1+ 254
II 581
S'l 678
# 1072 ffi 865 if 35 If 861 ;£3 862 f3 863 ik 382 f'J 871 + 872 S 873
874
Wi 875
vE 876
hana(reru) hana(su)
hanashi hanasi hane hara
hara(u)
hari
hatu
hashi
hashi(ru)
hashita
hasi
hasi(ru)
hasira
hata
hatake hatara(ku) hati hatsu
haya(i)
hayashi
hayasi
hazi(meru)
hazi(mete)
hazu(su)
he(ru)
hei
hen
hi
m 877
M 878
FL 980
?£ 85
M- 895
!ft 1058
#C 963
If 1098
If 1098
If 1098
m 33
^ 285
Jft 928
$U 930
#t 575
=#■ 507
$f 214
^ 665
# 739
# 214 ft 665
739
^ 161
#t 163
^ffl 866
')B 866
#J 812
A 867
W 512
& 868
# 869 W 512
868
!c 869
657
it 680
#. 1076
1076
■fe 410
3§'J 650
m 512
?h no
£1 253
'A 287
^ 905
& 938 939
M 940
Wl 941
ffi 942
$ 945
# 946 $1 947 i3 948 i§ 949 J*C 84 *T 801
hi(ku)
hi(ru)
hi(yasu)
hidari
higashi
higasi
hijiri
hika(tu)
hikari
hiki(iru)
hiku(i)
hi(meru)
hin
hira
hira(ku)
hiro(gatu)
hiro(i)
hiro(u)
hiru
hisa(shii)
hisa(sii)
hitai
hito
hito(ri)
hito(shii)
hito(sii)
hito(tsu)
hito(tu)
hitsu
hitsuji hitu
hituzi hiya(su) hiziri ho
h6
«
3i
51 V
=f-
'7 <M
£ 3GB
* 7» 79B
5° GM
3t 3ti
* 3T1 ^ KW
it 763 % 881
dd 907 t 90S ¥ 93»
ffl 107 114
£ 323 486 S- 738 A 182 A 182 H 124 A 577 824
* 803 ^ 803
— 24
— 24 896
¥ 897 4 104C
* 896 ¥ 897
4 1040 1083
fi 604 84
■fl 953
* 954 ■ffi 955
5 960
INDEX 3: On-andKun-Readings in Rómaji
	m	961	hude		897
	3	962	hue	tt	773
	m.	963	huka(i)	m	567
		964	huku		924
	>*	965		«	925
	W	966		m	926
	A	967		la	927
.-.o(shii)	m	1045		m.	928
ho(sii)	m	1045		*	929
ho(su)	Ť	133	humi	X	936
-odo	m	770	hun	&	933
ga(raka)	m	1092			934
boka		110		m	935
	m	690	huna	m	639
noku		976	hune	m	639
".on	K	873	huru(eru)	«	576
		979	huru(i)	ta	196
hone		351			293
ro(biru)	ť:	968	huru(u)	#	934
"os(suru)		1045	huse(gu)		975
ioshi	1	597	husi		623
bosi	I	597	hutata(bi)	n	365
"oso(i)		374	huta(tu)	—	832
hot-		868	huto(i)	*	692
	>*	965	hutu		930
•otokc		931	huu		911
"OU		960 961		m a	913 923
		962	huyu		795
		963	hyaku	i	898
		964	hyó	m	899
	>*	965			900
		966		*	901
	£	967			902
-u		909 910		*	903 904
		911			938
		912	hyou		899
		913		*	900
		914		*	901
		915			902
	t >f	916 917		*	903 904
		918			938
	ff	919			
		920	I		
		923	i		7
	#	954			8
IJU	m a	911 913 923		# ffl #	9 10 11
"; cru)		668			12
vj kasu)		326		I	13
"u.kcru)		1093			14
iu(ku)		582			15
*-- ru)		341			16
" uda	*l	390		I	17
		18	itawa(ru)		1091
	it	19	itazura(ni)	ít	786
	K	20 21	ici		24 414
i(kiru)	Š.	601	iriziru(sii)		743
i(ku)	ff	336	ito	Jš	426
i(reru)	X	836	itona(mu)	Is-	37
i(ru)	®	199	itsu	-	24
		460	itsutsu	is	301
	f	1042	itu	—	24
i(u)	5	290	itutu		301
ichi	—	24	iwa	Oj 75	149
	HP	414	iwa(u)	u	501
ichijiru(shii)		743	izumi	*	634
ie	m	79			
ika(ri)		793		■Hi	
ika(su)		126	jaku		468
ike	•A	727		m	469
iki	m,	22		#	733
		676	ji		404
ikio(i)		591			437
iku		23		m	438
ikusa		243			439
		633			440
ima		353			441
ima(da)		990			442
imóto		981			443
imouto		981		as	444
in		25		-A /a	445
	1 m	26 27		H	446 447
	51	28			448
	m	29		ě	449
	m	30			450
		70		ii	522
ina(mu)	*	881			726
inishie		293			1090
inisie		293	jika(ni)	É.	758
inochi		1000	jiki		561
inoti	*	1000			758
inu		277	jin	#	570
iro	a	560		B	571
isa(mashii)	9	1023		A	577
isa(masii)	f§	1023		<fi	578
isagiyo(i)	m	263		77	579
ishi		614		#	580
isi		614	jit-		495
iso(gu)	M	188	jitsu	*	457
Ísoga(shii)	ít	970		B	834
isoga(sii)	tt	970	j°		519
ita	«	874		-k	520
ita(i)		761		n	521
i ca (mu)	«	523		m	522
ita(ru)	M	428		±	547
	W	807			548
itada(ku)	U	756			549
itadaki	«	756		m	550
JO-KEN
THE KEY TO KAN Jl
JOU
juku jun
jutsu juu
ka
if 551
# 552 'It 553 #E 554 #v 555 M 556 Ä 594 §1 602 St 610
765 ± 547 5t 548 ^ 549
550 i§ 551 'S* 552 'If 553
554
555 sl 556
594
# 602 fit 610 S 765 £ 477
478
# 479 íC 483 íě" 486 it 493 Ä 494 + 495 É 496 H" 497 M. 498 t 499 l& 503 ¥ 508 M 509 JII 510 W 505 áE 506
486 l£ 493 % 494 •ť 495
496 >t 497 S 498 "t 499
T 71
ft 72
•R. 73
f5! 74
iffi 75
ka(keru)
ka(ku)
ka(riru)
ka(su)
ka(tsu)
ka(tu)
ka(u)
ka(waru)
ka(wasu) kabane kabu kado
kae(ru)
kae(su)
kaeri(miru)
kagami
kagi(ru)
kai
kaiko kaka(ru) kako(mu) kaku
JlV 76 77
X 78
M. 79
Pr 80
^ 81
* 82 í5! 83 'X 84 ÍÉ 85 fér 86 Ä 87
# 88 iä 89 H 834 í$ 882 X 261
♦ 517 tt 466 Ä 700
# 524 H# 524 IR| 435 1 859 ft 703
945 309 & 592
* 127 ft 119
n ioi3
'J# 164
i4 949 539
& 219
PR 291
■ft- 94
£ 95
m 96
EJ 97 t* 98 'fôt 99
eft ioo $i ioi
102
103
# 104 S1 105
106
M 107
Ff 108
Ä 109
#í 112
S- 400
í% 245
H 10
ll 91
kama(u)
kan
kana
kana(deru)
kana(shii)
kana(sii)
kaname
kanara(zu)
kane
kane(ru)
kanga(eru)
kano
kao
kara
kara(mu) karada kare kari
karo(yaka)
karu(i)
kasa(naru)
kashira
kasira
kata
& 113
4Ě 114
t& 115
ít 116
# 117 % 118 ft 119 M 120 í- 121 £ 179 t# 328 & 427 f 472 ± 547
# 570 ft 869
# 128 Ť'J 129
# 130 Ä 131 f 132 Ť 133 $f* 134 !® 135 ti 136 >I 137 íf 138
139
140 ffi 141 II 142 H 143 W\ 144 tf 145
# 570 ili 232
# 652 SI 883 & 883
# 1042
# 896 £ 232 A 270
# 334 882
II 150
É 239
l& 1049
í£ 694
#t 882 73 256
S 256
í 499
ŠI 811
ŠM 811
S! 247
kata(i)
kata(ru)
katachi
kataki
katana
katati
katsu
katsu(gu) katu
katu(gu) kawa
kayo(u)
kaza
kaze
kazo(eru)
kazu
ke
ke(su)
kega(rawashii)
kega(rawasii)
kei
kemu(i)
kemuri
ken
I
77
íl
ill M
ľt 72
í* 73
^ 79
# 158 ft 165 Ä 251 í. 1009 ÍW 536
56
if 56
Ä 205
Wt 207
*ft 210
{%. 245
Ä 246
S 247
ffí 248
t£ 249
$C 250
Ä 251
£ 252
Bi 253
1+ 254
* 255 256
S 53 53
.H 143 268
INDEX 3: On- and Kurt-Readings in Rômaji
KEN-KOU
ketsu
ketu
kewa(shii)
kewa(sii)
ki
•- íru) ^ ku)
*	269		H	937		•	935	kokorozashi	/sir	417
	270		m	1054			1010	kokorozasi		417
	271	ki(meru)	s*	262	kô		65	koku	M	345
	272	ki(ru)		619			115		&.	346
	273			733		m	217		'é-	347
	274	ki(ta)	*	1048		"á	304			348
	275	kibi(shii)		286			309		WL	349
	276	kibi(sii)		286		m	310			350
	277	kichi	•±7	177		#	311			614
	278	kimi		240		'Á	312	koma(kai)		374
m	279			312		J/)	313	koma(ru)	H	354
Ä	280	kin	m	226		%	314	kome		943
	281		m	227		#	315	kon	é	232
	282			228		o	316			273
	283		B	229		M	317			353
	261			230		%	318			354
;*	262		it	231		#	319		*&	355
m	263		ň	232		#	320		m	356
	264		i	353		x	321		CH	357
	265	kinu	*	18			322	kona		935
	266		m	279			323	kono(mu)	#	319
	261	kisaki		318		*	324	koori		244
	262	kishi	m	147		S	325		*	901
	263	kisi		147		Ü	326	kóri		244
	264	kiso(u)		207			327		i	901
	265	kita	it	976		*	328	koro(bu)	m	780
	266	kita(ru)		1048			329	koro(su)		391
	282	kirana(i)	if	56		A	330	koromo		18
F*	282	kiti	■ztr C3	177			331	koca(cru)		60
	65	kitsu	■ztr TZZ7	177		fc	332		w	804
	152		<£	178		m	333	koto		290
|l H	153 154	kitu	-rhr	177 178		# ft	334 335	koto(naru)		437 15
	155	kiwa	m	377		#	336	kotowa(ru)	m	719
	156	kiwa(mcru)		193		IS	337	kotsu	t	351
	157		m	224			338	kotu	t	351
	158	kiyo(i)	*	600			339	kou		65
	159	kiza(mu)	m	345			340			115
	160	kiza(shi)		746			341		m	217
	161	kiza(si)		746			342		ft	304
	162	kizu	í*	523		#	570			309
	163		ľj	650	ko(eru)	m	47			310
	164	kizu(ku)		730		m	889			311
	165	ko		65	ko(mu)		352			312
	166			198	ko(nai)	*	1048			313
	167			292	ko(re)		589			314
	168			293	ko(u)		1087		*	315
m.	169			294	kôbe	"t	476			316
	170		m	295		ŠI	811		Ai	317
	171			296	koe	r	605			318
	172		*	297	koi	■m	1087			319
£	296			298	kokono(tsu)	k	234		*	320
m	479			299	kokono(tu)		234		x	321
&	601		m	300	kokoro		564			322
	1010			413	kokoro(miru)		432			323
j/)	536			529	kokoroyo(i)		98		*	324
	314			570	kokoroza(su)		417		*	325
KOU-MEN
the KEYTO KANJI
koubc
kowa ku
kú
ku(mu)
ku(reru)
ku(ru)
ku(u)
ku(yamu)
kuba(ru)
kubi
kuchi
kuda
kuda(ru)
kumi
kumo
kun
kuni kura
kura(beru)
kura(i)
kurai
R 326
%L 327 328
j# 329
Ř. 330
$1 331
to 332
#f 333
# 334 Mí 335 fí 336 \% 337 £P 338
339
$i| 340
341
342
# 570 "f 476 §S 811 p 605 A 182 "Ž* 186 "fé 206 ^ 234 fy 235 E 236 £ 237 £ 239
* 297 'k 312 #7 313 O 316 X 321 fa. 332 S 239 ffl 649 ^ 958
* 1048 -fe 561 'W 99 SE 856 "fí 476 O 316 f 140 T 71 ffl 649 |F 36 % 240 t»l 241 SI 348 )% 297 -)|- 651 WL 670 tb 885 »t 5 tt 8
kurenai kuro
kuru(shii)
kuru(sii)
kuruma
kusa
kusuri
kuti
kuu
kuwa(eru)
kuya(shii)
kuya(sii)
kvaku
kyo
kyo
kyo ku
kyou
fa 332
M. 350
¥ 237
£ 237
$■ 465 663
É 1018
a 316
£ 239
*D 76 99
t& 99
ť 179
Í 198
-® 199
Ě 200
# 201 Ift 202 & 205 $ 206 $L 207 ^ 208 "tó 209 ±t 210
211
212 $C 213 M 214
215 SŽ? 216 m 217 #ř 218
219 h 220 x 246 Jit 253 ^ 222 hÍ 223
224 £ 205 f& 206 H 207 í£ 208 t& 209
* 210 f£ 211 ^ 212
213 H 214
215
216 íS? 217 P 218 ít 219 1£ 220 JL 246 íH 253
kyú
kyu
	181			
X	182			
	183			
	184	mai(ru)		
	185	maji(waru)		
	186	maka(setu)	•i	
	187 188	maki		
*	189 190	mako to		
	191	maku		
	192	mame		
	193	mamo(ru)	dfc	- z
	194	man	75	-€~
	195			
ÍH	196	mana		
	234	mana(bu)		
	181	manako	m	-ř
	182	mane(ku)	&	
	183	manuka(reru)		
	184	maru		' --:
	185	maru(i)	n	
	186	masa	i	
	187	masa(ru)	m	33-
	188	mata	z.	i-ťž
	189	mati		112
	190			-z -
	191	mato		772
	192	matsu		- - r
	193			333
	194	matsu(ri)		3" Z
	195	matsurigoto		333
IH	196	matta(ku)		6-3
	234	matu	*5	533
MHU	M		matu(ri)
ma	h	143	maturigoto
	n	569	; mawa(ri)
		850	: mawa(ru)
		1011	i mayo(u)
ma(da)		990	mazi(waru)
ma(garu)		223	j mazu(shii)
ma(keru)		920	mazu(sii)
ma(ku)	#	130	mc
ma(su)	*#	668	
ma(tsu)	ft	697	
ma(tu)	í#	697	
ma(zaru)	_j— X	309	me(su)
ma(zeru)	zle.	357	; mei
ma(zu)		628	
machi	Sř	112	
		752	
mado		661	
mado(u)	ÍŠ	1099	
mae		643	men
mago		686	
mai		943	
986
^ 373 & 595
m 481
Ie) 97
^ 1003
ÍK 309
if 908
ít 908
í 92
8S. 148
~k 520
g 1011
S 525
999
1000 Bfl 1001 H 1002
1003 ^1 1004 ÍĚ. 1005 % 1006 © 1007
mimi min
mina
minám
minim
minaro
mino. r
misao
mise
mit-
miri
INDEX 3: On- andKun-Keadings in Romaji
meshi	«	878	mochi(iru)		1039	myo	*	999
mesi		878	moku		1010		*	1000
mi		394		i	1011		m	1001
		457 573 989	: mon	m	936 937 1012	myou	*	999 1000 1001
	*	990		n	1013			
mi(chiru)		988	mono		463	N		
mi(ru)		139		#	932	na		375
	m	142	moppa(ra)		631			830
	%	281	mori	ft	566			843
mi(tiru)	'M	988	i moro	m	518			999
michi	it	818	moti(iru)	m	1039	na(geru)	«	798
michibi(ku)	m	816	moto	T	71	na(i)		997
Tiida(rcru)		1051		ft	155	na(ku)		191
Tiidori	m	1075		ft	284		*	1004
migi		31			979	na(kunaru)	£	968
rnijika(i)		716	: moto(meru)		190	na(reru)	ft	136
miki	m	134	motoi	*	155	na(ru)		594
mimi		448	motsu	#	932	na(su)		14
min		993	! motte	VA	7	nado		803
	m	994	: motto(mo)		366	naga(i)		40
mina		105	motu	•	932		*	755
Tiinami		830	I mou	£	968	naga(reru)		1064
minamoto		288			972	nago(yaka)		1097
"ninato		329			1009	nai	ft	829
~iino(ru)		457	I mou(keru)		622	naka		734
misao	*	656	mou(su)		568			735
misc		779	j moyo(su)	■fit	364	naka(ba)		872
m it-		394	I moyoo(su)	m	364	nama	*	601
mi ti	it	818	niu		921	nama(ke-ru)		698
:ribi(ku)		816		m	995	nami		847
mi(tiru)		494		*	996		am	940
		988			997	nan		74
mito(meru)		838	mu (ko)		317			722
mitsu		991	j mu(kou)	*	317			830
mitu		991	I mu(reru)		242		HI	831
miya	*	186	] mu(su)	m	556		M	843
m ivako	%	205	; mugi		864	nana	-t	453
		789	muka(eru)		258	nani		74
mizika(i)	m	716	mukashi	it B	613	nano	-t	453
mizu	*	585	mukasi	f	613	nao(su)	/a	445
Tiizuka(ra)	i	449	i muku(iru)	ft	961		A	758
■3 lzuumi	m	300	miina		216	nara(beru)		940
mo	m	1008	I nuine	w	216	nara(u)		489
mo	-t	968			482	nasa(ke)	'If	553
		972	mura		689	natsu		78
	*	1009	mura(garu)	m	242	natu		78
mo(cru)		842	muro	s	455	ne	+	70
mo(keru)	5*.	622	mushi		741		ft	356
mo(ri)	■*	472	musi		741		it	724
mo(ru)		602	musu(bu)	IS	265	ne(ru)	*	563
.no(shikuwa)		468	: musume		998		J*	1088
mo(sikiiwa)		468	mut-		1094	nega(u)	Si	151
mo(su)		568	muzuka(shii)	££	831	negira(u)		1091
rno(tsu)		442	muzuka(sii)		831	nemu(ru)		994
mo(tu)		442	\ myaku	Jft	992	nen		645
		840
		841
	B	842
netsu		839
netu		839
ni		86
		439
		578
	—	832
ni(geru)		810
ni(ru)	u	438
nichi	a	834
niga(i)		237
nii	m	565
niku		833
nin	A	577
	&	578
	7]	579
	ii	837
		838
nina(u)	ft	713
nishi	S	607
nisi	a	607
niti	a	834
niwa	m	767
no	m	1015
no		843
	m	844
	m	845
	*	846
no(basu)		50
no(mu)		29
no(ru)		549
nobe(ru)		506
nobo(ru)	J	547
	«	788
nochi	ft	304
noga(reru)	ai	810
noko(ru)		403
nori		965
noti	ft	304
nou	in	843
	MS	844
		845
	«	846
nozo(ku)		522
nozo(mu)	a	972
		1077
nu		793
nu(gu)		710
nu(ku)	ft	870
nuno		914
nushi		470
nusi		470
nyaku		468
nyo		520
nyo		520
NYOU-SAI
THE KEYTO KANJI
nyou	-k	520			729	rai	*	1048				
nyú	ÍL X	835 836	oku(ru)	m	666 671	raku	8, *	1084 123		=		
nyuu	ÍL X	835 836	omo	s	470 1007		m	1049 1050				
			omo(i)		499	ran	&	1051 1052 1053	ryoku			
m	o		omo(u)		418							
0	36	2	omote	*	903		K		ryou			
		56		Ě	1007	rei		1081				ni
	m	305 515	on	m. M	54 68		M "A	1082 1083				at
		529		m /nu	69			1084				
6		57		-§•	70	reki		1085				-1
		58		W	305	ren		1087				ak
		59	ona(ji)	M	814		to	1088				ak
		60	ona(zi)	n	814		m	1089	ryu			sak
		61	onna		520	retsu	n	1086				ak
		62	onoono	&	113	retu	n	1086				ak
		63	onore	E	296	ri	m	1054	ryuu			
		64	onozuka(ra)	ě	449		m	1055				
	i.	65	oo(i)		691		*	1056		m		
		330	oo(kii)		705		s	1057				ab
o(biru)	*	696	ooyake		312		m	1058		S		am
o(chiru)	*	1050	ori		621	richi	»	1060	sa			sam
6(i)	i	691	osa(meru)	-A /a	445	riki	i]	1074		i.	1	san
o(iru)		1093		IX	480	riku	m	1059			I	
o(kii)		705			485			1094		4	1	
o(kiru)		172		Ift	843	rin	$*.	1076			1	
o(lcu)	i	728	osana(i)		1034		m	1077		li-	1	
o(riru)		341	oshi(eru)	*	213			1078		ft	1	
o (rosu)	T	71	osi(eru)		213		H	1079		f*	1	
o(ru)		199	oso(i)	*	729	riti		1060		m	732 1	
		558	oso(reru)		212	ritsu		1060	sa(garu)	T	1	
o(su)		621	oso(waru)		213			1061	sa(geru)	*	769 1	sara
		61	oco	#	70			1062	sa(ku)		125 1	
o(tiru)		584	otoko		722	ritu		1060	sa(masu)	-A.	i: = ; I	saae
		1050	otóto		768			1061	sa(meru)	*	118 I	saso(
o(u)		601	otouto		768			1062	sa(ru)		198 1	sat-
	at	760	ocozu(reru)	m	966	to		1090	sa(su)	*	3e: ■	sati
o(warn)		920	otto		911	tó		1091			419 1	sato
		488	ou		57		®	1092	saba(ku)		376	satsu
obi		696		*	58			1093	sachi	*	322	
obo(eru)		118		&	59	roku		1075	sada(meru)		765	
odoro(ku)	9	220		15	60			1094	sága	li	593	
oga(mu)		852			61		*	1095	saga(su)		714	
ogina(u)		955			62	ron		1096	sagu(ru)	*	714	satu
ogoso(ka)		286		m	63	rou		1091	sai	41	364	
oka		181			64			1092			365	
oka(su)	m	876		*	65			1093		*	366	
oko(ru)	řsši	793		4.	330	ru	Já	1064		*	367	
oko(su)	m	217	oya		572		ti	1065		*	368	sawa(r
okona(u)	ff	336	óyake	£	312	rui		1080		*	369	sazu(k
okota(ru)		698	oyo(bu)		184	ryaku		1063		*	370	se
oku		58	oyo(gu)	%	41	ryo		1066			371	
	fit	66				ryó	ii	203			372	se(ku) se(mer
		67	R					1067			373	
olcu(rcru)		304	ta	%	803			1068			374	
INDEX 3: On-and Kun-Readings in Römaji
	m	375	í se(ru)		207	&	620
		376	seba(metu)	ft	215		621
	m m	377	sechi		623	in,	622
		381	sei	ft	370	f	623
		391		'4	539		624
	B	607		If	553	m-	625
		619		*	588	j setu	391
iiiwa(i)		322			590		619
nka		382			591		620
	m	475			592	#	621
üka(eru)	&	039		t±	593		622
saka(n)		602		A	594	#	623
>aka(sa)		180		&	595		624
		210			596		625
>akana		204		JL	597	sha 6}-	362
sake	i	475			598		458
saki	ft	628		B	599		459
saku		383		it	600		460
	b*	384			601	#	461
		385			602		462
		386			603		463
sakuia		62			604		464
sama		1037		J*	605	*	465
samu(i)		128		Si	606	shaku	466
san		394		5	607		467
	#	395		Ü	608	B	613
	ub	396		#	609		614
		397		#	610	*	618
		398			854	shi f±	404
		399	seki		144		405
		400		*	612	B]	406
	ig	401		B	613		407
		402			614		408
iara		326		ft	615		409
sasae(tu)		393		ft	616		410
		420		*	617		411
saso(u)		1027		#	618	#	412
su-		657		É	1030		413
sad		322	sema(i)	ft	215		414
sato	#	1057	sen	ft	628	ft	415
satsu		387		-f	629		416
		388			630	±	417
		389		*	631		418
		390		Ml	632	«	419
		391		«	633	3t	420
satu	M	387		H	634	«E	421
	^	388		?*	635	jL	422
		389		ft	636		423
	ÍL	390			637		424
	íl	391			638	&	425
sawa(ru)	ft	546			639	&	426
iazu(keru)		478		u	640	j*	427
se		588			641		428
		854			642		429
se(ku)		188	seti		623		430
ří(meru)		325	setsu		391		431
	*	617		^7	619		432
SAI-SHITSU
	**	433
		434
	m	435
	Ä"	436
	&	444
		447
	Ě	449
shi(itu)	m	211
shi (metu)	m	941
shi(mi)		637
shi(nu)	ft	423
shi(tu)		725
shiawa(se)		322
shichi	-t	453
		456
shika(shi)		645
shiki		451
	m	452
	m	558
		560
shima	Ä	797
shime(su)	TT-	447
shimo	T	71
shin	\t	562
	*	563
		564
	m	565
	&	566
	m	567
		568
	*	569
		570
		571
		572
	#	573
	it	574
	n	575
	i	576
shina	do	907
shio		55
	m	751
shita	é	863
shita(betu)	m	754
shitizo(ku)		701
shito	m,	550
		703
	é	863
shitu	>t	497
shitu(su)	IS	170
shitushi		25
shita	T	71
	#	627
shita(shii)		572
shitaga(u)	ft	496
shitsu	ft	454
	iE	455
	ff	456
THE KEYTO KANJI
shizu(ka) sho
shó
shoku
shou
*	610		527		m	502	si(ru)		■	
	511	n	528	shun	*	507	siawa(se)		■	
	512	m	529	shutsu	É	504	sika(si)		: 1	
	513		530	shuu		480	siki		M	
»	514		531		M	481				
	515		532			482		tk\		
	516		533		SE	483		ft		
♦	517		534		m	484	sima	ft	I	
it	518		535		#	485	sime(su)	rf-		
	496	m	536			486	simo	T		
	523	m	537			487	sin		1	
	524		538			488		*	5£3 1	
	525	i	539		1	489			56* 1	•o mm
	526	*	540			490			Z z z	
	527		541			491			z z-z	so(ra)
	528		542		*	492			1	so(d)
	529	liE	543			501			1	soba
	530	JI K I*	544	si	i±	404		*	1	soda(tsi
	531 532		545 546		«	405 406		Ě	I 571 ■	soda(tu soko
	533	_t	547			407		« #	I	soko r.i
Bg	534	&	592		E3	408			573 I	soku
	535	-li	593		i	409		it	574 1	
1	536	&	595			410			575 1	
	537	X	597			411		a	576 1	
ES	538	IE	599		*	412	sina	po	9" 1	
i	539	•;t	600		Ť	413	sio		55 [	
	540		601			414			751 1	
	541	*	603		&	415	sira	é	se:	
II	542		605		IP	416	sira(beru)	ti?	754	somuíki
	543	t	609		jge	417	sirizo(ku)		701 1	son
	544		660		fs	418	širo	$	5=:	
*	545		664		«	419			703 1	
m	546	shu 33	470			420		á	BČ3	
±	547		471			421	siru	•;t	497	
	592		472			422	siru(su)	la	170 1	sona(cnj
li	593		473			423	sirusi		25	
&	595		474			424	sica	T	71 1	sona(wai
	597		475		*	425			627	sono
JE	599		476			426	sita(sii)		572	sora
	600	*	490			427	sitaga(u)		496	sóró
	601	shů iR	480			428	sici	-t	453	sosoígu^
	603		481			429		K	456	soto
	605	TC-.	482			430	siru		454	sotsu
■»	609		483		®	431		É	455	sotu
	660	m	484		n	432		II	456	sou
	664		485		M	433	sizu(ka)	tt	610	
	557	®	486			434	SO		482	
	558		487			435			647	
	559	it	488			436		*	648	
	560	-i	489			444			649	
	561		490			447	só	ij	650	
	496		491		i	449		#	651	
	523		492	si(iru)		211		*	652	
	524		501	si(meru)	m	941			653	
S	525	shuku	500	si(mi)		637			654	
	526		501	si(nu)		423			655	
INDEX 3: On-and Kun-Readings in Rornaji
SO-TATU
		656			661
		657		m	662
	*	658 659		m	663 664
	m	660			665
		661			666
	®	662			671
		663	\ sourou	&	310
	m	664	su	Ť	413
	£	665			470
	m	666 671		m	472 484
so(meru)	w	512		*	648
so(ru)	9t R	637		*	658
		873	sú		586
so(u)	& /o	51	su(beru)		662
soba	m	673		m	806
soda(tsu)	t	23	su(giru)	n	89
soda(tu)	t	23	su(gu)	í	758
soko		766	su(i)	m	402
soko(nau)	*	688	su(ki)	»	319
soku	m	673 674	su(mu)		371 493
		675	su(ru)	m	388
	É	676	su(teru)		461
	*	677	su(u)		185
		678	sube		505
		679 680	sube(te)	M	646 662
somu(ku)		854	suc		986
son	*	685	sugata	#	412
		686	sugu(reru)		1022
		687	sui		504
		688		&	582
	tí	689		É	583
sona(eru)		206			584
	«	893		*	585
sona(waru)		238			711
sono		049	suji	£5	229
sora		239	suke	H	519
sóró	&	310	suko(shi)		530
soso(gu)	>±	740	suko(si)		530
soto	?b	110	suko(yaka)		269
sotsu		684	suku(nai)		530
sotu		684	suku(u)		189
sou		482	suma(u)	a	493
		650	sumi	JŘ	715
	#	651	sunii(yaka)		680
		652	sun	■t	587
		653	suna	#>	362
		654	susu(mu)		574
		655 656	suu suwa(ru)	« SE	586 363
		657	suzi	m	229
		658	suzu(shii)	si	1070
		659	suzu(sii)		1070
	ti	660	sya	*>	362
# 458 i ?f 600 ^ 459 ! ± 601 W 460 i Jff 603 t# 461 ! p 605 ?± 462 I H 609 4f 463 660 HI 464 j g 664 ■í-  465 : syu                    i 470
svaku                -f§  466 ; $c. 471
467 | <f 472
613 i # 473
-6   614 # 474
^  618 i >g 475
syo                  & 111 j 1" 476
W  512 | íf< 490
ft\  513 i syuku               fs 500
• 514 ! U 501 íf 515 j Ifg 502
516 : syun                  ;#. 507
#517 i syutu                 tt; 504
t#  518 | syuu                 Ř 480
syoku                #  557 j M 481
1^  558 $ 482
Í^Č  559 ! jsvt 483
fe   560 i íf| 484
It  561 ! íff- 485
syou                 ížt  496 ! í& 486
523 ! #C 487
S#  524 Í #f- 488
§   525 i H 489
526 ^ 490
°%  527 í 3 491
# 528 i S 492
❖ 529 i í£ 501 ^ 530 i ^
* 531 j ■■■■■HHHi
?R  532 ; ta                     !f- 473
ÍS  533 | ffc 690
Hr?  534 ; ^ 691
te 535 ± 692
Tři 536 EH 784
tt  537 ; ta(beru)             -fc 561
,B3  538 I ta(eru)              |fe 626
4f   539 i ta(meru)            |f 744
# 540 ta(reru) f| 583 ^541 i ta(riru) J^. 679 Id 542 | ta(teru) ?t 273 II  543 ; ta(tsu)               %k 253
544 376
* 545 I Bft 719 F* 546 i % 868 -t 547 j ir 1062 & 592 i ta(tu) tik 253 tt 593 ^ 376 2iC 595 I Kř 719 S. 597 ! ^ 868 áE   599 | Jt 1062
TABA-TSU
THE KEY TO KANJI
taba tabi
tada(chini)
tada(shii)
tada(sii)
tada(su)
tada(tini)
taga(i)
tagaya(su)
tagui
tai
tai(ra) taka(i) takara take
taku
takuwa(eru) tama
tama(u)
tamago
tame
tame(su)
tami
tamotsu
tamotu
tan
tane tani
tano(shii)
tano(sii)
tashi(ka)
tasi(ka)
tasu(keru)
tataka(u)
tate
A 677 Jf. 791 % 1066 ft 758 599 599
2E IE
Ä 456 ft 758 JL 302 #T 333 H 1080 5fe 692 W 694 *f 695 9 696 ft 697 ,% 698 Ä8 699 Ä 700 i& 701 \% 702 ft 703 ^ 704 ft 705 •sp- 939 Ä 342 S 962 £ 548 Yl 731 í 708 /£ 791 St 744
* 192
5 225 195 1052
6 14 M 432 K, 993 -B: 953 {S 953
# 712 íl 713
714 ^ 715 fe 716 M 717 Ä 873 ÍÉ 474 347 123 É 123 ít 116 ít 116 K? 519 $ 633 £f 145
tato(e)
tatsu
tatto(i)
tatu tawara tayo(ri) tazu(neru)
te
te(ru) tei
tcki
tera tetsu tetu ti
ti(ru)
tidi(mu)
tiga(u)
tii(sai)
tika(i)
tikara
tiku
tin
tina(mu)
498 1082 it 709 Ä 171 J$ 687 É 709 {%. 899 If 950
# 580 W 966 ^ 473 B 538 l£ 694 T 745 i& 763
# 764 £ 765 /S, 766 & 767 Ifc 768 Š. 769 m. 770 AC 771 #7 772 & 773 i§ 774 Ä 776 ^ 777 /l 778 /£ 779 Š 780 M 781
5 783
# 441 Ä 775
6 775 jfo. 266 >cí 445 Ä 456 ■f" 629 -ÍĚ 724
725 Ä 726 tá 727 S 728 Ji 729 íl 835 fC 397 502 19 529 it 231
1074 Wí 730 tt 731 Ä 759 H 27
'b
tizi(mu) to
to(bu)
to(gu)
to(i)
tô(i)
tof/iru)
to(ku)
to(meru)
to (mu) to(ru)
tô(ru)
todo(ku)
todo(meru)
toji(ru)
toki
toko
tokoro
ÍL 835 918
tg 502
P 298
Bf 443
+ 495
H 581 786
Ä 787
g 788
# 789
/f 791
i 792
ál 811
S 788 Ä 794 795 77  7 96
797
798 JR. 799 í# 800 É 801 S 802
803
^ 804
S 805
$Ĺ 806
f'J 807
tf 808
s. 809
j!I 810
ŠI 811
ií 818
%% 825
843
flk 892
#f 278
P^ 1012
it 54
Hfl 941
m 96
Í5t. 624
it 422
if 764
S 1065
í 913
Ä 369
í*. 471
it 762
S 827
S 1065
Pri 941
Hf 443
£fc 531
■)|ř 552 511
toku
toma(ru) tom i tomo
tomoshibi tomosibi
tona(eru)
tonari
tono
too
too(i)
too(ru)
tori
toshi
roto(i)
totono(eru)
totono(u)
totsu
totu
tou
f*
E
K
-í
P=s
77
touto(i)
+ 496
it 54
it 762
Ä 757
ift 37:
3- 840 Ä 37C 84C 171 č-:" 5ŕt 754
821 s:í 781 794
796 79í A 797 & 798 %. 799 ># 800 *T 801 É3 802 Í* 803 g 804 É 805 k 806 #] 807 ti 808 S 809 Ml 810 M 811 ií 818 tfe 825 Pi 843 it 171 $ 687 si 762
tsuki
ľ sum
t sum t-ur.í M tSUK DM tsura isurt t suta ami
tsun tsuw
tSUVÍ
tsua tu
tu f ru(g
tu(k tu(k
INDEX 3: On- and Kun-Readings in Romajt
TSU-YAKU
	*	789
tsü	ift Ü	761 762
tsu(geru)	ik-	346
csu(gu)		444
		620
tsu(keru)		781
tsu(ku)		483
	#	733
		826
	#	910
tsu(moru)	ft	615
tsu(rĽru)	it	1089
tsuchi	i	792
cs.udo(u)	■ m	492
tsugi		444
tsui		695
		760
tsui(yasu)		890
tsuka(etu)	f±	404
tsuka(reru)	&	886
tsuka(u)		405
tsukasa	š]	406
tsukasado(ru)		406
tsuki	n	267
tsuku(ru)	tt m	383 650
	it	672
tsukue		160
tsuma	#	367
tsume(cai)	•a-	1083
tsumi	H	380
tsune	f	552
tsuno		119
tsuno(ru)	#	956
tsura	s	1007
tsura(neru)	í*	1089
tsurugi	«9	272
tsuta(eru)	m	782
Cšuto(meru)	m #	226 790 951 995
rsutsu(mu)		960
rsuwamono	JX	938
tsuyo(i)		211
tsuzu(ku)		683
ru	it	762
	fp	789
cu(geru)	it o	346
tu(gu)		444 620
:u(keru)		781
tu(ku)		483
	#	733
		826
	tt	910
tu(moru)	ft	615
tu(reru)	it	1089
tudo(u)	*	492
tudu(ku)		683
cugi	'X	444
mi		695
		760
mi(yasu)		890
mka(eru)	tt	404
tuka(reru)		886
tuka(u)		405
tukasa	š]	406
tukasado(ru)	s]	406
tuki		267
tuku (m)	tt	383
	m	650
	it	672
tukue		160
tuma	#	367
tume(tai)		1083
tumi	ff	380
tune	*	552
tuno		119
tuno(ru)	#	956
tura	s	1007
tuta(neru)	it	1089
turugi	M	272
tuta(eru)		782
tu ti	i	792
tuto(meru)	m	226
	&	790
		951
	&	995
tutu(mu)		960
tuu	m	761
	ü	762
tuwamono		938
tuyo(i)	m	211
tya		732
tyaku	#	733
tyo	it	515
		743
		744
tyoku		758
tyou		499
	T	745
		746
	Ť*	747
	/f	748
		749
		750
		751
	sbt	752
	Hl	753
	SI	754
	-ft	755
	Tit	756
% 757
tyuu		734
	#	735
		736 737
		738
		739
		740
		741
		742
u		
u		31
	m	32 33
	m	34
		1025
u(eru)		557
u(kabu)		917
u(keru)		477
u(mareru)		601
u(mu)		398
u(reru)		503
u(ru)	f*	820
		860
u(seru)		454
u(tsu)	ÍT	693
	w	808
u(tu)	ÍT	693
	w	808
ubu		398
		512
uchi		79
		829
ue	±	547
ugo(ku)	t*	813
ui		512
uji		424
uketamawa(ru)	&	532
urna	Ä	850
ume	ft	858
umi		102
un	it	35
	•zt	36
uo	ft	204
ura	i	1056
ushi		197
ushi(ro)		304
ushina(u)		454
	ť:	968
usi		197
usi(ro)		304
usina(u)		454
		968
uta		82
utaga(u)		174
uti		79
		829
utsu(ru)	#	16
		38
utsu(su)		459
utsuku(shii)		894
utsuwa		154
utu(ru)	äff	16
	B*	38
utu(su)		459
utuku(sii)		894
utuwa	n	154
uwa	i.	547
uyama(u)		250
uzi		424
W		
wa	«	90
		1078
	fu	1097
	tí	1098
wa(karu)		933
wa(ru)		125
waka(i)		468
waka(re)	w	944
wake	tu	1019
waku		1099
wara(u)		541
warabe	*	817
warawa	4	817
ware	«	90
wari	M	125
waru(i)		2
wasu(reru)	■t	969
wata		1006
wata(tu)		787
watakushi		425
watakusi		425
waza		173
		221
wazawa(i)	1	372
Y
ya	JL	67
	%.	79
	'é-	347
	z.	415
		867
	«	1014
	if	1015
ya(ku)		537
ya(meru)		450
ya(mu)		905
yabu(reru)	flSC	853
yabu(ru)		849
yado		500
yakata	tt	■145
yaku		45
THE KEY TO kanji
	ft	1016		-±r	177			379			
		1017 1018	yosoo(u)	ft	1026 664		m m	380 381	zon	g	
	IK	1019	yoso(u)		664	zan	m	403	zou	n	
yama	Oj	396	you	a.	867	zatsu	it	392		&	rXi
yamai	fa	905		m	1034	zatu	ft	392			5E~
yasa(shii)	#	13		§	1035	ze	*	589		n	
	ft	1022			1036	zei	ft	611		m	t-rr
yasa(sii)	*	13		*	1037			624		m	£~:
	ft	1022			1038	zen	ft	643		n	671
yashina(u)	#	1044		ffl	1039		#	644		it	f~;
yashiro		462			1040			645	zu	*	AT
yasina(u)	*	1044		it	1041		£	646		m	
yasiro		462		*	1042	zeni	ft	641		s	=:s
yasu(i)		4		m	1043	zetsu		626		m	811
	* #	13		*	1044			627	zyaku	$	-re
yasu(mu)		183	yowa(i)	m	469	zetu		626		m	-::
yat-		867	yu		800			627		#	733
yawa(ragu)		1097		m	1020	zi	ft	404	zyo		
yo	m	408			1021			437		-k	e::
		588	yu		31			438			521
	ft	703		*	1022			439		*	522
	*	1014			1023			440	zyou		547
		1031			1024			441		A	5-:
	ft	1032			1025			442		*	549
	fi	1033			1026			443			55:
yo	a	867		m	1027		*	444			551
		1034		m	1028		-•a /a	445		t	552
		1035 1036			1029 1030			446 447		m	553 554
		1037 1038	yu(ku)	a It	59 336		ft i	448 449		m	555 556
		1039	yu(u)		265		*	450			594
		1040	yubi	ft	419			522		§t	602
	St	1041	yuda(neru)		11			726		ft	610
		1042	yue		299			1090		«	765
	ft	1043	yui		20	zika(ni)	t	758	zyu	ft	477
	*	1044	yuka		531	ziki	*	561			478
yo(bu)		294	yuki		625		A	758		*	479
yo(i)		644	yume	ft	996	zin	#	570			483
		1071	yumi	<§	187		B	571	zyuku	si	503
yo(mu)		825	yuru(su)	If	202			577	zyun	ft	508
yo(ru)	H	27	yuta(ka)		967			578		M	509
		157	yuu		31			579		HI	510
yogo(su)	%	56		m	1022			580	zyutu	ft	505
yoko	m	63			1023	zit-		495		it	506
yoku	&	1045			1024	zitu		457	zyuu	#	486
		1046			1025		B	834		fi	493
	2	1047			1026	zo	ft	392			494
yon	E3	408		m	1027		*.	544		+	495
yoroko(bu)	ft	153		m	1028		ft	667		ft	496
yorozu	7J	987		%	1029		*	668			497
yoru	ft	1014			1030		88c	669		«	498
yoshi		175					IS	670			499
		177		z			It	671			
	fcfe	1026	za	&	363		it	672	Repeat'		
yosi		175	zai	&	378	zoku		681	(kutikaesh	) *	1100
How cc
Ft*
for the i
■4
■4
- ?
7L JL
K A
\ A
,\ /\
77 77
* 1
+ +
3-s k
T ± 7J
A
x 1 - I /l 1 7] 77 + 1
'The secrioi J : 4 stroke
J
INDEX 4
Arranged by Total Number of Strokes
How to use this index:
For an unfamiliar kanji, first counc the number of strokes in the kanji, find the stroke count in this list, and then look for the section header.1
Numbers refer to kanji numbers in this book.
1-stroke		□	o	316	n	F)	48			946			235		7X	40
kanji			±	792			829			197			293			901 497
— —	24	±		409	77		619		a	277			343			
		9		1030			933		£	64			406	i		876 225
2-stroke		*	a	705		e	236					§	525			
kanji		-4:		520	+		303	5-stroke				o	704	X		601
- -fc	453	-f-		413	i.		480		kanji			a	407			1039
T	745	■f		587			873	—	it	181	□	ES	408	EB		568
	234			529			1024			588	±		3		FJ3	784
— —	832			396	A	±	692	I		200	9		110		ES	1026
A a	577	)lj	;»i	632		a	777	N		470	±		57			863
x x	836	X	X	321		a	911	A.		7			454		*	887
	867	a	e	296	'b		530	A		404	X		359			393
7i 77	796	¥		133	r	K	467			690	*		414	B	a	1011
a id	074			187		9\	28			703		*	914		a	415
+ +	495			368	,CJ		564		#	910	f		939		^5	614
x. X	985				p	p	298			1081	ft,		1034		aF	447
		4-stroke			f		473	Jl	JL	246	f	/t	323 748		>a it	264 1062
3-stroke			kanji			X	420	n	#	387						
kanji		—		909	*	X	936	r_.		459	§	#	952			352 948
- T	71	I		734		%	964	;		795			1084			
—	394	I	f	1031	a	H	834	Jl		511			896			
Jt	547		3.	301	n		267	u	fcfe	504	i		693	6-stroke		
	548			302			1010			129		ft	930		kanji	
77	987	i		931		a	261			76	B	ia	196	—		1067
^ ih	146			578	oh	oh	422			313	*		390			309
J a	182			72	th	tfc	885	'7		960			979			73
* 7k	184			353		€	1009			976			986			183
- it	968			94		a	424	+		872			990			268
JL /i	980		7C	284			585			198	ah	IE	599		#	735
77 77	579	/\	&	312		a	84			31	J%	*	959			782
+ $	629			1094		X	918			77	ft		993		ft	837
'The section headers in Index 4 are arranged based on their old forms or origins. The following three-stroke headers are listed elsewhere: •/ :4strokes (from 7K);i_: 7 strokes (from it);     6 strokes (from W); 3 :4 strokes (from JL); i : 4 strokes (from 3r); I5 : 7 strokes (from'S.)
THE KEY TO KANJI
		95			444
		646			423
9		691	«		983
Jl		311	n		165
		494			56
		628			727
		746			103
		208			801
n	#	365	é		898
'j		1086			731
p	ér	25 152			943 426
o		113			1040
		177	II		33
		185			334
		317			1093
		318			448
		344 814	l*l É	ě	833 449
		999	S		428
□		97	Ír		627
	H	27	É	a	560
		718	Hí		741
i		378		in	266
	tá	726	ÍŤ	ft	336
	#	319			18
		659		S	607
Ť		440			
	#	685	7-stroke		
		4		kanj	i
		32	í		8
		472			74
		708			358
t	#	441		flF	383
ni		484			438
Ť		840			493
"t		451		#	694
	É	802		it	763
í	'It	970		m	1032
		594	L	íl	1051
B		657	)L		439
B		223	Ä		938
n		1025	;	/V	1083
	í/L	160	7J	$9	512
'J		871			554
		944			677
	srd	1054			689
il	s*	519		*	1048
	f #	790 1091		n	166 262
U.		21	*		190
P	gp	675	*		372
		1052			555
u		240 346 582		aj	462 722 752
		881		$	425
□	H	10 354	*	% %	193 252
	H	581	E	E	571
±	*&	227	i		1071
		382			85
±	J*	605		-R	257
		860		H	281
Ť	#	320	i	n	119
~	7G	131			290
Ý		695			347
F	/f	222	3-		809
rp	t	158	g		109
f-	/f	521	*		618
		531	*		665
9	#	768			679
		248			573
A	íí	1016	*		465
'ľ	ít> •d:	60 417 969 98	š.	i$	231 258 949 1057
%		90	P		975
í	í/ŕ	173 621	*		864
	Ä	798	8-stroke		
		870		kanj	i
		884	—	&	940
		100 325	L J	IL	835 437
B		326			205
*	m	379			75
		206			
	ft	405 1082	oj	Ŕ-OJ 73	" * -
	#	458	Ť		322
	♦	1000	r		zž
Jl		1005			111
Ä	.s	238			915
	5	776	iL	SI	
U		91	A	íi	z r
77		271		ft	249
'J		345		í*	85:
	Al	388		*	737
		590			841
		807	t		59:
n	$	314	p	Pit	513
+		209		tK	532
		684		íf	61
A	#	395		u.	114
		471			533
		477		&	713
D		294		íf	852
		481	X	«	963
		989	B		13
		1097		#	613
P	@ H	295 348	n		1001 23
i		583		HE	889
	&	1014			926
*		156		*	81
	$	11 367 410			421 535 799
		411			874
		592			982
		981			1076
Ť	*	122 167			921 954
	t	132			823
		457			41
		482		•ľr>	51
		736			83
		765			191
		962		ca . ya	445
		199			740
		847			412	j *
		862			179	i „„
		965			455	
	m	1020		B	630	\ 1
		875	I "t		631	
		932	i f	JE	67	i *
		978	\ i	#	130	
		772	f-		791	
s	4	758	K	2t	273	B3
		725		ft	304	
		239		if	697	
		826			1060	
		463			188	
**		42		EB	418	t
	*	92		ft	698	
	*	237		**.	793	
		468			99	
		903			419	
	iE &	506			442	
		232			486	
*	"ft	755			299	
rc	n	1013		Ä	595	
M		34	B		38	i
		609			384	
	#	891			507	
					534	
9-stroke				ft	589	
	kanji			If	597	
	*	549 :		ft	738 j	
•f		245 j	ft	w	17	H
	ft	562 i		f	854 j	=
		950			855 j	R
		953			39	*
«>	#	712			361 j	
■I		643		m	637	
	W	674		m	739 j	
	J§	1023 J		&	721	
+	P&	830 I	*	n	634 j	
r	<*	315			102	
n	a Da	907			635 j	1
±	s	247			126	t
		550			636 ;	
		945 I			848 j	
*		652 j		$	1038	*
INDEX 4: Total Stroke Number
	715	B	-rl-	70	
	14	j Ä		923	! ft
	781	j *	M	892	
i	215	j *	Ä	561	
	824	1	1-	476	
	501				
	570	10-stroke			
	647		kanji		H
# lira	104 866		il	292 310	Q w
	105		ft	466	
I	330 868		fit	485 724	
	139		#	851	
	280		ft	857	
t@	539		ft	899	
	660			651	
«f	278	A		270	
	362	']		272	
ft	80			951	
ft	487	r	m	285	p
#	906	o		26	ft
	168			78	>
	194		an	998	
	332			686	
ft	1017			79	
H	894			111	A
	663		*	186	
	732			1035	m
1c	1042			460	r
1+ Ä	254			528	
	920 243	/= Oj		778 797	a
i£	180	X	j|	360	
	666		'it	164	
it	7C1		HP	416	
Ü	760			612	
	810 :			696	
m	1003 ! 499 j		* IE	297 363 j	
m	291 j			767	
	338 j	1		469 j	
©	1007			496 j	
	121		«	786 j	
	794	! *		333
	68	I *		335
	212	! **		86
	676	I *		400
	1087	"i"	IS	170
	201		HI	241
	1066			808
	443	I R		381
	517	j *		172
	216		it	672
	844		it	680
m	992		it	762
m	1092		it	1089
	6	i	>@	475
m	62		iE	856
	115	i	«■	575
	127	P		30
	327			244
	356			341
	858			522
	403		IS	942
	391	1		850
	536	t	#	351
	917	n		342
	1046			
	1064	11-stroke		
ft	822		kanj	i
m	877			1061
m	1065		fl'J	673
	886		«	269
	905			764
&	45	'J	i'J	924
	569		1*	813
BR	994		f»	995
	849			526
	888		i	527
	541 I			1012
	935 i			22
n	1069 j			155
t	386 j		*	815
	427		if	355
	509			912
	648 j			157
	843 j			500
3? 991
if    ^ 552
TU 747
f    L% 324
3    31 211
5ft 749
* # 820 i^: 658
t    'lt 553
í    \%. 369
í# 461
$ 478
íl 584
# 620
flf 655
« 714
£ #>C 189 213 853
JX    ®t 719
t    $1 682
Ijt 710
HSá 845
g 972
* M 101
Ä    §fc 1045
3 44
/i, 357
>í 371
^ 567
"/f 600
ffi 1070
i    3ft 192
5| 289
JS 1055
äfc    Ä 398
S    ^ 15
B& 1063
m    || 602
B     SR 148
* ü 373 IR 902
* # 16
THE KEYTO KANJI
f*	tg?	661	12-stroke			it	
ÍL		540		kanji			.'B /jm
ft		706	-í	it	9		
		773		m	893		m
	m	919	•I	i'j	650		
#	&	253		m	125		m
	ta	374		m	226		2
		488		m	524		
	IS	542		*	956		
	m	649	+	n	861		
n	s	489	o		153	m	
		1047			178		
#		639			644	m	í
		375	±		551	r	
		743			961	f\	
		505			58	g	#
		169			128		
		429		t	913	*	
		202		#	580		íl
		622			687	ÍL	4
	I*	966			483	M	&
		1019	f		681		
		828		ftp	305		
		88			925		
	*	617			37		
		908			883		
#	Iž	780			1099		
i.	ÜS	491	í	ä	159		m
	it	574			769		m
M	If	1015			250		m
PI		941			397		&
P		218	a		251		
	P&	282		#	514		
		789		■1	598		
		922			879	ft	
		1029			916	é	
	PÉ	1059	H	ft	366		
*	3	625	n	m	162		
I	m	756		m	750	Ä	
a		204	*		224	"g"	
A	í	757			275		II
		65			557		tf
		350			566		
					973	n	
436 j Ä 171 j   í íl
69 f 700 t
287 i Hf 744       •-• 565
300 i jf 859 '   B Ba I
329 i ft 890 H|l 720
678 í f 974 M § 753
787	*		47		M.	92E
800	*	$1	256	*	m	123
988	i-		35		*	221
537			89		ft	37:
645		it	709		it	783
997		íl	729		3i	137
880		it	818			288
761			1028			5:e
788	II	*	1072	■X		53
733	n	M	107		Bg	53í
716		M	143	*		927
611	p	P£	108			1002
770		P£	702			228
817		P§	1043	lt	if	623
229		Ä	492	0	ü	279
385			36			683
803		111	510	on		380
804	t	ík	29			516
897			878		w.	728
106						175
195	13-stroke					242
265		kanji				604
626	A	\%	364			556
806		%	523		i	1056
1049		m	812	n		96
1041	i]	#	591	ir		431
1050	□	H	49			432
490	±		55		m,	608
112			957		u	1098
376	9		996	3-	ft	967
664	r?		563			434
955			984			759
118	Ť		134		í&	1090
430			1			450
543			12	*	/t	846
904		/S	135	i—	at	19
544		/Viř	654		it	54
93			633			339
INDEX 4: Total Stroke Number
m 775
m    ® 785
I    fl 1033
f    |5] 435
14-stroke kanji
4		667	
		977	
i		210	
	if	668	=
		389	
r		653	
	HS	821	
t	IS	136	
		699	
	ä	161	
B		958	
	*	328	B
		1008	$
		1037	
		82	
		1085	ft
		52	
		203	?
		174	
		446	it
		349	t
		474	X
tt	If	140	
* ft
* It Ifi 1$ m m
im.
au
Sgl
m m
M
399 603 515 662 1006 1075 1088 937 606 929
306
307 433 624 825 838
1027 774 402 233 641 819 120 144 377 546 392 610
1073 46
■f B
tt
I
* W 869 A °l 1004 M- 895
15-stroke kanji
■i     \% 66 •1    t'l 259 o    H 154 % 1068 816 771 971 63 276 900 263 751 503 839 116 331 865 230 638 947 670 87 518 711
717 723 754
1096 401 456 545
1078 20 640
- 1	H 1018	A tl	142
ff i	Ii 43	K If	671
A i	572	ft Ü	831
* i	#| 1021		1058
	1 340		124
i	^ 1095	II	150
p 1	$ 1079	n	707
I I	i 811		1080
* i	t 145	A i&	283
It
ft	*	576	17-stroke			19-stroke	
		1044		kanj	i		kanji
Ä	Ii	742		ff	1022	n	W, 669
				4£	286		255
16-stroke					138		452
	kanji			m	502	i	M 219
	*	934		m	616	I	Ü 151
	'S"	274	A		1053		
	i	656		m	337	20-stroke	
		596		t$	464		kanji
		163	a	m	642	iL	207
	if	214					Ift 176
		479	18-stroke				If 308
		260		kanj	1		
		842	B	Bf	1036	22-stroke	
*		615			117		kanji
tt	Ü	730	tt		141	Jt	K£ 220
*	H	805		m	558		
Jr.		498			559		
Ö		217	E	P*TO	1077		
INDEX 5 Arranged by Section Header
(*j^KJt**ji)
The gray number to the left ofeach kanji indicates the total number of strokes in the kanji excluding those in the section header itself. Numbers to the right refer to kanji numbers in this book.
		24
	-t	453
	T	745
■ y	T	71
	_	395
2	±	547
		548
	77	987
o c		909
U-		181
		588
		1067
1    3'		734
4		200
•\ 2		146
! 4		470
/ 2		182
	*	549
		234
L 6	'C	1051
		835
	f	1031
		437
		
2-stroke headers		
— 0	,__.	832
		301
		302
J '<*■ j 1		968
		309
		JO 5
	aK	1061
xhr	A	577
U |2	Ik	72
		578
L ^		931
| 3		7
|3	"ft	405
		690
| « I................ •-_	ft	703
: 3	ft	910				if.	66			2		933
	fx	_73				IS	1022					512
	{*	183	10	X		ft	94					271
I 4		268				^	353	20	'J			129
		735				y^ T	1081			4		1086
		782					95				W	871
	ii	837					646				?'J	944
		8					1032				*]	1054
i 5	ft	74					458					389
	f£	358					1000					590
1 5	fP	383					651				w	807
i 5		438	11	7l		7G	284				fit	643
1 5		493				ft	246					674
		694					311				#]	345
1 5		763					494				$]	272
		75					628				i'l	924
		206					746				*'J	125
	it	406					439				J']	650
		1082				&	1005				#]	259
|7~		245	12	A		X	836	21	/;			1074
1 7	ft	562	13	/\		;\	867				7)n	76
[7		950					312			_		313
i 7	«	953					1094				¥	790
| 8		292					208				59"	1091
jjl		310			5		938			5	It)	519
		466			6		238				Jt)	314
	1*	485				*	776				It	1023
	it	724	14	71			48				fft	951
	#	851					829			Q		813
	ft	857			3		388				#	995
! o		899				#	365I					226
1 9		269	15				459!				m	524
	fP.1	673	IB	;			795					956
	ff	764					1083					591
	ft	_9	17	ii		71	980	22	1			960
10	i«	893				&	511	23	t:		it	976
	fll	364	18	u			504	24	u		£	236
	\%	523				Is	91		tz			21
		812	19	77		77	796	25	+			495
		667			1 77		579					629
		977			^2 *77		619					303
26
6 *
10 if
4 4
5 ;gp
27 r
3-5
28! A
3» 985
& 1M
30 ;
/A 873
7X. 102*
^. 471
£ 477
^ 659
3-stroke headers 1			
a			316
	2		3'
			
			235
	2		293
	2		343
			40"
			40=
		s	525
			704
		&	113
			177
		°A	185
	3		317
		Js	318
			344
		If] 814	
	*		999
INDEX 5: Section Headers
	4		240	36	?		f	1030				t	186	50				984	62 63				286
	4	it o	346				E	110				¥	1035					133					802
			582			3		_691_					157			7		939					794
	4		881				&	1014					500			%		840		t		it	970
	5		294	37 38 39				996	41 42 43 44				991	51 52 53 54 55 56 57				322	64				98
	5		481					705					128					134 1034				s	593
	5		989					692				ä	913									4t	99
	5		1097					777			10	*	563		r	2		323					553
		ü	907				K	911					390			2		748				m	136
		I	_26			-		57			12		1068			4		521		i *		w	368
			526					454		-t			587			4		531				ft	693
	8		527					156			3	#	441			5		766					930
			1012				#	652			4		695					779					.173
	9		153				II	58			6	#	631			5		915					621
	9		178					934				tt	460			6		791				ft	798
	9	II-	644		-t			520				#	528 580			7		297					870
	12	II	154				if	319										363 767					884
□	2	E3	409					11					687			7							61
	3	H	27					367					816			8	*	324					114
	3	@	97					411					529					50					533 713
		Hl	718					412				£	530					273					
		B	10					592		7t			483		7t	2	#	952				W	852
	4	H	354				&	981				K	467					451					419 442
		Hl 581					$	413			,1		222					187					
	5	H 295						998				%	199			....._L_	5i	28					486
	JL	H	348					355					827				'*	768					369
	10	i	49					912			6		67			7	w	469					461
±	0	dt	792					414				m.	778			8		211				ft	478
	••2	JE	3					440				Wo,	681					749				tu	584
			378				#	685			11	m	653		3	no kanji							620
			726	40				320	45 46 47 48 49		0		397	58 59 60 61	iL	entry			65				655
			227					122			5		147				a3	248					714
			382					167				75	149					1016					159
			583					686				%	797				ft	59				n	769
			247		t*-			4		ill «<		tu	632					249					688
			550					32				m	484					882					656
			22				TD	131		X		X	321			6	w	304					497
		*	155					472					359					697					56
			815					708					360					1060			3	A	727 166
	3		551				Ti-	132		E	f)		296				w	496					
		m	961				ll	457			t>	#	130					786			A		262
		iL	55				%	482		rp			415			8	#	820					847
		Ä	957					736					914			Q		305				>'r>	41 51
			210				«	765					158					925					
	1i	if	668					962					164			11		821					83
±	0	±	410					179					416			b		940					191
	4_	P	605				I	455					612					270				/D	445
	4		860				13	630					696					712				>±	740
	6		945					79					552			8		658				>ö	862
	7		78					111				1*	747			9		37				>4	965
THE KEY TO KANJI
in
5	to	1020
6	ft	102
6	7Š	125
6		635
6		636
6		848
6		1038
7		536
7		917
7		1046
7	ÍJíL	1064
8		44
8		357
8		371
8		567
8	7»	600
8		1070
9	."B /ml	69
9		287
9		300
9		329
i a m		678
9		787
1 9		800
9	/SI	988
10	31 137	
10	M	288
10		508
11	m	52
11		203
12	m	263
12	m	751
Il3	*	260
]2		876
rě"		215
6		824
4		85
4		257
5		42
5		92
5		237
- 5	i	468
6		663
6		732
7	fit	86
8	■%	375
8	%	743
; 9	It	1041
9		1050
10		556
		It	670			13	m	1079	78	ft	7		719
		%	1018								9		565
%. 12			352		4-stroke headers				79		0		964
		m	948	71		o		564			6	%	1066
	4	&	231					896			7		682
	4		258					417			10		161
	4	iá	949				■er	969	80	0	0	b	834
	5	iz&	506					60			1	ib	196
	6	iSÉ	180			4	&	737			2		657
	6	it	666			4	4*	841			4		13
	6	i&	701			b	'Í	188			4		613
	6	it	760			5		418			4		1001
	6	ii	810					698			5		38
	6	it	1003				■Ax	793			5		385
	7	it	672					68			5	*	507
	7	it	680					212			5	ag	534
	7	a	762					676			5		589
	7	*	1089			8		1087			5	n	597
	8		491			7		2			5		738
1 8			574			8		883			6		443
			35					1099			3		251
		a§	"89					_1					514
		i£	709					12			8		598
	9	it	729					135			3	Bft 879	
	g	it	818			T"	i	654			8		916
	9	£	1028			JO		699			9		5
	10	it	19			12		274			JL	Bf 720	
	10	i4	54	72	■x			594			10	#	958
		if	774					90			1	ft	971
			20					633				nff	1036
		il	640	73	p			298	81	B		*	223
P	6	5P	338			4		513					326
a			244	74				473			Q	"# 517	
			218					532				ill 366	
	8	*P	789					201	82	n		n	267
	8	S|3	922	75				420			4	m.	926
	8	#P	1029	76				_100			JL	m	1092
p		FY	975					325			J__		972
		PR	291					963			8	m	162
	™	P£	30			5		299			8	m	750
	7	Pf	341			5	ft	595	83	n	0		833
		m	522			7		189		i*i	2		1025
		n	942					213			4	/IE	889
			282					853			4	w	23
		m	1059				*t	250			5	f	17
		m	108				ft	3981			5		854
			702				1	586			5		855
	9	m	1043			11	&	771			6		216
	11	m	377			12	s	596			6	tě	844
	11	m	546	77				936			6	»R	992
7		
7	U 84S	
9	» 7S1	
	m. H	
		
	* wS	
	an	
		
		
1		
2		16S
		
		
3	*	677
		BWj
3		1041
4	*	_81
4		42t
4		
4		
4		874
		
		10/6
5		39
JL		361
5		637
5		739
_6_		5
6		62
		115
		127
~6~		327
u		356
6		858
7		1011
		224
		275
		5 = "
		566
8	#	973
9		123
9	*	221
10	n	328
10		1008
		1037
		63
		276
		900
		163
		214
37
95
96
INDEX 5: Section Headers
			479
85			26J
			444
			1045
			82
86		ih	422
	■ i	iE	599
	4		921
		#	954
			370
		&	1085
87			423
			404
88			721
		M	392
	I Q		783
89			959
	i 2		983
	14	# 823	
90	tti o	th	885
91	4.		1009
92	ft	ft	424
	1 1		993
93			165
94	*		585
	'KIT	/X	__40
	11		901
		*	190
			634
95	*fo		84
		K	103
		*T	801
		$.	372
		m.	715
		>%t	537
			53
			842
96			14
		Ja	781
	i 8		645
			997
		BS	538
		fi	503
			839
97	$C- o		918
98	# 0		946
			875
99		g		197
			#	932
				978
			ft	822
100			Ä	277
			w	555
101	i		i	____64
				225
				877
			w	192
				289
			m	1055
			si	138
102				1084
			?±	462
				501
			#	570
				647
			im	927
103				334
				1093
				463
	5-stroke headers			
104			±	601
			)ä\ 399	
105	m		ffll1039	
106	m		*	568
				784
				1026
				722
		2	HI	752
			¥	104
				866
			@	1065
		6	4*	15
				1063
			#	880
107				174
108			6	863
			W	898
				772
				105
				330
109	r			905
			*	761
				886
110		4		868
		7		788
111	&	0		887
117	im	0		394
		.....-5	&	45
		6	77^.	602
		8	9	1002
113	S	0	I	1011
		3	it	758
		4		139
			*	280
		4		539
		4	ft	660
				569
		5	SR	994
		G		148
			*	733
114				415
		3	fr	725
		.1..	tS	716
115				614
				278
		—	~w	_„J62 849
		9	m	446
		10		116
116	7F	o		447
			ex.	_ 373
			35	902
			>W	228
117	w			425
		4		80
		4		487
		4		906
		5		888
		6		16
		7	ft	611
				770
		9		349
		9		474
				331
		—--		615 117
118		0	ft	264
		2	JH.	193 239
				826
		6		661
119	iL	0	iL	1062
			#	540
				817
			ff	207
120	tin		m	380
	m			516
			S	728
121			ii	955
			->«	929
6-stroke headers			
	0		731
			541
		#	706
			773
		ff	919
			229
		m	386
			803
			_804
			897
			623
			140
			400
			865
			730
			141
			943
			935
		n	1069
		ft	603
		II	805
			426
			252
		iE	168
		m.	194
		Ii	332
			1017
			387
			427
			509
		*:	648
		Irt	843
		II	253
			374
			488
		I§	542
		II	649
	6 Ht		106
			195
		It	265
		16 626	
			806
		!# 1049	
			Ii	279
			m	683
		s		1006
			m	515
			m	662
			m	1075
		8	m	1088
			m	638
				947
			%	230
	:		m	498
			m	502
			m	616
			m.	558
125	m		m	33
	m		«	489
				1047
126				1040
				894
			*	175
		^		242
127	*			333
128				448
				604
			M	937
				559
129		0		449
130		n	s	428
131	G		n	217
132			_¥	627
133	#			335
				639
134				1071
135		0 fe		560
136				741
				401
137				266
				490
138	If			336
				505
				112
				43
139		o		18
		2		903
				376
				664
				1056
				606
140	S			607
	Pf			1042
THE KEY TO KAINJ
7-stroke headers							it	518	149				618	160			*	755		n	1080
			281				it	711	150			n	665	161	H		n	1013		no m.	■z-
j			169			8		717					172					941	171		923
			429				m	723					47				w	107	172		892
			118				m	754	151				679				w	143	173		561
		II	572 -					1096					1090				M	120		! 6 * 104»	
		K	1053				IS	337	152				573				15	144	174	■t o 1-	476
		II	142				m	464	153	*		*	465	162	H	4		492			
E			571					255					243				il	393		10-stroke headers I	
_			1077					452				u	780				II 831		175	M> m	850
			119				HI	176				m	256				«1	1058		4 IH 46	
		m	96				It	308				%a	1078	163	m		$j	34		5 m.	742
			290	145			I	347				m	1021					625		\8\fk	2-'-
		IS	170	146				809	154			&	450				■2-T	36		!l2:*	21'.
		tt	254		_			967	155			ft	846				<?rr	785	176		351
		#	202	147				828	156	i		>@	475				ft	576	177	iSj    ' rlj	3-i~
		Pi	241				~k	544				15	856	164			#	609	178		869
		tf	808	148	w		i	109				$	403		it			610			
		f£	622			2	is	920	157	jl		S	1057	165	#		#	891		11-stroke headers	
		1*	966				at	381				it	499	166	t			29	179	#  0 %	65
			1019					___88				'ff	1015					878		§■§§	
		m	430				w	617				ft	1072					435	180		204
		liE	543				t	908	158	_		■J;	864				If	145		m	642
			904			5	n	93											181	m m.	350
		If	431			c	it	171							9stroke headers					B	
			432				5f	700		8-strok		e he	aders	167	as	0	®	1007	182	%  ■ ,«b	757
		$	608					744	159				232	168				121		3!»|	1004
			J098				i	859		I			575	169		0	*	70			
		pa	306				If	890					339	170	M	2	m	756		12-stroke header	
			307					974					775				m	510	183	#1      it 436	
		s±	433					434					233				fS	1033			
		Dt,	624			6		759				m	641					1073		14-stroke header	
		j±	825					402				m	819				3S	811	184	* *	895
		in	838			! I		456				m	340			_3_	&	124			
		If	1027				<*•	545				m	1095			U	II	150			
		Pis	87		111		m	671			11		219			9		707			
INDEX 6
Arranged by the Educational Kanji Designation
Numbers refer to kanji numbers in this book.
Grade 1			529	7	1030	£1	211 !		443	fi	738		983	Ft	108
—	24		547	iL	1062	#	213 |	£	449	m	750	77	987		128
	31	&	566		1074	it	231 |		455		755	m	1001		135
m	34	a	577		1076	ft	246 |		462	ft	757	*	1004	i	137
pj	48	&	585		1094		248 |	M	469		758		1009		145
	64		599			%\	254 |		476		762		1013	#	147
	70		601	Grade 2		7C	284 |		487	*	768		1014	IS	162
	71		609	51	28		285 |		491		779	if	1015		172
■x	84		614	m	33	5	290		507		781		1024		179
It	85		618		36		293 j	♦	517	sr	785		1036		186
g	109		628	ffl	49	p	298 ]		530	2£	795		1039		188
i	122		629	it	54		303 \	if	551	77	796	*	1048	i	192
	165	ill	632	f	65		304	ft	560		799		1055		193
1A	183		657	ft	74	op	306 ;	f	561		802	s	1057	«1	194
	225		663		78		309 i		564		804	If	1098		198
	232		679	*	79		311	#	565		811			m	214
	234	m	689		80		312		572	N	814	Grade 3			221
	239	a	705	«C	82	x	321	m	581	it	818	m	2	m	222
n	267	%	722	ill	91		323 |		586		825		4	m	223
a	277		731	#	95		320	H	597		829		5	m	233
JL	281		734		97	ft	336 :		598	n	830	#	11	K	236
2.	301		741		102	%	342		605		833		12		237
a	316		752		106	a.	344	B	607	m	850	i	21		238
	327		777		110		347		619		859	f	23		240
	359		784	ft	119	a	348		625		860	I	26		245
	394	A	792	'&	123	a	350	it	638		864	f:	29		256
Jj	396		832	%	126	V	353		639		872		30		262
	408	B	834	m	143	*	368		643	#	880	ii	35		266
	413	a	836		146	Iffl	374		649		918		41		278
	426		840	OJ	149	#	383		665		923		46		280
	440		863	II	150		399		691		933		57		297
	448	;\	867	•It	164	M	411		692		937		63	•S3	300
	453	f	898		166		414		694		943	71	67		317
	465		936	IE	170	a	415	□	704		954	yarn.	69		322
	473		979		187		418		725		959	it	72	it	329
	495		999	$	197	±	422		726	7f	964		86		343
	504	a	1010		204		427		727		976		104		356
	520	i	1011	1	205		441		732		981		107		373
^linistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology-Jap an. 1998.
THE KEY
TO KANJI
	382	«	588	4t	857	It	1075		189	±	409	it	709	St	972
jul	393	%	■596	m	865		1084	*	190		424		712		978
i±	404	b	613	Jim	866		1086		191		432	I	728		986
it	405		646	&	868	m	1088	®	195		439	#	735		988
*&	410	*?q	654		873	%	1090		201	.-A /a	445	n	744		990
ft	419	i@	660	*	874		1097		203	*	450	te	746		992
7%	423	%	666	SI	883			BE	207		454	fit	753		993
tt	431	i	676	k	887	Grade 4		*	208		466		763		997
	436	%	680		894		1		209		474		764		1017
	437	&	682	*	895		6	It	219	m	481		766	n	1023
	442	fife	690		897	PA	7		224	it	501		772		1042
	444	iT	693		901	it	8		241	hi	510		776		1044
	451	*f	695		903	m	10	¥	243		512	ii	782		1046
	457	ft	697		905	w	17	Iff	244		527	ft	786		1054
	459	i\	703		906	&	18		247	&	535		790	Ft	1059
	463	%	706	a OP	907		25	ft	249		537		801	*4	1069
	470	&	707		908		39		251		538		812		1071
	471	iK	715		922		42		257	i	539		815	K	1072
	472	*s	716	m.	926		55		261		541		820		1078
	475		723	is	927	ft	66		265		544		822		1080
	477	#	733		932		76		269	*	545	#	823		1081
	484	ii	739	¥	939	$	81		273	it	562		839		1082
	486	>i	740		949		87	It	283		571		841		1083
»	488	T	745	M	951	It	88	s	295		594		853		1085
	489	tft	747	tk	963		92	lie	310	it	600		858		1089
m	492	IS	754	<*	989		100		313	#	610	if	861		1091
	493	it	760	♦	1000		101		319		612		878		1093
ft	499		765	©	1007		111		324		615	t	890	IS	1095
	500		767		1012		112	ft	335	*r	621		892		
	513	«	773		1016		113	>t a	346	Ip	623		896	Grade 5	
#	514		775		1018	*	118		360	IS,	624		900		3
	519	$e	780		1020	7G	131		366		633		902		13
m	524	it	788		1025	t	132		375		635		909	#	16
m	526	ip	789		1026	f	140		379	it	640	#	910		27
	534	*	791		1028		142		384		645		911		37
	536	ft	797		1031	m	144		388	i	651		915		40
*	540		798		1037	m	151		389		658	i'j	924		43
	549		800		1038	*	153	it	390	$	659		935		44
	557		803		1040		154	ft	391		673		938		45
	567	a.	809		1041	*	158	#	395	*	677		944	m	52
\¥	568	1*	813		1043	m	161	ft	397	it	683		945		59
%	569	ft	817	%	1050	m	163		398		684	iS	948		60
it	570		846	-A	1064		167		403		686		950	m	62
#	573'		847	%	1066	IB	168		406	#	696		960	1	68
it	574		856	13}	1067	lit	176		407		702		965		73
INDEX 6: Educational Designation
GRADES 5-6
	75	! m	333		593	I It	885		103		362		630		855
	77	m	337		595	: fit	889		114		363		631	m	877
	83	I ft	339		603	i #	891	I m	120	| »	371		634	: %	879
	89	ji	357	I *	606		893	\ %	121		376	: m	636	! £	881
%	93	4	361	! &	611	m	899	I pi	125	ft	385	m	637	I *t	884
	96	#	365	: m	616	\ m	904	: t*	127	#	387	#	644		888
t*	98		367	*	617	I %	920		130		400	ft	650	it : ft	928
t&	115		369		620	\ m	912		133	: *	412	#	652		934
*t	116		372		622		913	j ft	139	&	425	! ft	653		940
	124	i m	377		626	*	914	! ft	141	s	428	! ft	656	S H	941
	129		378		627		921	fc	152	II	429	&	661		942
it	134	M	380		641	ft	925	ft	159	I ft	430	5	664	>t	946
«	136		381	ft	647	ft	929	ft	160		433	ft	669		955
	148	m	392		648	111	931	it	171	$	446	ft	670	*	958
	155	t	401		662	II	947	It	174	ft	460		685		962
	156		402		667	#	952	ft	185	ft	461		687		966
	169	if	416	if	668		953	ft	206	k	467		708		968
	173	*	417	it	672		957	m	216		468	ft	713		969
	175		420	w	674	ft	961		218	m	479	ft	714	#	973
	180		421		678	*	967		226		480	it	717	ft	982
	182	it	434		681	ft	971	m	229		482	«	720		984
10	196	ft	435		688		974		250	It	483	ft	721	ft	991
m	199	u	438		699		975		252	*	490	fi	724	SI	1002
n	202		447	i	700	*	995	ft	255	ft	496		736	ft	1008
	210	ft	452	it	701	ft	996	«	259	ft	498		737	fx	1019
n	217		456	a	718	ft	1003		260	ft	502		743	ft ft	1022
	227		458	8ft	719	1$	1006		264	%t	503		748		1029
	228		464	IS	730		1021	*	274	i%	509	ft	751	to	1034
	235	ft	478	&	749		1032		276	ft	511	TI	756	&	1045
	242	ft	485	ft	769		1033	ft	279	¥	514	n	759		1047
&	253	It	505	s	770		1035		286	It	518	ft	761		1051
	263	i£	506		771		1061	ft	288	&	522	ft	778	$p	1052
	268		508	sit	774		1063	•f	294	it	523		794	K	1053
	271		521	ft	806		1065	E	296	ft	528		805	ft	1056
ft	275 :		532		816	ft	1073	ft	307	I*	546		808		1060
	282 :		533	IB	819				318	ft It	550		827		1077
	287	IE	543		821	Grade 6		*	320		556	ft	831		1092
	289	*	552		824 \	H	15		330		575	IL	835		1096
PR	291	ft	553	ft	837	it	20		332	i=	578 i		838 |		
11	292	ft	554 |		842		22	ft	340	ft	583		843 !		
ft	299	4*	555 |	ft	844		32		341	ft	584	J»	845		
ft	308	«1	558		849	a*	38	ft	345	t	587	3ft	848		
a*	314	ft	559	m	871	SI	50		349	it	602	ft	851		
	315 ;	IH	590	m.	875	ft	51	#	351		604 ;	ft	852 \		
ft	328 j	ft	581		876 |		90		354 |	IS	608 |	#	854 !