THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005)
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)
) 2005 IPA
	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Post alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Plosive	P b		t d			t 4	C J	k g	q g		? 1
Nasal	m		n					q	n		
Trill	B		r						R		
Tap or Flap			r			r					
Fricative	<i> ß	f V	e 5	s z	J 3		9 J	x y	X »	h T	h fi
Lateral fricative											
Approximant		V				-I	j				
Lateral approximant			l			I		L			
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
Clicks	Voiced implosives	Ejectives
O Bilabial j Dental \ (Post)alveolar ^ Palatoalveolar j j     Alveolar lateral	ß Bilabial Cf Dental/alveolar J- Palatal Cf Velar Ct Uvular	Examples: P' Bilabial L Dental/alveolar k' Velar S        Alveolar fricative
OTHER SYMBOLS
m Voiceless labial-velar fricative
w Voiced labial-velar approximant
lj Voiced labial-palatal approximant
h Voiceless epiglottal fricative
~t Voiced epiglottal fricative
¥ Epiglottal plosive
Back
u
Close-mid
Open-mid
Open
Alveolo-palatal fricatives
•A  Voiced alveolar lateral flap Simultaneous J" and X
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.
kp ts,
o
DIACRITICS    Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. 1]
o	Voiceless	n o	d o		Breathy voiced	b a	Dental	t d
	Voiced	S	t		Creaky voiced	b a	Apical	t d
h	Aspirated	th	dh		Linguolabial	1 d	Laminal	t d □ □
3	More rounded	D		w	Labialized		Nasalized	e
C	Less rounded	C		j	Palatalized	ti dJ	n Nasal release	dn
+	Advanced	u +		Y	Velarized	tY dY	l Lateral release	d1
	Retracted	e			Pharyngealized	t? d?	i No audible release	
	Centralized	e		-	Velarized or pharyngealized \			
X	Mid-centralized	X e		X	Raised	e (j J. J.	= voiced alveolar fricative)	
	Syllabic	n		T	Lowered		^ = voiced bilabial approximant)	
	Non-syllabic	e		H	Advanced Tong	ue Root C H		
	Rhoticity		a^	h	Retracted Tongue Root €			
r <> o
A<>3
cud
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.
SUPRASEGMENTALS
Primary stress !     Secondary stress
.founa'tijbn
I Long Cl '     Half-long CT
Extra-short C |    Minor (foot) group
II Major (intonation) group
.    Syllable break li.askt w    Linking (absence of a break)
TONES AND WORD ACCENTS LEVEL
"i Extra Cor     I high
e e
V
e
w
e
t
~| High -| Mid
_| Low
JExtra low
Downstep Upstep
CONTOUR
v .
Cor A Rising
e e
e e /■ \
^ Falling
1 A
1 Rising-
A High ' rising Low rising Rising-falling
Global rise
Global fall