Praktikum pozorovania Body language, klamanie Bodytalk - řeč těla (Desmond Morris, 2004) 654 hesiel Anglickú verziu nájdete v študijných materiáloch Lidské tváře a jejich tajemství (Walter Schels,1998) “Odstávajíci uši jsou rysem nepříjemných, nepřizpůsobivých jedinců” “Větší nosní chřípí a dírky umožňují plný dech a ukazují na silný temperament” Body language ●výrazy tváre (emócie), držanie tela, pohyby rúk a nôh aj osobný priestor ●výrazy tváre ○univerzálne ○kultúrne podmienené Body language ●schopnosť správne “čítať” neverbálne komunikáciu - emočná/sociálna inteligencia ●neuvedomovaná úroveň neverbálnej komunikácie ●micro-expressions ●ako dobre analyzujete mikro-výrazy? ● 97 zaujímavých faktov o body language Klamanie a psychológia ●klamstvo je súčasťou komunikácie a formou sociálneho správania v interakcii ●predstavivosť, kreativita, pamäť a ďalšie kognitívne procesy ●forenzná psychológia alebo terapia ●evolučná psychológia - prečo ľudia klamú - v zásade ide získanie výhod alebo vyhnutie sa trestu ●pseudologia phantastica = patologické klamanie ● odborný článok - Psychology of Lying ●článok od National Geographic - Why We Lie ●signály, že človek klame = aktivácia sympatiku (arousal) ●moduluje neuronálnu a hormonálnu odpoveď na stres v zmysle fight-or-flight ●vlastné vnímanie klamstva - patologickí klamári Fyziologické signály Psychologické signály Spôsoby odhaľovania lži 4 kategórie: ●Analýza správania (hlas, výrazy tváre, pohyby tela, výber slov,...) ●Priame vyšetrovanie (dotazníky, testy, vypočúvanie, …) ●Založené na fyziologických indikátoroch autonómnej a somatickej aktivity nezaznamenateľné bez špeciálneho vybavenia (polygraf, eye-tracking) ●Zaznamenávanie mozgovej aktivity (fMRI, PET, EEG) (The Polygraph and Lie Detection, 2003) How to Catch a Liar (Assuming We Want To) Watch the newest video from Big Think: https://bigth.ink/NewVideo Join Big Think Edge for exclusive videos: https://bigth.ink/Edge ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Paul Ekman is the Manager of the Paul Ekman Group, LLC (PEG), a small company that produces training devices relevant to emotional skills, and is initiating new research relevant to national security and law enforcement. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TRANSCRIPT: There’s no question from public opinion polls that people care a lot about the honesty of the person they’re dealing with, whether that’s their doctor or their political leader. And yet it’s more complex than that. Often we don’t want to know the truth. Do you want to find out that your spouse is cheating on you? Do you want to find out the person that you recommended for a job in your company is embezzling? Do you want to find out that your kids are using heroin? These of course are all things that you want to know but you certainly don’t want to know. So it’s very complex as to whether or not we really want to catch a liar. We think we do. What if we find out that both of our presidential candidates are lying? Then what do we do? I’m not saying they are; I never comment on anyone in office or running for office. Only after they’re out that they’re fair game. . . . Clinton said, “I didn’t have sex with that woman” and then gave her name. "That woman" is putting her at a distance from himself. Now there are many reasons why people lie and some are honorable. I study the lies that society cares about, cares about catching, generally disapproves of. The most common reason why people lie is to avoid punishment for breaking a rule. Usually some rules are broken accidentally. You walk down the hallway too fast and you knock over a $2,000 jar that’s on the stand. You didn’t mean to do that. “Did you knock over that jar?” Well, you’re not going to – “Yes, I did. . . .” “No, I don’t know who knocked over that jar. It wasn’t knocked over when I walked by.” You don’t want to get punished. But there are many times where we make the decision – I’m going to break a rule, I’m going to cheat, and I’m going to lie about it. I’m not going to admit that I cheated; I don’t want to get caught. So the decision to lie is made at the same time as the decision to cheat. When we teach people, and we do in workshops teach people how to catch liars, it takes us 32 hours. . . . Spotting a micro expression is the single most useful thing. This is an expression that lasts about a 25th of a second. We’ve tested over 15,000 people in all walks of life and over 99 percent of them don’t see them, and yet with an hour’s training on the Internet they can learn to see them. However, that may only tell you that the person’s concealing an emotion. That’s a lie -- they’re not telling you how they really feel. But it may not tell you that they’re the perpetrator of a crime. It’s a terrible example, but I have to use it – my wife is found dead. I will be the first suspect because, regrettably, the person most likely to kill their wife is the husband. . . . “But I love my wife! I didn’t kill her. The police are wasting their time and they’re insulting me! Time is going by and they’re not looking for the real person.” I could be furious at them and concealing my anger. And so if you spot my concealed anger, it doesn’t mean I killed my wife. It only means that I’m concealing my anger. Now if a lie is about how do you really feel, Paul, and you spot a micro expression, then you’ve got it. Second, realize that only the gestures of your cultural group are you going to recognize. That’s body specific language, but you already know them. You can’t – if I asked you how many gestures are used in America today, you’d give me about 12, but there are actually 80. And if I showed you every one of those 80, you’d know what they mean. Now the one that amazingly enough has had an enormous payoff is one of the most common ones we use, which is the headshake, yes and no. I just did this. This is actually “yes” and this is “no.” But it occurs in a micro fashion. So I worked on the case of an embezzler who had embezzled over $100 million. He was really big time until Bernie Madoff came along. This embezzler had accused people in a number of banks of being in on the deal, which meant those banks would be vulnerable to having to pay for the embezzlement. And when one of the people who he falsely accused, he is asked, “Did she help you steal the money?” He said, “Yes. Absolutely, she did.” Doing a slight head shake, no. Even tinier than mine. So there’s a gesture one. There’s a face one. Analýza správania ●baseline ●tréning ●tep, frekvencia dýchania, vodivosť kože a krvný tlak ●vplyv subjektivity - vlastný systém skórovania odpovedí ●APA: “Most psychologists agree that there is little evidence that polygraph tests can accurately detect lies.” ●Článok na stránkach APA Polygraf (detektor lži) Full body motion ●novší systém na odhaľovanie lži ●efektívnejší ako polygraf ●funguje na princípe 17 senzorov, ktoré zachytávajú pohyb v 3D s frekvenciou 120 meraní za sekundu ●výskumná štúdia popisujúca technológiu Jeff Hancock ●lingvistický pohľad ●článok o algoritme na zachytávanie falošných reviews ●6 príkladov Who hasn't sent a text message saying "I'm on my way" when it wasn't true or fudged the truth a touch in their online dating profile? But Jeff Hancock doesn't believe that the anonymity of the internet encourages dishonesty. In fact, he says the searchability and permanence of information online may even keep us honest. Talk by Jeff Hancock. Pamela Meyer - Ted talk On any given day we're lied to from 10 to 200 times, and the clues to detect those lie can be subtle and counter-intuitive. Pamela Meyer, author of Liespotting, shows the manners and "hotspots" used by those trained to recognize deception -- and she argues honesty is a value worth preserving. Check out more TED Talks: http://www.ted.com The TED Talks channel features the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and more. Follow TED on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TEDTalks Like TED on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TED Subscribe to our channel: https://www.youtube.com/TED Zdroje obrázkov https://www.verywellmind.com/thmb/c8m19DRbGdvxRfh7e0Vc5ifkd0I=/1500x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_b ytes(150000):strip_icc()/illo_BodyLanguage-Posture-5984a3b99abed500102bc434.png https://www.databazeknih.cz/img/books/32_/323693/big_lidske-tvare-a-jejich-tajemstvi-nro-323693.jpg https://i1.wp.com/www.trendmut.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/body-language.jpg?fit=1024%2C405&ssl= 1&resize=1280%2C720 https://storage.googleapis.com/ltkcms.appspot.com/fs/yd/images/cover/body-language.base?v=158697977 3 https://i.dlpng.com/static/png/426374_preview.png https://news.blr.com/app/uploads/sites/3/2017/11/telling-lies-2.jpg https://www.verywellmind.com/thmb/GaRa8RC4KktAt1QXiouuXKouJfU=/1500x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_b ytes(150000):strip_icc()/how-to-tell-if-someone-is-lying-2795917-c9075a9623f049d6b1d5e82317b23501.p ng https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Leonarde_Keeler_1937.jpg https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/HICSS-to-freeze-or-not-to-freeze.pdf https://i.dlpng.com/static/png/45342_preview.png https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/5G6F1wP9FOjIDSX5UPGGLMEk57r5PkzPkgX7bIkXOCvUGD9KN6clh9I-YaM MDQ_YptqwIG5Bfen-keQ8uaXUDIr61SGanwjgtMzY1ASAELJNoQJ5am6u_wwA8e87R6KNmiHM6xzdbW2HnQzygvkHiQ https://www.ekmaninternational.com/wp-content/uploads/lie-to-me.jpg https://www.porchdrinking.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/3jqRCaO.png