PRINCELY GRAVES – PRINCELY SEATS the Late Hallstatt period in Central and Western Europe From the VII aC Southern France established systematic contacts with (other) Mediterranean cultures VII – VI aC – artefacts originating from south and central France in Greek sanctuaries S. Verger From the VII aC Southern France established systematic contacts with (other) Mediterranean cultures VII – VI aC – artefacts originating from south and central France in Greek sanctuaries -traditional view would consider ‘high‘ cultures (Greeks, Etruscans) to exploit the ‚low‘ culture‘s resources by Exchange or force => We would expect imports of Gr/Etr objects as counter-value or ‚native‘ objects in Gr sanctuaries to be trophies of war => The systematic presence of female artefacts in the sanctuaries presupposes direct involvement of gaulish women to the Gr religious life etrurie Populonia Volterra Clusium Volsinii Veii Cerae Tarquinii Vulci Vetulonia -in the second half of the VII and the VI aC, Etruscan cities have reached a decent economic level and became the principal trade power in the western Mediterranean -exporting -metals -wine -pottery -bronze vessels and instruments Principal powers are the coastal cities of Cerae, Tarquinia, and Vulci Antibes Etruscan wrecks are extremely common along the coast of Ligurian sea and Gulf of Lions in the VII and VI aC late VI and early V aC southern Etruria is the principal importer of the best Attic black and red figured pottery producer of Etruscan painted pottery and of bronze vessels (the latter exported to the whole of Mediterranean) None of these is Greek made in Vulci -semidivine princes of the orientalising period have been replaced by oligarchic regimes ran by ruling clans (~ Roman senate) with much more restrained burial presentation Crocifisso del Tufo cemetery, Orvieto 600 aC – Greek polis of Focea (W Anatoilia) founds colonies of Massalia in southern France and Alalia in Corsica with trade on mind -rising tensions between the Greeks and Etruscans allied to Phoenicians => 540/535 aC – battle of Alalia => Greeks are obliged to evacuate Alalia and move to Elea (Velia) Massalia Alalia Caere Velia Cumae Alalia Caere Velia Cumae Massalia Syracuse Rome Hieron, son of Deinomenes and the Syracusans [dedicate] to Zeus [the spoils] of the Etruscans from Cumae 480 – Syracusans expel the Carthagineans from Sicily 474 – battle of Cumae: Syracusans beat the Etruscan and Punic fleet and block Etruscan trade in the Tyrheanian sea and through the Messina strait Alalia Caere Velia Cumae Massalia Syracuse Rome 438–396 aC – Roman war against and finally conquest of Veii  Southern Etruria cut of its trade outlets and their flourishing starts to fade  New trade occasions have to be searched elsewhere => rise of inner Etruria and of the Po valley Veii occupation of the Po valley in VI and V century BC „Felsinian period“ 530 – 390 BC -through the VI BC the villanovan culture continues but fades away ca 530 things start changing with increasing pace from 480s‘ BC -new settlement structure based on a net of newly founded/refounded towns and dense rural occupation -new material culture from pottery to bronzes -new burial rite -new onomastics (yes there are plenty of incriptions) suggesting links with inner Etruria – Perugia, Arezzo) => Influx of new population and restructuration of Po valley as a result of intentional colonisation Bologna („Felsina“ in Etruscan) -occupation shrinks from 200 to 120 hectars -probably orthogonal street grid -cemeteries along the road (e.g. the Certosa cemetery) Certosa –burial rite based on feasting ideology – attic figured pottery, etruscan bronze vessels and instruments -glass perfume flasks -jewellery of Mediterranean /Etruscan types Btw. a brooch of „type Certosa“ named after the bolognese cemetery is of Italian origin but will be adopted on the oposite side of the Alps as well and remain in use in the Alpine area untill the 1st cetury BC Relativelly common presence of brooches of Hallstatt types Nowadays, Spina is just a village. in the past however, it was a famous Greek town. In Delphi, they show a treasury of the Spineteans and it is said that they rules the entire sea. In the past the city alegedly lay on the seashore, though now it is 90 stades away from it. Strabo, Geogr. V, 1.7 Spina Spina-multinational port of trade (mostly Etruscan and Greek onomastics) -excavations in both settlement and cemeteries -attic pottery, Greek wine amphorae, Etruscan bronzes https://www.academia.edu/9327018/Case_di_legno_e_d_argilla._Urbanistica_tecniche_edilizie_e_vita_quotidiana_a_Spina_tra_VI_e_IV_sec._a.C https://www.academia.edu/1819158/Ausgrabungen_und_Forschungen_in_der_etruskischen_Stadt_Spina_Provinz_Ferrara_2007-2009 Marzabotto -urban unit with orthogonal grid only partly built-up (ready for more to come), series of temples…. -trade hub between Etruria and Po valley (inclding luxury goods like attic pottery, Etruscan bronze vessels and Greek marble) -local production of pottery -bronze working ….. Marzabotto Kainua ? San Polo d‘Enza Forcello di Bagnolo San Vito Bologna / Felsina Forcello di Bagnolo San Vito -a small urban settlement on the way from Emilia to Lombardy Attic pottery Hallstatt fibulae metallurgy Greek transport amohorae -thousands of fragments: the greatest assemblage in northern Italy -Thassos, Mendé, Chios, Samos, Milétos, Ionian-Massaliot, Corinthus, Corcyra, Cos… GOLASECCA I B- IIB (VIII-VI stol.) Como Golasecca – Castelletto Ticino – Sesto Calende We left the area here: -occupation concentrated on the foothills situla from tomba di guerriero (Sesto Calende) - Atestine inspiration, Transalpine vessel type Trezzo d‘Adda -situla decorated with an aminal frieze -some elements and practices suggesting presence of elites along the lines common elsewhere in Italy GOLASECCA III (V BC) Como Milano ?? Forcello di Bagnolo San Vito -in the V BC occupation spreads to the plains possibly with foundation of a new centre in Milan -getting closer to the felsinian area? -the greatest concentration of Etruscan bronze vessels outside Etruria, local production of Rippencisten, situlae etc. coral inlays cosmetic set  Golasecca brooches → Basket-shaped pendantsgolaseccan bronze objects whose knowledge may come in handy later  importing metals and metalware from Etruria  systematic colonisation of the rural areas = foodstufs  metals, foodstuffs (and horses?) traded to Athens (leading wars against Persia and extorting 2/3 of Greece, foe to Syracuse blocking Etruscan trade on the other coast)  Athens supply Greek wine, attic painted pottery and other luxurious products  Translpine Europe invovled through the Golacecca region though Ha/LT fibulae (and thus people wering them?) are present also in Po valley  In early V BC, an economic system gets established in the Po valley whereby the region became the organiser of trade between Etruria, Greece and Translpine Europe Ha D1 = cca 600 – 550/530 aC Ha D2-D3 = 550/530-480/450 aC LT A = 480/450 – 380 aC East-Hallstatt area Lusatian c. Szentes -Vekerzug - c. …in the meantime in Central Europe…. From Late Hallstatt (Ha D2 – D3) to Early La Tène (LT A) period, the area undergoes some significant changes of the archaeological culture and of the cultural hotspots Ha D1 LT A Ha D2-3 Shifts of wagon/chariot graves  of elite concentration  of culture foci in the Transalpine Europe through the Early Iron Age Ha D1 = cca 600 – 550/530 aC Ha D2-D3 = 550/530-480/450 aC LT A = 480/450 – 380 aC -elites of new type – „princes“ -central places – „Fürstensitze“/“princely seats“ -SW Germany Ha D1 = cca 600 – 550/530 aC Ha D2-D3 = 550/530-480/450 aC LT A = 480/450 – 380 aC -shift to Marne, Mosel, middle Rhine, Main and to Bohemia -small changes in burial selfrepresentation and in the type of central places -new art-style – the LaTène art Ha D1 = cca 600 – 550/530 aC Ha D2-D3 = 550/530-480/450 aC LT A = 480/450 – 380 aC Today it‘s just late hallstatt with its focus in SW Germany „Princely burials“ Heuneburg -Heuneburg – a settlement to which we wil return – with a series of burial mounds in the surroundings Hochmichele -diameter 80 m, h. 13 m -robbed -remains of silk in tomb VI Bettelbühl - burial of a 4 y old girl -cca 520 aC Hohenasperg Grafenbühl -not preserved -robbed -dm. 40m -Ha D3 Kleinaspergle -robbed -LT A et al. Kleinaspergle, Hohenasperg in the background Grafenbühl (Ha D3) Etruscan VI BC tripod Ivory sphinx with amber-inlain face (early VI BC) Ivory inlays of a Greek kline (dining couch) Early VI BC Ivory finial – closes analogies from Syria (mid/late VII BC) Hochdorf Hochdorf - Ha D2 -diameter 60 m -word are useless… just look just for reference….. gold plated bronze h. 80 cm dm. 104 cm vol. 500 l content: mead -cauldron of Greek? Etruscan? manufacture -(one of the lions on the rim is replaced by a locally manufactured repair lion) Trezzo d‘Adda -btw having such wheels also presupposes an even solid floor Hirschlanden preserved height ca 150 cm The connection with Hochdorf-like social figures is extremely evident Eibner1982 So unexpected that some early scholars studying the statue refused to believe its local origin presenting it as a reworked Greek kouros statue (even though the stone is local…) -much more convincing link with the Mediterranean is to compare the statue with the Italic monumental sculpture of the orientalising period (surprisingly precise match in form and very probably also in function) Mt. Lassois – Vix -tumuls 38 m in diameter -grave chamber 3×3 m -female burial HaD2/3 (cca 500 aC) -discovered in 1953 -not robbed (only excavated in an utterly incompetent way) -only the burial chamber was emptied – nothing was known about the tumulus itself or its surrounding… Until 2019 when excavation re-started at Vix https://www.inrap.fr/nouvelle-fouille- de-la-tombe-de-vix-derniers-resultats- 15043 Golden neck ring (characteristically transalpine object) decorated with filigree (Mediterranean technique) and Pegasus figurines -ceramic and metallic vessels universally imported from the Mediterranean the Vix Crater -made in Tarent, S Italy in ca 530 BC -h. 164 cm -volume of 1100 litres (impossible to fill fully since the walls would not bear the weight) -not a common Greek product in this size => probably a specifically commisioned piece, brought from southern Italy to Massilia and then to Vix and assembled only on spot -some details…. -[and then there are iconological studies proposing that the Gorgo on the crater and the Pegasus on the neck-ring make part of a single iconographic programme, which suggest deep undertanding for Greek myths… I am not conviced….] Lavau, dpt. Aube Something new in the west 2015 discoveries in Lavau https://www.academia.edu/29216189/Les_c ontacts_entre_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9 e_archa%C3%AFque_et_le_monde_celtique _le_cas_de_la_tombe_de_Lavau_Aube_._C RAI_2015_III_juillet-octobre_p._1185-1212 Course of the excavation Golden filigree added to the rim Emilie Silver spoon Attic Oinochoe (VI/V BC) Added silver and gold foot - Male buried on a chariot - Golden neck-ring and two bracelets - Amber, bronze etc. personal ornaments Etruscan? cauldron , cca 300 litres Bad Dürkheim – female burial, discovered in 1864 LT A – slightly out of our chronological limits but territorially and mainly thematically it fits well our topic .. in a later V BC grave But some of the imported objects date to the second half of VI BC „keimelia“ -word taken from Homer – prestige goods hoarded in treasures of aristocratic families for generations and exchanged with their peers in course of rituals serving to create bonds within the elite class -some of these objects could have crossed the Alps already as antiquities, other may testify of exchange in early VI or VII century for which other contact indicators are rare => West Hallstatt princely Ha D burials -monumental burial architecture -exotic and prestigeous materials (ivory), artefacts (klinai, bronze vessels), and life style (symposium) -diplay of status instead of role ( daggers replace swords) -hereditary status ( rich childern burials) -heroisation of the dead (=ancestral cult)  stone statuary -keimélia => roots of this social component in Ha D1? Phenomena and their manifestations identical with the orientalising period elites in Italy but.... - „delay“ of about one century - different roots https://www.academia.edu/7012427/Between_ruling_ideology_and_ancestor_worship_The_mos_maiorum_of_the_Early_Celtic_HeroeGraves_ Late Hallstatt elite seats – „Fürstensitze“ Concept of late Hallstatt princely seat defined by Kimmig to describe the hillforts reapearing in Central Europe in this period W. Kimmig 1969: Zum Problem späthallstattzeitlicher Adelssitze. In: K.-H.Otto - J.Herrmann (Hrsg.), Siedlung, Burg und Stadt. Berlin, 95–113. Criteria defining a Fürstensitz after Kimmig = 1) acropolis + lower town 2) presence of imported Mediterranean pottery + local potery inspired from Mdtrrn 3) tumuli (Fürstergräber) in vicinity In any case: hillforts reappear in central Europe in early VI century, some with evidence of elite presence a problem: these criteria match only a single site – Heuneburg (excavated by Kimmig himslf) Heuneburg We are back! And btw → https://www.academia.edu/9006894/Understanding_the_Heunebur g_A_Biographical_Approach_-_Oxbow_Books the Burgberg peak (3 ha) + outer sttlement -exacavated in the second half of the 20th century -Ha D1–D3 = cca 600–500/480 aC) Phase IV cca 600 aC =a mudbrick fortification wall with 17 bastions -a gate with inner court of the same phase and the same building technique has been excavated recently acropolis Unterstadt outer settlement mudbrick wall 17 bastions gate -impressive but neither practical (mudbrick is little suited for local climate) nor effective (the bastions are too closely spaced to function as practical defensive architecture) -just for show? Entremont Lattes Nages -the closest analogy for the fortification type and technique can be found in southern France acropolis Unterstadt outer settlement Btw, only in late 20th century it was understood that apart from the excavated acropolis and lower town, there is also an outer settlement of 100 ha! → up to 5000 inhabitants (?) - specialised production - the consumed animals were brought from as far as 60km away - no Mediterranean imports Phase III and II (after 540/530 aC) - after a destruction the posh fortification was replaced by wood-clay construction, the outer settlement was abbandoned -loosely built up area of the acropolis – „Herrenhäuser“ --it is in these phases that most Mediterranean material imports arrived Pol. V aC -Heuneburg opuštěn Vix Bourges - In France, two very different examples of elite residences are represented by Bourges and Mt. Lassois at Vix Bourges (Ha D3–LT A1) -several hundreds of hectares -large concentration of crafts of all kinds -Imports (amphorae, BF/RF pottery etc.) present in the entire settlement -tumuli in the vicinity = elite residing nearby BTW … in the I c. BC, Bourges-Avaricum will be the capital of Bituriges And concerning the V/IV c. Livy writes: 34. This is what we have learnt about the arrival of Gauls in Italy: when Tarquinius Priscus ruled in Rome […] the Bituriges had supreme power over the Celts who inhabit one third of the Gaul. They were giving the Celts their kings. By that time it was Ambigatus, a ruler very powerful for his courage but also for the wealth of himself and that of his community […] Liv V, 34-35 Mt Lassois – Vix A small hill with massive ramparts river port The Vix tomb A cut throught the ditch somewhere here, at a strategically absolutely useless point -in contrast to the imposing ramparts, the actual settlement on the plateau is just a large farm with one hure representative residential building and a lot of simple and agricultural structures The hill-top settlements (princely seats or not) between Southern Germany, Upper Rhine and Eastern France are universally abandoned by mid-V century BC A series of hill-top settlements start flourishing at the same time in the middle Rhine region … and what about the Mediterranean? two principal breaking points in the Translpine world correspond with events taking place in the Mediterranean -ca 600 aC – foundation of Massilia -ca 540 aC – Etruscan colonisation of the Po valley Urbanisation (it is doubtful to what extent it can accredited to Mediterranean influence) Mediterranean influence on the elites…. -prestige objects and some selected practices -probably very different social setting