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Brickwork-HD-R1a.jpg North American Regional Dialects & Accents - Vivid Maps



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STEREOTYPES AND PERCEPTIONS
•OFTEN UNACCURATE AND UNFLATTERING BUT USEFUL.
•

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A PERCEPTIONS QUIZ:
GUESS WHICH ACCENTS ARE BEING SO PERCEIVED:
-YAKKING WITH THE YANKEES NEW ENGLAND; TO SPEAK IN A LENGTHY, BORING WAY
-BEANTOWN BABBLE BOSTON, MA
-MAINELY ENGLISH LOBSTER
-NY TAWK
-MORE THAN JUST YADA YADA YADA  SOCIOCULTURAL DIALECT
-STEELTOWN SPEAK PITTSBURGH, PA
-EXPRESSIONS OF BROTHERLY LOVE PHILADELPHIA, PA

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A PERCEPTIONS QUIZ:
GUESS WHICH ACCENTS ARE BEING SO PERCEIVED:
•FADING FUTURE FOR FORHOODLED ENGLISH PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH (=GERMAN)
•MAPLE LEAF RAP   PPP TPSCRPT 53
•FROM COD TO COOL NEWFOUNDLAND, CANADA
•WORDS OF THE WINDY CITY CHICAGO, IL
•TALKING IN THE BUCKEYE STATE OHIO
•SAYING YA TO THE YOOPERS MICHIGAN‘S UPPER PENINSULA
•THE POTATO STATE   PPP TPSCPT 52   KENTUCKY

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A PERCEPTIONS QUIZ:
GUESS WHICH ACCENTS ARE BEING SO PERCEIVED:
•BRIDGING THE GREAT DIVIDE AAVE
•DOING THE CHARLESTON SOUTH CAROLINA
•THE LONE STAR STATE (OF SPEECH)   PPP TPSCRPT 51   TEXAS
•TALKIN‘ WITH MI GENTE SOCIOCULTURAL DIALECT   CHICANO ENGLISH
•SPEAKING THE BIG EASY NEW ORLEANS, LA
•STIRRING THE LINGUISTIC GUMBO SOCIOCULTURAL DIALECT CALLED CAJUN BASED ON FRENCH

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A PERCEPTIONS QUIZ:
GUESS WHICH ACCENTS ARE BEING SO PERCEIVED:
•GETTING REAL IN THE GOLDEN STATE CALIFORNIA
•DESERT DIALECT UTAH
•DIALECTS IN THE MIST PORTLAND, OR
•ARIZONA‘S NOT-SO-STANDARD ENGLISH

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TRADITIONAL DIALECTS X CHANGING TRENDS
Traditional dialect divisions:
- Reflect differences established in Colonial America
- Major dialect boundaries are still persistent
Current changes in vowel pronunciation :
- Northern cities (Chicago, Detroit, etc.): caught – cot, lock – lack, tack – tech; they sound
alike
- Southern cities: red – raid, fish – feesh; sound alike
Factors affecting these changes:
- immigration
- language contact within the US
- transportation and communication networks
- changes in social structure
- changes in cultural values
Important dialect changes are initiated in the suburbs, often by young speakers
Dialect endangerment: a distinctive variety spoken by relatively small numbers of people is
overwhelmed by mainstream dialects

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SOUTHERN DIALECT
•Southern American English (SAE) is the most widely recognized regional dialect of American
English, but is also most negatively evaluated  → negative stereotypes and linguistic
discrimination

•exaggerated portrayals in movies (Gone with the Wind)
•
•features:
- y‘all, fixin‘ (meaning intending)
- using more modals for politeness (I might could leave work early today, might should oughta)
- merging vowels: pen – pin, ten – tin
- „Southern Shift“: the vowel in way, stayed sounds like the one in father
•
•the diffusion of these features is most likely caused by the urbanization process; migration to
towns → contact among formerly local dialects → the spreading of dialects

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APPALACHIAN ENGLISH
•Southern American English (SAE) is the most widely recognized regional dialect of American
English, but is also most negatively evaluated  → negative stereotypes and linguistic
discrimination

•exaggerated portrayals in movies (Gone with the Wind)
•
•features:
- y‘all, fixin‘ (meaning intending)
- using more modals for politeness (I might could leave work early today, might should oughta)
- merging vowels: pen – pin, ten – tin
- „Southern Shift“: the vowel in way, stayed sounds like the one in father
•
•the diffusion of these features is most likely caused by the urbanization process; migration to
towns → contact among formerly local dialects → the spreading of dialects
Obsah obrázku text, osoba, dítě, pózování Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku mapa Popis
byl vytvořen automaticky

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YAKKING WITH THE YANKEES (NEW ENGLAND)
•Specific vocabulary relating to nautical terms or gastronomy (hamburg -  ground beef, tonic  -
carbonated drink)
•Pronunciation:
- Dropping of post-vocalic r (cah  for car, bahn  for barn, Woosta  for Worcester)
- distinction between for x four, horse x hoarse
-  Vermont: cow  pronounced like kyou, kite like koit ; glottal stop
- many differences among the states and ages
•Traditional dialects remain in rural areas and areas with many local people; however, due to
immigration, some of the traditional features are disappearing
•
Obsah obrázku mapa Popis byl vytvořen automaticky

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BEANTOWN BABBLE (BOSTON, MA)
•Boston accent represented in Good Will Hunting
•Pronunciation:
- non-rhotic (Pahk the cah ) but they use the intrusive r (the idear of it)
- broadened and lowered vowels (bahthroom)
- merging of cot – caught
•Distinctive vocabulary (That‘s wicked pissa! =  very good, bubbler – water fountain, So don‘t I –
So do I)
•First group of settlers – English Puritans, later many immigrants
•Dialect variation among ethnic groups (Jewish people – more rhotic, Italians – non-rhotic
Obsah obrázku text, osoba, lidé Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku exteriér, směr,
silnice, dálnice Popis byl vytvořen automaticky
The Big Dig (a notoriously slow construction project in Boston)

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MAINELY ENGLISH (MAINE)
•Word plays – Maine included in business names, etc. (Project Mainestay, Mainely Audio, Maine-iacs)
•
•Due to historical reasons, many people still speak French; French strongly influenced English
(French sentence structures, pronunciation, vocabulary…)
•
•Pronunciation:
- Mostly non-rhotic, but the r is replaced with a vowel sound → sounds like the words (door,
frontier, etc.) have an extra syllable, sometimes spelled as ah (lobstah, bumpah)
- the –ing (sleeping, running) may be pronounced as n instead of ng
- unstressed syllables in the middle of a word tend to be dropped (prob‘ly, Sad‘dy  for Saturday)
- merging of cod-caught
•
•Vocabulary: junk of wood – piece of wood, cunnin‘ – cute, foolishness – something annoying or
stupid
•
Obsah obrázku mapa Popis byl vytvořen automaticky

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NEW YORK TAWK (NY)
•New Yorkers tend to be quite conscious of their accent, sometimes trying to limit it or get rid of
the features which would give it away (especially the r sound)
•
•NY accent is used by many classes, generations and ethnic groups
•
•A center of pop culture and rap → spreading of terms like da bomb and others
•
•Non-rhoticity is, however, only viewed negatively when combined with other features
- the vowel sound aw  in all, coffee, caught, saw; no difference between shore-sure
•
•a lot of ‚Yiddishisms‘  in vocabulary – schlep  (to travel or carry something an annoying
distance) etc.
•
Obsah obrázku osoba, muž, oblek, tmavé Popis byl vytvořen automaticky
Franklin Roosevelt: Americans „have nothing to fear [fee-uh] but fear itself“

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MORE THAN JUST YADA YADA YADA (JEWISH ENGLISH)
•Group membership, a strong sense of community → reinforce shared dialect features
•
•Two main varieties of Jewish English – Sephardim and Ashkenazim
•
•Immigration waves: 1600s and late 1800s/early 1900s → brought Yiddish/Hebrew to America → these
later combined with English
•
•      Vocabulary: kosher, bagel, kibitz, mensch, yarmulka
•      Yiddish words integrated into English through the usage of suffixes – shlepn (to drag,
carry) → shleps, shlepped, shlepping; beatnik (Slavic -nik)
•Vocabulary: names for holidays and celebrations, religious terms (bar mitzvah, kippah/yarmulka….)
•
•Pronunciation:
- most closely associated with NYC
- pitch raising, strong hissing of s, hard g in –ing endings, intrusive r
- loudness, exaggerated intonation and gesture, fast rate of speech (all derived from Yiddish)
•„Yiddish Movement“: a syntactic feature used to convey sarcasm – moving adjectives, adverbs or
nouns to the beginning of the sentence and stressing it: Smart, he isn‘t.
Obsah obrázku osoba, muž, exteriér, nošení Popis byl vytvořen automaticky
Howard Stern

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STEEL TOWN SPEAK (PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA)
• „Pittsburghese“
•
•yinz (you), nebby (nosy), dahntahn (downtown), n‘at (and that)
•
•many words used in this area are Scots-Irish (diamond – town square, yinz), as well as expressions
like the car needs washed, the customers want seated
•
•pronunciation:
- same vowel in steel and still, meal and mill, pull and pool – „mergers“
- pronouncing down as dahn, house as hahs
Obsah obrázku text Popis byl vytvořen automaticky

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EXPRESSIONS OF BROTHERLY LOVE (PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA)
•pronunciation:
- might sound quite similar to NY dialect
- th pronounced like d
- the loss of initial h- (yuge, yumid)
- glottal stop for medial t (sum‘n – something, nut‘n – nothing)
- distinctively raised vowels in cawfee, dawg,
- ruyt (right), luyf (life)
•
•grammar
- second person plural pronoun youse / yuz: Aur youse goin‘?  (Are you going?)
- use of anymore to mean „currently“: Things are so expensive anymore.
Obsah obrázku mapa Popis byl vytvořen automaticky

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MAPLE LEAF RAP (CANADA)
•language mix because of large numbers of immigrants
- DA immigrants: dialect/accent immigrants, speaking languages intelligible to the home population
- SL immigrants: second-language immigrants, their language is unintelligible to the natives
- a strong literacy gap between the two, as SL immigrants are usually not fluent and proficient in
their second-language
•
•pronunciation:
- Canadian Raising: about the house sounds like aboot the hoose
- same vowel in Don and Dawn, the sun shone  rhymes with gone
- rhoticity
•
•generally quite similar to North American English

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FROM COD TO COOL (NEWFOUNDLAND, CANADA)
•very distinctive speech variety because of the geographical isolation and lack of migration
•
•linguistic heritage brough by English / Irish people who settled there
•
•pronunciation:
- low vowels (cat, trap, start, park) sound very broad, John sounds like Jan
- no distinction between vowels in beer, bear, bare, or lure and lore
- features from Irish English: vowels in mug or tough are pronounced with lip-rounding
- side and time pronounced like soid and toim
- unrounding of oi and or: toy sounds like tie and north like narth
- initial h sometimes not pronounced: home pronounced ome
•
•grammar:
- they runs, we wants – the –s suffix is used for all persons

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WORDS OF THE WINDY CITY (CHICAGO, ILLINOIS)
•English in Chicago has always been spoken by native speakers of English and non-native ones with
their specific accents
•
• Chicago English Nowadays:
- Upper Midwest American English
- African American English
•
•pronunciation:
- ‚messy‘ vowels and vowel shifts; many different pronunciations of the same vowel
•
•Interesting observation: it seems that if a speech sound is changing, women will lead the way;
class differences are likewise significant
•
•Vocabulary: gangway (walkway between two buildings), prairie (empty city lot that may have stray
dogs), parkway (grass that separates the sidewalk in front of a house from the street)
18 Best Places to Visit - Chicago, IL ideas | chicago, visit chicago, chicago travel

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TALKING IN THE BUCKEYE STATE (OHIO)
•Three distinct dialectal parts – Northern, Midland, overlap with Appalachian speech
•
•Mixed ways of speaking because of historical reasons, immigration and geography
•
•Influence of German
•
•Pronunciation:
- merging cot and caught, Don and dawn (not in Northern Ohio)
- fill and feel, sale and sell sound almost the same
- in Northern Ohio, there is a specific „nasal“ sound caused by vowel raising
- bad and cat  are pronounced more like bed and ket
•
•Specific grammar differences:
- He‘s not to home, sick at the stomach, He done it, I seen him – more common in Southern Ohio
- features of Appalachian English (see slide 10)
LeBron James, a famous basketball player born in Ohio

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SAYING YA TO THE YOOPERS (MICHIGAN‘S UPPER PENINSULA)
•Upper Peninsula = Yoopers (from the abbreviation UP), Lower Peninsula = trolls (they live under
the Mackinaw Bridge)
•
•Keweenaw Peninsula:
- in the past, there were many Finnish people → great influence on the English dialect of the
western Upper Peninsula
•
•UP features:
- using d and t instead of th in words like these, them, the (influenced by Finnish)
- saying in‘  for ing in words such as goin‘, washin‘
- phrases like The car needs washing (need + present participle)
- plural 2nd person pronoun yous(e)
- tag hey in phrases like You‘re coming to dinner, hey
•
•Vocabulary affected by Finnish, original Ojibwa inhabitants and EU immigration
•
•
Michigan Map with Counties Red Arrows Png PNG Transparent For Free Download.
Keweenaw Peninsula

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BRIDGING THE GREAT DIVIDE – AFRICAN AMERICAN ENGLISH
• African slaves – not sharing a common language and culture (strategy of slave traders) x other
immigrants
• denied access to education → a unique linguistic identity
• the position of AAE – “a personal choice”, the Ebonics controversy in Oakland – categorized as a
language outside English, genetic inferiority
• reduction of final consonant clusters
• Post-vocalic r absence
• Phonological inversion
•He been sad – unstressed – a temporary past event, stressed – a past event stretching to the
present
African American are not a linguistically homogeneous group:
Videos
Chicago Blaccent – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SlV3qCzM5uQ
Southern + Midwestern accent → the result of desegregation
(https://www.chicagomag.com/city-life/the-blaccent-that-defines-chicago/)
DIFFERENT “HOOD” ACCENTS – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMS70m-OzXo&t=100s

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BRIDGING THE GREAT DIVIDE – AFRICAN AMERICAN ENGLISH
AAVE Linguistic Characteristics | The AAVE Blog: A Closer Look at African American Venacular
English

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TALKIN‘ WITH MI GENTE (CHICANO ENGLISH)
• Southwest (California, Texas…)
• product of a bilingual setting – English and Spanish
• Chicano English is not “learner English” – many speakers of Chicano English don’t speak Spanish
• usage of Spanish lexical items – not code-switching (Spanglish)
• the a sound in pasta, saw → more like the Spanish a
•going and talking – a higher vowel as in sí in Spanish (possible influence on Valley Girl English)
PPT - Mexican American English Dialect a.k.a. “Chicano” English PowerPoint Presentation - ID:437879

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STIRRING THE LINGUISTIC GUMBO – CAJUN ENGLISH (LOUISIANA)
• Cajuns (The Acadians) – descendants of French settlers from Acadia (Canada, Nova Scotia)
• preservation of some elements of French from mid-1700s (religious isolation)
• affected by Native American tribes, German and Irish immigrants, African and Caribbean slaves,
and the Spanish speaking Isleños from the Canary Islands.
•
• five distinctive features: vowel pronunciation, stress change, the lack of the th phonemes,
non-aspiration of p, t and k and lexical difference (x Southern Drawl)
• diphthongs change to monophthongs (high, tie → ah; tape → ee glide)
• the syllable-final/phrase-final stress
• the replacement of the th sounds with a t or a d sound
•p, t, k without aspiration – pat sounds like  bat
•
Cajun English - Wikipedia

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FADING FUTURE FOR FERHOODLED ENGLISH – PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN
• The Pennsylvania Dutch – transformed from Deitsch (not Dutch, but German descendants)
• the Plain and the Fancy – Amish and Mennonites x Lutherans, members of the Reformed Church
• Pennsylvania German invaded by the outside influence, also mainly spoken in the Plain
communities
• the Dutchy accent
•j → ch – jars, juice are pronounced as chars, chuice
•th → s – with,  thing pronounced as wiss, sing
•v → w – visit, available pronounced as  wisit, awailable
•butter, nothing and until → bawter, nawthing and ontil
•house, mountain, and down → haase, maantain, and daan
Pennsylvania - Wikipedia, friddja diehtosátnegirji

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DOING THE CHARLESTON (SOUTH CAROLINA)
• The first permanent English community established near present-day Charleston (1670); import of
African slaves
• an important hub of commerce and culture → devastated after the Civil War
• Charleston accent x Gullah → influential
• day and gate → monophthongs or ingliding vowels:
•the second element is pronounced with the tongue in neutral, central position
•Charleston – the tongue is closer to the roof of the mouth, not unlike in the vowels in bee and
boo
•→ gee-uh and gee-yuht
• softened sound of k and g – car and garden → kyah and gyahden
• vowels beginning with the tongue in a higher position (about or abroad) – like and rice → lake
and race
• a lack of distinction between certain vowels before r – ear pronounced as air, hear as hair and
beer as bear

• book, put, and look → pronounced with the vowel of buck
•
•
Charleston (tanec) – Wikipedie

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DOING THE CHARLESTON (SOUTH CAROLINA)
• migration, racial division → change
• the unglided and ingliding vowels, the raised initial part (rice, like) → mostly gone
• the lack of distinction between the vowels in beer and bear → remains
• words such as as two, do, and boot – pronounced with the tongue moving to the front of the mouth,
– two →  tee-oo (the South, California)
•so, go and bone the first element of the vowel is pronounced with the tongue in central – bone →
bay-own (the South, Philadelphia)
• merger of the vowels in words such as cot and caught and Don and dawn (North American English in
general), merger between pinIpen, sinned/send (the South)
•→ not very Southern, perceived as Northerners or even Californians
•
File:Map of USA SC.svg - Wikimedia Commons

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THE LONE STAR STATE OF SPEECH (TEXAS)
• English – the second language of the state – the Texas Revolution → mixing of the South Midland
and Southern dialect – constricted postvocalic r in words like forty and intrusive r in words like
warsh x non-rhoticity (forty, four)
• the pen/pin merger
• the loss of the offglide of i in words like ride and right → rahd and raht
• an emerging rural–urban linguistic split → the characteristic features disappearing in the city
• new developing features: the caught/cot merger, tense/lax vowel pairs merger (pool/pull)
• migration from the Lower South (Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina) and
the Upper South (Tennessee, Kentucky, and North Carolina); European migration (Germans, Czechs,
Poles); steady influx of Mexicans → maintaining the role of Spanish
•
Texas Star Clip Art - Texas Flag Transparent Background , Free Transparent Clipart - ClipartKey

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SPEAKING THE BIG EASY (NEW ORLEANS, LA)
•  New Orleans (a Spanish colony) – mainly French-speaking at the time of the Louisiana Purchase in
1803 → English, AAVE, immigrants from Germany, Ireland, Italy
• different from Cajun dialect
• non-rhotic – charmer → chaw-muh, autistic  and artistic  are homophones
• ɔː (as in awful) merges with ah sound → John and lawn  rhyme
• boil, oil, oysters, and toilet → berl, earl, ersters, and turlet
• the word stress on the first syllable – adult, cement, insurance, and umbrella
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Da2iw59ErU  – Dat Talk: New Orleans Accents (especially 2:01 –
2:21)
Ranní ptáče: USA jsou v pohotovosti. Samsung představil nové telefony. Reese Witherspoon má dalšího
mazlíčka | Luxury Prague Life

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GETTING REAL IN THE GOLDEN STATE (CALIFORNIA)
• California – a new state →  not long enough to develop the kind of dialect depth that is apparent
in the East Coast and the Midwest
•White population – Valley Girl and Surfer Dude
•Latino population – Chicano English
•African American population – AAVE
• cot/caught merger
• the forward movement of the back vowels – dude or spoon  sounds a little like the word you, or
the vowel in pure or cute; but and cut → bet and ket
• the vowel of black → block, the vowel of bet → bat, the vowel of bit → bet
• Japanese Americans – internment camps, destroyed communities – no distinctive features
• Valley Girl Accent with Emilia Clarke (starts around 2:10) –
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIBg-w6TNLE
Zobrazit zdrojový obrázek

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DESERT DIALECT – UTAH
• changing vowels after l
•milk → melk, pillow → pellow (ɪ → ɛ)
•steel mill → still mill (iː → ɪ), house for sale → house for sell (eɪ → ɛ)
•pool, fool → pull, full (uː → ʊ)
•→ changes in its vowel system analogous to those occurring in the United States South
• card/cord merger → or pronounced as ar; Spanish Fork → Fark
• pronunciation of the diphthong in words like time and bye – What tahm is it?
• Southern pronunciation, but Northern lexicon → tracking the movement of LDS Church (founded in
New York → Missouri, Illinois → Utah)
Utah - Wikipedia Panic! At the Disco's Brendon Urie Comes Out as Pansexual - Rolling Stone
Brendon Urie, Pan!c at the Disco

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DIALECTS IN THE MIST – PORTLAND, OREGON
• still largely undefined → distinctive features are still forming
•
• cot/caught merger (merged low back vowel) → backing does not happen before nasal consonants (a
higher vowel) – Anne → Ian
• bag, tag and gag → y-like glide instead of the open front vowel; beg → bake (bag)
• back vowel fronting – used to categorize dialects → boot, book, and boat (North American
dialects) → bi-wt, bi-yt (still in progress)
• “up-speak” – the use of a rising question intonation on a declarative sentence
Soubor:Map of USA OR.svg – Wikipedie

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ARIZONA’S NOT SO STANDARD ENGLISH
• calling their English standard, bland and boring
• strong Mexican Spanish influence (Casa Grande, Table Mesa, canyon, ranch)
• 1800s – migration from the Southern and   Midwestern states, mid-1900s industrial boom, migrants
from California
• Contemporary Urban Dialect
•back-vowel fronting
•caught/cot merger
•higher vowel after nasal consonants (Anne → Ian)
•filled/field merger
• The Rancher Accent
•not merging
•my/fine → mah/fahn
•sometimes vowels in unstressed syllables may be lost completely – every day → ever’ day
• The -s of verbs with other verb forms – you’s for you’ve, we’s gots.
• double negative (We didn’t have none, ain’t)
• decline of agriculture → moving closer to Californian dialect, becoming less like their Oklahoma
predecessors
• possible Mexican Spanish and Chicano influence
Kde je Arizona na jihozápadě?

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EXTRA VIDEO:
50 People Show Us Their States' Accents | Culturally Speaking | Condé Nast Traveler -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcxByX6rh24