ē
̃
̪
̺
̻d
tʲ
dˠ
d̚
ŋ
e
n
e
̊
e᷈β
n d
̹
̜
e
ɔ
ɔ
ɹ
e
p b
m
f v s z
l
d
n
r
t c
j
x
k q
h
sʼ
kʼ
tʼ
pʼ
i
e
a
y u
o
w
x
ts kp
ee
e
e
e
ee
d
dt
t
t
e
s t
e
u
e
b
b
e
e
a
a
e
e
t d
dˡ
dⁿ
tʰ
dʰʰ
tʷ
dʷ
dʲ
ʷ
ʲ
ˡ
ⁿ
̼ ̼
̌
᷅
᷄
̂
̺
̻
̪
̞
̝
̘
̞
̝
̙
̩
̈
̟
̽
̀
̋
̏
́
ʙ
ɸ β θ ð
ɱ
ʋ
ɬ ɮ
ɹ
ɾ
ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ
ʈ ɖ
ɭ
ɻ
ɽ
ɳ
ç ʝ
ɟ
ʎ
ɲ
ɣ
ɡ
ʟ
ɰ
ŋ
χ ʁ
ɢ
ɴ
ʀ
ħ ʕ ɦ
ʔ
ʘ ʼɓ
 ʛ
ɠ
ǃ ʄ
 ɗ
ɪ
ə
ɛ
ɐæ
ʏ
ø
œ
ɶ
ɨ
ɘ
ɜ
ɑ
ʉ
ʊ
ɵ
ɞ
ɒ
ɯ
ɤ
ʌ ɔ
ʍ
ɥ
ʜ
ʢ
ʡ
ɕ
ɺ
ɧ
ʑ
ʃ
͜
͡
̆
ˈ
ː
ˌ
eˑ
eː
͜
.
‖
|
̆
ˑ
↘ꜛ
↗ꜜ
̥ ̥
ɚ
̬
̯
̬
̥
̬
̹
̈
̟
̜
̯
̩
̽
˞ a˞
̤
̰
̴
̘
̞
̝
̤
̰
̤
̰̼
̙
ɫ
̪
̺
̃
̻
tˤ
tˠ
dˤ
ˠ
ˤ
̚

˥
˩
˨
˧
˦
ɹi.ækt
ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən

ⱱ
̠̄
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosive
Nasal
Trill
Tap or Flap
Fricative
Lateral
fricative
Approximant
Lateral
approximant
Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives
Bilabial Bilabial Examples:
Dental Dental/alveolar Bilabial
(Post)alveolar Palatal Dental/alveolar
Palatoalveolar Velar Velar
Alveolar lateral Uvular Alveolar fricative
Front Central Back
Close
Close-mid
Open-mid
Open
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Voiceless labial-velar fricative Alveolo-palatal fricatives
Voiced labial-velar approximant Voiced alveolar lateral flap
Voiced labial-palatal approximant Simultaneous and
Voiceless epiglottal fricative
Affricates and double articulations
can be represented by two symbols
joined by a tie bar if necessary.
Voiced epiglottal fricative
Epiglottal plosive
Primary stress
Secondary stress
Long
Half-long
Extra-short
Minor (foot) group
Major (intonation) group
Syllable break
Linking (absence of a break)
LEVEL CONTOUR
or Extra or Risinghigh
High Falling
Mid
High
rising
Low Low
rising
Extra Risinglow
falling
Downstep Global rise
Upstep Global fall
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2018)
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2018 IPA
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
OTHER SYMBOLS
DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.
VOWELS
SUPRASEGMENTALS
TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
Voiceless Breathy voiced Dental
Voiced Creaky voiced Apical
Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal
More rounded Labialized Nasalized
Less rounded Palatalized Nasal release
Advanced Velarized Lateral release
Retracted Pharyngealized No audible release
Centralized Velarized or pharyngealized
Mid-centralized Raised ( = voiced alveolar fricative)
Syllabic Lowered ( = voiced bilabial approximant)
Non-syllabic Advanced Tongue Root
Rhoticity Retracted Tongue Root
Typefaces: Doulos SIL (metatext), TIPA Roman – tipa8 (symbols)