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Morphosyntax
Pavel Caha
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A puzzle
(1) a. t-a
the-fem.nom
žen-a
woman-fem.nom
2 / 111
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A puzzle
(1) a. t-a
the-fem.nom
žen-a
woman-fem.nom
b. t-u
the-fem.acc
žen-u
woman-fem.acc
2 / 111
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A puzzle
(1) a. t-a
the-fem.nom
žen-a
woman-fem.nom
b. t-u
the-fem.acc
žen-u
woman-fem.acc
c. t-é
that-fem.gen
žen-y
woman-fem.gen
2 / 111
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full paradigm, fem
that, . woman, . good,
žen-a t-a dobr-á
žen-u t-u dobr-ou
žen-y t-é dobr-é
žen-ě t-é dobr-é
žen-ě t-é dobr-é
žen-ou t-ou dobr-ou
3 / 111
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full paradigm, fem
that, . woman, . good,
žen-a t-a dobr-á
žen-u t-u dobr-ou
žen-y t-é dobr-é
žen-ě t-é dobr-é
žen-ě t-é dobr-é
žen-ou t-ou dobr-ou
3 / 111
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full paradigm, neut
that, . woman, . good,
lét-o t-o dobr-é
lét-o t-o dobr-é
lét-a t-o-ho dobr-é-ho
lét-ě t-o-m dobr-é-m
lét-ě t-o-mu dobr-é-mu
lét-em t-ím /i:m/ dobr-ým /i:m/
4 / 111
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DA a b c d e
1 u-m- u u- m- m- u m
2 a-ba- a-ba ba- ba- ba- a- ba
3 u-m- u u- u- m- u m
4 i-mi- i i- i- mi- i mi
5 i-li- i-li li- li- li- i- li
6 a-ma- a- a- a- ma- a ma
7 i-si- i-si si- si- si- i- si
8 i-zi- i-zi zi- zi- zi- i- zi
9 i-N- i i- i- i-N i N
10 i-zi-N i-zi zi- zi- zi-n i- zi N
5 / 111
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Russian
Table: Declension II and a feminine (Timberlake 2004)
woman this notebook
II . III, .
žen-a et-a tetráď-Ø
žen-u et-u tetráď-Ø
žen-y et-o-j tetráď-i
žen-e et-o-j tetráď-i
žen-e et-o-j tetráď-i
žen-o-j et-o-j(u) tetráď-ju
6 / 111
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Russian
Table: Declension II and a feminine (Timberlake 2004)
woman this notebook
II . III, .
žen-a et-a tetráď-Ø
žen-u et-u tetráď-Ø
žen-y et-o-j tetráď-i
žen-e et-o-j tetráď-i
žen-e et-o-j tetráď-i
žen-o-j et-o-j(u) tetráď-ju
7 / 111
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Russian
Table: Declension II and a feminine (Timberlake 2004)
woman this notebook
II . III, .
žen-a et-a tetráď-Ø
žen-u et-u tetráď-Ø
žen-y et-o-j tetráď-i
žen-e et-o-j tetráď-i
žen-e et-o-j tetráď-i
žen-o-j et-o-j(u) tetráď-ju
8 / 111
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Russian
Table: Declension II and a feminine (Timberlake 2004)
woman this notebook
II . III, .
žen-a et-a tetráď-Ø
žen-u et-u tetráď-Ø
žen-y et-o-j tetráď-i
žen-e et-o-j tetráď-i
žen-e et-o-j tetráď-i
žen-o-j et-o-j(u) tetráď-ju
9 / 111
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Russian
Table: Declension II and a feminine (Timberlake 2004)
woman this beau ful notebook
II . III, .
žen-a et-a krasn-a-ja tetráď-Ø
žen-u et-u krasn-u-ju tetráď-Ø
žen-y et-o-j krasn-o-j tetráď-i
žen-e et-o-j krasn-o-j tetráď-i
žen-e et-o-j krasn-o-j tetráď-i
žen-o-j et-o-j(u) krasn-o-j tetráď-ju
10 / 111
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Russian
Table: Declension II and a feminine (Timberlake 2004)
woman this beau ful notebook
II . III, .
žen-a et-a krasn-a-ja tetráď-Ø
žen-u et-u krasn-u-ju ? tetráď-Ø
žen-y et-o-j krasn-o-j tetráď-i
žen-e et-o-j krasn-o-j tetráď-i
žen-e et-o-j krasn-o-j tetráď-i
žen-o-j et-o-j(u) krasn-o-j tetráď-ju
11 / 111
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Russian
Table: Declension II and a feminine (Timberlake 2004)
woman this beau ful notebook this
II . III, . .
žen-a et-a krasn-a-ja tetráď-Ø et-o
žen-u et-u krasn-u-ju ? tetráď-Ø et-o
žen-y et-o-j krasn-o-j tetráď-i et-o-go
žen-e et-o-j krasn-o-j tetráď-i et-o-m
žen-e et-o-j krasn-o-j tetráď-i et-o-mu
žen-o-j et-o-j(u) krasn-o-j tetráď-ju et-im
12 / 111
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Russian
Table: Declension II and a feminine (Timberlake 2004)
woman this beau ful notebook this
II . III, . .
žen-a et-a krasn-a-ja tetráď-Ø et-o
žen-u et-u krasn-u-ju ? tetráď-Ø et-o
žen-y et-o-j krasn-o-j tetráď-i et-o-go
žen-e et-o-j krasn-o-j tetráď-i et-o-m
žen-e et-o-j krasn-o-j tetráď-i et-o-mu
žen-o-j et-o-j(u) krasn-o-j tetráď-ju et-im
13 / 111
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Russian
Table: Declension II and a feminine (Timberlake 2004)
woman this beau ful notebook this
II . III, . .
žen-a et-a krasn-a-ja tetráď-Ø et-o
žen-u et-u krasn-u-ju ? tetráď-Ø et-o
žen-y et-o-j krasn-o-j tetráď-i et-o-go
žen-e et-o-j krasn-o-j tetráď-i et-o-m
žen-e et-o-j krasn-o-j tetráď-i et-o-mu
žen-o-j et-o-j(u) krasn-o-j tetráď-ju et-im
14 / 111
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The problem of declension classes
Features
Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
The basic intui on
Decomposing case
Number, Gender, declension
Declension III
Declension IV
15 / 111
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The problem of declension classes
(2) Two noun stem (roots)
a. metel’- (snowstorm)
b. nedel’- (week)
16 / 111
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The problem of declension classes
(2) Two noun stem (roots)
a. metel’- (snowstorm)
b. nedel’- (week)
▶ Corbe (1982) “both of these are feminine, and both have a
stem ending in a so consonant, but they decline di erently.”
16 / 111
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The problem of declension classes
(2) Two noun stem (roots)
a. metel’- (snowstorm)
b. nedel’- (week)
▶ Corbe (1982) “both of these are feminine, and both have a
stem ending in a so consonant, but they decline di erently.”
(3) The nomina ve
a. metel’-Ø (snowstorm)
16 / 111
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The problem of declension classes
(2) Two noun stem (roots)
a. metel’- (snowstorm)
b. nedel’- (week)
▶ Corbe (1982) “both of these are feminine, and both have a
stem ending in a so consonant, but they decline di erently.”
(3) The nomina ve
a. metel’-Ø (snowstorm)
b. nedel’-a (week)
16 / 111
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The problem of declension classes
(2) Two noun stem (roots)
a. metel’- (snowstorm)
b. nedel’- (week)
▶ Corbe (1982) “both of these are feminine, and both have a
stem ending in a so consonant, but they decline di erently.”
(3) The nomina ve
a. metel’-Ø (snowstorm)
b. nedel’-a (week)
(4) The instrumental
a. metel’-ju (snowstorm)
16 / 111
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The problem of declension classes
(2) Two noun stem (roots)
a. metel’- (snowstorm)
b. nedel’- (week)
▶ Corbe (1982) “both of these are feminine, and both have a
stem ending in a so consonant, but they decline di erently.”
(3) The nomina ve
a. metel’-Ø (snowstorm)
b. nedel’-a (week)
(4) The instrumental
a. metel’-ju (snowstorm)
b. nedel’-ej (week)
16 / 111
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The problem of declension classes
(2) Two noun stem (roots)
a. metel’- (snowstorm)
b. nedel’- (week)
▶ Corbe (1982) “both of these are feminine, and both have a
stem ending in a so consonant, but they decline di erently.”
(3) The nomina ve
a. metel’-Ø (snowstorm)
b. nedel’-a (week)
(4) The instrumental
a. metel’-ju (snowstorm)
b. nedel’-ej (week)
▶ Declension class membership is arbitrary
16 / 111
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The problem of declension classes
Table: The full paradigms (Timberlake 2004)
lip notebook,
II ( ) III ( )
gub-á tetráď-Ø
gub-ú tetráď-Ø
gub-ý tetráď-i
gub-é tetráď-i
gub-é tetráď-i
gub-ój tetráď-ju
17 / 111
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The problem of declension classes
Table: The four declensions (Timberlake 2004)
factory place lip notebook,
I ( ) IV ( ) II ( ) III ( )
zavód-Ø mést-o gub-á tetráď-Ø
zavód-Ø mést-o gub-ú tetráď-Ø
zavód-a mést-a gub-ý tetráď-i
zavód-e mést-e gub-é tetráď-i
zavód-u mést-u gub-é tetráď-i
zavód-om mést-om gub-ój tetráď-ju
18 / 111
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Introduc on
▶ how to force that week- is nedel’-ju
and not *nedel’-ej
19 / 111
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Introduc on
▶ how to force that week- is nedel’-ju
and not *nedel’-ej
(5) a. nedel’ = [N, II]
19 / 111
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Introduc on
▶ how to force that week- is nedel’-ju
and not *nedel’-ej
(5) a. nedel’ = [N, II]
b. -ju ⇔ / [II]
19 / 111
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Introduc on
▶ how to force that week- is nedel’-ju
and not *nedel’-ej
(5) a. nedel’ = [N, II]
b. -ju ⇔ / [II]
(6) Müller (2003)
a. I: [+α, –β]
b. II: [–α, +β]
c. III: [–α, –β]
d. IV: [+α, +β]
19 / 111
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Introduc on
▶ how to force that week- is nedel’-ju
and not *nedel’-ej
(5) a. nedel’ = [N, II]
b. -ju ⇔ / [II]
(6) Müller (2003)
a. I: [+α, –β]
b. II: [–α, +β]
c. III: [–α, –β]
d. IV: [+α, +β]
(7) -ju ⇔ / [–α, +β]
19 / 111
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Introduc on
▶ how to force that week- is nedel’-ju
and not *nedel’-ej
(5) a. nedel’ = [N, II]
b. -ju ⇔ / [II]
(6) Müller (2003)
a. I: [+α, –β]
b. II: [–α, +β]
c. III: [–α, –β]
d. IV: [+α, +β]
(7) -ju ⇔ / [–α, +β]
▶ “In ec on class features are arbitrary and irreducible by
de ni on; this is re ected in the labels. S ll, it is worth
emphasizing that the features [+/ – α], [+/ – β] are no more
arbitrary than standardly adopted features like [class I], [class
II].”
19 / 111
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Morphology-internal debates
▶ Full decomposi on (Stockall & Marantz 2006):
20 / 111
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Morphology-internal debates
▶ Full decomposi on (Stockall & Marantz 2006):
⇒ morphologically complex words are always derived by the
rule-governed concatena on of stems and a xes.
20 / 111
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Morphology-internal debates
▶ Full decomposi on (Stockall & Marantz 2006):
⇒ morphologically complex words are always derived by the
rule-governed concatena on of stems and a xes.
▶ In the case at hand, this seems to require arbitrary features in
grammar.
20 / 111
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Morphology-internal debates
▶ Full decomposi on (Stockall & Marantz 2006):
⇒ morphologically complex words are always derived by the
rule-governed concatena on of stems and a xes.
▶ In the case at hand, this seems to require arbitrary features in
grammar.
▶ Word & Paradigm (Blevins 2016)
20 / 111
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Morphology-internal debates
▶ Full decomposi on (Stockall & Marantz 2006):
⇒ morphologically complex words are always derived by the
rule-governed concatena on of stems and a xes.
▶ In the case at hand, this seems to require arbitrary features in
grammar.
▶ Word & Paradigm (Blevins 2016)
⇒ Words are more than pure sums of their parts and should not be
decomposed
20 / 111
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Morphology-internal debates
▶ Full decomposi on (Stockall & Marantz 2006):
⇒ morphologically complex words are always derived by the
rule-governed concatena on of stems and a xes.
▶ In the case at hand, this seems to require arbitrary features in
grammar.
▶ Word & Paradigm (Blevins 2016)
⇒ Words are more than pure sums of their parts and should not be
decomposed
▶ Arbitrary diacri cs are only needed to “restore informa on
about the co-occurrence of stems and exponents” (which has
been lost a er decomposi on).
20 / 111
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Declension Features vs. UG
Chomsky (2004):
FL appears to be a species property, close to uniform across a broad
range. It has a gene cally-determined ini al state S0, which
determines the possible states it can assume. [...] S0 determines the
set {F} of proper es (“features”) available for languages.
21 / 111
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Declension Features vs. UG
Chomsky (2004):
FL appears to be a species property, close to uniform across a broad
range. It has a gene cally-determined ini al state S0, which
determines the possible states it can assume. [...] S0 determines the
set {F} of proper es (“features”) available for languages.
Haspelmath (2007):
“descrip ve linguists s ll have no choice but to adopt the Boasian
approach of posi ng special language-par cular categories for each
language. Theorists o en resist it, but the crosslinguis c evidence is
not converging on a smallish set of possibly innate categories” (p.
119).
21 / 111
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The research ques on
▶ Can we do without arbitrary declension features?
22 / 111
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The research ques on
▶ Can we do without arbitrary declension features?
▶ What we need:
(i) phrasal spellout
(ii) a hierarchy of features
22 / 111
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The research ques on
▶ Can we do without arbitrary declension features?
▶ What we need:
(i) phrasal spellout
(ii) a hierarchy of features
▶ As a side-e ect, the analysis also avoids context speci ca ons
22 / 111
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The problem of declension classes
Features
Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
The basic intui on
Decomposing case
Number, Gender, declension
Declension III
Declension IV
23 / 111
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Harley & Ri er (2002)
= #
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Harley & Ri er (2002)
= #
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Harley & Ri er (2002)
= #
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Harley & Ri er (2002)
= #
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I also need case features
30 / 111
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The general architecture of the NP
KP
K N P
N GenderP
Gender NP
...
31 / 111
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P
NP
...
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C P
C P
NP
...
33 / 111
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C P
C P
NP
...
FemP
Fem C P
C P
NP
...
33 / 111
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#P
# C P
C P
NP
...
FemP
Fem C P
C P
NP
...
34 / 111
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#P
# C P
C P
NP
...
#P
# FemP
Fem C P
C P
NP
...
35 / 111
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#P
# F P
F C P
C P
NP
...
36 / 111
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#P
# F P
F C P
C P
NP
...
PlP
Pl #P
# F P
F C P
C P
NP
...
36 / 111
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KP
K #P
# F P
F C P
C P
NP
...
PlP
Pl #P
# F P
F C P
C P
NP
...
37 / 111
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KP
K #P
# F P
F C P
C P
NP
...
KP
K PlP
Pl #P
# F P
F C P
C P
NP
...
38 / 111
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The problem of declension classes
Features
Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
The basic intui on
Decomposing case
Number, Gender, declension
Declension III
Declension IV
39 / 111
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Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
XP
X YP
Y Z
40 / 111
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Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
XP
X YP
Y Z
XP
X YP
Y Z
marker
40 / 111
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Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
XP
X YP
Y Z
XP
X YP
Y Z
marker
XP
X YP
Y Z
marker ⇔
40 / 111
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Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
▶ Roots come in di erent sizes Vanden Wyngaerd et al. 2020)
41 / 111
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Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
▶ Roots come in di erent sizes Vanden Wyngaerd et al. 2020)
XP
X YP
Y Z
root α
41 / 111
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Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
▶ Roots come in di erent sizes Vanden Wyngaerd et al. 2020)
XP
X YP
Y Z
root α
XP
X YP
Y Z
root β
41 / 111
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Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
(8) English plural
42 / 111
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Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
(8) English plural
a. sheep — sheep (syncre sm)
42 / 111
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Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
(8) English plural
a. sheep — sheep (syncre sm)
b. cat — cat-s (stacking)
42 / 111
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Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
P P
P #P
# ClassP
...
⇔ Si:p
43 / 111
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Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
P P
P #P
# ClassP
...
⇔ Si:p P P
P #P
# ClassP
...
43 / 111
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Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
P P
P #P
# ClassP
...
⇔ Si:p
P P
P #P
# ClassP
...
Si:p
44 / 111
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(9) Superset Principle (Starke 2009)
A lexically stored tree L matches a syntac c node S i L
contains the syntac c tree dominated by S as a subtree
45 / 111
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(9) Superset Principle (Starke 2009)
A lexically stored tree L matches a syntac c node S i L
contains the syntac c tree dominated by S as a subtree
P P
P #P
# ClassP
...
⇔ Si:p
45 / 111
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(9) Superset Principle (Starke 2009)
A lexically stored tree L matches a syntac c node S i L
contains the syntac c tree dominated by S as a subtree
P P
P #P
# ClassP
...
⇔ Si:p #P
# ClassP
...
45 / 111
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(10) Superset Principle (Starke 2009)
A lexically stored tree L matches a syntac c node S i L
contains the syntac c tree dominated by S as a subtree
P P
P #P
# ClassP
...
⇔ Si:p #P
# ClassP
...
46 / 111
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(11) Superset Principle (Starke 2009)
A lexically stored tree L matches a syntac c node S i L
contains the syntac c tree dominated by S as a subtree
P P
P #P
# ClassP
...
⇔ Si:p #P
# ClassP
...
Si:p
47 / 111
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#P
# ClassP
...
⇔ kæt
48 / 111
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#P
# ClassP
...
⇔ kæt
#P
# ClassP
...
kæt
48 / 111
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#P
# ClassP
...
⇔ kæt P P
P #P
# ClassP
...
kæt
49 / 111
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#P
# ClassP
...
⇔ kæt
PlP
P
⇔ -s
P P
P #P
# ClassP
...
kæt
50 / 111
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#P
# ClassP
...
⇔ kæt
PlP
P
⇔ -s
PlP
#P
# C P
...
PlP
Pl #P
...
kæt
51 / 111
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#P
# ClassP
...
⇔ kæt
PlP
P
⇔ -s
PlP
#P
# C P
...
PlP
Pl
kæt
-s
52 / 111
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Phrasal spellout
▶ Di erent roots have di erent ‘sizes’
53 / 111
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Phrasal spellout
▶ Di erent roots have di erent ‘sizes’
▶ sheep is of the size P P (it does not need the plural -s)
53 / 111
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Phrasal spellout
▶ Di erent roots have di erent ‘sizes’
▶ sheep is of the size P P (it does not need the plural -s)
▶ cat is of the size #P (it can not express plural)
53 / 111
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Phrasal spellout
▶ Di erent roots have di erent ‘sizes’
▶ sheep is of the size P P (it does not need the plural -s)
▶ cat is of the size #P (it can not express plural)
▶ When a root cannot express all the features, it moves to the le
and a su x appears
53 / 111
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The problem of declension classes
Features
Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
The basic intui on
Decomposing case
Number, Gender, declension
Declension III
Declension IV
54 / 111
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(12) Zero marking
a. metel’-Ø (III)
55 / 111
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(12) Zero marking
a. metel’-Ø (III)
b. sheep-Ø
55 / 111
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(12) Zero marking
a. metel’-Ø (III)
b. sheep-Ø
(13) Overt marking
a. nedel’-a (II)
55 / 111
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(12) Zero marking
a. metel’-Ø (III)
b. sheep-Ø
(13) Overt marking
a. nedel’-a (II)
b. cat-s
55 / 111
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KP
K #P
# F P
F C P
C P
xNP
...
56 / 111
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KP
K #P
# F P
F C P
C P
xNP
...
metel’ (III)
57 / 111
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KP
K #P
# F P
F C P
C P
xNP
...
nedel’ (II)
58 / 111
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KP
#P
# F P
F C P
C P
xNP
...
KP
K #P
...
nedel’ (II)
59 / 111
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KP
#P
# F P
F C P
C P
xNP
...
KP
K
nedel’ (II)
-a
60 / 111
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▶ Declension classes reduce to di erences in ‘root size’
61 / 111
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▶ Declension classes reduce to di erences in ‘root size’
▶ The di erence in root size is arbitrary → declension classes are
arbitrary
61 / 111
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▶ Declension classes reduce to di erences in ‘root size’
▶ The di erence in root size is arbitrary → declension classes are
arbitrary
▶ Declension classes exist – but are not encoded via declension
features
61 / 111
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.
The problem of declension classes
Features
Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
The basic intui on
Decomposing case
Number, Gender, declension
Declension III
Declension IV
62 / 111
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(14) The loca ve
a. metel’-i (snowstorm)
63 / 111
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(14) The loca ve
a. metel’-i (snowstorm)
b. nedel’-e (week)
63 / 111
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*ABA
Syncre sm in Russian (McCreight & Chvany 1991)
window, sg. teacher, pl. both, m.i. book, sg. 100
- učitel-ja dv-a knig-a st-o
- - dv-a knig-u st-o
okn-a - - knig-y okn-e
učitel-jax - - okn-u
učitel-am dv-um - okn-om
učitel-ami dv-umja knig-oj -
64 / 111
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.
Caha (2009)
Table: Cummula ve feature decomposi on
F1
F1, F2
F1, F2, F3
F1, F2, F3, F4
F1, F2, F3, F4, F5
F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
65 / 111
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P
F1 #P
...
66 / 111
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P
F2 P
F1 #P
...
67 / 111
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P
F3 P
F2 P
F1 #P
...
68 / 111
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.
Decomposing case
P
F4 P
F3 P
F2 P
F1 #P
...
69 / 111
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.
Decomposing case
P
F4 P
F3 P
F2 P
F1 #P
...
nedel’ (II)
70 / 111
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.
Decomposing case
P
F4 P
F3 P
F2 P
F1 #P
...
-e
nedel’ (II)
71 / 111
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.
Decomposing case
P
F4 P
F3 P
F2 P
F1 #P
...
-e
nedel’ (II)
P
F4 P
F3 P
F2 P
F1 #P
...
72 / 111
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Decomposing case
P
F4 P
F3 P
F2 P
F1 #P
...
-e
nedel’ (II)
P
F4 P
F3 P
F2 P
F1 #P
...
metel’ (II)
73 / 111
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.
.
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.
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.
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.
.
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.
.
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.
.
.
Decomposing case
P
F4 P
F3 P
F2 P
F1 #P
...
-e
nedel’ (II)
P
F4 P
F3 P
F2 P
F1 #P
...
metel’ (II)
74 / 111
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.
.
.
.
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.
Decomposing case
P
F4 P
F3 P
F2 P
F1 #P
...
-e
nedel’ (II)
P
F4 P
F3 P
F2 P
F1 #P
...
i
metel’ (III)
75 / 111
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.
Decomposing case
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
III (metel’)
III (metel’)
III (metel’) i
III (metel’) i
III (metel’) i
III (metel’) ju
76 / 111
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.
Decomposing case
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
III (metel’)
III (metel’)
III (metel’) i
III (metel’) i
III (metel’) i
III (metel’) ju
II (nedel’) a
II (nedel’) u
II (nedel’) i
II (nedel’) e
II (nedel’) e
II (nedel’) ej
76 / 111
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.
.
.
.
The problem of declension classes
Features
Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
The basic intui on
Decomposing case
Number, Gender, declension
Declension III
Declension IV
77 / 111
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.
Number, Gender, declension
(15) Declensions and gender, inanimates (Corbe 1982)
78 / 111
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.
Number, Gender, declension
(15) Declensions and gender, inanimates (Corbe 1982)
a. I → masculine
78 / 111
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.
Number, Gender, declension
(15) Declensions and gender, inanimates (Corbe 1982)
a. I → masculine
b. II → feminine
78 / 111
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.
Number, Gender, declension
(15) Declensions and gender, inanimates (Corbe 1982)
a. I → masculine
b. II → feminine
c. III → feminine (15 excep ons)
78 / 111
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.
Number, Gender, declension
(15) Declensions and gender, inanimates (Corbe 1982)
a. I → masculine
b. II → feminine
c. III → feminine (15 excep ons)
d. IV → neuter
78 / 111
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.
Number, Gender, declension
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
79 / 111
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Number, Gender, declension
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
79 / 111
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.
Number, Gender, declension
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
meuter a
79 / 111
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.
Number, Gender, declension
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
meuter a
meuter u
meuter y
meuter e
meuter e
meuter oj
79 / 111
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.
Number, Gender, declension
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
80 / 111
.
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.
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.
Number, Gender, declension
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
81 / 111
.
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.
Number, Gender, declension
Table: . vs. . (Timberlake 2004)
woman, woman,
II ( ) II ( )
žen-a žen-y
žen-u žen-y
žen-y žen-Ø
žen-e žen-ax
žen-e žen-am
žen-oj žen-ami
82 / 111
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.
.
.
Number, Gender, declension
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
83 / 111
.
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.
.
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.
.
.
Number, Gender, declension
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
84 / 111
.
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.
Number, Gender, declension
P
P
gub
P
F1 P
P
P
-a
85 / 111
.
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.
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.
.
.
Number, Gender, declension
P
P
gub
P
F1 P
P
P
-a
P
P
meuter
P
F1 P
P
*-a
85 / 111
.
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.
.
.
.
Number, Gender, declension
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
86 / 111
.
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.
Number, Gender, declension
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
86 / 111
.
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.
.
.
Number, Gender, declension
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
meut *a
86 / 111
.
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.
.
.
.
Number, Gender, declension
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
meut *a
meut *u
meut *y
meut *e
meut *e
meut *oj
86 / 111
.
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.
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.
Number, Gender, declension
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
mest o
mest o
mest a
mest e
mest u
mest om
87 / 111
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The problem of declension classes
Features
Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
The basic intui on
Decomposing case
Number, Gender, declension
Declension III
Declension IV
88 / 111
.
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.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Declension III
(16) Declensions and genders for inanimates (Corbe 1982)
a. I → masculine
b. II → feminine
c. III → feminine (15 excep ons)
d. IV → neuter
89 / 111
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Declension III
(17) Declensions and genders for inanimates (Corbe 1982)
a. I → masculine
b. II → feminine
c. III → feminine (15 excep ons)
d. IV → neuter
90 / 111
.
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.
.
.
.
Declension III
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
tetrád’
tetrád
tetrád i
tetrád i
tetrád i
tetrád ju
91 / 111
.
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.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Declension III
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
tetrád’ Ø
tetrád Ø
tetrád i
tetrád i
tetrád i
tetrád ju
92 / 111
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Declension III
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
tetrád’ Ø
tetrád Ø
tetrád i
tetrád i
tetrád i
tetrád ju
93 / 111
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Declension III
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
tetrád’ Ø
tetrád Ø
tetrád i
tetrád i
tetrád i
tetrád ju
94 / 111
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Declension III
P
F2 P
F1 #P
# P
C P
C RefP
...
tetrád’ (III)
95 / 111
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Declension III
P
F3 P
F2 P
F1 #P
# P
C P
C RefP
...
tetrád’ (III)
96 / 111
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Declension III
P
F3 P
F2 P
F1 #P
# P
C P
C RefP
...
tetrád’ (III)
i
97 / 111
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Backtracking (Starke 2018; Vanden Wyngaerd et al. 2020)
P
F3 P
F2 P
F1 #P
# P
C P
C RefP
...
i
tetrád’ (III)
98 / 111
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Declension III
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
tetráď
tetráď
tetráď i
tetráď i
tetráď i
tetráď ju
99 / 111
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The problem of declension classes
Features
Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
The basic intui on
Decomposing case
Number, Gender, declension
Declension III
Declension IV
100 / 111
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Declension IV
(18) Declensions and genders for inanimates (Corbe 1982)
a. I → masculine
b. II → feminine
c. III → feminine (15 excep ons)
d. IV → neuter
101 / 111
.
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.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
Declension IV
Table: The non-feminine declensions (Timberlake 2004)
factory place
I ( ) IV ( )
zavód-Ø mést-o
zavód-Ø mést-o
zavód-a mést-a
zavód-e mést-e
zavód-u mést-u
zavód-om mést-om
102 / 111
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Declension IV
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
mest o
mest o
mest a
mest e
mest u
mest om
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
103 / 111
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Declension IV
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
mest o
mest o
mest a
mest e
mest u
mest om
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
zavód
zavód
103 / 111
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Declension IV
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
mest o
mest o
mest a
mest e
mest u
mest om
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
zavód
zavód
zavód a
zavód e
zavód u
zavód om
103 / 111
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The problem of declension classes
Features
Phrasal spellout (Starke 2018)
The basic intui on
Decomposing case
Number, Gender, declension
Declension III
Declension IV
104 / 111
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A thought experiment
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
tetráď
tetráď
tetráď i
tetráď i
tetráď i
tetráď ju
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
mest o
mest o
mest a
mest e
mest u
mest om
105 / 111
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A thought experiment
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
tetráď
tetráď
tetráď i
tetráď i
tetráď i
tetráď ju
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
mest o
mest o
mest a
mest e
mest u
mest om
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
105 / 111
.
.
.
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.
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.
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.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A thought experiment
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
tetráď
tetráď
tetráď i
tetráď i
tetráď i
tetráď ju
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
mest o
mest o
mest a
mest e
mest u
mest om
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
X ???
X ???
X ???
X ???
X ???
X ???
105 / 111
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A thought experiment
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
tetráď
tetráď
tetráď i
tetráď i
tetráď i
tetráď ju
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
mest o
mest o
mest a
mest e
mest u
mest om
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
X o ???
X o ???
X o ???
X o ???
X o ???
X o ???
106 / 111
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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A thought experiment
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
žen a
žen u
žen y
žen e
žen e
žen oj
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
tetráď
tetráď
tetráď i
tetráď i
tetráď i
tetráď ju
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
mest o
mest o
mest a
mest e
mest u
mest om
xNP # 1 2 3 4 5 6
X o -i
X o -i
X o -i
X o -i
X o -i
X o -ju
107 / 111
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Table: Declension II and a feminine (Timberlake 2004)
woman hypothe cal this
. . .
žen-a wug-o-j et-a
žen-u wug-o-j et-u
žen-y wug-o-j et-o-j
žen-e wug-o-j et-o-j
žen-e wug-o-j et-o-j
žen-o-j wug-o-ju et-o-j(u)
108 / 111
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111 / 111