SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS
abl. = ablative
adv. = absolute
ace. = accusative
act. =■ active
adj. — adjective
adv. = adverb, adverbial
advera. = adversative
App. = the Grammatical Appendix in
this book appos. — apposition, appositive asynd. — asyndeton cf, = Latin confer, i.e. compare char. = characteristic coll. = collective compar. = comparative condit. — condition, conditional conj. = conjunction constr. = construction dot. — dative dem. = demonstrative dep. — deponent dtm. = diminutive
e.g. — Latin exempli gratia, i.e./or example
cap. = especial, especially
/., fern. = feminine
fig. = figurative, figuratively
freq. = frequentative
fut. - future
gen. — genitive
hist = historical
i.e. — Latin id est, that u
imp. = imperative
imperf. - imperfect
tmpere. = impersonal, impersonally
indecl. = indeclinable
indef. = indefinite
indie. - indicative
indir. — indirect
inf. = infuoitive
instr. - instrumental interj. = interjection interrog. = interrogative intr. — intransitive
Introd. = the Introduction of this book
J. = line; 11. — lines
lit. - literal, literally
loc. = locative
m.r jnasc. masculine
n., neut. — neuter
neg. = negative
nam.  - nominative
num. " numeral
obj. = object, objective
opt. = optative
part. = participle, partitive
pats. = passive
per/. = perfect
pert. = personal
pi. >■ plural
pluperf. = pluperfect
pose. » possessive
pred. = predicate
prep. = preposition
prea. — present
pron. - pronoun
rcf. = reference
reflex. = reflexive
rel. = relative
tc. " Latin scilicet, i.e. supply, itnderatand
sing. = singular
spec. — specification
subj. = subject, subjective, subjunctive
subst- ™ substantive
sup. = superlative
temp. — temporal
tr. = transitive, transitively
doc. = vocative
vol. = volitive
* the asterisk in the vocabulary shows that the Latin word appears ten or more times in Books I-VI of the Aeneid.
t the dagger in the vocabulary indicates the first appearance of the Latin word in Books I-VI of the Aeneid.
(1), this numeral after a Latin word in the vooabulary indicates that the word is a verb of the first conjugation and is to be inflected as amfi, are, Svl, Atus, love, cherish.
All Latin words in the Dotes and vocabularies are in bold face type. All definitions in the vocabularies are in roman (light face). All translations in the notes are in italics. All explanatory matter in the vocabularies is in italics.
14
THE AENEID
BOOK I
ARM A virumque oano, Trojae qui primus ab oris Italiam fdto profugus Lavinagwe venit Mora — multum ilk et terns jactatus et alto vl superum, saevae memorem Junonis ob tram,
altum, i n. the deep (sea)f
cand, ere, cecini, eantus sing (of), chant,
proclaim t* jact6 (1) toss, buffett* Lavin(i)us, a, um Lavinian, of Laviniumt
memor, oris mindful, remembering, un-
forgettingt* ob on account of (acc.)t profugus, a, um exiled, fugitivef saevus, a, um cruel, stern, fiercet*
1-7. The theme of the poem, namely, the wanderings and wars of Aeneas, who after many struggles laid the foundation for the greatness of future Rome, in accordance with the decrees of fate.
From the more extended introduction to the poem (lines 1-33) we learn: (1) the plan of the poet to describe the adventures of hia hero, as is done in the Odyssey, and to depict wars and battles, as does the [Had; (2) the deep religious conviction of the author, for whom the gods rule over all mortal affairs; (3) the national pride of the poet, found in his choice of material, and which later comes to its clearest expression in L 33.
1. Arms virumque: the theme of the Aeneid; arms stands by metonymy for deeds of arms, uiars, referring to the wars in which Aeneas engaged, both in Troy and in Italy; virum refers to Aeneas, so well known that he is not mentioned by name until 1. 92. Trojae: with the first syllable long by position; App. 6, 6. qui primus ab oris Trojae (ad) Italiam venit. This refers to Aeneas as the first of the Trojans to come to Italy after their native city Troy had been captured, sacked, and destroyed by the Greeks in the Trojan war. Strictly speaking, the Trojan Antenor had preceded him, but Antenor's arrival was of no great consequence and did not have the far-reaching
results that the coming of Aeneas had. Compare the discovery of America by Leif Ericson with that by Columbus.
2-3. (ad, in) Italiam, (ad, in) litora: acc. of place to which; App. 315. fätä: abl. of means or cause; App. 331. 332; " such was the will of heaven." Lavin(t)a: of Lavinium, an ancient city on the western coast of Italy, near the spot where Rome was later founded. Lavinium was reputed to have been the first Trojan settlement in Italy and to have been named for Lavinia, an Italian princess whom Aeneas married. Lavinia was the daughter of Latinus, king of the Latins.
3. multum: with adverbial force, modifying jactatus. ille: Aeneas, the virum of 1. 1. (in) terris, et (in) alto: abl. of place where; App, 319. jactatus (est).
4. vi: abl. of cause or means; App. 331, 332. superum = superörum, gen. pi.. of the gods above, memorem: a transferred epithet, logically belonging to Jünönis, but poetically applied to iram. saevae memorem Jünönis ob iram: an example of what is known as " interlocked order," saevae modifying Jünönis, and memorem modifying iram. This order is often found in Latin poetry. Jünönis ob iram: the reasons for Juno's hatred of Aeneas and the Trojans are given by Vergil in 11. 12-28.
Before beginning work read the Genera] Directions, page 11. 15
18 s
1U
THE AENEID, S-12
muMa quoque et hello passus, dum conderet urbem inferretgit« deös Latiö — genus unde Latinum Albänigwe patres atque aüae moenia Römae.
Müsa, mihi causäs memorä, quo nümine laesö quidve dolens regina deum tot volvere casus insignem pietäte virum, tot adire laböres impulerit.  Tantaene animis caelestibus irae/
Urbs antiqua fuit (Tyrii tenuere colönl)
adeö, Ire, ii (Iva), itus  approach, encounter!
Albanas, *, um Alban, of Alba Longa in
central Italy, mother city ol Romet caelestis, e divine, heavenlyt causa, ae /. reason, cause** colftnus, i m. colonist, settler* condö, ere, didi, ditus found, establish!* doled, ere, ui, itus suffer, grieve (at), be
angry (at, with), resentt impellö, ere, puli, pulsus strike (against),
drive, force* Infera, ferre, tull, latus bring (into) t insignis, e distinguished, marked, splen-
didt*
laeda, ere, si, sus strike, hurt, offend, thwartt
Lattnus, a, urn Latin, of Latium f Latium, (i)I n. district of  central Italy
around Romet* memoro (1) (re)call, recount, Telate** Musa, ae /. Muse, goddess of the liberal
artsf
patior, I, passus suffer, endurot*
pietas, atis /. loyalty, devotion, sense of
dutyt* quoque also**
Rama, ae /. Rome, a city and empire* tot so manyt*
unde whence, from which sourcet*
fi-6. conderet, inferret: purpose; App. 374.
5. urbem: Lavinium. passus (est Aeneas), (in) beU6: abl. of place; App. 319; referring to the enemies whom he had to conquer after landing in Italy, multa: cognate accusative with passus; App. 307, 313.
6. inferret deös: App. 374; in antiquity migrating peoples regularly carried with them their gods, either as images or other sacred symbols; see 11. 68 and 378. Latiö: dat. of direction - ad (in) Latium; App. 306. unde genus Latinum (est): Roman legends traced the origin of the Latin race, of the kingdom of Alba Longa (forerunner of Rome), and of the founding of Rome, back to the coming of the Trojans under Aeneas to Italy.
7. (unde) Alban! patres (sunt): in Roman times many of the noble senatorial families took much pride in tracing their ancestry back to Troy, through the great families of Alba Longa, patres: with the first syllable short; App. 17. altae: may refer either to position, situated on the (seven) high hills, or to the power and prestige of lofty (mighty) Rome.
8-11. Invocation of the Muse.
8. Müsa: it is the custom of epic poets to invoke the muse for inspiration and to
assign to some such divine source the gift of being able to compose their poems, mini: this word in poetry may have the final i either long or short. The same is true of tibi, sibi, ubi, and ibi. quS numine (Junonis) laesS: abl. abs. or abl. of cause; App. 332, 343.
9. quidve dolens: or vexed at what. regina de(6r)um: Juno as Jupiter's wife was queen of the gods, casus: object of volvere, to undergo, pass through.
10. virum = Aenean, subject of volvere, which depends upon impulerit. pietate: dependent on insignem; the most prominent characteristic of Aeneas was his pietas, loyally or devotion to duty.
11. impulerit: subj. in indir. quest.; App. 349, 350. Tantaene = suntne tan-tae irae caelestibus animis? animis: dat. of possession; App. 299. Irae: poetic plural, often employed in Latin where English would ordinarily use the singular.
12-33. Reasons for the wrath of Juno against Aeneas and the Trojans.
12. Urbs antiqua fuit: according to the tradition which Vergil here follows. Carthage was in fact founded some four hundred years later than the traditional date of the fall of Troy. 1184 B.C. Tyrii: from Tyre, a city of Phoenicia,
BOOK I, 13-20
Karthago, Italiam contra Tiberlnayue longe Ostia, dives opum studiisgue asperrima beUi; quam Jünö fertur terns magis omnibus ünam posthabitä coluisse Samö: hie illius arma, hie currus fuit; hoc regnum dea gentibus esse, si qua fata sinant, jam turn tenditque tovetque. Prögeniem sed enim Trojänö ä sanguine düci audierat Tyriäs ölim quae verteret arces;
17
13
asper, era, erum harsh, rough, fiercet* cola, ere, ul, eultus cultivate, dwell (in),
honor, cherish** contra opposite, facing (acc.)j* currus, us m. chariot, cart* di(ve)s, di(vi)tis rich, wealthy (ffen.)t enim for, indeed, in truth** fovea, ere, favi, fatus cherish, fondle* KarthagS, inis /. Carthage, great commercial city in North Africa, rival of Romef
longe far (off), at a distance**
magis more, rather**
alim (at) some time, oncef *
ops, opis/, help, resources, power, wealth** Ostium, (i)i n, mouth, entrancet poslhabeo, ere, ui, itus place after, esteem least
pragenlěs, éi/. offspring, race* qua in any (some) way, wheret Samos, If. istand of the Aegean, center of
the worship of Junof sind, ere, siví, situs permit, allow** studium, (1)1 n. leal, desire, pursuitt Tiberinus, a, um of the Tiber, an Italian
river on which Rome is situated* Trojanus, a, um Trojan, of Troyt* vertO, ere, I, rsus (over)turn, change**
whence Carthage was said to have been settled. The Phoenicians were the great traders of their time, and Carthage on the northern shore of Africa midway on tho Mediterranean occupied a strategic position for controlling the commerce of these regions, tenuere: shorter form for tenuerunt; App. 204, 4.
13. longe: modifying contra, which governs both Italiam and Tiberina östia.
14. astia: see note on irae, I. 11. The general expression, Italiam, is followed by the more specific Tiberlna östia for the sake of greater clearness and vividness, opum: gen. with the adjective dives, rieh in resources; App. 287. studiis: abl. of respect, depends on asperrima; App. 325. This phrase would remind the Romans of their bitter struggles with Carthage in tho three Punic Wars.
15. quam: refers to urbs, 1. 12, and is object of coluisse. fertur: is said, a common meaning. terris omnibus ^ terrls aliis; terris is abl. with comparative magis; App. 327. ünam = sölam, as often.
16. posthabitä Samö: abl. abs.; App. 343. Juno greatly loved Samos, an island off tho western coast of Asia Minor. According to the myth, the goddess had been reared in Samos, had married .Trpu.-r there   mid one of her
temples, one of the most famous in the world, was situated there. Samo: the final vowel is not elided, although the following word begins with an h. This failure to elide is called hiatus; App. 399. illius (Junanis): the i of the genitive ending of the nine pronouns and adjectives ending in ius is usually long, but often short in poetry as here, arma (fu-erurrt): doubtless refers to ancient arms, chariot, and other relics preserved in Juno's temple at Samos.
16-17. hie, hie, hoc: repeated for emphasis; this repetition is called anaphora; App. 413. hoc: refers to urbs 1. 12, but is attracted to tho gender of the predicate noun regnum, the ruling power. Juno dea jam turn tenditque fovetque hanc urbem (Karthaginem) esse regnum omnibus gentibus, sed fata voluerunt Romam esse hoc regnum. gentibus: dat. of reference; App. 301.
18. qua (via): abl. of manner; qui is an indef. pron. fata: the power of the fates was greater even than that of the gods.
19. PrOgeniem: the Romans, duci: was being derived, indir. disc; App. 390; depends on audi(v)erat (I. 20), of which Juno is the subject understood.
20. Tyrias arces - Karthaginem. verteret: subj. of characteristic; App. HSy, or rel. clause of purpose; App. 388.
18
THE AENEID, 21-28
hinc populum läte regem bellöque superburn ventürum exeidiö Libyae: sic volvere Parcäs. Id metuens veterisque memor Säturnia belli, prima quod ad Trojarn pro cäris gesserat ArgTs 25 (necdum etiam causae irärum saevlgwe dolores
exciderant animö; manet altä mente repostum judicium Paridis spretaegue injuria formae et genus invlsum et rapti Ganymedis honöres) —
Aigi, orum m. Argos, a city in Greece* center of the worship of Juno; Greece t
cams, a, urn dear, fond, belovedt*
causa, ae /. reason, cause*
dolor, oris m. pain, grief, anger, passion t*
etiam besides, also, event* eicidium,      n. destruction, overthrow! excido, ere, i fall from, perishf forma, ae /. beauty, shape, formt* Ganymed^s, is m. son of Laomedon, king of Troy; carried off by Jupiter's eagle and made cupbearer to the godst gero, ere, gessT, gestus carry (on), wagef* injuria, ae /. wrong, insult, injustice! invisus, ar um hated, hateful, odious t judicium, (i)I n. decision, judgmentf latS widely, far and widef Libya, ae/. region of North Africa t*
memor, oris remembering, mindful, un-
forgetting (gen.)* metuo, ere, ui fear, dreadf necdum not yet, nor yett Parcae, arum /. the Fateat Pari sf i di s m.    Troj an prin ce, son of
Priam, eloped with Helen and thus
caused the Trojan Wart populus, i m. people, nationf* pr6 before, for, in behalf of (afci.)f* rapid, ere, ui, ptus snatch (up), plunder!* repono, ere, posui, pos(i)tus put (back,
away), store upf* saevus, a, um cruel, stern, fierce* Saturnia, ae /. Juno, daughter of Saturn,
father of the gods! sperno, ere, sprevi, spretus despise, rejectj superbus, a, um proud, haughty t* vetus, eris old, former, ancientf*
21. hinc: a Trojanů sanguine, or ab hac progeniě. populum: subj. of ventúrum (esse) (I. 22), an inf. in indir. disc, depending on audierat; App. 390. rSgem: used like a participle (rěgnantem) here, and modified by latě. hello: abl, of respect, depending on superburn; App. 325.
22. eicidio: dat. of purpose; App. 303; for the destruction. Libyae: for Africae, meaning especially Karthaginl. Parcás = fáta: subject of volvere. The Parcae were represented as three sisters, Clotho (Spinner), who spun the thread of life for each mortal; Lachesis (Measurer), who measured the thread; and Atropos (Jn-evitable), who cut the thread when any one had reached his allotted days-
" Somewhere on an unknown shore. Where the rivers of life their waters pour, Sit three sisters forevermore, Spinning a silver thread,"
sic (Juno audiverat) Parcás volvere.
23. Id: the destined supremacy of Rome and overthrow of Carthage (11. 19-2 2). m et u ě ng: m odirles S it ur nia (Juno) and bas Id as object. Saturnia;
Saturn's daughter, subject of arcebat. veteris belli: the Trojan War.
24. prima: {as) chief, leader, foremost, modifies ea (understood), which refers to Juno. The goddess had taken a leading part in assisting the Greeks against the Trojans. The reasons for her hatred of the Trojans are given in 11. 27-28. See also Introd. 10- cans Argis: Argos, a noted center of the worship of Juno, stands here for all Greece and the Greeks.
25. irarum: poetic plural; see note on irae (1. 11), and cf. App. 243.
26. (ex) an I mo: abl. of separation; App. 340. (in) alta mente: abl. of place where, in her deep mind, i.e., deep in her mind; App. 319. repos(i)tum: the longer form, with its three successive short syllables (v v *), could not be used in hexameter verse.
27. judicium Paridis: refers to the famous Judgment of Paris. Read Tennyson's Oenone and see Introd. 10 for thw story- spretae formae: appositional gen. with injuria; App. 281; the insult to her slighted beauty, shown by the adverse decision of Paris.
28. genus invisum:  Juno haled tha
BOOK I, 29-3fi
19
his accěnsa super jactátós aequore toto
Troas, relliquias Danaum atque immítis Achilli, so
arcěbat longě Latio, multdsque per annós
errábant óZcti fátis maria omnia circum.
Tantae molis erat Romanám condere geniem.
Vix ě cónspectu Siculae tellúris in altům vela dabant laetl et spůmas salis aere ruěbantf 35
accendô, ere, I, énsus inflame, enragel Achilles, is (I) m. Greek leader before
Troyt* aes, aeris n. bronzet* altum, i n. the deep (sea) annus, I m. yearf*
arceô, ére, ul keep off, defend, restraint condo,  ere,  didi, ditus found, establish*
conspectus, us m. Bight, viewf immitis, e fierce, eruelj jactô (1) toss, buffet*
whole Trojan race, partly because of Paris, but also because Dardanus, the founder of the Trojans, was the son of Electra, her hated rival. Ganymedis: a royal Trojan youth, brother of Priam, snatched up (rapti) by an eagle into heaven, where he was beloved by Jupiter, who made him his cupbearer, instead of Juno's own daughter, Hebe.
29. his; abL of means or cause; App. 331, 332; dependent on accensa, and referring to the three chief causes of Juno's hatred which have just been mentioned in 11. 26-28. acc5nsa (Juno), super: adverb, too, also, i.e., in addition to her fears for Carthage, (in) aequore toto: abL of place where; App. 319.
30. Trd&s: a Greek form; acc. pi. of Tros. re(l)liquias: sometimes spelled with 11, as here, making the first syllable long so that the word may be used in hexameter verse. Dana(6r)um, Achilla: subjective genitives, the leavings (remnants) of the Greeks and of Achilles, i.e., those Trojans whom the Greeks and Achilles had allowed to escape.
31. arc e bat; the imperfect of continued action; App. 351, 2. (a) Latid: separation; App. 340. longe Latid: note the repetition of the letter 1; such a repetition is called alliteration; App. 411. Alliteration, or the recurrence of the same sounds in successive syllables or words, is found in all languages, especially in early verse. It is a special characteristic of early Germanic poetry, nearly all Old English verse being alliterative.
Latium, (i)I n. district of central Italy
around Rome* longe far (off), afar* moles, is /. mass, burden, diffieultyt* re(l)liquiae, arum /. reBt, remnant(a),
leaving(s) t Rdmanus, a, um of Rome, Romanf* sal, salis n. (m.) salt (water), seat Siculus, a, um Sicilian, of Sicily, a large
island south of Italyf spuma, ae /. foam, froth, sprayf Tros, Trois m. Trojanf*
32. (Trees) errabant. fatis: abl. of means, actl: participle of ago, modifies Troes understood, maria omnia circum: in poetry tl.e preposition is often placed after its noun, as here. This is called anastrophe; App. 414.
33. Tantae mdlis: gen. of quality in the predicate; App. 285, a.; of so great effort was it. This line, summarizing the preceding lines, forms a powerful and effective close to this first section of the Aeneid and serves as a general introduction to the whole poem.
34-49. Aeneas and the Trojans set sail from Sicily for Italy, as they hope, happy at the prospect of the end of their wanderings. Bitter soliloquy of Juno, who chafes at the apparent failure of her plans to keep Aeneas and the Trojans from reaching Italy.
34. The reader is now plunged in medias Tes: "into the midst of the action," and we are abruptly introduced to Aeneas and his followers sailing away from the coast of Sicily. They have now been wandering for seven years since the destruction of Troy, their native city. These earlier events (the fall of Troy and their seven years of wandering) are later on narrated by Aeneas to Dido (Books II and III).
35. laeti (Traes): subject of dabant. spumis salis aere ruebant: note the alliteration; App. 411. aere: the prows of the ships were sheathed with bronze.
20 THE AENEID. 3R-J4
cum Juno aeternum servdns sub pectore vulnus haec sěcum: " Mine inceptó děsistere victam nec posse Italiá Teucrorum ávertere rěgem.' Quippe vetor falls.  Pallasne exurere classem to Arglvum atque ipsds potuit summergere ponto
unius ob noxám et furiás Ajacis Ollel? Ipsa Jovis rapidům jaculata ě núbibus ignem, disjěcit^ue rates ěvertitque aequora veníls, ilium exsplrantem transflxo pectore flammás
aeternus, a, um eternal, everlasting!* Ajax, acis m. Greek leader, "who in the
sack of Troy had torn Priam's daughter,
Cassandra,   from   the   sanctuary of
Miner vat* Argiyus, a, um Argive, Greekf averto, ere, I, rsus keep off, turnasidet* desisto, ere, stiti, stitus cease (from), de-
sistf
disjiciO, ere,  je>clp   jectua scatter, disperse t
SvertO, ere, I, rsus (over)turn! exspiro (1) breathe out, exhale! exurO, ere, ussi, ustus burn (up)t furiae, arum /. madness, rage! inceptum, i n. beginning, undertaking, purpose!
jaculor, ari, atus hurl, throw!
noxa, ae /. crime, fault, hurt, harmf
nübes, is /. cloud, mist, fogt*
ob on account of (acc.)
Oileus, ei m. Greek king, father of Ajaxt
Pallas, adis/. Minerva, goddess of wisdom
and the artst pontus, E m. seat*
quippe truly, indeed, surely, forsootht rapidus, a, um swift, whirling, consum-ingt*
ratis, is /. raft, shipt* summergö (subm-), ere, rsl, rsus sink, drownt
transfigö, ere, xi, xus pierce, transfix! veto, are, ui, itus forbid, preventt vulnus, eris n. wound, blowt*
36- 37. Juno . . . haec(diiit).
36. aeternum vulnus: the causes of this anger have been given above: her fear for Carthage, the Judgment of Paris, etc, sub pectore: deep in her heart.
37. sěcum = cum sě; App. 321, a. mil subj. of désistere. Měne: -ne is the interrogative particle appended to the pronoun, mě.
37- 38: désistere . . . nec posse: infinitives, in an exclamatory question; I beaten desist from my undertaking and not be able, etc.; App. 262. (ab) incepto: abl. of separation; App. 340. victam: from vinco; it modifies mě.
38. (ab) Italia: abl. of separation; App. 340. TeucrOrum: the Trojans are often referred to as Teucri, a name derived from Teucer, one of the founders of the Trojan race.
39. Quippe vetor: ironical, fatis: abl. of means; App. 331. -ne = nonne. Pallas (Athéna): Minerva.
40. Arglvum: ArgivSrum; App. 37, d. ipsos: (the masters) themselves, i.e., the Argives, as contrasted with classem. Ipse often means the master, the one of most importance in a situation, as contrasted with persons or things of less
importance, ponto; abl. of place where; App. 319. or means; App. 331.
41. unius Ajacis Oilei: a whole fleet was destroyed on account of one man. For the short i in unius see the note on illius (1. 16). ob noiam et furias: Ajax. son of Oileus, h^d desecrated the temple of Minerva du -bag the sack of Troy, when before the very altar of the sanctuary he had seized Cassandra, daughter of Priam and priestess of Minerva. Enraged at such rash irreverence, Minerva later sank the ship of Ajax and destroyed him with lightning. Ajacis Oilei: of Ajar (son) of Oileus. Observe that the A forms a long syllable by position; App. 6, b., and that -ei of Oilei is here read as one syllable by synizesis; App. 403. This Ajax was less renowned than the other Ajax, son of Telamon.
42. Ipsa: [the goddess, Minerva) in person. She was the only divinity, except Jupiter, who might hurl the lightning.   Jovis ignem: lightning.
43. -que . . . -que: both , . , and; polysyndeton; App. 439.
44. ilium (Ajacem): with emphatic first position, which contrasts it with the ships and the sea previously mentioned.
BOOK I, 45-54
turbine compult scopulog'we infixit aciit5; ast ego, quae dlvum incedS reglna Jovisque et soror et conjunx, una, cum gente tot annos bella gero. Et quisquam numen Junonis adorat praeterea aut supplex arts imponet hondrem?"
Talia fiammato secum dea corde volutans iimiborum in patriam, loca feta furentibus Austris, Aeoliam venit. Hlc vasto rex Aeolua antro luctantis ventos tempestatesgue sonoraa imperio premit ac vinclls et carcere frenat.
45
acutus, a, um sharp, pointedf adorO (1) worship, adore, honort Aeolia, ae f. one of the Liparian Islands
near Sicily! Aeolus, i m. god of the winds! annus, I m. year* antrum, i n. care, cavernf* Auster, tri m. (south) wind!* career, eris m. prison, inclosuret cor, cordis n. heart, spirit, feelings!* corripio, ere, uT, reptus snatch (up)t* fetus, a, um teeming, pregnantf flamml (1) inflame, kindlet freno (1) curb, check, restraint gero, ere, gessi, gestus carry (on), wage* impOnO,  ere, posui,  positus place on
Wat.)t*
incedo, ere, cessi, cessus walk (proudly), Btridet
infigo, ere, xi, xus   fasten   on, im-palet
luctor, ari, atus wrestle, struggle! nimbus, i m. storm cloud, Tainstormt* patria, ae /. fatherland, oountryt* praeterea besides, hereafter prerno, ere, press!, pressus (re)press, con-trolf
quisquam, quaequam, quicquam any (one),
any (thing) t scopulus, I m. rock, cliff, cragt* sonorus, a, um roaring, howling! soror, oris /. sister!* supplex, icis suppliant, humble!* tempestas, atis /. tempest, storm!* tot so many*
turbo, inis m. whirl (wind, pool), stormf vinc(u)lum, i n. bond, chain!* voluto (1) roll, revolve, ponder!
(ex) pectore: abl. of separation; App. 340.
45. turbine: abl. of means; App. 331. (Pallas) corripuit. scopulO: dat. with compound infixit; or abl. of place where, as infigo may take either construction; App. 298, 319.
46. ego: with proud self-consciousness and in contrast with Minerva; ego is never expressed unless emphatic. div(0r)um: App, 37, d.
47. tot annos: acc. of extent (duration) of time; App. 314; ten years around Troy, and now seven more years while the Trojans wander, una cum gente - cum Teucris.
48. gero: of past action continued into thepreaent; App. 351, 1,5. Etquisquam: "ran any one longer respect me, if I show myself such a weakling? " This figure is called a rhetorical question. Junonis -meum: Juno 13 speaking, but the use of her own name is more picturesque and effective than the use of the possessive adjective.
49. supplex:   ias a) suppliant, aris:
dat. with compound; App. 298. honO-rem: honor, i.e., an offering which would honor Juno.
50 80. Juno persuades Aeolus, god of the winds, to send forth a storm to prevent Aeneas and the Trojans from reaching Italy.
50. Talia: used substantively, as object of volutans; such things, i.e., such thoughts, (in) fiammato corde: abl. of place where; App. 319. secum = cum se, as in 1. 37; App. 321, a.
51. patriam: with the first syllable short; App. 17. Austris: abl. with feta, literally, south winds, but often meaning winds in general; App. 433. feta furen-tibus: note the alliteration; App. 411.
51-52. loca . . . Aeoliam: apposition with patriam. Hlc: adverb, here, (in) vastO antra: abl. of place where; App. 319.
53. luctantis: acc. pi. of an f-stem.
54. vinclis: the longer form vinculis (—) could not be used in hexameter, imperio, vine(u)lis, carcere: ablatives of means;   App. 331.    frenat:   a picture
22 THE AENEID, fíS-67
55      lili indignantěs magna cum murmure montis
circum claustra fremunt; celsa sedet Aeolus arce scěptra teněns mollit^ue animós et temperat Iras; ni facial, maria ac terras caelumque profundum quippe ferant rapid! sěcum verrantgue per aurás.
bo       Sed pater omnipotěns speluncTs abdidít átrls hoc meíuéns molemqus et montis ínsuper alios imposuit, rěgemque dědit qui foedere certo et premere et laxas sciret dare jussus haběnás. Ad quern turn Juno supplex his vócibus úsa est:
es " Aeoíe, namque tibi dlvum pater atque hominuin rez
et mulcěre dědit fluctús et tollere ventó, gěns inimíca mihl Tyrrhěnum navigat aequor
abdd, ere, didi, ditus put away, hidef Aeolus, I m. god of the winds celsus, a, um lofty, high, toweringf* certus, a, um fixed, suref* claustrum, i n. bar(rler}, boltf f oedus, eris n. agreement, condition, treaty t fremd, ere, ui, itus murmur, roarf* habena, ae /, reinf
horafi, inis m, (/.) man, mortal, huonant* impono, ere, posui, positus place upon4 indignor, ari, atus be angry, chafef inimicus, a, um hostile, unfriendlyt Insuper above, besides! laxus, a, um Loose, free, Laxf metuo, ere, ui fear, dread moles, is/, mass, burden, structure* molliO, ire, ivi (ii), itus soothe, tamef mule e 6, ere, 1st, lsus calm, soothef murmur, uris n. murmur, roar, rumblef
nävigö (1) sail, navigator ni, nisi if not, unless!* omnipotens, entis almighty, jdi-powerfulf premö,  ere, presst, pressus (re)press, control*
profundus, a, um deep, high, vastf quippe indeed, surely, forsooth rapidus, a, um awif t, whirling, consuming* sceptrum, t n. staff, scepter, powerf sciö, ire, ivi (ii), itus know (how), understand t
sedeö, ere, sedi, sessus sitt* spelunca, ae /. cave, cavernf supplex, icis suppliant, humble* temperö (1) control, calm, refrainf Tyrr'nenus, a, um Tyrrhenian, of Etruria,
a district of northwestern Italyt ütor, i, usus use, employ (a6Z.)t verrö, ere, I, versus aweepf
drawn from managing spirited horses, ns in 1. 63, premere et dare laxas habenas.
55- magno cum murmure montis: alliteration (m) and onomatopoeia; App. 411, 434; murmure is abl. of manner; App. 328.
56. (in) celsa arce: abl. of place, apparently a lofty seat within the cave or just outside on a mountain top.
57. sceptra: for the use of the poetic plural see the note on irae (I, 11). anim&s (ventdrum) et iras (vent5rum).
58. ni (Aeolus id) faciat = ni mo Hi at animOs (ventorum) et temperet Iras (eonim); faciat is subj. in a pres. condit. contrary to fact; App. 382.
69. (venti) rapid!: the winds in their madness, secum « cum se; App. 321t a. ferant, verrant (maria ac terras caelumque profundum).
60. pater omnipotens: Juppiter. (in) speluncis atria = autre- (L 52), abl. of place where; App. 319. abdidit (illos ventoa).
61. hoc: obj. of metuens. molem et montis: alliteration; App. 411. montis: ace pi., an x-stem.
62. regem (Aeolum) dedit (ventis). foedere certfi: abl. of manner; App, 328.
63» premere: object of sciret, would know (how) to grasp tightly, so as to draw in the reins. For the figure of horsemanship see the note on frenat (1. 54). sciret: rel. clause of purpose or characteristic; App. 388, 389. dare: also obj. of sciret. jussus (a Jove): (when) ordered (by Jupiter).
64. his vdcibus: abl. with utor; App. 342.
65. Aeole: voc. div(or)um pater atque hominum rex: Juppiter*   tibi: for the
length of the final i, see the note on mini (h 8).
66. mule ere, toilers (fluctus); objeuxs of dedit, has granted, ventO: abl, of means; App. 331.
67. gens inimlca mini: Teucri. Tyr-
T
BOOK I, 68-75
Ilium in Italiam portäns vietösque penätts: incute vim ventis summersäsg,we obrue puppis, aui age diversös et disjice corpora pontö. Sunt mihi bis Septem praestantl corpore nymphae, quärum quae forma pulcherrima, Deiopea, cönubiö jungam stabil! propriamgue dicäbö, omnis ut tecum mentis pro tälibus annös exigat ei pulchrä faciat te prole parentem."
23
annus, i m. year* bis twicef*
conubium, \i)i n. marriage, wedlockf Deiopea, ae/. a nymph\ dico (1) consecrate, dedieatef disjicio, ere, jeci, jectus scatter, disperse diversus, a, um scattered, diverse)1* exigo, ere, egi, actus complete, paasj forma, ae /.  beauty, shape, form* Ilium, (i)i n. Ilium, Troy, a  city of
Asia Minorf incutio, ere, cussi, cussus strike (into)
(dat,)\
jungo, ere, junxi, junctus   join, yoke, unitet*
meritum, i n. deaert, meritf
nympha, ae /. nymph, one of the minor
divinities of nature represented as beautiful maidens dwelling in the forests, streams, meadows, mountains, etc.f
obruo, ere, ui, utus overwhelmt crush| penates, ium m. household gods pontus, i m. sea* porto (1) carry, bear, bring f* praestans, antis surpassing, excellent pro before, for (abl.)* proles, is/, offspring, progenyj* proprius, a, um one's own, permanentf pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, handsome, illustrious f* septem sevenf
stabilis, e firm, lasting, stable t summergfi (subm), ere, rsi, rsus sink
rhenum aequor: that part of the Mediterranean west of Italy, east of Corsica and Sardinia, and north of Sicily.
63. Ilium . . - portans victosque pena-tis: see note on inferret deos (I, 6.). They were bearing Ilium in their plan to found a new city which should continue the race and the customs of the Ilium (Troy) which had been destroyed. The origin of the worship of the penates, household gods at Rome, was lost in antiquity; and the Romans explained this and other old customs by referring their beginnings to Troy, victos: defeated by the Greeks in the Trojan War.
69. incute: imp. vim ventis: alliteration ; App. 411. ventis: dat. with a compound; App- 298. summersas obrue puppis: overwhelm the sunken ships, i.e., sink and overwhelm the ships, a good example of the figure known as prolepsis, or anticipation; App. 440.
70. age: imp diversos (Teucrfis): i.e., drive the Trojans in different directions and scatter their corpses over the sea; another example of prolepsis; App. 440. pontd: abl- oi" place whore; App. 319.
71. mihi: dat. of possession; Anp. 299.
bis septem; twice seven; more poetic than to say simply fourteen, praestanti corpore: abl, of quality; App. 330,
72. forma: abl. of respect; Appt 325; dependent on pulcherrima. Deiopea: nom. by attraction into the case of the relative pronoun, quae; the accusative would be expected, as object of jungam; App, 242, a. qua rum: use the English demonstrative in translation, and read as though you had: TJeiopeam, quae (est) earum (nympharum) pulcherrima forma, jungam (tibi) stabill conubio et (earn) di-cabo (tuam) propriam.
73. conubio: in wedlock, abl. of place where or means; App. 319, 331. c&nubio is trisyllabic by aynizeaia, and pronounced as though written conubjo; App. 401. jungam (tibi). dicabo (earn) propriam: / shall dedicate her (Deiopea) to you (as) your very own. Juno was goddess of marriage. propriam: with the first syllable short; App. 17.
74. tecum = cum te; App. 321, a.
75. prole: abl. of quality; App. 330, or means; App. 331. pulchra prole paren-tem: alliteration; App. 411. exigat, faciat: result or purpose; App, 364, 388. par en tem - patrem
24 THE AENEID, 76-88
Aeolus haec contra: "Tuus, Ö rSglna, quid optSs explöräre labor; mihi jussa capessere fäs est, Tü mihi quodcumque hoc regnl, tü sceptra Jovemque conciliäs, tü das epulis accumbere dlvum
so nimboranwrue facis tempestatumgwe potentem."
Haec vbi dicta, cavum conversä cuspide montem impulit in latus: ac venti velut agmine facto, qua data porta, ruunt et terras turbine perflant. Ineubuere marl tötumque ä sedibus imis
as una Eurusgwe Notusgue ruunt crebergue procellis
accumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus recline (at) (doi.)f
Aeolus, i m, god of the winds capesso, ere, Ivi, itus (under)take. per-formt
cavus, a, um hollow, vaultedt* concilia (1) win over, unitet contra   opposite,    against,    in reply (occ.)*
converts, ere, !, rsus turn (around), reverse t
creber, bra, brum frequent, crowdedt* cuspis, idis /. point, epearf epulae, arum/, banquet, feastt Euros, i m. (east) windt explorS (1) examine, search outf fas n. indecl. right, divine law, dutyt* impella, ere, puli, pulsus drive, strike (against)
incumbe, ere, cubui, cubitus lie upon,
brood over (dot.) f jussum, i n. command, order latus, eris n. side, flankt* nimbus, [ m. storm cloud, rainstorm* ITotus, i m. (south) windt opt6 (I) desire, choose, hope (Jot)** perflo (1) blow (over, through)! porta, ae /. gate, door, opening!* potens, entis powerful, rulirig (gen.\t* procella, ae /. blast, gustt qua where, in any way quicumque,   quaecumque, quodcumque
whoever, whatevert* sceptrum, i n. Btaff, scepter, power tempestas, atis /. tempest, storm; time* turbS, inis m, whirl(wind, pool), storm una together, at the same timet velut(i) (even) as, just ast*
76. haec (dixit), optes: indir. quest.; App. 349. Tuus (est) labor: thine (is) the Cask. Aeolus thus absolves himself from responsibility, if his obedience to Juno gets him into trouble.
77. mihi: dat. of reference; App. 301. jussa (tua).
78. quodcumque hoc (est) regni: whatever this is (in the way) of a kingdom, an expression of modesty, regni: part, gen. with quodcumque; App. 286. sceptra: for the plural see the note on irae (1. 11). Tu: always emphatic, and here strengthened by repetition (anaphora) ; App. 413.
79. epulis: dat. with compound; App. 298. The ancient Romans regularly reclined at meals. div(or)um: App. 37, d. accumbere: object of das, you grant (me) the privilege of reclining. As one of the lesser gods, Aeolus was dependent upon the favor of the more powerful divinities.
80. facis (mi) potentem nimborum tempestatumque.
81-123. Description of the storm which wrecks part of the Trojan ships and scatters the rest.
81. ubi haec dicta (sunt ab Aeolo). Observe the alliteration; App. 411,
82. impulit: Aeolus thus opens the barriers and lets out the winds, agmine facto: abl. abs.; App. 343; a figure of speech drawn from military life.
83. Observe the alliteration, every word but one in this line containing a t; App. 411. data (est), turbine: abl. of manner; App. 328.
84. Incubuére = incubuérunt, from incumbó. The perfect, after a series of presents, denotes rapid or instantaneous action; they have fallen upon the sea. mari: dat. with compound; App. 298. totum (mare): obj, of ruunt, 1. 85.
85. ruunt: overturn. Eurus, Notus, Äfricus: all the winds blow at once, and in their struggles produce a mighty Btorm. procellis: abl. of respect, or means with
BOOK I, 86-97
25
Africus et vastos volvunt ad Mora fluctus: insequitur cldmorque virum strldorgue rudentum. Eripiunt subitS nubes caelumque diemque Teucrdrum ex oculls; ponto nox incubat atra. Intonuere poll et crSbris micat ignibus aether praesentemgue wins intentant omnia mortem. Extemplo Aeneae solvuntur frigore membra; ingemit et duplicls tendens ad sldera palmaa talia voce refert: "0 terque quatergue beati, quis ante ora patrum Trojae sub moenibus altis contigit oppetere! 0 Danaum fortissime gentis Tydide! mene Iliads occumbere campls
aether, eris m. upper air, sky, ethert* Africus, i m. (southwest) windf beatus, a, um happy, blessedf contingo, ere, tigi, tactus   touch, be-fallt*
creber, bra, brum frequent, crowded* duplex, icis double, both! extemplo immediately, forthwith! fortis, e strong, brave, valiantt* frigus, oris n. cold, chillt Iliacus, a, um of Ilium, Trojant* incubo, are, ui (avi), itus (atus) lie upon,
brood over (dai.)t ingemo, ere, ui groant insequor, i, secutus follow, pursuet* intents (1) threaten, aimt intono, are, ui thunder, roart membrum, i n. limb, member, partf mico, are, ui quiver, nasht nubes, is /. cloud, fog, mist*
occumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus fall (in death) t
oppeto, ere, ivi (ii), itus encounter, meet (death)t
palma, ae /. palm, hand + *
polus, i m. pole, sky, heavenf
pontus, I m. sea*
praesens, entis present, instant!
quater four times!
rudens, entis m. rope, cablet
solvo, ere, I, solutus relax, loose(n)t*
stridor, Oris m. creaking, grating, whirring!
subito suddenly!*
ter thrice, three tiniest*
Tydides, ae ro. son of Tydeus, Diomedes, who fought against Aeneas in single combat before Troy and would have killed him had not Venus spirited her son awayt
creber; App. 325, 331. -que,-que,-que: polysyndeton; App. 439.
86. vastos volvunt: alliteration, employed very effectively here, as often in the Aeneid.
87. vir(6r)um: Aeneas and the other Trojans. -que, -que: polysyndeton; App. 439.
88. diem - lucem diet   -que, -que:
polysyndeton; App. 439.
89. pontd: dat. with compound; App. 298.
90. Intonuere — intonuerunt; App. 204, 4. ignibus (Jovis): lightning, abl. of means or manner; App. 328, 331.
91. viris = Teucris; dat. of reference; App. 301. omnia: used substantively, all things, as subj. of intentant.
92. frigore; chilly fear; the ancient heroes were not ashamed to display their emotions, and often gave way to terror or grief.  Tbey weep copiously on occasion,
and are no more dainty about the shedding of tears than the shedding of blood.
93. duplicis: acc. pi. of an i-stem; the first syllable is short; App. 17. In prayer the ancient Greeks and Romans extended their hands with the palms upward, ready to accept the blessing.
94. talia (dicta), beati (vos): vocative.
95. quis ante ora patrum (vestrum) sub moenia Trojae contigit oppetere (mortem}, quis = quibus; App. 109. c; observe the quantity of the i; dat. with contigit; App. 298. anteSra: where their kinsmen and friends might witness their glorious deeds and death and might bury their bodies, thus giving rest to their souls; for the souls of the unburied must wander restlessly after death.
96. oppetere mortem i: subject of contigit.   Dana i fir )um:  App. 37, d.
97. me:   subj,  of  potuisae. mene
36
THE AENEID, 9&-108
100
105
non potuisse tuaque animam hanc effundere dextrá, saeyus ubi Aeacidae tělo jacet Hector, ubi ingěns Sarpědon, ubi tot Simois correpta sub undls scuta virům galeásgue el fortia corpora volvit!"
Talia jactantl striděns Aquilone procella vélum adversa ferit, flúctúsque ad sidera tollit. Franguntur r&mi, turn prora avertit et undls dat latus, Insequitur cumuló praeruptus aquae mons. Hi summo in fluctu pendent; his unda dehiscěns terram inter flúctús aperit, furit aestus harenls. Trls Notus abreptás in saxa latentia torquet
abripis, ere, ui, reptus carry off, snatch awayf
adversus, a, um opposite, in frontt* Aeacides, ae m. descendant of Aeacua,
Achilles, Greek chieftaint aestus, us m. boiling (surge), tidet aperio, ire, ui, ertus open, diseloaet* aqua, ae /. watert* AquilS, finis m. (north) windt averts, ere, i, raus turn away, avert* corripis, ere, ui, reptus snatch (up)* cumulus, i m. heap, masst dehiscd, ere, hivi gape, split, open f effundS, ere, fudl, fusus pour outf* feriS, Ire strike, beat* fortis, e strong, brave, valiant* frangd, ere, fregi, fractus break, shatter**
galea, ae /. helmetf harena, ae/. sand, beachf*
Hector, oris m. leader of the Trojanst* insequor, i, secutus follow, pursue* jaceS, ěre, ui, itus lie (low, outspread) f* jactô (1) toss, buffet, utter* lateô, éře, ui lie hid, hide, lurkf latus, eris n, side, flank* líotus, i m. (south) wind pendefi, ěre, pependi hangf* praeruptus, a, um steep, toweringf procella, ae /. blast, gale prora, ae /. prowt* saevus, a, um fierce, cruel, stern* Sarpědon, onis m. king of Lycia, ally of
the Trojanst scutum, i n. shield* Simois, entis m. river near Troyf strid(e)ô, ére, di creak, rustle, roart torques, ere, rsl, rtus turn, twist, whirl** tot so many trěs, tria threef*
potuisse: could I not, etc., inf. in an exclamatory question; App. 262. Tydide: vocative. Aeneas engaged in a disastrous duel at Troy with Diomedes and barely escaped with his life, being rescued by his mother, the goddess Venus, (in) campis: abl. of place where; App. 319. occum-bere (morti): complementary infin. with potuisse, as is also effundere in I. 98.
98. hanc — me am. (tua) dextra (manu): abl. of means; App. 331.
99. telo (ictus): (slain) by the spear. Observe the emphasis obtained by anaphora of ubi; App. 413.
100. Sarp«d6n (jacet): an ally of the Trojans.   Simois . . . volvit.
101. vir(6r)um. correpta sub undis: goes with scuta and galeas as well as with corpora and refers to the corpses and armor of slain warriors swept along by (under) the water.
10S. (AenSae) jactantl: dat. of reference; App. 301.  Talia (dicta): obj. of
jactanti. AquilSne: abl. of means; App. 331.
103. ferit: from feris; not to be confused with the verb ferfl. adversa (procella). ad sidera: such exaggerated language is called hyperbole;  App. 428.
104. remi: the ancient ship used both oars and sails, prora (se) avertit et undis dat latus (navis).
105. cumulo: abl. of manner; App. 328. mfins: more hyperbole; App. 428; note the smashing effect of the monosyllable at the end of the line.
106. Hi (viri). his (viris): dative of reference; App. 301. hi ... his: these . . . jar those; some. . . for others, referring to the crews of different ships; anaphora; App. 413.
107. terram: the bottom (of the sea): the hyperbole is continued; App. 428. harems: with ttie sands, abl. of means; App. 331.
108-109. Tris (navis): acc. pi. of an i-
BOOK I, 109-119
27
{saxa vacant Itali medils quae in flúctíbus Aras,
dorsum immune marl summo), trls Eurus ao alt5
in brevia et syrtis urget, miserábile visu,
inliditgue vadls atque aggere cingit harěnae.
Unam, quae Lycios fídumgite vehěbat Orontěn,
ipsius ante oculós ingěns a vertice pontus
in puppim ferit: excutitur pronusgwe magister
volvitur in caput; ast Ulam ter fluctus ibidem
torquet agěns circum et rapidus vorat aequore vertex.
Apparent rari nantěs in gurgite vastó,
arma virum tabulaeque et Troia gaza per undas.
no
us
agger, eris m. mound, wall, bankf
altum, i n. the deep (sea)
ftppareo, ere, ui, itus appear*
Arae, arum /. the Altars, a le.lge of rocks between Sicily and Africa*
brevis, e short, shallow*
cingfi, ere, cinxi, clnctus gird(le), en-circlet*
dorsum, l n. back, ridge, reef t Eurus, t m. (east) wind excutio, ere, cussi, cussus cast out, shake offf
ferid, ire strike, beat
fidus, a, um faithful, trustworthyt*
gaza, ae /. treasure, wealtht
gurges, itis m. abyss, gulf, whirlpoolf*
harena, ae /. sand, beach*
ibidem in the same placet
inlida, ere, si, bus dash against (into)
(dot.)t Italus, a, um Italian t
Lycius, a, um Lycian, of Lycia, a country
of Asia Minort magister, tri m. master, pUott miserabilis, e pitiable, wretchedt no (1) swim, floaat
Orontes, is (i) m. comrade of Aeneast pontus, i m. sea*
pronus, a, um leaning forward, headlongt rapidus, a, um swift, whirling, consuming* rarus, a. um scattered, far apartt syrtis, is /. sand bar, reeft tabula, ae /. plank, board t ter three times, thrice* torques, ere, rsi, rtus turn, twist, whirl* ties, tria three*
TrSius, a, um Trojan, of Troyt* urges, ere, ursi drive, force, presat vadum, I n. shallow, shoal, depth(s)t vehs, ere, v&xi, vectus carry, conveyt* vertex, icis m. top, summit; whirlpoolf* vorS (1) swallow (up)t
stem, object of torquet. saxa . . . saxa: anaphora; App. 413. mediis in flucti-bus: in the middle (of the) waves; App. 246. quae saia Itali vocant Arfts: quae is a relative adjective agreeing with saxa; saxa is object of vocant, and Äras is predicate accusative. Äras: the Altars, the Roman name for a ledge of rocks off the African coast, just outside the harbor of ancient Carthage.
110. (in) marl rammt: at the surface of the sea; abl. of place where; App. 319, 246. dorsum: apposition with saxa. tris (navis): object of urget.
111. miseräbile visu: piteous to behold; miaerabile is a neuter adjective modifying the idea expressed in the preceding sentence, while visu is the supine of video and an abl. of respect; App. 325.
113. vadis = in vada, dat. of direction, sometimes used instead of the acc. of place to which; App. 306.
113. Ünam (nävem). Oronten: acc, a Greek form.
114. ipsius (Aeneae): of the master, a common use of ipse. Compare ipsa (1. 42) and ipsSs (1. 40). For the length of the second vowel, see the note on illius (1. 16). a vertice: from high abase. ferit: from feriö.
IIB. in: upon,   excutitur (8 navi).
116. in caput: headlong, ill&m (nävem): contrasted with the helmsman (magister).
117. (in) aequore: abl. of place where; App. 319.
118. nantes: pres. part, of nö, modifying rari (viri), arma, tabulae, and gaza, but agreeing with the nearest word, rari (viri), men here and there; App. 238.
119. vir(0r)um. arma: such as wooden shields and leather helmets made of light and buoyant material, gaza: the first syllable is long by position; App. 16.
125
ISO
THE AENEID, 120-130
Jam validam Ilionel nävem, jam fortis Achätae, et qua vectus Abas, et qua grandaevua Alětěs, vtcit hiems; laxls laterum compágibus omněs accipiunt inimlcum imbrem rimisgwe fatiscunt.
Intereä magna miscěri murmure pontum ěmissamgue hiemem sěnsit Neptiinua et Imls stägna refusa vadis, graviter commôtus; et altô prôspiciens summä placidum caput extulit undá. Disjectam Aeněae tôtô vidět aequore classem, ftuctibus oppressôs Trôas caeMque ruina. Nec latuěre doli frätrem Junônis et irae.
Abas, antis m. Trojan leader*
Achates,  ae   m. faithful   comrade of
Aeneas t* AlStes, ae m. Trojan leaderf altum, i n. the deep (sea) commoveo, ire, toovl, mdtus move, dis-
turbt
compages, is/, joint, seam, fastening! disjicia, ere, jeci, jectus scatter, disperse dolus, i m. deceit, wiles, trick, fraud** efiero, ferre, eituli Blatus raise, lift (up) t * emittO, ere, misi, missus send fortht fatisco, ere split, open, gapet fortis, e brave, strong, valiant* 'rater, trig m. brother** grandaevus, a, um aged, old t graviter heavily, violently, greatly* hiems, emis /. winter, stormf* Ilioneus, ei m. Trojan leader * imber, bris m. rain, flood, waterf inimicus, a, um hostile, unfriendly intereft meanwhile, meantime}*
latea, ére, ui lie hid, escape the notice (of) * latus, eris n. side, flank* lazus, a, um loose, open, lax miscea, ére, ui,  mixtus mix, confuse, stirf*
murmur, uris n. murmur, roar, rumble Neptúnus, i m. Neptune, god of the seat* opprima, ere, pressi, pressus overwhelm, crush*
placidus, a, um calm, quiet, peaceful** pontus, i m. sea*
próspiciä, ere, spexi, spectus look out (on), see*
refunda, ere, fúdi, fúsus pour backt
rima, ae/. crack, fissure t
ruina, ae /. downfall, ruint
sentia, ire, sčnsí, sénsus feel, perceivef
stägnum, i n. still waters, depth*
Tras, Trais m. Trojan*
vadum, I n. shallow, shoal, depth(b)
validus, a, um strong, Btout, mightyt
vehô, ere, véxi, vectus carry, convey*
120. Ilionei: gen., with the final ei pronounced as one syllable by synizesis; App. 403. (navem) fortis Achatae. Jam ... jam: anaphora adds to the vividness; App, 413.
121. et (navem) qua vectus (est) Abas, et (navem) qua (vectus est) Aletes. et qua ... et qua: anaphora; App. 413.
122. laxis compagibus: abl. of means or instrument, or abl. aba. omnes (nSvSs).
123. rimis: abl. of means or manner; App. 328, 331. Cf. 11. 83, 105, imbrem-aquam maris,
124-156. Neptune, god of ths tea, intervenes; he rebukes the winds and calms the sea.
124. magna misceri murmure: alliteration (m) and onomatopoeia; App. 411,
434. murmure: abl. of attendant circumstance or manner; App. 32ft, 32K.
125. emissam (esse).
126. refusa (esse), (ex) vadis: abl. of separation; App. 340. (in) alta: over the sea; abl. of place where; App. 319. commitus (animo): although disturbed in spirit, as a god he maintains an outward calm (placidum caput of 1. 127).
127. (ex) unda: abl. of separation: App. 340; from the crest of the wave; App. 246.
128. (in) tatfi aequore: abl. of place where; App. 319.
129. Tr64s: ace. pi., a Greek form, (et videt) Traas oppresses (esse), caeli ruina: hyperbole; App. 428.
130. latuere - latuerunt; App, 204.4. fratrem: Neptune was Juno's brother, and he knew her tricky nature (doli) and her ugly temper (irae).
L
Alinari, Rome
Neptune
Lateran Museum
In his left hand the god holds a trident; in the right, a seashel!. His right foot rests on the rostrum of a ship, and behind him is a dolphin, one of the creatures of his domain.
Eurům ad $ě Zephyrumtfue vocat, dehinc tälia fätur:
"Tantane vos generis tenuit fldücia vestri? Jam caelum terramque meo sine nümine, ventl, miscěre et tantäs audětis tollere möles?
Quös ego — t sed motös praestat compönere fiüctüs. 136 Post mihi -non simili poena commissa luětis. Maturate fugám réglque haec dleite veströ: nön Uli impérium pelagl s&evumque tridentem, ned mihi sorte datum.  Tenet ille immänia saxat vesträs, Eure, domös; illä sě jactet in aulä ho Aeolus et clausö ventörum carcere regnet." Sic ait et dictö citius tumida aequora plácat
Aeolus, i m, god of the winds
audeo, ere, ausus sum dare, venture!*
aula, ae /. court, hallf
career, eris m. prison, inclosure
cito quickly, soonf
claudd,   ere,   si,   sus   (in) close, hem inf*
commissum, i ft. fault, crime
comp&no, ere, posui, pos(i)tus compose,
construct, calm, quietf dehinc then, thereuponf Eurus, 1 nt. (east) wind fiducia, ae /. confidence, trustf jacto (1) toss, buffet, vaunt* Iu6, ere, i atone fort mature (1) hasten, speed; ripent
niisceo, ere, ul, miitus mix, confuse, stir (up)*
miles, is /, mass, burden, heap* placS (1) calm, quiett post after (ace); afterwardst* praesto, are, stiti, stitus surpass, be better! regno (1) rule, reignt saevus, a, um fierce, cruel, stern* similis, e like, simitarf* sine without (aoZ.)t* sors, rtis/. lot, fate, destinyf* tridens, entis m. trident, symbol of Neptune as jrod of the seat tumidus, a, um swelling, swollent vester, tra, trum your(s), your ownf* Zephyrus, I m. (west) windf
131. dehinc: one syllable by synizesia; App. 403^"tali* (dicta).
132. generis fiducia vestri: this verse is sarcastic; the winds weieof divine o:i-gin, being descended from Aurora, goddess of the dawn, and from Astaeus, a Titan rival of the gods, caelum terramque: hyperbole; App. 428.
134. miscere, tollere: depend on au-dotis, as complementary infinitives; App. 259.
135. Quos = Vos. Quosego—: a good example of aposiopesis; App. 416; i.e., instead of completing his sentence, the speaker breaks off abruptly and leaves to the imagination, as being beyond the power of adequate expression in words, just what sort of dire punishment he may inflict upon the guilty winds; Qu6s is thus the object and ego the subject of the unexpressed verb.
136. ndn simili poena: abl. of means; App. 331; by no similar puni&kment, i.e., by a much greater one; this figure of Rpcech is called litotes; App. 431.
137. regi vestro = Aeold.
138. ill!: dat. of indir. obj. in em* phatie position contrasted with mihi in the same position in the following line, tridentem: the well-known symbol of Neptune as god of the sea. imperium, tridentem: subjects of datum (esse), an inf. in indir. disc, dependent on dicite, in 1. 137.
139. sorte: when Saturn was overthrown, the three gods, Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, divided his dominion among them by lot, Jupiter receiving the dominion of heaven, Neptune of the sea, and Pluto of the realm of the dead in the lower world.
140. vestras: referring to all the winds, although Neptune is directly addressing Eurus only.
140-141. ilia, clausQ: emphatic by position, jactet, regnet: volitive subjunctives; App. 254. (in) clausfi car-cere: abl. of place where; App. 319.
142. ait: third sing, of a jo. dicta: abl. with compar.; App. 327.
30
THE AENEID, 143-155
BOOK I, 15(5-166
31
iso
155
collěctasíjue fugat núbés soiemque reducit. Cýmothoě simul et Triton adnixus acuto dětrúdunt ndvts scopuló; levat ipse tridentl et vastus aperit syrtls et temperat aequor atque rotis summás levibus perlabitur undds. Ac velutí magnó in populo cum saepe codrta est sěditio saevitijue animls ignobile vulgus; jamque faces et saxa volant, furor arma ministrat; turn, pietáte gravem ac meritis si forte virum quern conspexěre, silent arrectisque auribus astant; tile regit dictls animós et pectora mulcet: sic cunctus pelagl cecidit fragor, aequora postquam prospiciěns genitor caelóque invectus aperto
acutus, a, um sharp, pointed, keen adnitor, i, sus (nixus) strive, lean againstt aperio, ire, ul, ertus open, disclose* apertus, a, urn open, ctearf axrigö, ere, rexi, rectus raise, prick upt a(d)stö, are, stiti stand (near, by)t* auris, is /. earf*
cado, ere, cecidi, casus fall, subside!* colligö, ere, legi, lectus collect, gather! cönspiciö, ere, spexi, spectus see, behold t
coörior, in, ortus (a)risef
Cymothoe, es/, a sea nympht
detrüdö, ere, si, sus push off, dislodgef
fax, facis/. firebrand, toreht*
fragor, oris m. crash, uproart
fugö (1) put to flight, routt
furor, oris m. madness, frenzy, raget*
gravis, e heavy, weighty; venerablef*
ignöbilis, e inglorious, common!
invehö, ere, exl, ectus carry in, conveyt
levis, e light, awiftt
levö (1) lift, raiset
meritum, i n. desert, service, merit
niiniströ (1) tend, aer.-e, aupplvt
mulceo, ere, lsi, Isus soothe, calm nubes, is /. cloud, mist, fog* perlabor, J, lapsus glide overt pietas, atis /. loyalty, devotion, duty* populus, i m. people, nation, crowd* postquam after (that), whent* prdspicid, ere, spexi, spectus look out on reduce, eref duxl, ductus lead back, bring backf
reg6, ere, rexi, rectus rule, controlf* rota, ae/. wheel; chariott saepe oftenf*
saevi5, ire, m (ii), Itus rage, be fiercet sco put us, I m. rock, cliff, crag* sedirio, 6nis /. riot, strifet sile6, ere, ul be silent, be stillf sol, sSlis m. sun, dayt* syrtis, is /. sand bar, reef tempero (1) calm, control tridens, entis m. trident, symbol of Neptune
TritOn, onis m, a minor sea-godf
velut(i) as, just as*
volo (1) fly, speedt*
vulgus, i n. (m.   crowd, throng, herdf
144. Cymothoe: nom.; a Greek form.
145. ipse: the master (Neptune). See note on ipsos (1. 40). (de) scopulfi: abl. of sepa-iation; A pp. '140. levat: with the trident as a lever, tridentl: abl- of an t-atem.
147. rotis levibus: abl. of manner; App. 328.
148. velutl saepe cum: just as often (happens) when; this passage (11. 148-156) is one of Vergil's most famous similes; App. 441.
149. animls: abl. of place where or manner; App. 319. 328.
150. faces: verydangerousinaeity with so many wooden buildings as there were
in ancient Home, furor arma ministrat: in their fury any object serves as a ?riissile.
151. quern: some, the indefinite pronoun, pietate, meritis: abl. of cause or respect with gravem; App, 325; 332,
152. arrcctis auribus: abl. abs. of manner; App. 343, 328. arrectis auribus astant: alliteration; App. 411. c6n-spexere = conspexerunt; App. 204, 4. silent, astant: plurals, because of tho collective idea in vulgus and populo*; App. 236, a.
154-155. sic: correlative with velutl in 1. 148. postquam genitor . . ■ flectit et . . . dat.  aequora: obj. of prdspiciens.
165.  (in) cael6 aperto:  abl. of place
flectit equds currňque voláns dat lóra secund5.
Děfessí Aeneadae quae proxima lltora cursu contendunt petere, et Libyae vertuntur ad eras. Est in sěcessu longo locus: insula portum efficit objectu laterum, quibus omnis ah alto frangitur inque sinus scindit sěsě unda reductos. Hinc atque Mne vastae rupěs gemimque minantur in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice láte aequora tuta silent; turn silvls scaena coruscis dSsuper, horrentlgue dtrum nemus imminet umbra; fronte sub adversa scopulis pendentibus antrum,
no
adversus, a, um opposite, facing* Aeneadae, (ar)um m. descendants (followers) of Aeneast altum, i n. the deep (sea); heaven antrum, l n. cave, cavern* contends, ere, i, ntus strive; hasten t comscus, a, um waving, quivering, flashing!
currus, us m. chariot, car* defessus, a, um weary, tired, wornf desuper from abovet efficio, ere, feci, fectus make, formt flectfi, ere, exl, exus bend, turn, guidet frangd, ere, freg!, fractus break, shatter* irons, ontis/. front, face, browf* horreo, ere, ul  bristle, shudder, trembler*
immined, ere overhang, threaten t
insula, ae /. island!
late widely, far and wide
latus, eris n, side, flank*
Libya, ae/. region of North Africa*
lorum, i n. rein, thongt minor, ari, atus threaten, towert nemus,  oris  n.   (sacred)   grove, forest!*
objectus, us m. projection, barrierf pendeo, ere, pependi hang* proximus, a, um nearestt reduce, ere, dux!, ductus bring back, lead back
rupes, is/, crag, clifft*
scaena, ae/. background, staget
scindd, ere, scidi, scissus split, divide!
scopulus, l m. rock, cliff*
secessus, us m. inlet, recesst
secundus, a, um following, favorable,
obedientt* sileo, ere, ui be silent, be still sinus, us m. fold, gulf, bayf11 tutus, a, um safe, protected, securot* vertex, icis m. summit, top* vert6, ere, i, rsus (ovcr)turn, (ex)change* vol6 (1) fly, speed*
■where; App. 319. genitor: Neptune, invectus (curru): riding in his car.
156. flectit. . . dat: historical presents; App. 351, lf a. curru: dat. of indir. obj.; App. 295.
157-307. Aeneas, with seven out of twenty ships, lands on the coast of North Africa near Carthage. He kills seven fine stags, which he divides among his comrades, whom he tries to console and encourage.
157-158. Aeneadae litora, quae (sunt) proxima, cursu petere contendunt.
159-160. insula efficit (nunc locum) portum. portum: predicate acc. in se-cessu longo: the inlet extends deep into the land.
160. quibus: abl. of means; App. 331. 160-161. omnis unda (veniens) ab alto frangitur et se in sinus reductos scindit.
sese =• se. Observe the alliteration; App. 411.
162. Hinc atque nine: on (from) this side and that, i.e., on both sides, rfipfis (sunt).
164. scaena: the place resembles a stage with its scenery, silvis coruscis: abl. of quality;  App, 330.
165. horrenti umbra: abl. of cause if taken with at mm, or of manner if taken with imminet; App. 332, 328, horrent!: abl. of an i-stem; this word is probably used here to suggest the shade of bristling evergreens, such aa cedars, firs, or pines.
166. scopulis pendentibus: abl. of quality or material; App. 330, 324.
32
THE AENEID, Ifi7-I7s
BOOK I, 17P-190
33
nu
intus acmae dulces vivö<7ue sedília saxöy nymphärum dormis.  Hlcfessäs nön vincula nävis ülla tenentj uncö nön alligat ancora morsü. Hüc septem Aeneäs collěctís 7iävibus omni ex numerö subit; ac magno tellüris amöre egressl optätä potiuntur Tröes harenä et sale täbentTs artüs in lltore pönunt. Ac primům silicí scintillam excüdit Achates suscepityue ignem foliis atque ärida cirr.um nütrlmenta dědit rapuiť7?Jť in fömite flamm am. Tum Cererem corruptam undis Cereälia^ue arma expediunt fessi rěrum, frügestfue receptäs
Achates, ae m. faithful comrade of Aeneas*
alligfi (1) bind, hold (to)t
«ncora, ae /. anchorf
aqua, ae/. water*
aridus, a, um dryf
artus, us m. joint, limbf *
Cerealis, e of Ceres, (goddess of) grainf
Ceres, eris /. (goddess of) grainf
collig6, ere, legi, lectus collect, gather
corrumpo, ere, rupl, ruptus spoil, ruinf
dulcis, e sweet, dear, fresh f*
igredior, i, gressus go out, disembarkf
excudoj ere, di, sua strike outf
expedid, ire, ivi (it), Itus brine out. prepare!
folium, (1)1 n. Ieaff
fomes, itis m. tinder, fuel, shavingt
frux, frugis/. fruit, grainf
harena, ae /. sand, beach*
intus withinf
morsus, us m. bite, fluke, bitf
Humerus, i m. number, inultitudef* nutrimentum, i n.  food, fuel, nourish-mentf
nympha, ae /. nymph, a minor divinity of nature, represents I as a beautiful maiden opto (1) choose, desire, hope (Fori* potior, in, itus gain, win (abl.) f rapid, ere, ui, ptus enateh (up), whirl1* recipiô, ere, cépi, ceptus take back, recover f *
sal, salis n. (m.) salt (water), sea scintilla, ae /. sparkf sedfle, is n. seat, bencht sept e m seven sile x, icis m. (/.) flintf susripio, ere, cépi, ceptus catch (up), receive f
täbeô, ére drip, soak, melt, wast.pt Trôs, Trôis m. Trojan* uncus, a, um curved, bent, hookedt vi.netu;lum, i n. chain, bond, cable* vivus, a, um living, natural, alivef
167. vivo sox5: denotes natural, not artificial, seats.
168. domus: in apposition with antrum, the cave just described; nymphs were supposed to frequent remote spots with beautiful natural scenery. Hie: adverb, fiere; observe that the i is long in the adverb but short in the pronoun, fessas navis: personification; App. 437; or possibly a transferred epithet; the Trojans were tired; App. 446.
169. ancora: anachronistic; hooked anchors were not used at that time, alligat (navis). unco morsQ: abl. of means; App. 331.
170. collectls navibus: abl. abs.; App. 343. omni ex numero: we see from 1. 393 that Aeneaa had aet out. with twenty ships.
171. magno amöre: abl. of manner: App. 328-
172. Tröes: nom. pi., a Greek form, optätä harenä: abl. with potior; App. 342.
173. sale: abl. of means with täbentis.
174. silici: dat. of separation: App. 305.
176. foliis; abl. of means; App. 331. circum; adv. modifying dedit: he placet fuel around; or else understand circum (ignem).
177. Cererem: the goddess of grain, by metonymy for grain; App. 433. Cereälia arma: the utensils of Ceres, i.e., utensils for grinding and for cooking grain.
175. expediunt (ex nävibus). rérum:
et torrěre páraní flammls et frangere saxo.
Aeneas scopulum interea conscendit, et omnem prospectum láté pelagó petit, Anthea *i quern jactátum ventó videat Phrygias^ue birěmís aut Capyu aut celsís in puppibus arma Caici. Ndvem in conspectu nullam, tris lltore cervos prospicit errantls; hos tota armenta sequuntur a tergS et longum per vallís pascitur agmen. COnstitit hie arcumque manu celerls^we sagíttás corripuit, fldus quae těla gerěbat Achates, ductSrěS(7ue ipsos primům capita alta ferentis cornibus arboreís sternit, turn vulgus et omnem
Achates, ae m.   faithful   comrade of Aeneas*
Antheus,  ei, acc.   ea,   m.   comrade of Aeneasf
arboreus, a, um branching, tree-liket
arcus, us m. bowf*
armentum, i n. herd, drovef
biremis, is /. birerae. galley (with two
banks of oara)f Caicus, i m. comrade of Aeneasf Capys, yos,  arc.  yn,  m.   comrade of
Aeneasf celer, eris, ere swiftf* celsus, a, um high, lofty, towering* cervus, i m. stag, deerf conscendd, ere, i, Snsus climb, mount t consists, ere, stiti, stitus stop, sctt.lef* conspectus, us m. sight, view cornu, us n. hornf
corripid, ere, ui, reptus snatch (up)*
ductor, Oris m. leaderf
fldus, a, um faithful, trusty*
frango, ere, frégi, fräctus break, crush*
gerO, ere, gessi, gestus carry (on)*
interea meanwhile, meantime*
jacto (1) toss, buffet*
läté widely, far and wide
pascor, i, pästus feed, grazef
Phrygius, a, um Phrygian, Trojant*
prospectus, us m. view t
prôspiciô, ere, spexi, spectus look out on. see
sagitta, ae /. arrow t
scopulus, I 777. rock, cliff, crag*
sterno,   ere,   strávi,   stratus   lay low,
spread, strewt* tergum, i n. back, hide, rearf * torreo, ére, ui, tostus parch, roast t trés, tria three* vallis, is /. valleyt vulgus, í n. (m.) crowd, throng, herd
gen. with the adj. fessT; App. 287, weary of their misfortunes,   receptas (ex marl).
179. torrere: to make it easier to grind, frangere: to make coarse meal, flammls, saxd: ablatives of means; App. 331.
181. pelagfi: dat. of direction — in pelagus; App. 306, or else ■ in pelago, abl. of place where; App. 319. quern: indef. any, modifying Anthea, an acc, Greek form, if he can see any Antheus; in English we should aay if he can see anything of Antheus.
183. videat: subj. in an indir. quest.; App. 349.
183. Capyn: acc, a Greek form, puppibus: poetic plural, arma: especially shields fastened on the ship and conspicuous at a great distance.
184. Navem (prospicit). (in) litore: abl. of place where; App. 319. Navem
nullam, tris cervos: chiasmus and asyndeton; App. 420, 418.
186. hós (cervos): the three stags fire at the head of the feeding herd.
186. vallis: plural, but probably referring to a single valley; see the note on irae (1. 11), and cf. App. 243.
187. Cdnstitit (Aeneas), hie: adverb, here; distinguish from the pronoun which has a short i.
188. těla: attracted into the rel. clause refers back to arcum and sagittás, object? of corripuit.
189-191. duetórés: the three stags (1. 184). turn vulgus (sternit) et omnem turbam miscet, agěns (ens = cervos) talis inter frondea nemora.
190. cornibus arboreís: abl. of quality; App. 330. turn vulgus (sternit). vulgus: acc, the herd, as opposed to the Leadera, ductórěs.
34
19.5
200
THE AENEID, 191-201
miscet agěns tells nemora inter frondea turbarn; nec prius absistit quam septem ingentia victor corpora fundat hum! et numerům cum ndvibus aequet. Hinc portum petit et socios partitur in omnls. Vina bonus quae deinde cadis onerárat Acestěs Utore Trmacrio dederatque abeuntibus hěros dívidit, et dictls maerentia pectora mulcet:
ilO socil (neque enim ignarl sumus ante malórum), Ó passi graviora, dahit deus his quoque finem. Vos et Scyllaeam rabiem penitus^we sonantis accestis scopulós, vos et Cyclopia saxa
abed, Ire, ii (ivi), itus departf*
absistd, ere, stiti cease, stopt
accedo, ere, cessl, cessus approachf
aequo (1) (make) equalf*
bonus, a, urn good, kind(ly), usefulf*
cadus, i m. jar, urnf
Cycldpius, a, um Cyclopean, of the Cyclopes, huge one-eyed giants of Sicilyt
deinde then, thereupon, nextf*
divide, ere, vlsi, visas divide, distribute!" enim for, indeed, surely* frondeus, a, um leafyf gravis, e heavy, grievous, Berious* herds, dis m. hero, mighty warriorf* humus, i /. ground, soil, earthf* ignarus, a, um ignorant, inexperiencedf* maereo, ere mourn, grieve (for)t malum, i n. evil, misfortune, troublet* rnisceo, ere, ui, mixtus confuse, mix, mingle*
mulceo, ere, 1st, lsus soothe, calm nemus, oris n. (sacred) grove, forest*
191. nemora: poetic plural, turbarn: the vulgus has now become a panic-stricken and tumultuous turba, a mob.
192. victor: (as) victor; apposition with Aeneas the subject understood.
193. humi: loc; App. 37, c. numerum (cervorum). cum navibus = cum numerd nSviurn. aequet: i.e., one deer for each ship, fundat, aequet: temporal or anticipatory with priusquam; App. 376, a.
194. et partltur (cervos) in (among) omnls socios (suos).
195-197. Deinde vina, quae bonus Acestes onera (ve)rat (in) cadis (in) TrinacriG lltore et quae (ille) herds de-derat (illls - Teucris) abeuntibus, divldit (Aeneas), deinde: two syllables by synizesis; App. "403. onera(ve')rat: App. 204. cadis: dat. of direction; App. 306; or else =* in cadis, abl. of place where; App. 319. Vina... dlvidit (Aeneas).
numerus, I m. number, multitude* onero (1) load, burdenf partior, irl, itus distribute, dividot patior, i, passus suffer, endure* penitus within, deep(ly), whollyf* prius first, soonert quam how, than, aaf* quoque also*
rabies, ei /. rage, madnesB, furyt
scopulus, I m. rock, cliff, crag*
Scyllaeus, a, um of Scylla, a ravenoun eea-monster, part woman and part fish, girdled with fierce dogs and destructive to mariners who attempted to sail past her cave situated on a narrow strait opposite the great whirlpool Chary bd is |
septem seven
sonO, are, ui, itus (re)sound, roarf* Trinacrius, a, um Trinacrian, Siciliant turba, ae /. mob, crowdf vinum, i n. winef*
196. heros (Acestes): nom. sing., Greek forms. Acestes had entertained Aeneas and hia comrades during the preceding winter and had furnished them with supplies for the rest of their journey, abeuntibus (Teucris): indir. obj. of de-derat.
197. pectora (suSrum sociomm). 199. 6 (Yds) passi gravidra (mala).
his (mails): indir. obj. of dabit; App,
295.
201. accesCsis;tis: App. 204. vfls et: correlative with vds et in 1. 200; anaphora; App. 413. Cycldpia: of the Cyclopes, huge one-eyed giants, one of whom, Poly-phemus, had killed and eaten several of the comrades of Ulysses while they were Bhut up in his cave. Ulysses and his men finally succeeded in blinding Polyphemus and escaping. For the story, aee Aeneid, III, 11. 613-638, and the ninth book of Homer's Odyssey.
BOOK I, 202-212
experti: revoeäte animös maestum^ue timörem mittue; forsan et haec ölim meminisse juväbit. Per variös casus, per tot discrimina rěrum tendimus in Latium, sěděs ubi fäta quietäs ostendunt; illic fäs rěgna resurgere Trojae. Düräte, et vösmet rebus serväte secundls."
Tälia voce refert cürisque ingentibus aeger spem vultü simulat, premit altum corde dolorem. Uli sé praedae accingunt dapibus^ue futüris: tergora diripiunt costís et viscera nüdant; pars in frusta secant veribusque trementia figunt,
accingd, ere, inxi, inctus girdf
aeger, gra, grum sick, wearyf*
cor, cordis n. heart, spirit, feelings*
costa, ae /. rib, aidef
daps, dapis/. feast, banquetf*
did pi 6, ere, ui, reptus tear fromf
discrimen, inis n. crisis, dangerf
dolor, oris m. grief, pain, suffeiing*
diird (1) harden, enduret
experior, iri, partus try, experience!
fas n. indecL divine will, right, duty*
figo, ere, fixl, fixus pierce, fastenf*
fors(it)an perhaps, perchance, posaiblyt
frustum, i n. piece, partf
illic there t
juvo, are, juvi, jutus help, pleasef* Latium, (i)I n. district of central Italy
around Rome* maestus, a, um sad, mournful, gloomyt* memini, isse remember, recallf nnd6 (1) (lay) bare, stript
202. experti (estis).
203. mittite: dismiss, et = etiam, even. haec: obj. of meminisse. forsan et haec,
etc.: perhaps at some time we shall be glad to remember even these things. A famous verse, and one often quoted, juvabit (nos): it will please (us), with meminisse as subject.
205. tendimus (cursum) in Latium: tho poet "nods" for a moment, as Aeneas is not yet supposed to know anything about Latium.
206- fas (est), etc.: it is the divine unll for the Trojan realm there to rise again. rggna: poetic plural; App. 243.
207. vSsrnet: an emphatic form of vfla.
208-222. The Trojans first feast and then lament their lost comrades.
208. Tali a (dicta), voce: contrasted with corde of 1. 209. refert (Aeneas), curls ingentibus: abl. of cause with aeger; App. 332. aeger: {although) sick at heart.
6lim once, at some time*
ostendo, ere, i, ntus show, promiaet*
praeda, ae /. booty, preyt
premd,  ere, pressi, pressus  (re) press,
control* quietus, a, um calm, peaceful t resurgo,   ere,   surrexl,   surrectus rise
again f
revoco (1) recall, restoret
seco, are, ui, sectus cut, dividet*
secundus, a, um following, favorable*
simulo (1) imitate, pretend, feignt
spes, ei/. hope, expectation!1*
tergus, oris, n. back, bidet
timor, oris m. fear, dread, anxietyt
tot bo many*
tremo, ere, ui tremble, quiverf* varlus, a, um varied, dirTerentf* veru, us n. broach, spit, spiket viscus, eris n. vitals, flesht vultus, us m. countenance, facet*
209. (in) vultu: abl. of place where or means, sharply contrasted with corde. corde: abl. of place where or means, spem: contrasted with dolor em. altum corde: deep in his heart, spem simulat, premit doldrem: this figure is known as chiasmus. The contrast is here emphasized by placing the two pairs of words in inverse (reverse) order; that is, spem begins the first clause and is contrasted with dol6rem, which ends the second, while simulat ends the first clause and is thus contiasted with premit, which begins the second; App. 420; see the note on I. 184.
210. 1111: Teucii.    praedae, dapibus:
datives of purpose; App. 303; i.e., they prepare themselves for the venison and the banquet,   dapibus: poetic plural.
211. costis: abl. of separation; App. 320, 340.
212. pars (sociorum) secant (viscera) in frusta: the use of the plural verb with
36
215
THE AENEID, 213-222
litore aSna locant alii fiammäsque ministrant. Tum victü revocant viris, füslque per herbam implentur veteris Bacchi pinguisgwe ferinae. Postquam exěmpta fames epulis měnsaegue remötae, ämissös longo sociös sermöne requirunt, spemgue metumgwe inter dubil, seu vivere crědant sivé extrěma pati nec jam exaudire vocätös. Praecipuě pius Aeneäs nunc äeris Oronti, nunc Amyci casum gemit et crüdelia sěcum fäta Lycl fortemgwe Gyän fortemgue Cloanthum.
icer, eris, ere sharp, spiritedt* aenum, i n. bronze (vessel, kettle) t amittö,   ere,   niisi,   missus   lose, let got*
Amycus, i m. a Trojant Bacchus, i m. (god of) winef Cloanthus, i m. a Trojant credo, ere, didi, ditus believe, truett* crüdelis, e cruel, bitter, bloodvt* dubius, a, um doubtful, waveringt epulae, arum /. banquet, feast exaudiö, ire, ivi iii), itus hear, hearkent eximö, ere, emi, emptus take away, remove t
extrema, örum n. final fate, deatht
fames, is /. hungert
ferina, ae /. game, venisont
fortis, e brave, strong, valiant*
geraö, ere, ui, itus groan (for), lament t
Gyäs, ae, acc. An, m. a Trojant
herba, ae /. grass, herb(age)t*
impIeA, Are, evi, etus fill (with) (|/en.)t"
loco (1) place, locate, establish t*
Lycus, In. i Trojanf
mSnsa, ae /. tablet*
metus, us m. fear, dread, anxiety?*
ministrO (1) tend, serve, supply
Orontes, is (i, ae) m. Trojan Leader
patior, i, passus endure, suffer*
pinguis, e fat, rich, fertilet
postquam after (that), when*
praecipue especiallyt
removed, ere, movi, motus remove f
require, ere, quisivi (sii), quisitus seek
again, deploret revoco (1) recall, restore sermo, 6nis m. conversation, epeecht seu, sive whether, or (if)t* spfis, ei /. hope, expectation vetus, eris old, former, ancient* Tictus, us m. living, food, victualst vivo, ere, vixi, victus livet
a singular (collective) subject is common in many languages, including English; App. 236, a. trementia (frusta): the flesh of the recently slain animals is still quivering, veribus: abl. of means, App. 331.
213. (in) litore; abl. of place where; App. 319.
214. viris; acc. pi. of vis, an i-stem; observe the quantity, distinguishing it from viris, dat. or abl. of vir, man.
215. implentur: a middle voice or reflexive use; they fill themselves; App. 115, 2, a; 309. Bacchi, ferinae: gen. with special verb, impleA; App. 287. Bacchus: god of wine, by metonymy for wins.
216. exempts (est), mensae remötae (sunt): in Vergil's day the tables were removed at the end of the banquet; so this phrase came to mean simply the end of the feasting. Vergil uses it here in that general sense, as Aeneas and
his companions presumably had no tables.
218. inter spemque metumque dubii: anastrophe; App. 414. seu (sociös suös) vivere crédant: deliberative indir. quest.; App. 348, 349; the clause is dependent on dubii, which modifies Teucri understood as subject of requirunt.
219. extrěma - mortem: euphemism; App. 423. vocätös (sociös): refers to the Roman custom (conclamatiA) of loudly calling the name of the dead three times, as a part of the funeral ceremony.
220. Praecipuě: modifying gemit, not pius. pius: not pious, but devoted, loyal, noble; see note on pietáte (1. 10). Aeneas acris Oronti (casum gemit).
221. sěcum = cum sě; i.e., silently; for the thought compare U. 208-209.
222. fata, Gyan, Cloanthum (gemit Aeněis). fořtem, fořtem: pathetic repetition.   Gyan: acc, a Greek form.
BOOK I. 223-234
Et jam finis erat, cum Juppiter aethere summö dispiciens mare velivolum terräsque jacentls titoraque et lätös populös, sie vertice caell cönstitit et Libyae defixit lümina regnls, Atque ilium tails jactantem pectore cüräs trlstior et lacrimls oculös suffüsa nitentis adloquitur Venus: "0 qui res hominumgue deumque aeternis regis imperils et fulmine terres, quid mens Aeneäs in te committere tantum, quid Tröes potuere, quibus tot fünera passls cünetus ob Ilaliam terrärum clauditur orbis? Certe hinc Romanos ölim volventibus annls,
37
225
230
adloquor, I, locutus address, accostt aeternus, a, um eternal, everlasting* aether, eris m. upper air, Bky, ether* annus, i m. year* certe certainly, aurelyt claudd, ere, si, sus close, shut* committA, ere, misi, missus commit t consists, ere, stiti, stitus stand (fast), rest*
defigA, ere, fix!, fixus fix, fastenf dispiciA, ere, spexl, spectus see, discern, descryt
fulmen, inis n. thunderbolt, lightningt* funus, eris n. funeral, death, disaBtcrt* homA, inis m. (/.) man, mortal, human* jaceA, ere, ui, itus lie (outspread, low)* jactA (1) toss, buffet, ponder*
223-296. Venua complains to Jupiter of the hard lot of the Trojans and of her son Aeneas. Jupiter consoles her with the promise of universal empire for the Trojans through their descendants, the Roman people.
223. finis   (epullrum  et dictorum).
There is a change of scene from earth to heaven, (de) aethere summA: abl. of separation with dispiciens;  App. 340.
224. velivolum: a transferred epithet, as it refers to the ships on the sea. instead of the sea itself; App. 446.
225. (in) vertice: abl. of place where.
226. lfimina - oculAs. regnls: dat. of direction or abl. of place where; App. 306, 319.
227-229. talis curas: such carts as were natural for the father of gods and king of men, with the government of the universe resting on his shoulders, (in) pectore: abl. of place where; App. 319. ilium adloquitur Venus, tristior (quam solita): sadder (than was hsr wont); Venus as goddess of love and beauty, was pro-
latus, a, um broad, wide, spacioust*
Libya, ae /. district of North Africa*
nitens, entis bright, shiningt
ob on account of (acc.)
dlim once, at some time*
orbis, is m. circle, orb, eartht*
patior, i, passus endure, suffer*
populus, i m. people, race, nation*
regA, ere, rexi, rictus rule, direct*
RAmanus, a, um Roman*
suffundA, ere, fudi, fusus till, suffuset
terrefl, «re, ui, itus frighten, terrifyt
tot so many*
TrAs, TrAis m. Trojan*
velivolus, a, um winged with sails f
Venus, eris/. goddess of love and beautyt*
vertex, icis m. summit, head, top*
verbially laughter-loving, lacrimis: abl. ,of means; App. 331. nitentis oculAs: acc. of respect with suffüsa, or else object of suffüsa used as a reflexive verb; App. 115, 2, a; 309.
229-230. Ó (tü) qui rís regis et terrés. regis: from regA not from rex. -que . .. -que:  both . . . and. de(Ar)um.
231. quid meus Aenéas tantum committere (potuit)? = What (so) great offense, etc.  quid .. . quid: anaphora; App. 413.
232. potuére = potuérunt (committere) . quibus: dat. of reference or of interest; App 301. fünera: obj. of passis which modifies quibus; the Trojans had suffered many disasters (fünera) in the destruction of their city and during the seven years thereafter, while they wandered as homeless exiles.
233. cünetus orbis terrärum: the whole world, an emotional exaggeration or hyperbole, ob ltaliam: on account of Italy, which was destined to be the seat of a great new world-power hostile to Juno's cherished plans.
234-237. CertS pollicitus (es) hinc
230
240
THE AENEID, 235-24«
hinc fore ductöres, revocätö ä sanguine Teucri, qui mare, qui terras omnis diciöne teněrent, pollicitus.  Quae tě, genitor, sententia vertit? Höc equidem occäsum Trojae tristisque ruinás sölabar/äßs contraria fáta rependěns; nunc eadem fortuna virös tot cäsibus äctös insequitur.  Quem das finem, rěx magne, labörum f Antěnor potuit mediis eläpsus Achivls Illyricös peneträre sinüs atque intima tütus regno. Liburnörum et fontem superäre Timävl, unde per öra novem vastö cum murmure montis it mare pröruptum et pelagö premit arva sonanti.
Achivus, a, urn Achaean, Greek t Antenor, oris m. Trojan leader, fled after the fall of Troy and settled in northern Italy at Patavium, modern Padua! contrarius, a, urn opposite, opposingf diciO, Onis/. power, rule, swayt ductor, oris m. leader, chief eiabor, i, lapsus slip out, escape f equidem indeed, surelyt* fons, fontis m. fountain, sourcef Illyricus, a, um Illyrian, Dalmatian, of
Illyria, a region east of the Adriatic! insequor, T, secutus follow, pursue* intimus, a, um inmostt Liburni, orum m. Liburnians, Illyrians murmur, uris n. murmur, rumble, roar novem nine!
occasus, us m. fall, destructiont penetro (1) enter, penetrate! polliceor, eri, itus promise, oflert promo,   ere, pressi, pressus  (re) press, overwhelm*
prdruptus, a, um dashing, furious! rependO, ere, i, ensus balance, compensate!
revocO (1) recall, restore ruina, ae /. downfall, ruin sententia, ae /. opinion, purpose! sinus, us m. fold, gulf, bay* sdlor, ári, ätus console, find consolation for!
6ono, are, ui, itus (re)sound, roar* superó (1) surpass, pass beyond!* Teucer  (crus), cri m.  early   king of Troy!
Timävus, J m. river of northern Italy, runs underground about twenty-five miles and emerges near the upper end of the Adriatic Sea into which it flows with a strong current!
tot bo many *
tutus, a, um safe, protected, secure* unde whence, from which (whom) * verto, ere, i, rsus turn, change, rout*
R6man6s (futures esse), hinc ductorcs fore ( - futuros esse) a revocato sanguine Teucri. bine = ex Aenea et aliis Teucris. volventibus annis: as the years roll (by); abl. abs.; App. 343. hinc ... hinc: anaphora; App. 413. qui___qui: anaphora; App. 413.
235. fore = futures esse, inf. in indir. disc, dependent on pollicitus (es) in 1. 237; App. 263, 390. a revocato sanguine: explaining bine.
236. qui.. . tenerent: rel. clause of purpose or characteristic; App. 388, 389.
237. Quae te sententia vertit: what idea turns you (from your earlier plan)'! An opinion may change a person as well as a person may change an opinion.
238. Hoc: neut., abl. of cause or means. with this (hope), occasum solabar: I tried to console myself for the fall; a cona-
tive imperfect, denoting attempted action; App. 351, 2, a.
239. fatis: abl. of means or dat.; App. 331, 304.
240. Observe the asyndeton; App. 418. casibus: abl. of means; App. 331.
242. mediis Achlvis: from the midst of the Greeks (fighting around Troy).
243. Illyricos sinus: the Adriatic was proverbial for its dangers to navigation. LiburnOrum: a wild and savage people, warlike and hostile to strangers, tutus: in emphatic position, contrasting his present Bafety with the dangers previously indicated.
245. unde = ex quo fonte (Timavi).
Observe the alliteration; App. 411.
246. (Timavus) it mare prOruptum: (the. Timavus) goes (as) a dashing sea, to indicate the great volume, roar, and
BOOK I, 247-257
Hie tamen Me urbem Patavl sěděsque locävit Teucrôrum et genti nômen dědit armaque fixit Tröia, nunc placidä compostus päce quiěscit: nos, tua progenies, caeli quibus adnuis arcem, nävibus (infandum!) ämissis ünius ob iram prödimur atque Italia longě disjungimur öris. Hic pietätis honos? Sic nös in seeptra repönis?"
Olli subrlděns hominum sator atque deörum vultü, quo caelum tempestätösgue serěnat, öscula libävit nätae, dehinc tälia fätur: "Parce meto, Cytherea, manent immöta tuörum
idnuO, ere, ui, utus nod assent, promise! ftmittO, ere, misi, missus lose, let go* compOnO, ere, posui, pos(i)tus compose,
construct, settle Cytherea, ae /. Venus, goddess of Cyth-
era, a Greek island where Venus was
born from the foam of the sea! dehinc thence, thereafter disjungd, ere, junxi, junctus separate,
disconnect! figO, ere, fixi, fixus fasten, fix* homo, inis m. (f.) man, mortal, human* immOtus, a, um unmoved, unahakent infandus, a, um unspeakable, accursed! Italus, a, um Italian libO (1) taste, touch; pour! locO (1) place, locate, establish* longe far (from), afar* metus, us m. fear, dread, anxiety* nita, ae /. daughter! ob on account of (acc.) osculum, i n. dainty lip, kiss!
parce, ere, pepercl (pars!), parsus spare
(dor,)!
Patavium, (i)i n. city of northern Italy, the modern Padua, about twenty miles west of Venice! pax, pacts /. peace, quiet, rest! pi etas, atis /. devotion, loyalty, duty* placidus, a, um peaceful, calm, quiet* prOdO, ere, didi, ditus  hand over, betray!
progenies, ei /. offspring, progeny quiescO, ere, evi, etus rest, repose!* repOnO, ere, posui, pos(i)tus replace, re* store
sator, Oris m. sower; begetter, father! sceptrum, i n. staff, scepter, power serene (1) calm, clear! subrideO, ere, risi smile (at)! tamen nevertheless, however!* tempestas, &tis /. tempest, storm* TrOius, a, um Trojan* vultus, us m. countenance, face*
strong current of the river. pelagO: with its flood (sea). Observe the alliteration; App. 411.
247. Hie: adverb, here; observe the quantity. Patavl: appositional gen.; App. 281.
24S. arm a fixit: dedicated his arms to some divinity, by hanging them up in the temple as a sign that he was at peace with the world and would need them no more.
249. nunc: asyndeton; App. 418. compos(i)tus: shortened for metrical reasons. Observe the alliteration; App. 411.
250. nOs: ego (Venus) et Aeneas et alii Teucri. Observe the effect obtained by asyndeton; App. 418. tua progenies: apposition with nos. Venus was daughter of Jupiter; Aeneas was her son. caeli
arcem: means that Aeneas shall become a god; for only gods lived in heaven, while ordinary mortals went to Hades after death, adnuis: referring to the solemn nod of assent with which Jupiter ratified his promises.
251. navibus amissis: abl. abs.; App. 343.   unius - JunOnis.
253. (estne) hie: for hoc; attracted to the masculine gender of the predicate noun hones; App. 240, a.
264. OUi = illi: dat. with compound; App. 298.
256. talia (dicta), natae: added to indicate that the kiss is due to the tender affection of a father for his daughter, dehinc: one syllable by synizesis; App. 403.
257. metu - metui: dat. with special verb; App. 297.