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Syntax
Pavel Caha
22 Nov 2021
1 / 50
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What’s coming
▶ Two more classes: Nov 29, Dec 6
▶ Test: Dec 13
2 / 50
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Seman c roles
Gramma cal role
Mapping
Theory
Deriving the mapping between thema c roles and GFs
Conclusions
3 / 50
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(1) Seman c role (also thema c role): a linguis cally relevant
type of par cipa on in an event
4 / 50
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(1) Seman c role (also thema c role): a linguis cally relevant
type of par cipa on in an event
▶ Agent – brings the event about
▶ Pa ent – a ected by the event
4 / 50
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(1) Seman c role (also thema c role): a linguis cally relevant
type of par cipa on in an event
▶ Agent – brings the event about
▶ Pa ent – a ected by the event
(2) Mary watered the garden
4 / 50
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(1) Seman c role (also thema c role): a linguis cally relevant
type of par cipa on in an event
▶ Agent – brings the event about
▶ Pa ent – a ected by the event
(2) Mary watered the garden
(3) Marušk-a
Mary-
zalila
watered
zahrad-u
garden-
4 / 50
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(1) Seman c role (also thema c role): a linguis cally relevant
type of par cipa on in an event
▶ Agent – brings the event about
▶ Pa ent – a ected by the event
(2) Mary watered the garden
(3) Marušk-a
Mary-
zalila
watered
zahrad-u
garden-
4 / 50
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(4) Agent-like roles (I )
5 / 50
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(4) Agent-like roles (I )
▶ Agent: brings about an event, animate, sense of purpose,
voli on
5 / 50
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(4) Agent-like roles (I )
▶ Agent: brings about an event, animate, sense of purpose,
voli on
John opened the door.
5 / 50
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(4) Agent-like roles (I )
▶ Agent: brings about an event, animate, sense of purpose,
voli on
John opened the door.
▶ Causer: brings about the event, unintended, can be inanimate
5 / 50
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(4) Agent-like roles (I )
▶ Agent: brings about an event, animate, sense of purpose,
voli on
John opened the door.
▶ Causer: brings about the event, unintended, can be inanimate
The wind opened the door.
5 / 50
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(4) Agent-like roles (I )
▶ Agent: brings about an event, animate, sense of purpose,
voli on
John opened the door.
▶ Causer: brings about the event, unintended, can be inanimate
The wind opened the door.
▶ Instrument: brings about the event, under the control of an
agent, can be inanimate
5 / 50
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(4) Agent-like roles (I )
▶ Agent: brings about an event, animate, sense of purpose,
voli on
John opened the door.
▶ Causer: brings about the event, unintended, can be inanimate
The wind opened the door.
▶ Instrument: brings about the event, under the control of an
agent, can be inanimate
The key opened the door.
5 / 50
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(5) a. Marušk-a
Mary-
rozlila
spilled
mléko
milk
(Agent)
6 / 50
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(5) a. Marušk-a
Mary-
rozlila
spilled
mléko
milk
(Agent)
b. Marušc-e
Maryse
rozlilo
spilled
mléko
milk
(Causer)
6 / 50
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7 / 50
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(6) Pa ent-like roles (U )
8 / 50
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(6) Pa ent-like roles (U )
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of loca on
8 / 50
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(6) Pa ent-like roles (U )
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of loca on
John pushed the chair.
8 / 50
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(6) Pa ent-like roles (U )
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of loca on
John pushed the chair.
▶ Pa ent: undergoes a change of some internal property
8 / 50
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(6) Pa ent-like roles (U )
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of loca on
John pushed the chair.
▶ Pa ent: undergoes a change of some internal property
The wind cooled the soup.
8 / 50
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(6) Pa ent-like roles (U )
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of loca on
John pushed the chair.
▶ Pa ent: undergoes a change of some internal property
The wind cooled the soup.
▶ E ected objects: change of existence
8 / 50
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(6) Pa ent-like roles (U )
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of loca on
John pushed the chair.
▶ Pa ent: undergoes a change of some internal property
The wind cooled the soup.
▶ E ected objects: change of existence
Bill wrote the le er.
8 / 50
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(6) Pa ent-like roles (U )
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of loca on
John pushed the chair.
▶ Pa ent: undergoes a change of some internal property
The wind cooled the soup.
▶ E ected objects: change of existence
Bill wrote the le er.
▶ Experiencer: a change of mental state
8 / 50
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(6) Pa ent-like roles (U )
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of loca on
John pushed the chair.
▶ Pa ent: undergoes a change of some internal property
The wind cooled the soup.
▶ E ected objects: change of existence
Bill wrote the le er.
▶ Experiencer: a change of mental state
The elec on result frightened Mary
8 / 50
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(6) Pa ent-like roles (U )
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of loca on
John pushed the chair.
▶ Pa ent: undergoes a change of some internal property
The wind cooled the soup.
▶ E ected objects: change of existence
Bill wrote the le er.
▶ Experiencer: a change of mental state
The elec on result frightened Mary
(7) a. Petr
Petr
upletl
kni ed
ten
the
svetr
sweater
(moc)
(too)
širokej
wide
8 / 50
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(6) Pa ent-like roles (U )
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of loca on
John pushed the chair.
▶ Pa ent: undergoes a change of some internal property
The wind cooled the soup.
▶ E ected objects: change of existence
Bill wrote the le er.
▶ Experiencer: a change of mental state
The elec on result frightened Mary
(7) a. Petr
Petr
upletl
kni ed
ten
the
svetr
sweater
(moc)
(too)
širokej
wide
b. *Petr
Petr
otevřel
opened
oči
his.eyes
široký
wide
8 / 50
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(6) Pa ent-like roles (U )
▶ Theme: undergoes a change of loca on
John pushed the chair.
▶ Pa ent: undergoes a change of some internal property
The wind cooled the soup.
▶ E ected objects: change of existence
Bill wrote the le er.
▶ Experiencer: a change of mental state
The elec on result frightened Mary
(7) a. Petr
Petr
upletl
kni ed
ten
the
svetr
sweater
(moc)
(too)
širokej
wide
b. *Petr
Petr
otevřel
opened
oči
his.eyes
široký
wide
c. Petr
Petr
otevřel
opened
oči
his.eyes
do
into
široka
wide
8 / 50
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▶ Recipient (give me the book)
9 / 50
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▶ Recipient (give me the book)
▶ Loca on (live in Tromsø)
9 / 50
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▶ Recipient (give me the book)
▶ Loca on (live in Tromsø)
▶ Goal ( y to Frankfurt)
9 / 50
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▶ Recipient (give me the book)
▶ Loca on (live in Tromsø)
▶ Goal ( y to Frankfurt)
▶ Bene ciary (He opened the door for me)
9 / 50
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▶ Recipient (give me the book)
▶ Loca on (live in Tromsø)
▶ Goal ( y to Frankfurt)
▶ Bene ciary (He opened the door for me)
▶ Possessor (my book)
9 / 50
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▶ Recipient (give me the book)
▶ Loca on (live in Tromsø)
▶ Goal ( y to Frankfurt)
▶ Bene ciary (He opened the door for me)
▶ Possessor (my book)
▶ ...
9 / 50
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▶ Thema c roles are ghtly associated to a par cular predicate
(with some degree of exibility)
(8) a. Už
already
přišel.
arrived.3sg
‘He has already arrived.
10 / 50
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▶ Thema c roles are ghtly associated to a par cular predicate
(with some degree of exibility)
(8) a. Už
already
přišel.
arrived.3sg
‘He has already arrived.
b. Kdo?
who?
10 / 50
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▶ Thema c roles are ghtly associated to a par cular predicate
(with some degree of exibility)
(8) a. Už
already
přišel.
arrived.3sg
‘He has already arrived.
b. Kdo?
who?
c. #I don’t know.
10 / 50
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▶ Thema c roles are ghtly associated to a par cular predicate
(with some degree of exibility)
(8) a. Už
already
přišel.
arrived.3sg
‘He has already arrived.
b. Kdo?
who?
c. #I don’t know.
(9) a. už
already
pršelo.
rained.
‘It has rained already.’
10 / 50
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▶ Thema c roles are ghtly associated to a par cular predicate
(with some degree of exibility)
(8) a. Už
already
přišel.
arrived.3sg
‘He has already arrived.
b. Kdo?
who?
c. #I don’t know.
(9) a. už
already
pršelo.
rained.
‘It has rained already.’
b. #Co?
what?
10 / 50
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Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a pa ent = transi ve verbs
11 / 50
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Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a pa ent = transi ve verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransi ve verbs
11 / 50
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Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a pa ent = transi ve verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransi ve verbs
▶ Verbs with agent only = unerga ve verbs
11 / 50
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Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a pa ent = transi ve verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransi ve verbs
▶ Verbs with agent only = unerga ve verbs
▶ Verbs with a pa ent only = unaccusa ve verbs
11 / 50
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Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a pa ent = transi ve verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransi ve verbs
▶ Verbs with agent only = unerga ve verbs
▶ Verbs with a pa ent only = unaccusa ve verbs
(10)a. Jezero
lake
zamrzlo.
froze.3sg
‘The lake froze.’
11 / 50
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Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a pa ent = transi ve verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransi ve verbs
▶ Verbs with agent only = unerga ve verbs
▶ Verbs with a pa ent only = unaccusa ve verbs
(10)a. Jezero
lake
zamrzlo.
froze.3sg
‘The lake froze.’
b. zamrzlé
frozen
jezero
lake
11 / 50
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Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a pa ent = transi ve verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransi ve verbs
▶ Verbs with agent only = unerga ve verbs
▶ Verbs with a pa ent only = unaccusa ve verbs
(10)a. Jezero
lake
zamrzlo.
froze.3sg
‘The lake froze.’
b. zamrzlé
frozen
jezero
lake
(11)a. Petr
Petr
kýchl.
sneezed.
11 / 50
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Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a pa ent = transi ve verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransi ve verbs
▶ Verbs with agent only = unerga ve verbs
▶ Verbs with a pa ent only = unaccusa ve verbs
(10)a. Jezero
lake
zamrzlo.
froze.3sg
‘The lake froze.’
b. zamrzlé
frozen
jezero
lake
(11)a. Petr
Petr
kýchl.
sneezed.
b. *kých-lý
sneezed
Petr
Petr
11 / 50
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Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a pa ent = transi ve verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransi ve verbs
▶ Verbs with agent only = unerga ve verbs
▶ Verbs with a pa ent only = unaccusa ve verbs
(10)a. Jezero
lake
zamrzlo.
froze.3sg
‘The lake froze.’
b. zamrzlé
frozen
jezero
lake
(11)a. Petr
Petr
kýchl.
sneezed.
b. *kých-lý
sneezed
Petr
Petr
(12)a. Der
the
See
lake
ist
is
gefroren.
frozen
‘The lake has frozen.’
11 / 50
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Typology of predicates
▶ Verbs with an agent and a pa ent = transi ve verbs
▶ Verbs with only one argument = intransi ve verbs
▶ Verbs with agent only = unerga ve verbs
▶ Verbs with a pa ent only = unaccusa ve verbs
(10)a. Jezero
lake
zamrzlo.
froze.3sg
‘The lake froze.’
b. zamrzlé
frozen
jezero
lake
(11)a. Petr
Petr
kýchl.
sneezed.
b. *kých-lý
sneezed
Petr
Petr
(12)a. Der
the
See
lake
ist
is
gefroren.
frozen
‘The lake has frozen.’
b. Petr
Petr
hat
has
geniest.
sneezed
11 / 50
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Seman c roles
Gramma cal role
Mapping
Theory
Deriving the mapping between thema c roles and GFs
Conclusions
12 / 50
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Gramma cal role
(13) the gramma cal coding of a seman c role
▶ Subject
13 / 50
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Gramma cal role
(13) the gramma cal coding of a seman c role
▶ Subject
▶ agrees with the verb
13 / 50
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Gramma cal role
(13) the gramma cal coding of a seman c role
▶ Subject
▶ agrees with the verb
▶ has nomina ve
13 / 50
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Gramma cal role
(13) the gramma cal coding of a seman c role
▶ Subject
▶ agrees with the verb
▶ has nomina ve
▶ precedes the verb
13 / 50
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Gramma cal role
(13) the gramma cal coding of a seman c role
▶ Subject
▶ agrees with the verb
▶ has nomina ve
▶ precedes the verb
▶ disappears in the in ni ve
13 / 50
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▶ Object
14 / 50
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▶ Object
▶ follows the verb
14 / 50
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▶ Object
▶ follows the verb
▶ has the accusa ve
14 / 50
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▶ Object
▶ follows the verb
▶ has the accusa ve
▶ preserved in the in ni ve
14 / 50
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indirect object
▶ Indirect Object
▶ give me the book
15 / 50
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indirect object
▶ Indirect Object
▶ give me the book
▶ Oblique
▶ live in London
15 / 50
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.
Seman c roles
Gramma cal role
Mapping
Theory
Deriving the mapping between thema c roles and GFs
Conclusions
16 / 50
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.
Two main generaliza ons
▶ With transi ve verbs
▶ Agent is the subject
▶ Pa ent is the object
17 / 50
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.
Two main generaliza ons
▶ With transi ve verbs
▶ Agent is the subject
▶ Pa ent is the object
(14) a. Mary visited Bill
17 / 50
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.
Two main generaliza ons
▶ With transi ve verbs
▶ Agent is the subject
▶ Pa ent is the object
(14) a. Mary visited Bill
b. Bill opened the door
17 / 50
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Intransi ve verbs
(15) a. Mary works. (unerga ve)
18 / 50
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Intransi ve verbs
(15) a. Mary works. (unerga ve)
b. The soup cooled. (unaccusa ve)
18 / 50
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.
Intransi ve verbs
(15) a. Mary works. (unerga ve)
b. The soup cooled. (unaccusa ve)
(16) a. Als
when
die
the
drei
three
eingeschlafen
fallen-asleep
waren.
were.3pl
. .
‘When the three of them had fallen asleep. . . ’
18 / 50
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.
Intransi ve verbs
(15) a. Mary works. (unerga ve)
b. The soup cooled. (unaccusa ve)
(16) a. Als
when
die
the
drei
three
eingeschlafen
fallen-asleep
waren.
were.3pl
. .
‘When the three of them had fallen asleep. . . ’
b. Wenn
when
er
he
gut
well
gekämp
fought
hat
has.3sg
‘When he has fought well’
18 / 50
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Passive
(17) a. John built the house
19 / 50
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Passive
(17) a. John built the house
b. The house was built in 1977
19 / 50
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Passive
(17) a. John built the house
b. The house was built in 1977
19 / 50
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Causa ve – inchoa ve alterna on
(18) a. The sign turned.
20 / 50
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Causa ve – inchoa ve alterna on
(18) a. The sign turned.
b. Mary turned the sign.
20 / 50
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.
Causa ve – inchoa ve alterna on
(18) a. The sign turned.
b. Mary turned the sign.
(19) A hierarchy of thema c roles
agent > pa ent
(20) A hierarchy of gramma cal func ons
subject > object
20 / 50
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.
Exple ve Subject
(21) a. It is raining
21 / 50
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.
Exple ve Subject
(21) a. It is raining
b. #What is raining?
21 / 50
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.
Exple ve Subject
(21) a. It is raining
b. #What is raining?
(22) Every sentence must have a subject, even if only formal
21 / 50
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.
Exple ve Subject
(21) a. It is raining
b. #What is raining?
(22) Every sentence must have a subject, even if only formal
▶ formal subject = exple ve subject
21 / 50
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.
Exple ve Subject
(21) a. It is raining
b. #What is raining?
(22) Every sentence must have a subject, even if only formal
▶ formal subject = exple ve subject
(23) There is a cat on the table.
21 / 50
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.
Seman c roles
Gramma cal role
Mapping
Theory
Deriving the mapping between thema c roles and GFs
Conclusions
22 / 50
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.
VP-internal ‘subject’
VP
NP
Agent
V′
V NP
Pa ent
23 / 50
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.
VP-internal ‘subject’
VP
NP
Mary
V′
V
visit
NP
John
24 / 50
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.
VP-internal ‘subject’
TP
T
will
VP
NP
Mary
V′
V
visit
NP
John
25 / 50
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VP-internal ‘subject’
TP
?? TP
T
will
VP
NP
Mary
V′
V
visit
NP
John
26 / 50
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VP-internal ‘subject’
TP
NP
Mary
TP
T
will
VP
NP
Mary
V′
V
visit
NP
John
Ø
27 / 50
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.
CP
C
-li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
28 / 50
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CP
C
-li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
(24) a. Jest
be
-li
-
Petr
Petr
bude
will
číst
read
knihy
books
28 / 50
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CP
C
-li
if
TP
NP
Petr
Petr
TP
T
bude
will
VP
V
číst
read
NP
knihy
books
(24) a. Jest
be
-li
-
Petr
Petr
bude
will
číst
read
knihy
books
b. Bude
will
-li
-
Petr
Petr
bude číst
read
knihy,
books
...
‘if Petr reads books, ...’
28 / 50
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(25) When a head is expressed by an a x, syntax must provide a
host for that a x.
29 / 50
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(25) When a head is expressed by an a x, syntax must provide a
host for that a x.
a. Strategy 1: insert an exple ve
29 / 50
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(25) When a head is expressed by an a x, syntax must provide a
host for that a x.
a. Strategy 1: insert an exple ve
He d-ed order the drinks.
29 / 50
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.
(25) When a head is expressed by an a x, syntax must provide a
host for that a x.
a. Strategy 1: insert an exple ve
He d-ed order the drinks.
Jest -li Petr bude číst knihy
29 / 50
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.
(25) When a head is expressed by an a x, syntax must provide a
host for that a x.
a. Strategy 1: insert an exple ve
He d-ed order the drinks.
Jest -li Petr bude číst knihy
b. Strategy 2: use an exis ng host
29 / 50
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.
(25) When a head is expressed by an a x, syntax must provide a
host for that a x.
a. Strategy 1: insert an exple ve
He d-ed order the drinks.
Jest -li Petr bude číst knihy
b. Strategy 2: use an exis ng host
He order-ed the drinks.
29 / 50
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.
(25) When a head is expressed by an a x, syntax must provide a
host for that a x.
a. Strategy 1: insert an exple ve
He d-ed order the drinks.
Jest -li Petr bude číst knihy
b. Strategy 2: use an exis ng host
He order-ed the drinks.
Bude -li Petr číst knihy, ..
29 / 50
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.
VP-internal ‘subject’
(26) a. Three students are now three students working on this
project.
30 / 50
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.
VP-internal ‘subject’
(26) a. Three students are now three students working on this
project.
b. There are now three students working on this project.
30 / 50
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.
VP-internal ‘subject’
VP
AdvP
now
VP
NP
three students
V′
V
working
PP
on the project
31 / 50
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.
VP-internal ‘subject’
TP
T
are
VP
AdvP
now
VP
NP
three students
V′
V
working
PP
on the project
32 / 50
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.
VP-internal ‘subject’
TP
?? TP
T
are
VP
AdvP
now
VP
NP
three students
V′
V
working
PP
on the project
33 / 50
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.
Exple ve inser on
TP
Expl
there
T′
T
are
VP
AdvP
now
VP
NP
three students
V′
V
working
PP
on the project
34 / 50
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.
Subject movement
TP
NP
three students
T′
T
are
VP
AdvP
now
VP
NP
three students
V′
V
working
PP
on the project
Ø
35 / 50
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.
(27) All astronauts don’t all astronauts speak the same language
36 / 50
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.
(27) All astronauts don’t all astronauts speak the same language
(28) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
36 / 50
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.
(27) All astronauts don’t all astronauts speak the same language
(28) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
36 / 50
.
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.
(29) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
VP
Neg
n’t
V′
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
37 / 50
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.
(30) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
TP
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
38 / 50
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.
(31) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
TP
?? T′
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
39 / 50
.
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.
(32) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
TP
?? T′
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
40 / 50
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.
Economy of movement
(33) All astronauts don’t speak the same language
TP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
T′
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same langua
Ø
41 / 50
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.
Economy of movement
(33) All astronauts don’t speak the same language
TP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
T′
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same langua
Ø
41 / 50
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.
Economy of movement
(35) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
TP
NP
astronauts
T′
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
Ø
42 / 50
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.
Economy of movement
(35) Astronauts don’t all speak the same language
TP
NP
astronauts
T′
T
do
VP
Neg
n’t
VP
NP
Q
all
NP
astronauts
V′
V
speak
NP
the same language
Ø
42 / 50
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Seman c roles
Gramma cal role
Mapping
Theory
Deriving the mapping between thema c roles and GFs
Conclusions
43 / 50
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Causa ve-inchoa ve alterna on
(37) a. inchoa ve verb: The sign turned
44 / 50
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Causa ve-inchoa ve alterna on
(37) a. inchoa ve verb: The sign turned
b. causa ve verbs: Mary turned the sign
44 / 50
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Causa ve-inchoa ve alterna on
(37) a. inchoa ve verb: The sign turned
b. causa ve verbs: Mary turned the sign
(38) a. The road wide-n-ed
44 / 50
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Causa ve-inchoa ve alterna on
(37) a. inchoa ve verb: The sign turned
b. causa ve verbs: Mary turned the sign
(38) a. The road wide-n-ed
b. The workers wide-n-ed the road
44 / 50
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.
Causa ve-inchoa ve alterna on
(37) a. inchoa ve verb: The sign turned
b. causa ve verbs: Mary turned the sign
(38) a. The road wide-n-ed
b. The workers wide-n-ed the road
(39) a. Vodka
vodka
z-levn-i-la
became.cheaper
44 / 50
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.
Causa ve-inchoa ve alterna on
(37) a. inchoa ve verb: The sign turned
b. causa ve verbs: Mary turned the sign
(38) a. The road wide-n-ed
b. The workers wide-n-ed the road
(39) a. Vodka
vodka
z-levn-i-la
became.cheaper
b. Automa zace
automa za on
výroby
of.produc on
z-levn-i-la
made.cheaper
vodku
vodka
44 / 50
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Causa ve-inchoa ve alterna on
(37) a. inchoa ve verb: The sign turned
b. causa ve verbs: Mary turned the sign
(38) a. The road wide-n-ed
b. The workers wide-n-ed the road
(39) a. Vodka
vodka
z-levn-i-la
became.cheaper
b. Automa zace
automa za on
výroby
of.produc on
z-levn-i-la
made.cheaper
vodku
vodka
44 / 50
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(40) VP
V
turn
NP
the sign
45 / 50
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(41) TP
T
will
VP
V
turn
NP
the sign
46 / 50
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.
(42) TP
??? TP
T
will
VP
V
turn
NP
the sign
47 / 50
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(43) TP
??? TP
T
will
VP
V
turn
NP
the sign
48 / 50
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(44) VP
NP
Mary
VP
V
turn
NP
the sign
49 / 50
.
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(45) TP
T
will
VP
NP
Mary
VP
V
turn
NP
the sign
50 / 50
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(46) TP
??? TP
T
will
VP
NP
Mary
VP
V
turn
NP
the sign
51 / 50
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(47) TP
??? TP
T
will
VP
NP
Mary
VP
V
turn
NP
the sign
52 / 50
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Seman c roles
Gramma cal role
Mapping
Theory
Deriving the mapping between thema c roles and GFs
Conclusions
53 / 50
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▶ Seman c roles (agent, pa ent, ...)
54 / 50
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▶ Seman c roles (agent, pa ent, ...)
▶ Gramma cal func ons (subject object)
54 / 50
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▶ Seman c roles (agent, pa ent, ...)
▶ Gramma cal func ons (subject object)
▶ How are seman c func ons mapped onto gramma cal
func ons?
54 / 50
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▶ Seman c roles (agent, pa ent, ...)
▶ Gramma cal func ons (subject object)
▶ How are seman c func ons mapped onto gramma cal
func ons?
▶ VP-internal subject hypothesis
54 / 50
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▶ Seman c roles (agent, pa ent, ...)
▶ Gramma cal func ons (subject object)
▶ How are seman c func ons mapped onto gramma cal
func ons?
▶ VP-internal subject hypothesis
▶ all arguments are part of the core event
54 / 50
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▶ Seman c roles (agent, pa ent, ...)
▶ Gramma cal func ons (subject object)
▶ How are seman c func ons mapped onto gramma cal
func ons?
▶ VP-internal subject hypothesis
▶ all arguments are part of the core event
▶ they are in a xed hierarchy (agent > pa ent)
54 / 50
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▶ Seman c roles (agent, pa ent, ...)
▶ Gramma cal func ons (subject object)
▶ How are seman c func ons mapped onto gramma cal
func ons?
▶ VP-internal subject hypothesis
▶ all arguments are part of the core event
▶ they are in a xed hierarchy (agent > pa ent)
▶ there exists a subject func on, independent of argument-status
(exple ves)
54 / 50
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▶ Seman c roles (agent, pa ent, ...)
▶ Gramma cal func ons (subject object)
▶ How are seman c func ons mapped onto gramma cal
func ons?
▶ VP-internal subject hypothesis
▶ all arguments are part of the core event
▶ they are in a xed hierarchy (agent > pa ent)
▶ there exists a subject func on, independent of argument-status
(exple ves)
▶ the subject posi on may be lled by movement
54 / 50
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▶ Seman c roles (agent, pa ent, ...)
▶ Gramma cal func ons (subject object)
▶ How are seman c func ons mapped onto gramma cal
func ons?
▶ VP-internal subject hypothesis
▶ all arguments are part of the core event
▶ they are in a xed hierarchy (agent > pa ent)
▶ there exists a subject func on, independent of argument-status
(exple ves)
▶ the subject posi on may be lled by movement
▶ the agent is closest (but if it is absent, other arguments may
become subjects)
54 / 50
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.
▶ Seman c roles (agent, pa ent, ...)
▶ Gramma cal func ons (subject object)
▶ How are seman c func ons mapped onto gramma cal
func ons?
▶ VP-internal subject hypothesis
▶ all arguments are part of the core event
▶ they are in a xed hierarchy (agent > pa ent)
▶ there exists a subject func on, independent of argument-status
(exple ves)
▶ the subject posi on may be lled by movement
▶ the agent is closest (but if it is absent, other arguments may
become subjects)
▶ oa ng quan ers
54 / 50