DSBcB49 Starověká
ekumena - antická
zprávy o Asii a fl
Africe ^
SYRE, FOINIKIE
|jr|Ô£V KCIIVÓV, rjv 6' éyců,áÁÁáO O I V I K I K Ó V TI,
Etymologie
• Sýrie x Assýrie (lúpia x Aaaupia) A
• O d názvu města Aššur J
• H dt. 7.63 - Řekové nazývají Assyřany jako Syřany bez a-, cizinci jako
• Assýrie - Mesopotamie ^
• Sýrie - pro dnešní oblast Sýrie/Syropalestiny/Levanty, o d SeleulS^ké
v/v
rise
• Občas nejasné pojmenování , prameny se rozcházejí
• Foiní kie/Fénicie - Oorvkn,, cpoTvič; - Foiní čan, datlová palma, purpur
• Kanaanejci
• Městské státy
^ S e n : * - ' ^ ^ i - * . . Seleucid
Empi^
^5s- • t Mídia - Sá ga'1
'3
'
Arabi
íiiibKtí u u y v u i t í i b i v u |
rie - Ebla, Ugarit, Damašek ^ —
• Místo střetů mezi Egyptem, Chetity, Assyřany
• Aramejština, řečtina
• Dobytí Novoassyrskou říší, poté Novobabylónská říše,
Achaimenovská říše —• Alexandr, Seleukovci, Řím
• Centra - Antiochie na Orontu, H alab, Palmýra, Damašek
• Rozmach o d c c a 1000 d o 330 pni A
• Městské státy -Tyros, Sidón, Byblos, Bejrút
• Bez jednotné říše
• Centra o b c h o d u , mořeplavba, zakládání kolonií, stanic - q d
10. stol. pni ^
• Purpur (tyrský nach), sklo, cedrové dřevo
• Kolonie - Kartágo, Leptis M a g n a , Caralis, Gadir
• Pod vládou Novoassyrské, Novobabylónské, Achaimenovské
v/v
nse
• Dobytí Alexandrem, Seleukovci x Egypt, Řím
Foinikie
• Kontakt s Řeky
• Většinou bez vojenských střetů
• Obchodní kontakt - Foiníčané často v Řecku (Kréta, Kypr,
dovoz foiníckého zboží
• Al-Míná - obchodní centrum v dnešní Sýrii/Turecku, c c a 80
převzetí foinícké a b e c e d y —• d o Řecka —• řecká alfabeta
• O d Alexandra - hellenizace (některých vrstev obyvatel)
• Ba'al (Bélos, Baal - H adad), Él (Kronos), Melkart (H éraklés), Astarté
(Afrodite)
Phoenicjan Phoenicjan
>
< A 1 L A
b B m M
i A r n
1 N
d Á s --
i—<
M
h E - O 0
w
Y Y p 0 n
z I Z s M
h
B H q 9 Q
t
® e r P
y i š w
k >í K t X T
Cape Verde / \l
/ V—-^ si.
• H annón
• Kartágo
• 5. stol. pni
• Períp/ús
• Dochovaný řecky (nekompletní), foinícký originál
• Výprava podél afrického pobřeží
• Kolonizace západního pobřeží Afriky
• Jen d o Maroka, Senegal, Guinejský záliv
• Neznámé obyvatelstvo, divoši, proudy ohně, širé moře, Gorillai
• Plinius - PI. NH. 2.67 - měl obeplout Afriku
Carthage
SAHARA
Autori ze Sýrie/Foiníkie
• Poseidónios z Apameie - polyhistor
• Lúkiános ze Samosaty - satirik
• Meleagros z Gadar - básnik (áAÁ' ÍÍ U.EV Xôpoq éaai, XaÁäu.: ÍÍ
yz OoTvi^ Naióioq:: Í Í 6' "EÁÁnv, Xatpc: TÔ 6' aúTô cppáaov.) kosmopolitní,
pozdravy v jazycích
• Filón z Byblu - foinícké dějiny, zlomky (u Eusébia), foinícké náboz!
—• Řekové je prevzali a špatně vyložili, porovnání s řeckými mýty,
náboženstvím (i Egypta) (Sanchúniathón)
• Móchos ze Sidónu - foinícké dějiny, atomismus
• Menandros z Efesu - dějiny Tyru
• Dórotheos ze Sidónu - astrologie, dodnes (arabský překlad)
• Theodotos, Laitos, Dios - foinícké dějiny
Foiníčané - námořníci obchodníci
Hdt. 4.42 - ánéTT£|ji4J£ OoiviKac av6pac,
TTÁObiai, £VT£IÁáu.£VOC, ÉC, TÓ ÓnÍQGO ól'
'HpaKÁĚGOV OTnÁĚGOV ÉKTTÁĚEIV £GOC, £Cj TÍ|V
(3opr|inv
6áÁaaaav KOÍ OUTGO éc, Aiyumov
ániKV££a6ai.
Horn. //. 6.288-295 - ÉV6' ěaáv oinénAoi
napnoÍKiÁo čpya yuvaiKaw
Ii6ovicov, Tác, cróTóc; AAé^av6poq 6£0£i6r|C;
fíYOY£ Ii6ovir|6£v éninÁwc; eúpéa HÓVTOV,
Tf)V ó6óv r\v l
EÁĚvr|v n£p ávř|YCiY£v
£únaTép£iav:
D.S. 5.38.3 - ÓEIVOÍ yáp, ČOIKEV, imfjpšav
ol OoiviK£c £K naÁaióúV xpóvcov ťiq TÓ
Képóoc Djpelv, ol 6' ánó Tfjq 'iTaÁiac; úc; TÓ
|jr|6év |jr|6£vi TÓ5v áAÁcov KaTaXinčív.
(Nekó, egyptský faraón) sent P hoenicians
in ships, charging them to sail on their
return voyage past the P illars of Heracles
till they should come into the northern sea
and so to Egypt I
But the queen herself went down to the
vaulted treasure chamber wherein were
her robes, richly broidered, the handiwork
of Sidonian women, [290] whom godlike
Alexander had himself brought tram
Sidon, as he sailed over the wide secM^
that journey on the which he brought
back high-born Helen.
For the P hoenicians, it appears, were
from ancient times clever men in making
discoveries to their gain, and the Italians
are equally clever in leaving no gain to
anyone else.
Námorníci, obchodníci
• Pind. P. 2.67-68 TÔÓ£ |j£V KCiTá
O o i v i a a a v éunoÁáv
u.£Áoc, úněp noÁiac, aÁôc, TTEIJTTETCII:
• D.S. 5.20 - OOÍVIKEC, ÉK naÁaiaív
Xpôvcov auvex^Q TTÁSOVTSC KOT'
é|jnopiav noAXác, \JEV KOTÔC TT)V
AiBúnv ánoiKiac énoinaavTO, ...
TTÁoÓTOuc usváÁouc fíGpoiaav, Kal
Tŕ)V ÉKTOQl
HpOKÁ£ÍCOV aTľ|AôúV
Éne^äÁovTO TTÁSIV
• Plb. 6.52 - Kapxnôóvioi 6iá TÓ KQI
nÔTpiov aúTOlc, únäpxsív ÉK naÁaioíj
Tf)V é|jn£ipiav TaÚTľ|v Kal
8aÁaTTOopv£Tv |jäÁiaTa novicov
áv6pcbncov,
This song, like Phoenician ^
merchandise, is sent to you over the
gray sea: J
The P hoenicians, who from ancient
times on made voyages continually
for purposes of trade, planted many
colonies throughout Libya ... they
amassed great wealth and essayed
to voyage beyond the P illars of
Heracles into the sea which men cal
the ocean.
the Carthaginians naturally are
superior at sea both in efficiency
and equipment, because
seaman-ship has long been their
national craft, and they busy
themselves with the sea more than
any other people;
D.S. 5.35.4. TfjS 5z TOUTOU XP^ia^
gyvoou[j£vr|C n a p a io\q SYxajpioic, Toug
OoiviKac £[jnopiaic x p w M £ V 0 U
S K a
' T 0
Y£yov6<; M a
9 o v T a
^ a y o p a ^ i v TOV apyupov
[jiKpac nvog avTi56a£(jJC aAAwv cpopTiojv.
Aio 5r] Toug OoiviKag jJETaKcp^ovTag ziq iz
Tnv 'EAAa5a Kai Thv Aaiav Kai TaAAa navTa
s6vr| [jsyaAouc nspinoinaaaGai TTAOUTOUC.
'Eni ToaouTO 5s iodq spinopoug 5iaT£Tvai Trig
(piAoK£p5iac, (boiz snsiSav KaTayo^ajv
OVTOJV TO)V nAoiajv Trepinxun. noAug
apyupog, £KKOTTT£IV TOV £v ia\q ayKupaig
[j6Ai|35ov, Kai £K TOU apyupou Tpv £K TOU
u.oAi|35ou xpsiav aAAanxoBai. Ai6n£p £ni
noAAoug xpovoug oi OoiviK£g 5ia Tfjg
TOiauTn^ £[jnopiac £ni noAu Aa|36vT£<;
au^no"iv anoiKiac noAAag anarmAav, mq
uiv z\q IiK£Aiav Kai mq ouvEvyug TauTn^
vriooug, Tag 5 ' z\q Tnv Aipunv Kai I a p 5 6 v a
Kai Thv 'Ipnpiav.
• Now the natives were ignorant of the uje o
the silver, and the Phoenicians, as they
pursued their commercial enterprises and
learned of what had taken place,
purchased the silver in exchar^MJ^^|rer
wares of little if any worth. And this was the
reason why the Phoenicians, as they
transported this silver to Greece and Asia
and to all other peoples, acquired great
wealth. So far indeed did the merchants go
in their greed that, in case their boats were
fully laden and there still remained a great
amount of silver, they would hammer the
lead off the anchors and have the silver
perform the service of the lead. And the
result was that the Phoenicians^M^^e
course of many years they prospered
greatly, thanks to commerce of this kind,
sent forth many colonies, some to Sicily and
its neighbouring islands, and others to Libya,
Sardinia, and Iberia.
Námorníci
• Str. 1.3.2
• fí T£ Mivoo 8aÁaTTOKpaTÍa GpoÁdrai
K a l f) OOIVÍKGOV vaoTiÁia, 0 1 K a l Tá
£^G0 TGúV 'HpaKÁ£ÍGOV OTnÁtóV
énfjÁGov K a l nóÁ£ic ČKTIOOV KáK£i K a l
n£pl Tá u i a a Tfjq Ai(3ún,c, napaÁiac,
|JIKpÔV TGúV TpGOIKÔúV UOT£pOV.
• Dějiny
• prý od Rudého more - H dt. 7.89.2
• Justin-Just. 18.3.1-5
The sovereignty of the se
exercised by Minos, an
navigation carried on bMthe
Phoenicians, is well known. A little
after the period of the Trojan war
they had penetrated beyond the
Pillars of Hercules and founded
cities as well there as to the mids
of the African coast.
Námorníci, vynálezci, obchodníci
• Písmo
• Hdt. 5.58 - 0 1 8í OoiviK£C OŮTOI 0 1
Q Ď V Káôu.a) ániKÔu.£voi, TWV fjaav 0 1
recpopaToi, áAÁa T£ noÁÁá
oĹKnaavTeq TaÚTnv TTIV x^pnv
éanYCiyov 6i6aaKáÁia éq jovq
"EAAnvaq Kal 6fi Kal vpáuuaTa, O Ú K
éóvTa nplv "EAAnai obe; éu.ol ÓOKÉČIV,
n p w T a páv ToTai Kal ánavTeq
XpéoovTai OoiviKeq • u.rrá St xpôvou
TTpoftaivovTOQ apa Tfj cpoovfj
u.£T£(3aAAov Kal TÔV po9u.ôv TGÓV
Ypau.u.ÔTGOv.
These P hoenicians who c a m e with
C a d m u s (of whom the A
Gephyraeans were a part) at their
settlement in this country, a m o n g
many other kinds of learning,
brought into Hellas the alphabet,
which had hitherto b e e n ^
unknown, as I think, to the Greeks;
and presently as time went o r ^ W i
sound a n d the form of the letters
were c h a n g e d .
• Tac. An. 11.14 - et litterarum semet
inventores perhibent; inde
Phoenicas, quia mari praepollebant,
intulisse Graeciae gloriamque
adeptos... quippe fama est
Cadmum classe Phoenicum vectum
rudibus adhuc Graecorum populis
artis eius auctorem fuisse.
• Plin. NH. 5.13.67 - ipsa gens
Phoenicum in magna gloria
litterarum inventionis et siderum
navaliumque ac bellicarum artium.
which the Phoenicians, they say, by
means of their superior seamanship,
introduced into Greece, and of
which they appropriated the glory,
giving out that they had discovered
what they had really been taught.
Tradition indeed says that Cadmus,
visiting Greece in a Phoenician fleet,
was the teacher of this art to i^fet
barbarous tribes.
The Phoenician people enjoy the
glory of having been the inventors of
letters, and the first discoverers of the
sciences of astronomy, navigation,
and the art of war.
Obchod, bohatství
D.S. 5.12.2"E<J TI 5' n vŕjaog aÚTn
OoivÍKOJv ánoiKOC oí Tcfiq éurropíaic
5iaT£ÍvovT£c péxpi TOU KOTO Tr)v 5úaiv
ajKsavoú KcrracpuYnv £Íxov TaÚTnv,
£ÚÁíu.£vov oúaav Kai K£iu.évr|v
nsAayiav- 5ľ pv aľríav oi KOTOIKOÚVTSC
airrňv súypnaTOÚusvoi Kcrrá noÁÁá 5iá
TOÚC éunópouc Taxu TOÍC TS píoic
ávé5pau.ov KQÍ ia\q 5ó£aic r\d^r\Qr\oay.
This island (Sicílie)is a coloJ-iy
planted by the Phoenicians, who,
as they extended their trade to
the western ocean, found in it a
place of safe retreat, since it was
well supplied with harbours and
lay out in the open sea; and this is
the reason why the inhabitants of
this island, since they receivec^^
assistance in many respects
through the sea-merchants, shot
up quickly in their manner of living
and increased in renown.
Zvyky, obchod
• Obřízka - Jos. A J . 1.10.3 - převzali o d Egyptdnu
Purpur ^^^Ě
• Str. 16.2.23 - aveAaߣv aúTŕiv Tfj T£ vauTiAia, Ka6' f\v ánávTCOv TQW á ť i
KpdTTOUQ £íai Koivfj Q O Í V I K X C ; , K O L jolq nopcpupdoic: noÁí) ySp
é^nTOQTai naaôáv f] Tupia K O Á X Í O T H nopcpúpa (nejlepší n á m ^ ^ 1
světa, tyrský purpur nejcennější n a světě)
• Plinius- PI. NH. 9.60.127 - Tyri praecipuus his Asiae (nejlepší purpur
Tyru)
• Sklo - Str. 16.2.25 - výroba skla v Tyru a Sidónu
• PI. NH. 36.65.190-191
Remeslo, zruční
Hdt. 7.23.3 - stavba kanálu skrze
Athos;
OL St 0OÍVIK8C. aOCpÍr|V £V T£ TOlQI
áÁÁoiai ěpyoiai ánoó£ÍKvuvTai Kal 6fi
Kal év éK£Ívo).
L
• H om.//. 23.743-745;
énťi Xióóv£c, noÁu6ai6aÁoi zv
fjaKnaav,
OoiviK£C 6' áyov ávóp£C. én' r|£pO£ió£a
TTÓVTOV,
OTfjaav 6' év Áiu.£V£aai, Oóavn St
óóópov ČÓGOKOV:
• But the Phoenicians showed the
same skill in this as in all else they
• Sidonci v umění zběhlí je zrobili nadmír u
vkusně, M
avšak foiníčtí plavci je odvezli po
vzdušném moři, ^
potom připluli v přístav a dali je Thoantu
darem.
Řemeslo
Známe i z Bible ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
• 1. Kniha králů - 7.13 - Král Šalomoun poslal pro Churama z Týru.
• 7.40-45 - Dále Churam vyrobil kotlíky, lopatky ajnísy. A
Tak Churam završil veškeré dílo, které pro krále Šalomouna konal na
Hospodinově chrámu: 1
dva sloupy, I
dvě kulovité hlavice na vrcholech sloupů, 1
dvoje mřížování pokrývající obě kulovité hlavice na vrcholech sloupů,
čtyři sta granátových jablek ke dvěma mřížováním (dvě řady granátových
jablek ke každému mřížování pokrývajícímu obě kulovité hlavice sloupů),
deset podstavců,
deset umyvadel na podstavce, ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
jedno Moře,
dvanáct býků nesoucích Moře,
kotlíky, lopatky a mísy.
Všechny předměty, které Churam zhotovil králi Šalomounovi pro Hospodinův
chrám, byly z leštěného bronzu.
Židovské poznámky
• Řemeslo, o b c h o d , námořníci (1. Královská 9.27) - Chíram p
Šalomounovými služebníky vyslal n a lodích také své služebi
zkušené námořníky.
Lháři, podvodníci, šarlatáni, únosci
• Hdt. 1.1
• nepaéoov u i v v u v 0 1 Áôyioi O o i v i K a c
a h i o u c c p a a l y£V£oGai Tfjc, óiacpopfjc;.
TOÚTOUC. yáp áno Tfjc. 'EpuGpfjq
KaÁ£0|j£vr|Q GaÁäaanc, ániKOuivooc. énl
Tŕ]v6£ TÍ)V GäÁaaaav, K a l oíKnaavTac.
TOÍJTOV TÔV X W p O V TÔV K a l V Í J V O Í K £ O U O I ,
ať)TÍKa vauTiÁhiai LjaKpfjai éniGéaGai,
ánayivéovTac; Sk cpopTia AĹyúmiá T£ K a l
A a a ú p i a Tfj T£ áÁÁri éaaniKV££aGai K a l 6fi
K a l zq 'Äpyoc. [2] TÔ Sk ' A p y o q TOÍJ TOV TÔV
Xpôvov npo£iX£ á n a a i TOW év Tfj v u v
v
EÁÁäói KaÁ£0|j£VTi x^P tí- ániKOuivooc, Sk
T O Ú Q O o i v i K a q kq 6fi TÔ ' A p y o q TOUTO
6iaTÍG£aGai TÔV CDÓOTOV.
The P ersian learned men say that the
Phoenicians were the cause of the
dispute. These (they say) c a m e to our
seas from the sea which is called
Red, a n d having settled in the
country which they still o c c u p y , at
o n c e b e g a n to make long voyages.
A m o n g other places to which they
carried Egyptian a n d Assynln
merchandise, they c a m e to Argos,
[2] which was at that time
preeminent in everyway a m o n g the
people of what is now called Hellas.
The P hoenicians c a m e to Argos a n d
set out their cargo.
[3] n£|JTTTri 6E f) EKTT\ riuxPTI
dniKovro, sEeunoAnuEvcov acpi o~x£66v
navrcov, EXQZZV ETTI Tf)V 6 d A a a a a v
YOvalKac, dAAac, T£ noAAac, Kal 6f] Kal
TOU FjaaiAeoc 8uYaT£pa: TO 8t o l
OlWOU-CI ELVai, KOTa TGOOTO TO K d !
"EAAnvec; AEYOUCJI, 'IOUV Tf|V 'Ivaxou:
[4] TOUTOC; aTdaac; KOTO npuu-vny Tfjc,
VEOC, obveeaGai TOOV cpopTicov TOOV acpi
rjv 9ou.6c, u.aAiaTa: Kal TOUC, OoiviKac
6iaK£A£uaa|j£vouc; opurjaai en'
airrdc;. Tdc, U.EV 6fi nAdjvac, TOOV
YUvaiKoov dnocpoyElV, TT\V 6E lovv a u v
dAAriai dpnaaGfjvai. EafJaAouivooc,
8E iq Tf]V v£a oixecjGai dnonAsovTac
en' A L Y U H T O U .
[3] O n the fifth or sixth day after their
arrival, when their wares were almost
all sold, many women came to the
shore and among them especially
the daughter of the king, whose
name was lo (according to Persians
and Greeks alike), the daughter of
Inachus. [4] As these stood about
the stern of the ship bargaining for
the wares they liked, the Phoenicians
incited one another to set upon
them. Most of the women escaped:
lo and others were seized and
thrown into the ship, which then
sailed away for Egypt.
Hom. Od. 13.271-287
ať)Táp é n ť i 6fi TÓV y£ K O T é i a a v o v óšÉTxaAKcp,
ať)TÍK' éyow énl vfja KIWV O P Í V I K O C ávouoĎc
éÁÁiaá|jnv
'K Q
í crcpiv |j£vo£iK£a Án'i'ôa ÓCĎKO:
Toúq M' £K£Á£uaa núÁovó£ KaTaaTfjaai Kal
écpéaaai
ťiq "HAióa otav, ó9i KpaTéouaiv 'ETTEIOÍ.
áAA' rj TOI acpéaqK£i9£v áncbaaTO Tq ávéu.010
nóAA' áEKašouivooc;, oúó' fj8£Aov
éčanaTfiaai.
K£l9£v ó£ nAayx0£VT£(; LKCIVOU.£V év9á6£
VUKTÓq.
Avšak sotva jsem jej svým břitkým oštíjpem zahiL
ihned na rychlou loď jsem k slovutným Foiníkům pr chl,
prosil jsem jich, když libou část jsem z lupu jim vydal,
aby mě na loď vzali a zavezli do země pylské,
aneb k Élidě skvělé, kde epejský panuje národ.
Avšak vichřice silná je zahnala od oné země
na velkou mrzutost jejich, vždyť neměli vůle mě podvés
Odtud pak zahnáni byvše, jsme za noci připluli semo.
• anooófj 6' éc Áipéva
npoepéaaaiJčv, ovSi TIC f||jTv
óópnoo |jvfjcrnc ěny, MÓAa n e p
XOTéouaiv éÁéaáai,
áAA' CH JTCOC áno(3ävT£C éK£Í|j£9a
vnoc anavTec.
£v9' é|j£ páv Y A O K Ú Q UTTVOC; énnAoGe
K£K|jr|G[)TQ,
oi St xpnuďľ épá vAacpopfjc ÉK
Vr|ÔC £ÁÓVT£C
KÓTGeaav, évua n e p aúTôc énl
i|ja|já9oiaiv éK£Í|jrjv.
oi 6' éc Xiôovinv £u vaiouévnv
áva(3ávT£c
CÚXOVT': aúTág éyd) Áinóunv
áKaxHM^voc rJTOp.
V přístav jsme přihnali loď jen s obtíží,
aniž si někdo A
vzpomněl na jídlo z nás, ač velmi jsme po
jídle prahli, I
nýbrž jsme vystoupli z lodi a všichni jsme
ulehli k spánku. M
Tehdáž námahou mdlý jsem libým byl
přemožen spánkem. ^
Lodníci majetek můj pak z duté vynesše
lodi, ^ ^ ^ H
složili na břeh v písku, kde já jsem ve
spánku ležel,
sami však do lodi vstoupli a k Foinícku,
lidnaté zemi,
odpluli, já jsem tu sám však zůstal, v
srdci jsa sklíčen.
• H om. Od. 15.415-418
• £v9a St OoiviK£c vauaiKÁUTOi
fjAu6ov ä vSpzq,
TpôóKTai, u.opľ áyovirc, á8óp|jaTa
vn'i |J£Áaivr|.
£ G K £ St naTpoq éu.oTo yuví]
Ooiviaa' évl OÍKGÚ,
KaÁrí T£ Lj£yáÁr| T£ KOI áyÁaá ěpya
íóula:
TTIV 6' ápa QoiviK£c, noÁonainaÁoi
IÍTT£OÓTT£UOV.
• Jednou foinícký lid tam připlul, proslulý
plavbou, A
šejdíři, bez počtu tret v své tmavé
vezouce lodi. I
Jakous foiníckou ženu jsme tenkrát v
otcově domě ^
měli, i krásnou i velkou i skvostná znající
díla.
Tu tedy počali tehdáž ti foiníčtí pr onSMI
mámit.
• H om. Od. 15.419-475 Únosci, ženou se za ziskem, otrokári
Plat. Resp. 436a
IjäÁiať áv TIC, aíTiáaaiTO TÓTTOV, ŕj
TÔ CpiÁOXpniJCITQV TÔ TT£pl T O Ú Q T£
OoiviKac £Ívai Kal TOUc, KQiä
A Í Y U T T T O V cpain i\q ctv oť)X ŕjKiaTa.
Plat. Leg. 747c
Ka9án£p A Í Y U T T T Í O U C Kal QoiviKat
Kal noÁÁá £T£pa án£ipvaau£va
V£Vn VUV čOTIV ĹÓ£lV ĎTTÔ TfJQ TO)V
CtÁÁGOV £niTnÔ£UUČlTGOV Kal
KTnuäTGOv áv£Á£o9£oiac,
• or the love of money whi
might say is not least lik
found in Phoenicians a
population of Egypt.
examples of this we can see today
in the effect produced ori^M^
Egyptians and Phoenicians an
many other nations by the illiberal
character of their property, and
their other institutions,
Plat. Resp. 414c
u.n6EV Kaivov, rjv 6' eyco, aXXa
OOIVIKIKOV ii, n p o T e p o v U.EV fj6n
noAAaxo\3 yzyovoq, coc, cpaaiv o i
noinTal Kal nensiKaaiv, ecp' f||jcov 6E
oi) yzyovoq ovS' ol6a EL YEV6|J£VOV
dv, nelaai 6E aoyvfic TTSI8OI3C.
• Str. 3.5.5
• ... Kal noaeiScbvioc; TIY^TOI TOV A O Y O V ,
TOV 6E ypnauov Kal TOVQ, TTOAAOIJC;
dnoaToAouc Lii£i3a|ja OOIVIKIKOV.
Nothing unprecedented," said I,
"but a sort of Phoenician tale,
something that has happened ere
now in many parts of the world, as
the poets aver and have induced
men to believe, but that has not
happened and perhaps would not
be likely to happen in our day and
demanding no little persuasion to
make it believable."
Posidonius thinks this view the most
probable of all and looks upon the
oracle and the several expeditions
as a Phoenician invention.
Cic. De Re Pub. Fr. 3
Poeni primi mercaturis et mercibus
suis avaritiam et maqnificentiam
et inexplebiles cupiditates omnium
rerum importaverunt in Graeciam.
• Původ luxusu a lakoty v
způsobili Foiníčané
Lidské oběti
There stands in their midst a bronze
statue of Kronos, its han^H
extended over a bronze brazier,
the flames of which engulf the
child. When the flames fall upon
the body, the limbs contract and
the open mouth seems almost to
be laughing until the contracted
body slips quietly into the brazIe^B
Thus it is that the 'grin' is know n as
'sardonic laughter,' since they die
laughing.
Pozitivnější pohled
Pomponius M ela 1.56
Phoenicen inlustravere Phoenices,
sollers hominum genus et a d belli
pacisque munia eximium: litteras
et litterarum operas aliasque etiam
artes, maria navibus adire, classe
confligere, inperitare gentibus,
regnum proeliumque conmenti.
The Phoenicians are a clever
branch of the human race a n d
exceptional in regard to the
obligations of war a n d p e a c e ,
and they m a d e Phoenicia famous.
They devised the alphabet, literary
pursuits, a n d other arts too; they
figured out how to win access to
the sea by ship, how to condu^^B
battle with a navy, a n d how to
rule over other peoples; a n d they
developed the power of
sovereignty a n d the art of battle.
• Později řada foinických topoi aplikována na Kartagince
• Námořníci
• Obchodníci
• Prohnaní lháři, podvodníci, nelze jim věřit
• Punico fides
• Krutí
• Lidské oběti
Sýrie
• Meleagros z Gadary
• áAA' £í uxv lôpoq éaai, XaÁáu.: £í 6'
oiiv aú Y£ Oolvi^
Naióioq:: £í 6' "EÁÁnv, Xalpe: TÔ 6'
ať)Tô cppäaov.
• If you are a Syrian, salam
are a Phoenician, naidi
you are a Greek, chair
and say the same you
Sýrie
• Ath. 5.46
• K a l ol KOTá Ti)v Xopiav óě TTCIVTEC;, cpnai/
6iá Tf)V TřjQ ycbpac eú&oaiav ánó Tfjc
nepl TávayKaTa KaKonaBsiac aovooooc;
EV£|JOV TTÁeiooc; íva DJCOXOLVTO OOVEXÓOC,,
T0T9 u.£V YOMvaaioic; a x ; paÁavdoic
XPC0|J£VOI; OÁ£ICpÓ|J£VOI sÁaia) TTOÁUT£Á£l
Kal uúpoic, TOTC 6E YpaMMCiraoic;—
OŮTOOC; Y&P ÉKÓAOUV Tá KOlVá TÓúV
aovódnvcov—(hq oiKryrnpioiQ
év6iaiTcb|j£voi; K a l TÓ nÁ£lov u.£poc; Tfjc;
flIJÉpac; vaaTpi(Ióu£voi év aúTOlc; OLVOIC
K a l ftpcbu.aaiv, ÍÚGTZ K a l
npoaanocp£p£iv noÁÁá, K a l
KaTauÁoú|j£voi npóc; x£Ácovi6oc;
TTOÁOKpÓTOO LjJÓCpOUC;, 0úOT£ TaC, TTÓÁEIC,
óÁac; TOTC; TOIOÚTOIC; KEÁÓÓOIC;
auvrix^aGai.'
'And," says he, "all the natives Ggd
inhabitants of Syria, on account of
the fertility of the land, are^|
accustomed to make frequent feasts
after their necessary labours, in order
that they may rejoice together, using
their gymnasia as baths, and
anointing themselves with expensive
oil and perfumes; and at their
grommateia (for that is the name
which they give to their puBlic
entertainments) living as if in their
own houses, and gratifying their^^
stomachs the greater part of the day
with wine and meat, and also
carrying away a quantity of the wine
to their own homes, they thus spend
the day, listening also to the music of
the loud lyre made of the tortoise
shell, so that whole cities resound with
noises of this kind."
Sýrie
Ath. 12.35-citace Poseidónia (stejné,
co předešlé)
Ath. 12.39 - éycú St é(3aaiÁ£uaa Kal áxpi
écbpGOV TOU flÁÍOU CpóúC,, 8TTIOV, gcpayov,
oóiaiaaa, £íóa)C, TÓV T£ xpóvov ÓVTO
(3paxúv 6v šwaiv ol ávGpoonoi Kal
T O U T O V TTOÁÁác, £XOVTO u.£Ta(3oÁác,Kal
KaKonaGdac,, Kal wv áv KaTaÁinoo
áyaGaw áAAoi £^ouai Tác, ánoÁaúaac,,
óió Káya) fiuipav oť)6£|jíav napéÁinov
TOUTO noiaw ... 1
XapóavánaÁÁoc,
AvaKuv6apá^£oo nalc, AyxiáÁnv Kal
Tapaóv £Ó£i|j£v fiuipfl Mfi- taQ\í, niv£,
nalfe: obe,TáAAa T O Ú T O U O Ú K á^ia T O U
áTTOKpOTh,U.CITOC, £OIK£ Á£V£IV.'
I was the king, and while I lived on earth,
And saw the bright rays of the genial
I ate and drank and loved ; and knew
full well
The time that men do live on earth was
brief, m
And liable to many sudden changes,
Reverses, and calamities. Now others
Will have the enjoyment of my luxuries,
Which I do leave behind me. For these
reasons
I never ceased one single d a y T r ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
pleasure.
The king, and son of Anacyndarases,
In one day built Anchiale and Tarsus. Eat,
drink, and love ; the rest's not worth even
this - by "this" meaning the snap he was
giving with his fingers
Liv. 35.49
Suros omnis esse, haud paulo
mancipiorum melius propter
servilia inqenia quam militum
genus.
• Liv. 36.17
• hie Syri et Asiatici Graeci sunt,
vilissima genera hominum et
servituti nata
• these were all Syrians, far better
fitted to be slaves, on account of
their servile dispositions, than to be
a race of warriors. I
• here Syrians and Asiatic Greeks,
the most worthless peoples among
mankind and born for slavery;
• C i c . Prov. 5
• tradidit in servitutem ludaeis et Syris,
nationibus natis servituti.
he h a n d e d them over as si
the Jews a n d Syrian nation
themselves born for s l a v e d
• Juv. Sat. 8. 158-162
• sed c u m peruigiles p l a c e t instaurare
popinas,
obuius adsiduo Syrophoenix udus a m o m o
currit, I d y m a e a e Syrophoenix incola
portae
hospitis a d f e c t u d o m i n u m r e g e m q u e
salutat,
et c u m uenali C y a n e s u c c i n c t a l a q o n a .
A n d w h e n he's off to enjoy
a midnight eating-bout ^
A Syrio-Phoenician, d r e n c h s H i n
endless perfumes, runs ^ ^ ^ ^
To greet him, some Syrian J e w from
the I d u m a e a n G a t e ,
With that host's w e l c o m e , ' M y Lord
a n d Master' while
C y a n e , robe hiked to her thighs,
offers the jar for sale.
Sýrie - slaboši, luxus
The tribune was astounded and perplexed b'
this proposal, but he was a man accustomec
to keeping his wits about him (he was a
Syrian, ana the men from the East are rather
more cunning in their thinkin^H
But if any one of you is concerned about
affairs in Syria, he may judge how feeble the
effort is there and how slight the hope of
success by the fact that these men have not
dared to venture beyond their own borders
and were not bold enough to plan for a
ourney to Rome. There they remain, content,
believing that this temporary taste orlivin^^P
uxury represents the total profit to them of this
irmly established empire.
[2.10.7] The truth is that the Syrians are suited
only to games and childish banter. This is
especially true of those who live in Antioch,
who are reported to be highly enthusiastic
supporters of Niger.
Sýrie - Elagabalus
• C D . 80.11
• Tôjv ô s 6r\ napavo|jnMČ| T G : ) V
aúTOu K a l TÔ KOTOL
TÔV 'EÁ£Yap>aÁov £)(£Tai, oť>x ÓTI 0EÓV n v a
^EVIKÔV éc JT]W 'Pcb|jnv éah,YCiY£V, oúó' ÓTI
K a i v o n p E n é a T a T a aúTôv éu.£YäÁov£v, áÁÁ' ÓTI
K a l n p ô TOU Aiôc aúTOu TÍYCIY£ V
aúTÓv, K a l ÓTI
K a l Ispéa OÚTOU s a u T ô v ijjn<
pio"0íivai énoinaev,
ÓTI T£ TÔ aĹÓOlOV TT£pi£T£U.£, K a l ÓTI XOipťlCDV
Kp£óúV, (bc K a l Ka6apcbT£pov ÉK TOUTOOV
0pno"K£6acov, án£ÍX£TO 'épooÁEÚaaTO u.sv yäp
n a v T ä n a a i v ať>Tô ánoKÓijjai: áÁÁ' ÉKEÍVO U.EV
Tfjc u.aÁaKÍac EVEKO n o i f j a a i éTT£0úu.na £
' TOUTO
6E (bc K a l Tfj TOU 'EÁ£Yap»äÁou2
l£paT£Ía
n p o a f j K O V s n p a ^ E v : éč; o u &r\ K a l sTépoic TGOV
auvóvTcov a u x v o l c ôu.oicoc éÁou.hv a T
ó: K a l _
UÍVTOI K a l ÓTI TT\V éa6fjTa TTIV p>app>apiKnv, fj o l
TÓÚV Xúpcov l e p a c x p w v T a i , K a l óriMo^ia
noÁÁáKic scopaTO ÉVÓEÓOUÍVOC: ácp' o u n £ p
oť>x f]KiaTa K a l TTIV TOU A a a u p i o u éncovu|J Íav
£Áa(3£V.
• Closely related to these irregularities was his
conduct in the matter of Elagabalus. The
offence consisted, not in his introducing a
foreign god into Rome or in his exalting him
in very strange ways, but in his placing him
even before Jupiter himself and causing
himself to be voted his priest, also in his
circumcising himself and abstaining from
swine's flesh, on the ground that his devotion
would thereby be purer. He had planned,
indeed, to cut off his genitals altogether, but
that desire was prompted solely r^Jhis
effeminacy; the circumcision which^^H
actually carried out was a part of the i^Rstly
requirements of Elagabalus, and he
accordingly mutilated many of his
companions in like manner. 2 Furthermore,
he was frequently seen even in public clad
in the barbaric dress which the Syrian priests
use, and this had as much to do as anything
with his receiving the nickname of "The
Assyrian."
Sýrie
• Historia Augusta
• SHA Avidius Cassius 5.11
• ille sane omneš excaldationes,
omneš flores d e c a p i t e collo et sinu
militi excutiet
He will certainly d o a w a y with all
w a r m baths, a n d will strike all the
flowers from the soldiers' heads a n d
necks a n d breasts. m
Severus Alexander 28.7
volebat videri originem d e
Romanorum q e n t e trahere, quia
e u m p u d e b a t Syrum dici, maxime
q u o d q u o d a m t e m p o r e festo, ut
solent, Antiochenses, Aegyptii,
Alexandrini lacessiverant conviciolis,
et Syrum a r c h i s y n a a o a u m e u m
v o c a n t e s et archiereum.
He wished it to b e thought that he
derived his d e s c e n t from the r a c e of
the Romans, for he felt s h a m e ^ H
being c a l l e d a Syrian, e s p e c i a l l ^ ^ ^
b e c a u s e , on the o c c a s i o n of a
certain festival, the p e o p l e of
Antioch a n d of Egypt a n d
Alexandria h a d a n n o y e d him with
jibes, as is their custom, calling him a
Syrian synagogue-chief a n d a high
priest
• Historia Augusta
• SHA Verus, 8.11
• a d d u x e r a t s e c u m et fidicinas et
tibicines et histriones scurrasque
mimarios et praestigiatores et o m n i a
mancipiorum g e n e r a , quorum Syria
et Alexandria pascitur voluptate,
prorsus ut videretur bellum non
Parthicum sed histrionicum
confecisse.
• Jul. Mis. 20
• 6 6E TG5V lupcov 6fjuoc oi)K EXGOV
£8u£iv OTJ6E Kop6aKiCeiv ax0£Tai.
He h a d brought with him, JJ)o,
players of the harp a n d the flute,
actors a n d jesters from the mimes,
jugglers, a n d all kinds of slaves in
whose entertainment Syria a n d
Alexandria find pleasure, a n d in such
numbers, i n d e e d , that he s e e m e d to
h a v e c o n c l u d e d a war, not against
Parthians, but against a c t o r W ^
• Then the whole b o d y of Syrian
citizens are discontented b e c a u s e
they c a n n o t get drunk a n d d a n c e
the cordax.
Literatura
• Mazza, F. (1987). The Phoenicians as seen by the Ancient W
Moscati (Ed.). The Phoenicians. New York: Abbeville.
• Malkin, I. (2005). Herakles a n d Melqart: Greeks a n d Phoen
the Middle Ground. In E. Gruen (Ed.). Cuituroi Borrowings
Appropriations in Antiquity. Stuttgart: F. Steiner.
ans in
Ethnic