D S B C B 4 9
T A R O V Ě K A
E K U M E N A - A N T I C K É
Z P R Á V Y O A S I I A
A F R I C E
E g y p t
TTÁED QTa 6w|jáaia • xei • • • AAq TTD aa x^pn Kan • pya
Aóyou |j£^w TTapÉx£Tai
Etymologie
• Aigyptos (An yurTTog) - z egyptského slova pro Memfis (Hikuptah)
• Aegyptus
• Nil (Nen koq Nilus) - také bůh řeky v řecké mytologii (Hapi)
• Mytologie - Aigyptos - syn Béla, potomek ló
Mediterranean Sea
Egypt - dějiny
Na řece Nilu
Horní/Dolní Egypt - sjednocení cca 3150 pni, Ménés, Narmer
Faraón, vezír, dělení na nomy
Fáze - predynastická doba, Memfis, mastaby
Stará říše - cca 2700-2200 pni, pyramidy, sfinga
Rozpad na nomy - 1. přechodné období, cca 2200-2050 pni
Sjednocení - Střední říše - 2050-1700 pni, Iktavej
Vpád Hyksósů - 2. přechodné období, cca 1700-1550 pni
Vyhnání Hyksósů - Nová říše, 1550-1050 pni, Théby, rozšíření do Lev
Egypt - dějiny
EM
• Mořské národy, cizí dynastie
• 3. přechodné období - 1050-650 pni, libyjská, kúšitská dynastie, dobytí Assyřany
• Saitská dynastie (26.) - „renesance", Sais - 650-525 pni
• Dobytí Peršany
• Časté vzpoury (i účast Řeků), nové dynastie
• Alexander 332 pni
• Ptolemaiovská dynastie 323-30 pni
• Římský Egypt 30pnl-641 nl, provincie
• 32 dynastií (30 - Manetho)
Egypt a Řecko
• Mytologie
• Danaos x Aigyptos
• Héraklés
• Helena a Meneláos (včetně alternativní verze únosu - Hdt. 2.112-120), Próteus
• Údajně kolonizace - Bélos (Mesopotamie), Danaos (Argos), Židé, Kolchiďané ,
Athény, M a k e d o n i e - D . S . 1.28-29
Egypt a Řecko
Naukratis - obchodní stanice, město
7. stol. pni
Psammétichos I., Amásis II. - Řekové se mohou usadit ve mě;
Papyrus, obilí, len <-+ stříbro, dřevo
Alexandrie - 331 pni, hlavní město Ptolemaiovské říše
Architekt - Deinokratés z Rhodu
Ptolemais
Mediterranean Sea
N a u c r a t i s
• Tanls Pelusíum
W a d i N a t r u n
i 2a m
• Bubasti s
Nile DeltaMerimda*
• Heti opoli s
G b a . , C a , r o
«•««* Ä h l S
Dahshur •
F a i y u m L 0 W 6 T
Meydum •
Lahun •
• Herakleopoli s
Egypt
Egypt a Řecko
• Častá účast řeckých žoldnéřů v Egyptě - pomoc při povstání
• Pol. 5. stol. pni (460-455 pni) - Inaros (200 lodí z Athén)
• Přelom 574. stol. pni - Amyrtaios (spojenectví se Spartou)
• Achoris (spojenectví s Athénami)
• 4. stol. pni (358 pni) - Nektanebos II. (Agésiláos II.)
• 332 pni - Alexandr dobývá Egypt
• Správce Egypta - Ptolemaios
Egypt a Recko
• Ptolemaiovský Egypt
• 323-30 pni
• Alexandrie
• Hellenismus
• Řecká/makedonská vládnoucí vrstva
• Stylizace vládců do faraónů x navenek Řekové
• Múseios, Knihovna v Alexandrii
• Podpora egyptského náboženství
• Synkretismus - Sarápis
• Trilingvní nápisy
• Rostoucí vliv Říma
Egypt a Řecko/Řím
Šíření kultu ísidy (+Osíris)
Sarápis
Harpokratés
Hermanúbis
Mystéria
Autoři
• Hekataios z Mílétu
• Hérodotos - 2. kniha Dějin
• Hellaníkos z Lesbu - Aigypt iaka
• Hekataios z Abdér - Aigypt iaka
• Eudoxos z Knidu - o náboženství
• Strabón - 17. kniha Geógrafiky
• Diodóros - 1. kniha Knihovny
• Plútarchos - O ísidě a Osíridovi
• Manethó - Aigypt iaka - 3 části, dělení do dynastií, oprava Hérodota (?)
Dějiny Egypta podle Řeků
Nejstarší lidé světa (dle Egypťanů)
Hdt. 2.2
OD 5ÉAD YÚTTTIOI, TTpD v UD v
• M-'annnTixov acpécov (3aaiÁ£D acu,
• VÓ|Jl£oV • CJÚUTOD TOÚJTOUC
vsvsaOai TTÓVTCÚV • VOPCOTTCÚV
D.S. 1.10
cpaaD T O Í V U V A D YÚTTTIOI K O T D T D V
• £ • pyD <JD v • Ácúwsvsaiv
TTPCOTOUC • vOpcoTTOucvsvsaOai
KOTD TD \ A D VUTÍTOV5lá T£ TD V
£ • Kpaaíav TD q x ^ P a
S K Q
0 Sin TD v
cpúaivTOD NeíAou.
• Now before Psammetichus became
king of Egypt, • the Egyptians
deemed themselves to be the
oldest nation on earth.
• Now the Egyptians have an account
like this: When in the beginning the
universe came into being, men first
came into existence in Egypt, both
because of the favourable climate
of the land and because of the
nature of the Nile.
Vláda bohů
• D.S. 1.42
• uuG oAovoD ai 5n an T D v TIV££ T n uD v
TrpD T O V D p^aiTD cAD VÚTTTOUG EOD C
KOD • pajacD Tn, ppaxn Ä£ÍTrovTa T n v
uupícov KaD • KTOKiaxiAícov, KOD 0£D V
• axaTov (3aaiA£D aai T n vJ aiôoc
• pov • TTD • v6pcÁ)TTcov 5n TD V xwpav
|3e|3aaiAen a6aí cpaaiv • TTD Moípiôoq
• Tľ| ppaxn A£ÍTTOVTa TD V
TT£VTaKiayiAícov uéxpi T n q • Kccroorn q
KaD • vôoriKoaTn <; • AuuTnáôog, Ka6D
• v • u£D q uD v Trap£|3áAo|j£v £ • q
AD YUTTTOV, • (3aaíA£U£ 5D
ľlToA£uan oq • véoq Aióvuaoq
XpnuaTÍ^cov.
• Some of them give the story that at
first gods and heroes ruled Egypt for a
little less than eighteen thousand
years, the last of the gods to rule
being H orus, the son of Isis; and
mortals have been kings over their
country, they say, for a little less than
five thousand years down to the One
Hundred and Eightieth Olympiad, the
time when we visited Egypt and the
king was Ptolemy, who took the name
of The New Dionysus. ...
• H dt. 2.144
První králové
• Hdt. 2.99
• M V O T P vTípD Toy3aaiA£úaavTa
A D VÚTTTOUOD • p££q • Áeyov T O D TO
|jD v • TTOV£(pupD ocu T D V Mé|j(piv.
• D.S. 1.45
• USTD T O D C Ö E O D C T O Í V U V TTpD TÓV
cpaoi 3aoiA£D Q Q I T D q A D YUTTTOU
lylnvD v K O D KOTaöeD ^ai TOD q
AaoD C O E O Ú C T£ 0£ß£08ai KOD
8UQÍaC • TTITSÁSD VTTpD C 5D TOÚTOiq
TTapaTi8£o6ai TpaiTé^ac K O D K Á Í V O C
KOD OTpC0|JVD TTOÁUT£A£D X P ^ CJÖai,
KOD T D OÚVOÁOVTpUCpD V K O P
TTOÁUT£ÁD ßiov £ • o n Y n a a a
6 a i
•
The priests told me that Min was
the first king of Egypt, and that first
he separated Memphis from the
Nile by a dam.
• After the gods the first king of
Egypt, according to the priests, was
Ivtenas, who taught the people to
worship gods and offer sacrifices,
and also to supply themselves with
tables and couches and to use
costly bedding, and, in a word,
introduced luxury and an
extravagant manner of life.
• Chybí zmínka o sjednocení Egypta
První králové
• Hdt. 2.100
• M£TD ÓD TOD T O V KaT£Á£VOV OD
• pízq • K |3ú|3Aou • AÁCJOV
paoiAéoov TpinKookjuv mu
TpigKOVTa o n vóucrra. • v
ToaaúTD ai S n yzvzn ai
• VQPCJÓTTCJOVD KTUJKaí5£KauD v
A n 6íoTT£q • aav, uía ó u yuva
• TTixoopir], on ÓD • AAoi • vóp£q
A n YUTTTIOI.
• =D.S. 1.44-45
• After him came three hundred and
thirty kings, whose names the
priests recited from a papyrus
roll. • In all these many
generations there were eighteen
Ethiopian kings, and one queen,
native to the country; the rest
were all Egyptian men.
První králové
• H dt. 1.101
• T D v 5 n • AACOV paaiAéoov O D y D p
• Aeyov on 5£|jíav • pycov • TTÓ5£gv
Kan on 5n v £ • vai Aa|jTTpóTr|To<;,
TTAD V • vD q IOUB ayáTOuaD T D V
Moípioc Ton TOV ÓD • TTo5£^aa6ai
jvnyoauva TOD • cpaíaTou TD "npn q
3op£r|v • v£uov T£Tpa|j|j£va
TpoiTÚAaia, Aíuvnv T£ • pú£ai TD q
• TT£pío5oq • acov • OTD QTa5ícov
• aT£pov onAcóaco, TTupa|jí5aq T£ • v
an TD O D Ko5o|jn aai, TD V TOD
|j£Yá6£oq Třepí • |jon an TD T D Aí|jvn
• TTi|jvnao|jai- TOD TOV |JD V ToaaD Ta
• TTo5£qaa6ai, T D V Š D • AAcov on 5éva
oD 5év.
• But of the other kings they related
no achievement or deed of great
note, save of Moeris, who was the
last of them. This Moeris was
remembered as having built the
northern forecourt of the temple of
Hephaestus, and dug a lake, of as
many furlongs in circuit as I shall
later show; and built there pyramids
also, the size of which I will mention
when I speak of the lake. All this
was Moeris' work, they said; of
none of the rest had they anything
to record.
• Popis jezera 2.149
První králové
• Sesóstris
• Hdt. 2.102-110
• TOÚTOIQI |jn vaTňAac • víain • q TD q
Xá)pag čin ypauuaTCjv Ásvouaac TÓ T£
• CJUTODQD vouaKaD TD crraTpnc,
• ... čin TD v aTnGÉcjwpáuuaTa • pn
A D vúTTTia5iňK£i • YK£KoAajjjj£va,
AéYOVTa TáĎ£-" D yn Tr|v5£ TD V X ^ P 1 v
D |joiai TOD ai D |JOD ai • KTnaá|jnv-..
• D.S. 1.53-58 (Sesoósis)
• Dobyvatel
• Tažení do celého světa
• Dobytí Asie, části Evropy
• Stavba kanálů, rozdělení půdy, daně
• Senvosret III.
• he set up pillars in their land whereon
the inscription showed his own name
and his country's, and how he had
overcome them with his own power
• there is carven a writing in the Egyptian
sacred character, saying: "I myself won
this land with the might of my shoulders.
První králové - historky
• Hdt. 2.111 - F e r ó n
• Hdt. 2 . 1 1 2 - 1 2 0 - P r ó t e o s Helena
a Meneláos
• Hdt. 2.121-122 - Rhampsinitos extrémně
bohatý (D.S. 1.62 -
Remfis)
Stavitelé pyramid
• Hdt. 2.124-126
• Cheops (Chufu)
• U £ T D Ó D T O D TogaoiÁ£úoavTa
ocpéoov XéoTTa • q TTD oav
KaKÓTnTa • Aáoai. KaTaKAqíoavTa
váp uiv TrávTa in • pn Trpa Ta
ua v ocpéaq 6uoi£tjov TOUTÉCJOV
• TT£p^ai,u£TD 5D • pyá&oQai
• CJOUTD K £ Á £ Ú £ I V TTáVTCtC
A D V U T T T Í O U C
• TD q • TTOI££TO 6 D KCkq • CJOUTD • v
vríon T D Ó D TTupauíói a n T D
Xpóvov y£V£o6ai £ • K O O I D T£a
TTOI£UU£VD •
• but Cheops, who was the next
king, brought the people to utter
misery. For first he shut up all the
temples, so that none could
sacrifice there; and next, he
compelled all the Egyptians to
work for him,
• these the king meant to be burialplaces
for himself, and
encompassed them with water,
bringing in a channel from the
Nile. The pyramid itself was
twenty years in the making.
Stavitelé pyramid
• Cheops
• H dt. 2.126
• • £TOD TO 5n • ÁGsOtéOTTO: KOKÓTIITOC
• OTsypnuáTCjv 5sóusvov TD v BuvcJTÉpa
TD v • gjuTOEkaTíoavTa • TT'OD KŘUOTOC
TTpooTá^ai TTpr|oo£O0ai • pyúpiov • KÓOOV
5r| TI- OD Y a
P 6D TOD TÓ \Z • Á£VOV. TD V
CD TÓ T£ • TTD TOD TTOTpD c; TOXÓÉVTa
TTpr|oo£o0ai, • čin čn mn an TD v
5iavor|0n vai uvnuríiov KaTaAiTréoGai, mn
TOD • oióvTog TTpngaDTDva KÓOTOU
5É£O0ai • Kujq • v an TD Dva AíGov • v
TOD Ol • PYOIOI 5lJp£OITO. • K TOÚTCJV ČD
TD v AíGcjv • cpaoav TD v TTupauí5a
on Ko5oun0n vai TD v • v u£on TD V Tpin v
• OTf|KUD av, • |JTTpOO0£ TD q |J£YÓAr|C
TTUpa|JÍ5og, TD 5 • OTD TD KD AOV • KOOTOV
• Aou Kan • uia£Oc; TrAÉGpou.
• And so evil a man was Cheops that for lack
of money he made his own daughter to sit
in a chamber and exact payment (how
much, I know not; for they did not tell me
this). She, they s a y doing her father's
bidding, was minded to leave some
memorial of her own, and demanded of
everyone who sought intercourse with her
that he should give one stone to set in her
work; and of these stones was built the
pyramid that stands midmost of the three,
over against the great pyramid; each side
of it measures one hundred and fifty feet.
• D.S. 1.63.5 (Chemmis)
• TTD o a 5 n aiepeon AI6ou
KaT£aK£uaaTai, T D V U D V
• pyaalav • xovroq 5uox£pn , TD V
§ • 5iauovD v a n ouviov o n K
• AOTTOVCJOV yn P • X I A I U J V • T D y
• q cpaoi, 5i£Ar]Au66Ttjov £ • q T D v
Ka6n • q plov, • q 5n • VIOI
Ypacpouoi, TTAEIOVOOV • TPIOYIAIUJV
Kan T£TpaKoolcjov, 5iau£vouoi
|J£XPI TOD VD v on AIGOI TD V • %
• pxn <; ouv6£oiv Kan T D v • Any
KaTaOK£UD VP OnTTTOV
5iacpuAdTTOVT£q.
• The entire construction is of hard
stone, which is difficult to work but
lasts for ever; for though no fewer
than a thousand years have
elapsed, as they say, to our
lifetime, or, as some writers have
it, more than three thousand four
hundred, the stones remain to this
day still preserving their original
position and the entire structure
undecayed.
Stavitelé pyramid
Chefrén (Chafra)
Hdt. 2.127
Xecppn va- mu T O D TOV Ó D T D
a n TD TpóTTD óiaxpn a6ai TD
• Tepa TÓ T£ • AAa K O D Trupauíóa
TTOID aai,
• ^
Chephren also built a pyramid, of
a less size than his brother's.
Stavitelé pyramid
• D.S. 1.64 (H dt. 2.128)
• T D V Ó D paaiAéoov T D V
KaTaaK£uaaávTtjov a n TD q
• auTon crácpouc auvépn,
un5ÉT£pov a n T D V mu qjupauíaiv
• vTacpD vaiTD vD prTÁr)Qr] 5iá T£
TaÁaiTTCjopíav TD v • v T O D q • pvois
K Ó D ÓlD T D TOÚTOUq T O D <~
(3aaiÁ£D C D uDKaD Bíaia T T O A A D
Trpa ^ai 5lDD pyD <ED T O D <;
a n Tíouq, Kan T D aúuaTa • TT£ÍA£I
čiaaTráa£iv Kan u£6n • ppajuq
• Kpíqjeiv D K T D v Tácpoov:
• And though the two kings built the
pyramids to serve as their tombs,
in the event neither of them was
buried in them; 5 for the
multitudes, because of the
hardships which they had endured
in the building of them and the
many cruel and violent acts of
these kings, were filled with anger
against those who had caused
their sufferings and openly
threatened to tear their bodies
asunder and cast them in despite
out of the tombs.
Stavitelé pyramid
Mykerínos (Menkaure)
Hdt. 2.129-134
This king too left a pyramid, but
far smaller than his father's
• riupauíóa o n o n Toq • TT£ÁÍTT£TO
TTOÁÁD v • Aáooou T O D TTOTpa q • Pohřeb dcery, zabil ji
sám/neštěstí, socha krávy v Sais
Další králové
• H dt. 2.137-139 Sabakos - z Aithiopie (Šabako)
• H dt. 2.141 - Sethos (Šebitku) - boje s Assyřany
• H dt. 2.142 - chronologie, délka vlády
• • q JJD V TOOÓVSE TOD Aóyou AD YÚTTTIOÍ TE KÓD OD
• p££<; • A£yov, • TTOSEIKVÚVTEC; • TTD TOD TTPÚTOU
(3aaiÁ£og • <; TOD • cpaíaTOu TD v • péa TOD TOV TD V
T£Á£UTan ov (3aaiÁ£úaavTa jjíav TE KOD
T£aa£páKOVTa KOD TOiriKoaiac y£V£D <; • vOpÚTTcov
y£vou£vag, KÓD • v TOUTD ai • pxi£p£ag KOD
(3aaiAéa<; • KaTépouc TOOOÚTOIK; YČVOUÉVOIK;. KCIÍTOI
Tpir|KÓaiai un v • vopn v y£V£an 5uvéaTai |júpia
• T£0- Y£V£aD \fD p Tp£D 4 • v5pD V • KOTD V • T£C(
• OTÍ- yiD <; 5D KaD T£aa£páKOVTa • TI TD V
• TTIAOÍTTCJÚV Y£V££CJOV, OD • TTD OOV TD Ol
Tpir|Koaín ai, • aTDr£aa£oáKovTa KOD ToiriKÓaia
KÓD xíAia • ixa. on TW • yiupioiaí TE • TEOI KOD
xiAíoiai KÓD TpinKoaíoiaí TE KOD T£aa£páKoyTa
• Á£yov 0£D v • vBpwTTOEiSéa on céva Y£V£a6ai- on
|J£VTOI OD 5D TTpÓT£pOV OD 5D • OT£pOV • V TOD Ol
• TroAoÍTTOiai AD YÚTTTOU (3aaiA£D ai Y£vo|j£voiai
• AEYOV OD 5D V TOIOD TO.
• Thus far went the record given me by the
Egyptians and their priests; and they showed me
that the time from the first king to that priest of
Hephaestus, who was the last, covered three
hundred and forty-one generations of men, and
that in this time such also had been the number
of their kings, and of their high priests. Now three
hundred generations make up ten thousand
years, three generations being equal to a
century. And over and above fne three hundred
the remaining forty-one cover thirteen hundred
and forty years. Thus the whole sum is eleven
thousand three hundred and forty years; in all
which time (they said) they had had no king who
was a god in human form, nor had there been
any such thing either before or after those years
among the rest of the kings of Egypt.
Hdt. 2.148
56^av 6i acpi • TTOiqaavTO
Aa3upiv8ov, • Aryov • TTD p in q
Aluvqc T D cMolpioc K O T D
KpOKoSdAoov KaA£0|j£vr|v TTOAIV
IJdAiaTd K D K£lu£vov•
oav u£v vuv Kan aarrupaul5£c
Aoyou u£Cov£c, Kan T T O A A D V
• KdaTq a n T£oov • AAryviKD v
• pyujv Kan |j£YdA(juv • vTa^lq,
• 5 D 5DAaBupiv8oc KaD T D q
TTupaul5ac • TT£pBdAA£i
• having so resolved they made a
labyrinth, • a little way beyond the
lake Moeris and near the place
called the City of Crocodiles
• Though the pyramids were greater
than words can tell, and each one
of them a match for many great
monuments built by Greeks, this
maze surpasses even the
pyramids.
Pozdější králové - Saitská dynastie
• Již správná chronologie
• Psammétichos (Psamtik I.)
• Hdt. 2.151-157
• Pomoc Řeků
• Nekós (Nechó) - Hdt. 2.158-159
• Stavba kanálu do Rudého moře
• Psammis (Psamtik II.) - Hdt.
2.160
• A p r i é s - H d t . 2.161
• Tažení do Libye
• Amasis - Hdt. 2.162-163, 169
• Hdt. 2.172-182
• Amasis II.
• • TTpíOjU o n • ó£ KaTapaipquevou
• (3aaíÁ£ua£ • uaoiq, vóuou un v
ZaÍTECjj • CJÚV, • K T D q 6U • v
TTÓAioq, on vouá o n • CTTD Iioúcp.
TD UD V ÓD TTpD TO KOTÚVOVTO TD V
• uaaiv A n YÚTTTIOI Kan a v
OD 5£UIDUQÍPD U£VáÁD • YOV • T£
ón 5r|UÓTr|v T D Trpa v • Ó V T O Kan
on K\r\q on K • TTicpavéoq- U £ T D Ó D
O O C P Í D a n T O D q • • uaoiq, o n K
• V V C J O U O O Ú V D TTpooriYáY^TO.
• Apries being thus deposed,
Amasis became king; he was of a
town called Siuph in the province
of Sais. Now at first he was
contemned and held in but little
regard by the Egyptians, as
having been but a common man
and of no high family: but
presently he won them to him by
being cunning and not arrogant.
Saitská dynastie
• Amasis
• n TT'n páaiog ôn paaiAéoc; AÉYSTCU
A D vuTTTocuáAiaTa 5D TÓTE
£• ôaiuovD aaKaD TD • TTD
TO D TTOTC(|JOD TD x^pD Y'vóM^vQ K O D
TD n nn TD q x^PIC TOD ai • vépúmoiai,
KC(D TTÓAlC • v an TD Y£vÉa0ai TD c;
• TTáaac; TÓT£5iauupíac TD q
OD K£OU£VaC VÓ|JOV T£ AD YUTTTÍOIOT
TÓVÔ£ • paaic; • QTD KaTaaTrjaas,
• TTOÔ£IKVÚVai • T£Og • KÓQTOU TD
vouápyD TTávTa TIvn An YUTTTÍWV • 0£v
(3IOD Tai- |jn ôn TTOIED VTCI Tan TO prion
• TTOcpaívovTa ÔIKCUIIV £č>r|v • 0úv£a0ai
0aváTD .ZóAuv 5n • • 8nvaa oc AaBa v
• i A D VÚTTTOU T O P TOV TD V VÓUOV
D 0nvaíoiai D 0£TQTD D K£D VOI D q aD £ D
Xp£CJVTQI D ÓVTI D |JÚ)|JD VÓ|JD .
• It is said that in the reign of Amasis
Egypt attained to its greatest prosperity,
in respect of what the river did for the
land and the land for its people: and that
the whole sum of inhabited cities in the
country was twenty thousand. It was
Amasis also who made the law that
every Egyptian should yearly declare his
means of livelihood to the ruler of his
province, and, failing so to do or to
prove that he had a just way of life, be
punished with death. Solon the Athenian
got this law from Egypt and established
it among his people; may they ever
keep it! for it is a perfect law
Dobytí Peršany
Amasis (570-525 pni),
Psamménitos (Psamtik III.)
X Kambýses II.
Bitva u Pelúsia Hdt. 3.10
Mimo Hérodota
• Osymandyás (Ramesse II.) •
• D.S. 1.47-49
• • TTD yD P v
TTpCÁJTCOV TÓCpCOV, • V
on q TrapaôéôoTcu in q TraAAaKÍôaq
TO n A I D q T£9ácp9ai, 5éKa QTaôíoov
cpqan v • TTáp^aBaaiAégjc uvD ua
TO n TTpoaaYOp£u9évToq
• auuavôúou
• • TTiY£Ypácp9ai 5n • TTD an TOD
'3aaiA£D cBaaiAeajv • auuavôúac
£ • uí. £ • 5é i\q £ • ôévaí |3oúA£Tai
TTr|AÍKOq £ • UD KOD TTOD K£D UOI,
VIKÓTCO TI T D V • uD v • pycov.'
Ten stades from the first tombs, he
says, in which, according to
tradition, are buried the concubines
of Zeus, stands a monument of the
king known as Osymandyas.
The inscription upon it runs: "King of
Kings am I, Osymandyas. If anyone
would know how great I am and
where I lie, let him surpass one of
my works.
Mimo Hérodota
• Ramesse II. •
• D.S. 1.47
• |J8TD 5 D TD V TTUÁD vnspíaTuÁov
£ • Vai TO• TTpOTÉpOU "
• 5lOÁOYCÁ)T£pOV, • v •MucpD c
• Trápxeiv TTavTOíaq 5r]Áoúaaq T n v
TTÓÁEIJOV T • V V£VÓ|J£VOV CXU TD
TTpD q TOD q • V TODRáKTPQIC
• TToaTávTac • cpn on q
• QTpaT£D a 6 a i TTE^U V JJD V
T£TTOpáKOVTa |JUpláaiV, • TTTT£D CTI
5n oiaijupíoiq, £ • q Ténapa |j£pn,
5in pr]|J£vr|^ TD <; TTáar]^ crrpcmn q,
• v • TTÓVTCJOV uD on q TOD PaaiAewq
• axn^évai TD v • v£|JOvío:v.
Beyond the pylon, he says, there is
a peristyle more remarkable than
the former one; in it there are all
manner of reliefs depicting the war
which the king waged against those
Bactrianswho had revolted; against
these he had made a campaign
with four hundred thousand footsoldiers
and twenty thousand
cavalry, the whole army having
been divided into four divisions, all
of which were under the command
of sons of the king.
Alexandr a Egypt
• Pseudo-Kallisthenés
• Romance o Alexandrovi
• 1.1-12
• Poslední egyptský faraón,
Nektanebó II., otcem Alexandra
Egypt - dějiny
• Hérodotos i Diodóros - důraz na
stavitelskou činnost králů
• Příběhy k vládě králů
• Špatná chronologie (D.S. 1.50)
• Dobré záznamy k Saitské dynastii
Manetho
• Chronologicky
• Kronika
• Linie bohu
• The first man (or god) in Egypt is
Hephaestus, • who is also J
renowned among the Egyptians
as the discoverer of fire. His son,
Helios (the Sun), was succeeded
by Sosis; then follow, in turn,
Cronos, Osiris, Typhon, brother of
Osiris, and lastly Orus, son of
Osiris and Isis.
• Seznamy vládců, 30 dynastií,
délka vlády, občas události z vlády
• Čerpal z oficiálních seznamů
vládců
• Flavius Josephus - Cont ra
Apionem
• Plútarchos - O ísidě a Osíridovi
Náboženství
Egypt - místo zrození bohů
Hdt. 2 . 4 3 - 6 3
Piu. De Iside
D.S. 1.11-20
D.S. 1.9.6
'ETTEÍ 5Ě Korá Tř|v A'I'YUTTTOV QZUJV T£
Y£V£a£i£ ÚTíáp^ai uuSoAoyouvTai, aí
T£ TO)V á a i p c j v ápxaióTaiai
TTapaTipiiaaq £Úpna9ai AéyovTai,
Trpóq 5£ TOÚTOI£ T í p a j í c Ó^IÓAOYOI
Kai TíoAAai u£yc(Acjjv a v o p w v
ioTopouvTai ...
And since Egypt is the country
where mythology places the origin
of the gods, where the earliest '
observations of the stars are said to
have been made, and where,
furthermore, many noteworthy
deeds of great men are recorded,
Náboženství
• Interpretatio graeca
• Osíris - Dionýsos
• ísis - Démétér/Afrodíte
• A m m ó n - Z e u s
• Ptah - Héfaistos
• Ápis - Epafos
• Set - Týfón
• Hórus - Apollón
• Anúbis/Osíris - Hádés
• R a - Hélios
• Thoth/Anúbis - Hermes
• Hathor - Afrodíté
Interpretatio graeca
m D.S. 1.25
• Ka96Aou 6z TroAAri, Y\q ZOT\ 5iaqxjjvia
TTspi TOUTCJV TO)V QZUJV. Thv auTrjv
yap oi u s v l a i v , oi 5s A i i u n j p a v , oi
6z 0£auocp6pov, oi 6z l£Arivr|v, oi
6z "Hpav, oi 6z Traaaiq Talq
TTpoariYopiaiq o v o u a ^ o u a i . Tov 6z
"Oaipiv oi u£v lapamv, oi 5z
Aiovuaov, oi 6z riAouTuwa, oi 6z
A u u w v a , nv£q 6z A i a , TroAAoi 6z
n a v a TOV auTOv v£vouiKaai- A£vouai
6z Tiv£q l a p a m v dvai T O V Trapa ToTq
"EAAnai l~IAouT(jjva 6voua£6u£vov.
• In general, there is great
disagreement over these gods. For
the same goddess is called by
some Isis, by others Demeter, by
others Thesmophorus, by others
Selene, by others Hera, while still
others apply to her all these names.
2 Osiris has been given the name
Sarapis by some, Dionysus by
others, Pluto by others, Ammon by
others, Zeus by some, and many
have considered Pan to be the
same god; and some say that
Sarapis is the god whom the
Greeks call Pluto.
Náboženství
• Řečtí bohové (mimo jiné) pocházejí
z Egypta
• Např. H éraklés (Šu) H dt. 2.43
• Kan uD v • TI y£ on Trap AArjvojv
• Aapov T D on voua A n YÚTTTIOI T O D
• paKAéoq, • AADD AAnvscuD AAov
Trap' A D yuTTTÍojvKa• • AAnvoJv
OD TOI OD 6£U£VOI TD • UCpITpÚCOVOq
yóvD TO n voua • paKAéa, TTOAAÓ UOI
K O D • AAa T£Kur|pia • QTD TOD TO
OD TCO • X£IV, D VÔD KOD TÓÔ£, • TI T£
TO n • paKAéoq TOÚTOU on Y°v
é£^
• ucpóT£poi • aav • ucpiTpúcov K O D
• AKUhvny£VOVÓT£C T • • V£K06£V
• T T ' Ä D VUTTTOU
• I have indeed many proofs that the
name of H eracles did not come
from H ellas to Egypt, but from
Egypt to H ellas (and in H ellas to
those Greeks who gave the name
Heracles to the son of Amphitryon);
and this is the chief among them —
that Amphitryon and Alcmene, the
parents of this H eracles, were both
by descent Egyptians
Náboženství
• Napr. Dionýsos Hdt. 2.48-49
• Napr. věštírny Hdt. 2.54
• n c p a o a v o n • p é e q T o n ©nPaiéoq
A I D q óúo yuvan mq • pdaq • K
©npécov • £ C ( Y 8 D v a n TTD
OOIVÍKCJOV, K O D T D V v a n IZUJV
TTu6£o6ai • q Aipúryv TTpnBea oav
T D V Ó D • q ion q n AAqvaq- TaÚTaq
ôn m q yuvan mq zn vai TD q
n ô p u o a u é v a c T D uavTniaTTpcjóTac
• v T O D oi zn pqpévoioi • 6v£Oi.
• The priests of Zeus of Thebes told
me that two priestesses had been
carried away by from Thebes by
Phoenicians; one of them (so,
they said, they had learnt) was
taken away and sold in Libya, and
the other in Hellas; these women,
they said, were the first founders
of places of divination in the
countries aforesaid.
Náboženství
• Hdt. 2.50
O D vóuaTaTD vQ£D v a £Aa VÚTTTQU
a Ar)AuQ£D q TD v D AAáóa. ÓIÓTI
UD V VD p D K TD V pappápOOV • K£l,
TTUV6aVÓU£V0q OD TCO £D píOKCO
D óv- óoKéoo 6'D v uáAiaTa
a Tf A D VÚTTTQU a TTD y9ai
• Nejzbožnější z lidí - 2.37
• 0£Oa£3££C ÓD TT£piaaD q D Ó V T £ £
uáAicrra TTÓVTCJOV a VQPCJÚTTCJUV
vóuoiai T O I O D aió£ X P É W V T C N .
• Indeed, wellnigh all the names of
the gods came to Hellas from
Egypt. For I am assured by inquiry
that they have come from foreign
parts, and I believe that they came
chiefly from Egypt.
• They are beyond measure
religious, more than any other
nation
Náboženství
• ísis a Osíris
• D.S. 1.11
• M£0£pUnV£UOU£V(jJV yáp TOÚTOJV £l£ TÓV
'EAAr|viKÓv Tfjg 5iaÁ£KTOu TpóiTOv £Ívai TÓV
uěv "Oaipiv TTOÁuócp0aAuov, ... Twv 6i
TTap"'EAAnai TTaAaiojv UU0OAÓVOJV nvěg
TÓV "Oaipiv Aióvuaov TTpoaovouáčouai Kai
Z£Ípiov TTapojvú|Jwg\.. Tňv 5£ l a i v
U£0£punv£uou£vnv £'V
Q' TTaAaiáv,
T£0£iu£vr|^ TH^ TTpoan.vopía<; áiTÓ jf\q
ái5íou Kai TTaAaiá^ yzviozojq. Képara 5'
aŮTn £TTiTi0£aaiv áiTÓ T£ Tfjg ógjeoog nv
£XOuaa cpaív£Tai Ka0' ÓV áv xpóvov
ÚTTápxn unvo£i5rí.<;, Kai áiTÓ Tř|<;
Ka0i£poju£vn,c aŮTrj |3oóc "nap' AiYumíoig.
• For when the names are translated into
Greek Osiris means "many-eyed, ... And of
the ancient G reek writers of mythology
some give to Osiris the name Dionysus or,
with a slight change in form, Sirius. ...As for
Isis, when translated the word means
"ancient," the name having been given her
because her birth was from everlasting and
ancient. And they put horns on her head
both because of the appearance which she
has to the eye when the moon is crescentshaped,
and because among the Egyptians
a cow is held sacred to her.
Osiris
• D.S. 1.17
• Tóv 5s "Ocnpiv Aéyouaiv, wansp
£ Ů £ P Y £ T I K Ó V óvTa Kai cpiAóóo^ov,
QTpaTÓnsóov uéva aucrrríaaaG ai,
Siavooúusvov énsABsTv ánaaav
Trjv oJKOuuávriv Kai 5i5á^ai TÓ
vévog Td)v ávBpcÁjncjv Trív TS Trjq
áunsAou (puTSÍav Kai TÓV anó po V
TOU TS nupívou Kai KpiGívou
Kapnou•
Of Osiris they say that, being of a
beneficent turn of mind, and eager
for glory, he gathered together a
great army, with the intention of
visiting all the inhabited earth and
teaching the race of men how to
cultivate the vine and sow wheat
and barley
Osiris a (sis
MMMrajiiniiiimniirrfmRimniinnmnnmTin
D.S. 1.21
(Paai yap vouiuwc. paaiAsuovia Tf|<;
AIYUTTTOU TOV 'Oaipiv UTTO TUCPOJVOC
avaipsGnyai TaSsAcpou. piaiou Kai
daspouc OVTO^- 6v SISAOVTO TO awua TOU
CpOV£U0£VTO<; Z\Q KOJ STKOQI U£pr|
OOUVai TU)V aUV£TTI0£U£VCjJV £KOOTC0
M£pi5a, |3ouA6|j£vov TravTag u£Taax£iv
TOU uuaouc, Kai 5id TOUTOU voui^ovTa
auvaYwviaTdg £^£iv Kai cpuAaKa^ jf\q
|3aaiA£iag |3£|3aiouc. Tnv 5£ laiv
a5£Acphv ouaav Oaipioog Kai yuvaika
|J£T£A0£Tv TOV cpovov, QUVayWVI^OUivOU
TOU TTai56g auTrjg "Qpou- av£Aouaav 5i
TOV Tucpoova Kai TOU<; auuTTpa^avTag
|3aaiA£uaai Tfjg AIYUTTTOU.
This is the story as they give it: When
Osiris was ruling over Egypt as its lawful
king, he was murdered by his brother
Typhon, a violent and impious man;
Typhon then divided the body of the
slain man into twenty-six pieces• and
gave one portion to each of the band of
murderers, since he wanted all of them
to share in the pollution and felt that in
this way he would have in them
steadfast supporters and defenders of
his rule. 3 But Isis, the sister and wife of
Osiris, avenged his murder with the aid
of her son hforus, and after slaying
Typhon and his accomplices became
queen over Egypt.
Osiris, Isis, Hörus, Tyfön
• Plu. De Iside. 12-19
• During his absence the tradition is
that Typhon attempted nothing
revolutionary because Isis, who was
in control, was vigilant and alert; but
when he returned home Typhon
contrived a treacherous plot against
him and formed a group of
conspirators seventy-two in number.
• As it happened, they had seen it,
and they told her the mouth of the
river through which the friends of
Typhon had launched the coffin into
the sea.
• Recognizing the body he divide
into fourteen partsn and scatter
them, each in a different place.
• Of the parts of Osiris's body the
only one which Isis did not find
the male member,
• Later, as they relate, Osiris came to
Horus from the other world and
exercised and trained him for the
battle. After a time Osiris asked
Horus what he held to be the most
noble of all things. When Horus
replied, "To avenge one's father and
mother for evil done to them,"
Nabozenstvi - hellenismus
• D.S. 1.18
• To) 5 ' ouv O a i p i 5 i auv£aTpaT£ua9ai
5uo A£youaiv uiouq 'Avouftiv T£ Kai
MaK£56va, 5ia(p£povraq av5p£ig.
AucpoT£pouq 5£ x p h a a a 9 a i ToTq
£TTiar]MOTaTOiq OTrAoiq OTTO TIVCJV
?U)(JJV O U K aVOIK£ICjJV Tfl TT£pi OUTOUq
£UToAuig- TOV u£v y a p 'AvoufBiv
TT£pi8£a8ai Kuvfjv, TOV 5£ MaK£56va
A U K O U TTpoTouhv- acp' r\q a m a q Kai
TO £tua TauTa TiunBfjvai Trapa ToTq
AiyuTTTioic.
• Now Osiris was accompanied on
his campaign, as the Egyptian
account goes, by his two sons
Anubis and Macedon, who were
distinguished for their valour. Both
of them carried the most notable
accoutrements of war, taken from
certain animals whose character
was not unlike the boldness of the
men, Anubis wearing a dog's skin
and Macedon the fore-parts of a
wolf; and it is for this reason that
these animals are held in honour
among the Egyptians.
Nabozenstvi - hellenismus
• D.S. 1.20
• Kai KOTO U E V Thv 0paKr]v
AuKoOpyov TOV paaiAsa TCJV
PapPapcjv EvavTiouusvov ToTq UTT'
aUTOU TTpaTTOU£VOiq aTTOKT£Tvai,
Mapajva 5£ ynpcuov n5r^ KGQZOTCJTG
KOTaAlTTaV £TTI[J£Ar|Tr)V TCJV £ V TaUTP|
jr\ x ^ p g cpuT£uou£V(jjv, Kai KTiaTr)v
duTov TTOifiaai Tn,c; ETTCJVUUOU
Tr6A£Cjjq, fjy ovouaaai Mapajv£iav.
Kai MaK£o6va u£v TOV uiov
aTToAiTT£Tv |3aaiA£a Tfjq crrr' £K£ivou
TTpoaaY9p£u0£iar|C MaK£5oviac
TpiTTTOA£|ja) 5' £TTITp£l|jai T O ^ KOTO
Tf|v A T T I K H V Y£wpY'a
^•
In Thrace he slew Lycurgus, the
king of the barbarians, who
opposed his undertaking, and
Maron, who was now old, he left
there to supervise the culture of the
plants which he introduced into that
land and caused him to found a city
to bear his name, which he called
Maroneia. 3 Macedon his son,
moreover, he left as king of
Macedonia, which was named after
him, while to Triptolemus he
assigned the care of agriculture in
Attica.
Kult zvirat (Hdt. 2.65-76; D.S. 1.83-
89)
D.S. 1.83
rispi 5£ TOJV a(pi£pOJ|J£VOJV ^OJOJV KOT'
A'I'YUTTTOV £iKOTOjq cpaivaai TToAAoTq
TTapaSo^ov TO yiv6u£vov Kai £ n T r
l G £ W
£
a£iov. l£|3ovTai yap £via TOJV COJOJV
AIYUTTTIOI K a 9 ' UTT£p|3oAr|v ou CoJVTa
yoyoy, aAAa Kai T^A^uTnaavTa, oiov
aiAoupouc Kai Touq iyv£U|jovac Kai
Kuvac £TI 5' i£paKac: Kai mq
KaAouu£vaq Trap' auToTq Ypgic, "rrpoq 5£
TOUTOIC TOUq T£ AUKOUC KOI TOUq
Kp0KQ0£JA0UC KOi £T£pa TOIOUTO TTA£IOJ,
TT£pi OJV Tac amaq a.Tro5i56vai
TT£ipaa6[j£6a, |3pax£a TrpoT£pov uTT£p
auTOJV 5i£A96vT£q.
As regards the consecration of
animals in Egypt, the practice
naturally appears to many to be
extraordinary and worthy of
investigation. For the Egyptian
venerate certain animals
exceedingly, not only during their
lifetime but even after their death,
such as cats.n ichneumons and
dogs, and, again, hawks and the
birds which they call "ibis," as well
as wolves and crocodiles and
a number of other animals of that
kind, and the reasons for such
worship we shall undertake to set
forth, after we have first spoken
briefly about the animals
themselves.
Kult zvířat
• D.S. 1.85.5
• " O r a v 5' á n o B á v n TI TÜJV
dpnuevüüv, a i v o ó v i
KaTaKaÁúi4javT£c Kai UST' o i u w Y n ^
Tá ojf\Qr\ KaTanAn^áusvoi
cpépouaiv z\q Tác; Tapixsíac čnsiTa
éspansuBévTCJv aŮTwv Ksopíg Kai
ToTq o u v a u é v o i g sůajoíav
napéx^orBai Kai n o A u x p ó v i o v TOU
aoüuaTog Trípnaiv B á m o u a i v év
ispaTq BrÍKaiq.
• When one of these animals dies,
they wrap it in fine linen and then,
wailing and beating their breasts,
carry it off to be embalmed; and
after it has been treated with
cedar oil and such spices as have
the quality of imparting a pleasant
odour and of preserving the body
for a long time,D they lay it away
in a consecrated tomb.
Kult zvířat
• H dt. 2.65
• TD Ö D V Tl£ TD V 6r]piüÜV TOUTÜÜV
D T T O K T 8 Í V D , D V U D V D KÜÜV,
6ávaToq D ^H MÍI. D v Ö D D £KOOV,
D TTOTív£i ŠIMíny T D V D V O D D pzzq
Ta^üüVTai. D q ö'D v a ß i v a a or\m
D T T O K T 8 Í V D , D V T£ D KD V D V T£
D £Küüvj£8vavai a vávKn,
• D.S. 1.83
• OÜTCJÜ 5' £v TaTq TÜÜV öxAwv ijJUxaTc;
£VT£Tr|K£v f\ npög TO £ioa TaÜTa
ö£iaiöaiuovia ...
• Whoever kills one of these
creatures with intention is
punished with death; if he kill by
mischance he pays whatever
penalty the priests appoint.
Whoever kills an ibis or a hawk,
with intention or without, must die
for it.
• Kocka a ibis
• So deeply implanted also in the
hearts of the common people is
their superstitious regard for these
animals ....
Kult zvířat
• D.S. 1.83
• ánoKTSÍvavTOC Pcjuaiou Tivôg
aíAoupov, Kai TOU TTÁrí8ouc
auvôpauóvTOC éni Tr]v oiKÍav TOU
npá^avToq, oú8' oi nsucpSévTsq
únô TOU paaiAéwq ápxovTsq éni
Tr]v napaÍTľ|aiv oú6' ó Koivôq ánô
Tŕ|q PcÁJur]^ cpópoq íaxuasv
é^sAéaBai jr\q Tiucopíaq TÔV
ávBpwnov, Kaínsp Ó K O U G Í O K ;
T O U T O nsnpaxÓTa•
when one of the Romans killed a
cat and the multitude rushed in a
crowd to his house, neither the
officials sent by the king to beg
the man off nor the fear of Rome
which all the people felt were
enough to save the man from
punishment, even though his act
had been an accident.
Kult zvířat
• H dt. 2.66
• TTupKCiTD q ÖD Y£vo|j£vn(; 0 £ D a
TrpřiYMCiTCi KaiaAa|jßav£i TOD q
OD £ÄOUpOUg- OD |JD V YD p A D YÚTTTIOI
5iaaTávT£g (PUAQKD C D xouai TD v
a a £AOÚPOJV D u£AnaavT£caߣvvüvai TD
KC(IÓU£VOV, OD ÖD a D ÉAoUpOl
ÖiaÖUVOVT£g KOD D TT£p0pOJQKOVT£g
TOD q D vGpOJTTOUg D aáAAovTai D q TD
TTD p. TOD TO ön Y'vó|j£va TTév0£a |j£YÓAa
TOD qAn YUTTTÍoug KOTaAa|jßav£i. • v
D TÉoiai Ö'D V O D KÍOIQI a D ÉAoupog
D TTOGavD D TTD TOD a D TOpÓTOU, OD
D VOIK£OVT£C; TTÓVT£^ ^UpD VTOI TD q
D cppúag MOÚvag, TTap'D TÉOIQI Ö'D V
KÚOJV, TTD V TD O D |ja KQD TD V K£(paAř|v.
• And when a fire breaks out very strange
things happen to the cats. The
Egyptians stand round in a broken line,
thinking more of the cats than of
quenching the burning; but the cats slip
through or leap over the men and spring
into the fire. When this happens, there is
great mourning in Egypt. Dwellers in a
house where a cat has died a natural
death shave their eyebrows and no
more; where a dog has so died, the
head and the whole body are shaven.
Kult zvířat
• Kočky-Hdt. 2.66-67
• Krokodýl-Hdt. 2.68-70
• Někde uctíván, jinde ne (dokonce i jako
potrava), egyptský výraz champsai
• Hroch-Hdt. 2.71
• OD 5D • TTTTOIOD TTOTÓUIOI VÓUD | J • V
TD ncmpniJiTn • poi en ai, TOD ai ô n
• AAoiai A n yuTTTíoiai on K • poí. cpúaiv
ôn TTdpéxovTcii • 6ír\q ToinvóeTeTpáTTOuv
• QTÍ, číxnAov, • TrAan (3oóc,
ai|jóv, Aocpin v • xov • TTTTOU,
xauAióôovTag cpán vov, on pn v • TTTTOU
KÓD cpwvnv, MÉyaBog • aov Te (3on q
• MéyioToc- TD oepu.a ô'an TO n on T U
5n TI TTOXÚ • OTI • OTe an ou yevo|jévou
ŠUQTD TToiéeaG ai • KÓVTIO n £an TOD .
• River horses are sacred in the province
of Papremis, but not elsewhere in
Egypt. For their outward form, they are
four-footed, with cloven hoofs like oxen;
their noses are blunt; they are maned
like horses, with tusks showing, and
have a horse's tail and a horse's neigh;
their bigness is that of the biggest oxen.
Their hide is so thick that when it is
dried spearshafts are made of it.
• Vydry-Hdt. 2.72
• Hadi-Hdt. 2.74
• Okřídlení ještěři - Hdt. 2.75 - Arábie
• Ibis-Hdt. 2.76
• Hdt. 2.73
• • cm 5n K O D • AAoq • pviq • poq, T D
o n vouacpoD vi£ • yn u£v uiv o n K
£ • 5ov £ • • a o v YpacpD • K O D
yn p 5n K O D aTrdvioc • nicpoun acpi,
Ol' • T£OJV,D q • AI OTTOA D TOI A£VOUOT,
TT£VTaKoaiojv- cpouD v 5n TOT£ cpaan
• TT£D v o n • TToGavD TBnrjp. • OTI
5£, £ • T D YpacpD Trapouoioq,
Toa6a5£ K O D TOI6Q5£- T D U D V
a n TODypuaoKOija T D V i m p D v T D
5 D • p u 9 p D D c T D udAiaTaaD £ T D
TT£pinyr|aiv • UOIOTOTOC, K O D T D
u£ya9oq. TOD TOV 5n Aeyouai
unxavD a9ai Td5£, • u o n uD v o n
TTICTTD A £ V O V T £ C / . . .
• Another bird also is sacred; it is
called the phoenix. I myself have
never seen it, but only pictures of it;
for the bird comes but seldom into
Egypt, once in five hundred years,
as the people of Heliopolis say. It is
said that the phoenix comes when
his father dies. If the picture truly
shows his size and appearance, his
plumage is partly golden but mostly
red. He is most Tike an eagle in
shape and bigness. The Egyptians
tell a tale of this bird's devices
which I do not believe.
• Benu (?)
Kult zvířat - příběhy
• D.S. 1.84
• AlUO) YÓP TTOTS TTI££OU£V0JV TU)V K O T '
ÄI'YUTTTOV cpaai TTOÁAoúg áAAríAojv u£v
äi|jaa8ai 5iä TQV £vö£iav, TOJV 5
acpi£poju£vojv aoojv TO TTapáiTav unö'
aiTÍav o~x£Tv uno£va TTpoa£vnv£x0ai.
• Käv £v áAAri x ^ p g TTOU QTpaT£uó|j£voi
TÚXWQI, Aufpoúu£voi Toúg aiAoúpouc Kai
Toúg iépaKac KaTayouaiv z\q AIYUTTTOV
• £TUX£V £v MéucpEi T£A£UTríaag ó ATTI<;
YHPa- Ó Ö£ Tňv £TTIU£A£iaV £XWV aŮTOU Trív
T£ rífoiuaauévnv xopnY'QV- oúaav Trávu
TToAAhv, £i^ Tacpnv aiTaaav £5aTTávr|a£
Kai TTapá TOU nToA£uaíou mvTrÍKOVTa
ápyupiou TáAavTa TTpoa£5av£íaaTO.
• Once, they say, when the inhabitants of Egypt
were being hard pressed by a famine, many in
their need laid hands upon their fellows, yet not
a single man was even accused of having
partaKen of the sacred animals.
• And if they happen to be making a military
expedition in another country, they ransom the
captive cats and hawks and bring them back to
Egypt,
• it happened that the Apis in Memphis died of old
age; and the man who was charged with the
care of him spent on his burial not only the
whole of the very large sum which had been
provided for the animal's maintenance, but also
borrowed in addition fifty talentsn of silver from
Ptolemy.
Kult zvířat - důvody
• D.S. 1.86-87 (Piu. Delside.
379e-382c)
• cpaoi yáp TOÚC, i% ápxpc,
vsvouévouc, Bsoúq, óAívouc, övTac,
Kai KaTiaxuouévouc, ÚTTÓ T O Ü
nAríBouq Kai Třjc, ávouíac, TOJV
Y n Y £ V
^ v
ávBpuJTTOJv, óuoiuj8řjvaí
TIOI Čxooic ...
• cpaoiv ouv KaTaoKsuáoavTac
SÍKÓVaC TOJV ČUJUJV ä V Ü V TIUUXJI,
Kai nrí^avTaq éni oauvíojv, cpopsTv
TOÚC, nysuóvac;,
• They say namely that the gods
who came into existence in the
beginning, being few in number
and overpowered by the multitude
and the lawlessness of earth-born
men,D took on the forms of
certain animals
• Consequently they say the
commanders fashioned figures of
the animals which they now
worship and carried them fixed on
lances
Kult zvířat
• TpÍTny 5' cuTÍav cpépouai jf\q
aucpiaßnTriasux; T C J V ^COÜJV Thy
xpsíav, qv SKaaTov aŮTd)v
npoacpápsTai npóq Thy cjJcpsÁsiav
TOU KOIVOU ßlOU Kai TO)v
avBpOÜTTÜÜV.
• The third cause which they
adduce in connection with the
dispute in question is the service
which each one of these animals
renders for the benefit of
community life and of mankind.
Mumifikace
• Hdt. 2.85-90
• O p • voi 5 • K O D Tacpai acpeoov £ • a n
an 5e... • TT£D v on T O D TO
TTOirjacoai, on TCO • q TD vapix£uaiv
KO|ji^ouai. ... on | j n v 5 n • KTTO5D v
|jia6n • |JoAoYnaavT£q
• TTaAAdaaovTai, on 5n
• TTOA£ITT6|J£VOI • v on Kr)|jaai • 5£
TD aTTOu5ai6TaTaTapiy£uouai. ...
on TTpOar]KOVT£q TTOI£D VTa^OAlVOV
TUTTOV • v0pC0TTO£l5£a TTOir]ad|J£VOI
5n • a£pyvD ai TD V v£Kpov, Kan
KaTaKAr]iaavT£q on TCO Onaaupi^ouai
• v on Kr||jaTi Ordain , • aTdvreq
• p6n v TTpn q TOD xov.
• They mourn and bury the dead as
I will show. ... When this is done, they
take the dead body to be embalmed.
... The bearers, having agreed in a
price, go their ways, and the
workmen, left behind in their place,
embalm the body. ... These make a
hollow wooden figure like a man, in
which they enclose the corpse, shut it
up, and preserve it safe in a coffinchamber,
placed erect against a wall.
Mumifikace
T n q 5 n y u v a n m<; in v
• TTicpaveojv • v 5 p n v, • TTXD V
TeAeuTqaojai, o n TTapaimKa
5i5on 01 Taprxeueiv, o n § • • o a i
• V • OJOI £ • £l5££q K d p i a K a n
Aoyou T T A £ D v o q y u v a n
K £
S '
• AA'n T T £ D v Tpuan ai
• T£Tapiaa ai y£vujvTai, on TOJ
TTapaSiSon 01 T O D OI Tapix£uouoi.
TOD TO § • TTOI£D OI OD TUJ TOD §£
£ • v£K£v, • v a uq acpi on
Tapix£UTan uiovoJVTai m OI
vuvaici- AaucpQn v a i y D p T I V D
(POOD UIOOUU£VOV V£KpD
TTpOOCpdTD YUVaiKOq, KaT£ITT£D V
§ • TD V • UOT£XVOV
Wives of notable men, and
women of great beauty and
reputation, are not at once given
over to the embalmers, but only
after they have been dead for
three or four days; this is done,
that the embalmers may not have
carnal intercourse with them. For
it is said that the one was found
having intercourse with a woman
newly dead, and was denounced
by his fellow-workman.
Mumifikace
D.S. 1.91-93
0£paTT£uaavT£g 5s Trapa5i56aai TOT<;
auYY^vsai TOU TETEAEUTHKOTOC; ouTOjg
EKOQTOV TOJV TOU aojuaTog USAOJV aKspaiov
TSTHPflM^VOV OJQTE Kai T O ^ £TTi TOT^
3As6apoic Kai TaTg ocppuai Tpiyac 5iauev£iv
Kai Tny oAnv TTpoaoijjiv TOU aojuaTog
ajTapaAAaKTOv slvai Kai TOV Trjc uopcprjg
TUTTOV yvojpi££a0ai- 5i6 Kai TToAAoi TOJV
AIYUTTTIOJV SV oiKripaai TTOAUTEASOI
(puA6TTOVT£g TO aojuaTa TOJV TTpOYOVOJV,
KOT' OLJJIV opojai Toug ysvsaTc TroAAaTg jf\q
SOUTOJV Y£V£Q£0jg TrpOTSTSAsUTnKOTaC^ d)QT£
SKOQTOJV TO T£jj£Y£9n Kai mq mpioxag TOOV
QOJUaTOJV, £TI 0£ Toug Tfjg 6lJJ£0jg
xapaKTrjpag opojuevoug TTapa5o£ov
ijjuxaY^Y'Qv TTap£X£O0ai Ka0aiT£p
QU|j|3£|3lOJK6Tag TOig 0SOJUSVOIC.
And after treating the body they return it to
the relatives of the deceased, every
member of it having been so preserved
intact that even the hair on the eyelids and
brows remains, the entire appearance of
the body is unchanged, and the cast of its
shape is recognizable. 7 This explains why
many Egyptians keep the bodies of their
ancestors in costly chambers and gaze
face to face upon those who died many
generations before their own birth, so fnat,
as they look upon the stature and
proportions and the features of the
countenance of each, they experience a
strange enjoyment, as though they had
lived with those on whom they gaze.
Literatura
• Matthews, R. (Ed.). (2003). Ancient Perspectives on Egypt. London: Oxbow.
• Lloyd, A. (1975). Herodotus: Book II: Introduction. Leiden: Brill.
• Burkert, W. & Nenci, G. (1990). Herodote et les peuples non grecs. Geneve:
Fondation Hardt.
• Vasunia, P. (2001). The Gift of Nile: Hellenizing Egypt from Aeschylus to
Alexander. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Chamoux, F. (1995). L'Egypte d'apres Diodore de Sicile. In H. Leclant (Ed.).
Entre Egypte et Grece. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.