Anthropology of Travel and Tourism Travel/tourism & the place Recapitulation from 4.10.2022 •the rise of tourism im modern times 1840 – 1914 – impact of industrialization and urbanization •the first tourist agency – Thomas Cook, UK •development of hotels, motels & campsites •transport is an integral part of tourism (1. functional role 2. transport as tourism) •individualization of tourism and its mass character (turn of the 20th / 21st century) •changing the nature of tourism - traveling for rest and relaxation & accessible to all „social classes” • •interesting song comments by – Petr and Jo-Ann • Place categories in ethnology/anthropology •the place (and time) understood in a qualitative way (not quantitative) •the symbolic level •ownership of a place, (cosmos vs. chaos) •an important factor in the construction of an individual's identity •Arnold van Gennep: exclusion, liminal and re-inclusion •Mircea Eliade: sacrum – profanum, hierophany •A person belonging to a place causes a place to belong to a person Border in Baarle, between Belgium and the Netherlands Place categories in ethnology/anthropology • •Bronisław Malinowski - myth is a factor that transforms the landscape into something familiar, thereby giving it meaning. At the same time, the features of the surrounding scenery – hills, rocks, sea, land – are for the natives a confirmation of the truth of the myth. •Leslie White - culture as a link not only between humans, but also between a man and a space. •Anthony Giddens discusses the "emptying" not only of space, but also of time, which he understands precisely as abstraction and neutralization (loss of meaning and action). • • The native village and Malinowski's tent in The Trobriand Island Place categories in ethnology/anthropology •Erving Goffman talks about place in the context of exploring social life as play. •Eric Hirsch also emphasizes that human actions and experiences, as well as ideas about them, are "written" into the landscape. He defines the concepts of "foreground" and "background" of social life as everyday subconscious events taking place in a certain space and patterns •Marc Augé the distinction between places of significance and insignificance for individuals – place vs. non-place •Zygmunt Baumann "no part of space is privileged and has no special value" place vs. non-place, from strongtowns.org Tourist destination •A geographical place conditioned to receive tourists and visitors who are interested in gazing certain attractions. Singular territory receiver of tourist flows. It locates the tourist resources that generate the activity, as well as the infrastructures and equipment that make it possible, also having an image and marketing channels that make the destination recognizable and accessible by the demand. • Tourist attraction •attracts people to a given place and makes them curious about it, to such a level that they are determined to invest money and time to see it/experience it •places of natural beauty, historic sites, monuments, ancient temples, zoos, museums and art galleries, botanical gardens, buildings, theme parks and carnivals, items of public art, historical cultural events, but also places associated with tragic events, such as war… Development of attractions during 20/21 century •increase in the wealth of society, •increase in free time both in the form of paid holidays (holidays) and a two-day weekend, •technology development combined with modern booking systems, •increased mobility due to the development of the automotive industry, •popularizing attractions in the media, •intensive marketing of places destinations run by governments, local communities and tourism enterprises, •development of travel packages that make travel to distant places comfortable. • • Rabkoland, the amusement park in south Poland Some examples of tourist attractions… • • • • The Sniper Tower •Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina •former bank, used as a sniper tower during the initial Siege of Mostar •the building is officially closed, •as a tourist attraction since the beginning of the 20th century • • The Crooked Forest •Nowe Czarnowo, Poland •it is not known exactly how it was created •tourist interest since the 90s of the 20th century • • • • The miniature park Minimundus •Klagenfurt, Austria, •established in 1958, •models recreated in detail according to original plans • • • • • • • The Gum Wall •Seattle, USA •a brick wall covered in used chewing gum •a tourist attraction from around 1999 • Why have the above places become tourist attractions? • • Six stages of creating a tourist attraction (Dean MacCannell) 1.naming the object 2.distinguishing the object from the environment (eg placing a ticket, fencing) 3.visibility and elevation of the object (eg making it more attractive by including the tourist route) 4.placing on the altar (eg building special buildings where attractions can be viewed) 5.mechanical reproduction of the representation of the object (eg by circulating postcards with the image of the object) 6.social reproduction (eg naming a restaurant just like an object) • 1. naming the object/the place • •historical, traditional names, •„the bests” (the oldest, the highest) or the specific feature is underlined (old, ancient, Czech), •symbolic, metaphorical names (eg. Palm Islands) • • • 2. distinguishing the object/the place from the environment • •placing a ticket, fencing, visit hours, •it can not be available always and for everyone, •must be treated as special • 3. visibility and elevation of the object/the place •including the object in descriptions in guides, on information boards, on maps, •one day tours, tourist routes, •tourist agencies and on the Internet • • • • 4. placing on the altar • special place, protected, unrechable, covered, 5. mechanical reproduction of the representation of the object postcards, suvenirs, pictuers and so on not spontanoues 6. social reproduction spontanious reprodaction with society, like name restaurants, an example: Zlata ulica from Prague in Kraków Poland or tatooes with effile tower. Difference? • •The songs presentations…