Early Prepalatial (EM I-EM II): EM I Well, West Court House, North-East Magazines and
South Front Groups
Author(s): David E. Wilson
Source: British School at Athens Studies , 2007, Vol. 14, KNOSSOS POTTERY HANDBOOK:
NEOLITHIC and BRONZE AGE (MINOAN) (2007), pp. 49-77, 2-5
Published by: British School at Athens
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/40916596
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2
Early Prepalatial (EM I-EM II):
EM I Well, West Court House, North-East Magazines
and South Front Groups
David E. Wilson
INTRODUCTION
Arthur Evans's treatment of EM Knossos was
necessarily brief due to the relative scarcity of evidence
found during his excavations (Evans 1921, 56-126).
Extensive tests were made both beneath the palace and
surrounding areas between 1900 and 1908 to document
the Prepalatial phases of the Minoan settlement. No
single EM I-MM I stratigraphic sequence, however,
was ever discovered. Nevertheless, in 1904 Evans
published an idealised section of the sequence found in
various tests made in the West Court in that year, which
showed levels from Neolithic to LM and a tripartite
division of the EM (Evans 1904, fig. 7, reprinted in
Evans 1921, fig. 4; Wilson 1994, 24; Momigliano 19990,
52-4). In fact, Evans was unable to identify any EM I
deposits at Knossos, and for EM II he could make
reference only to the material found beneath the South
Front Early Houses, now dated to EM IIB (Momigliano
and Wilson 1996).
The stratigraphic tests made by Hood in the late
1950s and early 1960s made possible the first ceramic
phasing of EM at Knossos (Hood 19620, 1966). Hood
excavated the first clear EM I deposit and his tests along
the north side of the Royal Road (RRN) produced the
first well-stratified EM II- III sequence. The RRN
findings were supported by a similar sequence found
by Hood and Cadogan in tests made in i960 in the area
of the South Front Early Houses (Momigliano and
Wilson 1996, 8-10). Hence by the early 1960s, the
EM I, II and III periods could be clearly defined in
ceramic terms at Knossos. Tests made by J. D. Evans
beneath the West Court of the palace in 1969-70 (Evans
1972; Wilson 1985) and by Peter Warren on the
south side of the Royal Road in 1972 (Warren 1972^)
provided evidence for an earlier EM II ceramic phase
than that found in the South Front tests, making it
possible to separate EM II at Knossos into two subphases,
EM II A and EM IIB (see Wilson 1994, 26-7
for references).
Study and publication of various EM I - II deposits
found at Knossos are still in progress (Hood and
Cadogan, in preparation, inter alia), but sufficient
material has already been published to describe the
pottery characteristic of these periods (Hood 19900,
1990^; Wilson 1985; Momigliano and Wilson 1996;
Wilson and Day 1999, 2000). This overview of the EM
I-IIB ceramic phases at Knossos expands upon a
previous publication by this author (Wilson 1994). It
also draws upon findings made in an ongoing collaboration
with Peter Day dealing with the production,
distribution and consumption of early Prepalatial
ceramics in Crete; results of this wide-ranging study
have begun to appear (Wilson and Day 1994, 1999, 2000;
Day et al. 1997, 19990).
Our understanding of early Prepalatial Knossos is
limited by the scarcity of remains that have survived
later building activities. Archaeological investigation of
the EM I- II phases is further hampered by the very
deep overlay of later strata: they can be explored in only
limited tests and it is almost always impossible fully to
excavate any single deposit. Those deposits that are
preserved tend to be only secondary fill material. Study
of EM I-IIB pottery is particularly challenging,
therefore, due to the rarity of floor deposits and whole
vessels. The deposits listed in the following discussion
are the largest in size and most representative for
characterising the ceramic features of each phase. For a
more comprehensive list, the reader should refer to the
more detailed discussions which have appeared
elsewhere (see references in the relevant sections below).
The equally important issues of social context and
function of the pottery consumed at EM I - II Knossos
are also dealt with in other publications (Wilson and
Day 2000, 57-62; Day and Wilson 2002, 2004).
THE EM I WELL GROUP
Archaeological contexts (FIG. 2.1)
The single most important deposit at Knossos for
defining EM I is the deep fill from a well excavated by
Sinclair Hood in 1958-9 in the north-east wing of the
later palace (Hood 19900). Much smaller amounts of
probably contemporary EM I pottery from largely
mixed deposits can be identified, on the basis of style,
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50 DAVID E.WILSON
Fig. 2.1. EM I Well Group (EM I):
location of deposits listed in the text.
from early tests made by Evans beneath the W
and other areas of the later palace (Wilson and
23-7). In all of these tests, EM I was found
above Neolithic levels, but was mixed with
EM II and later periods. Nowhere at Kno
complete stratified sequence of FN IV, EM
IIA been found; however, the West Court
level 4 deposit was found stratified above a
of FN IV (see Chapter 1) and with the rest o
Well Group can be shown, on stylistic ground
date the EM IIA (Early) West Court Hou
None of the EM I pottery discussed here wa
its original context of use, although the E
deposit may be part of the debris from
destruction 'event' (Hood 1990$, 371).
West Court
1) 1 90 1 Central Test Pit: 1st metre (85% Neolithic +
15% EM I, EM IIA) (KSM B.Li: box 146; Hood and
Taylor 1 981, no. 45).
2) 1904 Test Pit 5: 'from below floor at 1.75 and down
to floor level at 2.75 m' (Neolithic-EM IIB) (KSM
B.I.8: box 226).
3) Trench FF Level 4 - 1970 test: burnt fill deposit
above FN IV and below a mixed EMIIA-MM fill
(Wilson 1985, fig. 1, 359-64; Chapter 1 of this volume).
North-West Quarter
4) 1987 tests along the inner face of the North Front
wall of the palace to the west of the North Lustral Basin
(Hood 1994, 101-2, fig. 1; area D.I. 2, 5, 6).
5) Area of Pictographic Tablets: test to depth of 1 m
(70% EM IIA + 5% Neolithic, 25% EM I) (KSM
D.III.i: boxes 502-503; Hood and Taylor 1981, no. 147;
Wilson 1994, fig. 1).
6) Magazine XVI: 1903 test beneath floor (85% EM I
+ 10% Neolithic, 5% MM) (KSM D.XX.2: box 560;
Hood and Taylor 1981, no. 53; Wilson 1994, fig. 1).
North-East Quarter
7) 'EM I Well' deposit excavated by Hood in 1958-9
(Hood and Taylor 1 981, no. 183).
8) 1905 test beneath North-East Magazine Bay 3: 'from
floor of magazine to floor at 0.60 / 0.70 m down' (60%
EM IIA, 35% EM IIB + 5% Neolithic, EM I) (KSM
K.I.6: boxes 901-906; Hood and Taylor 1981, no. 184).
9) 1904 test in North-East Quarter of palace: 'from top
of pavement down 1 .45 m' (90% EM I + 10% Neolithic,
EM IIA, MM) (KSM K.II. 1 : boxes 920-922; Hood and
Taylor 1981, no. 189; Wilson 1994, fig. 1).
Domestic Quarter
10) Area of Spiral Fresco: 1902 test beneath 'Kamares
floor' (50% MM II, 10% EM I, 20% EM IIA, 20%
EM IIB) (KSM M.III.3: box 1199; Hood and Taylor
1981, no. 211; Wilson 1994, fig. 2).
South Wing and South Front
11) South Propylaeum: test beneath east side under
paving block (75% EM I + 20% Neolithic, 5% EM IIThis
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EARLY PREPALA TIAL (EM I-EM II) 5 1
MM) (KSM G.II.2: box 773; Hood and Taylor 1981,
no. 32; Wilson 1994, fig. 1).
12) South Front: test in eastern area (Neolithic, EM I,
EM IIA, MM-LM) (KSM H.Li: box 786).
Characteristics of the EM I Well Group
This discussion of the EM I ceramic phase at Knossos
is based largely on the pottery found by Evans and
Mackenzie in their tests beneath the palace, which
closely matches the main ceramic features of Hood's
EM I Well deposit. Preliminary reports published by
Hood (1990a; 1990/*) are used to flesh out details of
various forms, which are not as well preserved in Evans's
tests. A more detailed description of the fabrics and
wares found in the EM I Well deposit will appear in its
final publication (Hood and Cadogan, in preparation).
Fabrics
EM I fabrics are often ware-specific, although
preliminary study does show some cross-cutting
between wares. The following fabrics are distinguished
on the basis of macroscopic observation, and the wares
in which they occur are given in brackets. At least some
of the red to reddish fabrics may be related, and this
may also be the case for the orange-buff fabrics.
1) Semi-fine reddish brown, with greyish brown to
nearly black (10 YR 4/2-10 YR 5/3) surface, reddish
brown (5YR 4/6) to dark grey (10YR 3/1) section,
sometimes with dark grey (5YR 4/1) to dark reddish
brown core (5 YR 3/4) (Dark Grey Burnished Ware).
2) Fine to semi-fine red (2.5 YR 5/8), sometimes
with a dark reddish brown core (2.5 YR 3/4) (Red
Burnished Ware).
3) Fine to semi-coarse orange-buff (2.5 YR 6/8-5 YR
6/6), sometimes with greyish brown core (10 YR 6/2)
in large vessels; the surface can fire to a pale orange
buff (7.5 YR 7/4-7/6) or yellowish buff (10 YR 8/3)
(Dark-on-Light Ware; Wiped and/or Washed Ware).
4) Semi-fine reddish brown (2.5 YR 5/8) with dark grey
core (10 YR 5/1) (Wiped and/or Washed Ware).
5) Semi-coarse dark reddish brown (2.5 YR 4/6),
occasionally with a dark brown (10 YR 3/2) or dark
greyish brown (10 YR 5/3) core, with many angular
inclusions (Cooking Pot Ware).
6) Very coarse orange buff (2.5 YR 5/8-6-8; 5 YR 6/8)
with red, reddish brown or black angular inclusions;
surface fires from pinkish buff (7.5 YR 7/4) to orange
buff (5 YR 7/8) (Pithos Ware).
Wares and forms (TABLE 2.1)
The ware definitions presented here are based on those
published in Wilson and Day 2000.
Dark Grey Burnished Ware (DGBW)
This ware has a monochrome greyish brown to nearly
black burnished surface, or pattern or scribbleburnished
decoration on a reserved dark background.
It begins in EM I and continues through Late EM IIA.
The principal forms are the chalice and pedestalled
bowl described below. Pattern-burnished decoration
varies depending on the form. The exterior of chalice
bowls has a band at the rim and further banding below
(FIG. 2.2: 2; FIG. 2.3: 1 left) or a zone of vertical or
diagonal hatching; there may also be pattern-burnished
banding on the lower section of the pedestal base. The
upper section of the pedestal at the join to the
bowl bottom often is decorated with grooved banding
(FIG. 2.3: 1 right). The exterior of the pedestalled
bowl can have a similar pattern-burnished decorative
scheme with a thick band at the rim and banding
below or a zigzag band below the rim (FIG. 2.2: 1; FIG.
2.3: 2). The interior pedestal wall of both forms is
usually not burnished.
TABLE 2.1: EM I Well Group (EM I): form distribution by ware.
DGBW RBW D-on-L W&W CPW PW
cup/dipper •
chalice • •
Jug
ped. bowl
misc. bowls • • •
deep bowl
basin •
dp. bowl/jar
jar
pithos
bk plate
lid
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52 DAVID E. WILSON
1 2
( ) /^'"
3 0 10 cm 5
Fig. 2.2. EM I Well Group: (1Ware
jug; (4-5) Dark-on-Light
Wilson and Day 2000, fig. 4).
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EARLY PREPALATIAL (EM I-EM II) 53
Fig. 2.3. EM I Well Group (EM I): pottery from tests in the palace area
(1) chalices, (2) pedestalled bowls; (3) Dark-on-Light Ware beak-spouted
jugs/ jars; (5) Pattern Wiped Cooking Pot Ware jars.
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54 DAVID E. WILSON
1) Chalice (FIGS. 2.2: 2, 2.3: 1; Hood 19900,
Wilson and Day 2000, 28-30). This form h
bowl (D. rim 15-20 cm) and a conical-shap
stalled base (D. base 15-21 cm); the pedesta
bowl has a diameter of 4-6 cm, and is often d
with grooved banding, a feature in common
nearby Pyrgos Cave examples (Xanthoudides 1
10: 75-7; Wilson and Day 2000, fig. 1: 22-4). A
of this form occurs in the EM I Well where the chalice
has a broader- waisted pedestal, but no grooved banding
(FIG. 2.2: 2; Hood 19900, fig. 1:1, 1990/*, fig. 1). Most
of the chalices occur in Dark Grey Burnished Ware with
rarer Red Burnished Ware examples and a single Fine
Grey Ware import (see below). The chalice appears to
be the only ceramic drinking vessel at EM I Knossos;
its size suggests a communal rather than individual use
and it may have formed part of a drinking set with the
pedestalled bowl (Wilson and Day 2000, 59-60; Day
and Wilson 2004, 55).
2) Pedestalled bowl (FIGS. 2.2: 1, 2.3: 1; Wilson and Day
2000, 30-1). Straight-sided flaring bowl profiles (D rim
29-32 cm) and large pedestal stands, join of pedestal to
bowl bottom c. 10 cm in diameter. The most complete
examples come from the EM I Well (FIG. 2.2: 1 = Hood
19900, fig. 1: 2). As in the case of the chalice, most
pedestalled bowls occur in dark grey burnished ware,
but there are some rare Red Burnished Ware examples,
and a single Fine Grey Ware import (see below). The
pedestalled bowl is roughly between two and three times
the size of the chalice, which suggests that it functioned
as a serving vessel; its links to the chalice in ware and
decoration support an argument for these two forms
functioning together in some form of drinking and
feasting set (see above).
3) A distinctive, although not common form, is the lid
with cylindrical handle, the largest examples of which
(D. 30 cm or greater) can have grooved banding on the
exterior wall and top surface, and three (?) projections
at the lid edge (FIG. 2.4: 7). These also occur in Wiped
and /or Washed Ware.
Red Burnished Ware (RBW)
This presents a red to reddish brown normally
monochrome burnished exterior surface; unlike Dark
Grey Burnished Ware, pattern-burnished decoration
is not common, but the principal forms are the same:
the chalice and the pedestalled bowl (Wilson and Day
2000, 32). There are also rare examples of miscellaneous
bowl shapes of which one, with a carinated lower body
and rounded base (Wilson and Day, 2000, P59), has
numerous parallels in the EM I Well (FIG. 2.4: 2 = Hood
19900, fig. 1: 8).
Dark-on-Light Ware (D-on-L)
This is characterised by dark painted decoration on a
pale orange to yellowish buff surface: it first appears in
Crete in EM I and continues throughout the remainder
of the Minoan period. The paint colour is usually red,
but can fire reddish brown to brown. Virtually all the
vessels in this ware are jugs of two basic types: small to
medium-sized with a cut-away spout (FIG. 2.2: 4-5;
Wilson and Day 2000, P61-70; Hood 19900, fig. 1: 11)
or larger (water?) jugs with a wide-mouthed neck and
pinched-in spout (FIG. 2.2: 3 = Hood 19900, fig. 1: 12;
Wilson and Day 2000, P71-4). There are no complete
examples of either type, and for this reason the overall
decorative scheme is difficult to reconstruct. In both
types the neck and spout have banded decoration with
a single line bisecting the upper handle surface (FIG.
2.3: 3; Wilson and Day 2000, P35; Hood 1990/*, fig. 3
right). Body sherds from the smaller jugs with a cutaway
spout suggest a scheme of either continuous banding
over the whole body (FIG. 2.2: 4; Wilson and Day 2000,
fig. 4: P145); banding on the upper body with a solid
painted lower half (Wilson and Day 2000, fig. 4: P68,
pl. 6: P106); or fan-shaped diagonal banding intersecting
at the front of the jug body (Hood 1990b,
fig. 3 left and right). It is important to note that the
Mesara type EM I jug with vertical banding on the
body does not occur at Knossos, although it is found in
nearby contemporary deposits in the Pyrgos Cave
(Xanthoudides 1918, fig. 7: 38-9).
Wiped and/ or Washed Ware (W&W)
This ware is characteristic of EM I deposits at both
Knossos and across the island; it did not continue into
EM IIA. Vessels usually have a light to heavily wiped
or pattern-wiped pale yellow to orange buff surface with
an added wash of diluted red to dark brown paint or
slip, with a predominance of reddish brown (FIG. 2.3:
4). There appear to be at least two separate fabrics in
this ware: fine reddish brown with a reduced core and
fine orange buff. Both paint colour and fabric link some
of the examples in this ware to jugs in dark-on-light.
The most common form is the large globular-shaped
(water?) jug with a wide-mouthed pinched-in spout and
either a rounded or nearly flat bottom (FIG. 2.2: 3;
Wilson and Day 2000, 40; Hood 19900, fig. 1:12; 1990^,
fig. 2 left); this is followed in frequency by the collared
jar (FIG. 2.4: 6; Wilson and Day 2000, P179-89). There
are examples of both jugs and jars where the surface
was pattern-wiped prior to a wash being applied: the
decorative scheme consists of vertical or diagonal wiping
on the upper body and horizontal wiping below the belly.
A similar pattern wiping is used on Cooking Pot Ware
jugs and jars (see below). Less common than jugs and
jars are deep two-handled bowls with a rounded
carinated bottom (FIG. 2.4: 1-2; Wilson and Day 2000,
P190-5; Hood 19900, fig. 1: 8-9).
Cooking Pot Ware (CPW) (Wilson and Day 2000, 43)
This has a heavily wiped to scored red to reddish brown
exterior surface; it begins in EM I and continues with
some variation throughout the Minoan period. The
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EARLY PREPALA TIAL (EM I-EM II) 5 5
' B ' mm' *-J" ^F ^T]F2'TmMMMM7
3
' I
' I
f<&^^) ' 4 x'v y60 20 cm
0 1 0 cm
/^g. 2.4. iLW / ff£// Group: (1-2, 6) Wip
deep bowls and baking plate; (7) Dark Grey
most common forms are the deep bowl o
cooking pot and the baking plate. The de
open jar/cooking pot, with or without two h
an incurving rim profile and the rim diame
14-46 cm (FIG. 2.4: 3-4 = Hood 19900,
Wilson and Day 2000, P203-18); the exter
has a smoothed band at the rim and usua
wiping and/or scoring below. The baking
2.4: 5 = Hood 19900, fig. 1 no. 10; Wils
2000, 47-8) are very fragmentary so their
and form is difficult to reconstruct; if they
their diameters appear to be usually in the r
50 cm. The body wall is very thin; small sec
interior surface that are preserved are often
or blackened, suggesting some form of cook
for these vessels, hence their label. Large
and collared jars also occur in this ware
2.3: 5, 2.4: 6; Wilson and Day 2000, 47); they
to the Wiped and/or Washed Ware exam
shape and the pattern-wiped exterio
suggesting a common area of production.
Pithos Ware (PW) (Wil
This is defined in EM I- II on the basis of both surface
and fabric: the former varies from pink to orange to
yellowish buff with carelessly applied splashes of thin
paint, for the latter see above (under Fabrics). Forms
appear confined to pithoi, very large deep bowls or open
jars and basins.
Relative chronology of the EM I Well Group
Differences between the pottery from the EM I Well
deposit and that found elsewhere at Knossos have
previously been interpreted along chronological lines,
with the former being labelled EM IA and the latter
EM IB (Wilson and Day 2000, 51-3). Much of the
weight of this argument was placed on the absence in
the EM I Well of the Pyrgos Cave chalice type with a
grooved pedestal stem, which was seen as a later feature
of EM I. Excavations at the port of Poros-Katsambas,
however, have produced stratified EM I levels in which
pottery of supposed EM I A and EM IB type at Knossos
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56 DAVID E.WILSON
has been found in the same deposits (Wilson et al. 2004).
This new evidence suggests that the EM I Well Group
at Knossos and EM I deposits at nearby Poros are
broadly contemporary. The differences that appear to
set the EM I Well pottery apart from the other EM I
deposits at Knossos are due largely to the better state
of preservation of the well deposit, which may represent
a single 'event' disposal and be derived from some
functionally specialised context of use (Wilson and Day
2000; Day and Wilson 2002).
The only probable ceramic imports from EM I Well
Group contexts at Knossos are three vessels in Fine
Grey Ware, probably originating from the Mesara: a
chalice, a pedestalled bowl and a pyxis (Wilson and Day
1994, FG21, FG22, FG42). Imports of this ware
continue and increase at Knossos in EM IIA. This
picture of relative isolation at Knossos is not matched
by the nearby and contemporary Cretan sites at PorosKatsambas
and the Pyrgos Cave, whose Cycladic and/
or cycladicising components show strong links not only
to the cemetery of Ayia Photia in eastern Crete, but to
EB I burial assemblages in the central Cyclades, most
notably Ano Kouphonisi (Wilson and Day 2000, 55-
6). Ceramic links between Knossos, Poros-Katsambas
and the Pyrgos Cave in Crete and the Kampos Group
in the Cyclades suggest that the EM I Well Group is
largely contemporary with late EB I in the rest of the
Aegean (Wilson and Day 2000, 55-6; Manning 1995,
44-8; see also Chapter 1 of this volume). Selected Cretan
sites with deposits contemporary to the EM I Well
Group are indicated in TABLE 2.2.
There are at present no radiocarbon dates from Crete
to date the last phase of the Final Neolithic, and a similar
situation appears to exist for the rest of the southern
Aegean. But an argument can be made that the start of
the EBA not only in Crete but in the Cyclades and
southern Greek mainland may not have been much
before the end of the fourth millennium, 3100/3000
BC (Manning 1995, 168-70, 217; Warren and Hankey
1989; 121-2). A single C-14 date from an EM I context
at Knossos supports this (see Chapter 1). Looking ahead
to a possible starting date of around 2650 BC for EM II,
it appears that EM I on Crete may have had a time span
of less than half a millennium.
WEST COURT HOUSE AND NORTH-EAST
MAGAZINES GROUPS (EM IIA EARLY AND
EM IIA LATE)
A detailed study of EM IIA deposits at Knossos has
now made it possible to distinguish two sub-phases: the
earlier is best represented by the floor, yard and fill
deposits associated with the West Court House, the later
by pottery from a series of tests beneath the palace
including the area of the North-East Magazines.
Moreover, this phasing of EM IIA into early and late is
also supported on stratigraphic grounds by at least one
test made beneath the West Court (B.I. 17, 1905 Test
Pit 14) that produced a sequence of deposits datable to
Neolithic, EM IIA Early, EM IIA Late and EM III (see
below and Chapter 3).
The position of these EM IIA deposits within the
ceramic sequence at Knossos can be established on both
stylistic and stratigraphic grounds: stylistically they
clearly post-date the EM I Well Group but pre-date
the EM IIB fills outside the South Front of the palace.
TABLE 2.2: Selected Cretan sites with deposits contemporary with the EM I Well Group
(EM I) (for further references and discussion see Betancourt 1985, 23-34; Warren and Hankey
1989, 13-15; Wilson and Day 2000, 54-6; Watrous 2001, 163-6).
West Crete
Khania-Kastelli (Tzedakis 1965, pl. 71 id)
Platyvola Cave (Alexiou 1964, pl. 523a; Tzedakis 1967, pl. 378c)
North-Central Crete
Arkalochori Cave (Hazzidakis 19 12-13)
Krasi (Marinatos 1929, pl. 4 top row)
Kyparissi Cave (Alexiou 1951)
Poros-Katsambas (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki 1993; Wilson et al. 2004)
Pyrgos Cave (Xanthoudides 191 8)
South-Central Crete
Ayia Triada (La Rosa 1988, pl. 130-c; Todaro 2005, 21)
Ayia Kyriaki (Blackman and Branigan 1982, e.g. fig. 11 nos. 93-95, fig. 10 nos. 77-92)
Lebena (Gerokampos Tomb II: 'stages' F, E, Div-ii) (Alexiou and Warren 2004, 56-140)
Phaistos (Pernier 1935, fig. 50, and 76-81; Levi 1976, figs. 276, 456; pls. 6e-h; i2a-f, i; i3a-c; 14; Todaro 2005, 36-8)
East Crete
Ayia Photia (Davaras 1972)
Kalo Khorio (Haggis 1996^)
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EARLY PREPALA TIAL (EM I-EM II) 57
ROYAL ROAD
PALACE
Fig. 2.5. West Court House
Group (EM II A early):
location of deposits listed in
the text.
I r^WEST I 10-11
COURT |
2-9 I i '
1| ' p
OOO IKOULOURES I ™*L
KNOSSOS - BRONZE AGE PALACE
Stratigraphically, the RRN tests made by Hood revealed
EM IIA deposits stratified directly beneath EM IIB
(see also below). The early EM IIA deposits from
Knossos were all found stratified directly above
Neolithic levels.
WEST COURT HOUSE GROUP (EM IIA EARLY)
Archaeological contexts (FIG. 2.5)
West Court
1) West Court House. EM IIA floor, fill and associated
yard deposits stratified above FN and beneath MM
(Wilson 1985).
2) 1904 Test Pit 1 : 1 .40-3.00 m below West Court (KSM
B.I.4: boxes 170-171).
3) 1904 Test Pit 2: 1st and 2nd metres below the West
Court (EM IIA + 5% Neolithic) (KSM B.I. 5: boxes
172-173).
4) 1904 Test Pit 3 (EM IIA + 5% Neolithic) (KSM
B.I.6:box2iiB).
5) 1904 Test Pit 6: 1.90-2.80 m below the West Court
(EM IIA + Neolithic) (KSM B.I.9: boxes 230-231).
6) 1904 Test Pit 7: 1.50-2.50/2.60 m below the West
Court (EM IIA + 5% Neolithic) (KSM B.I. 10: boxes
235-236).
7) 1904 Test Pit 12: 1.75-2.80/2.95 m below the West
Court (EM IIA + 5% Neolithic) (KSM B.I.15: boxes
275-276).
8) 1904 Test Pit 13: 1st and 2nd metres below the West
Court (EM IIA + 5% Neolithic) (KSM B.I. 16: boxes
278-280).
9) 1905 Test Pit 14: 1.85-2.20 m below the West Court
(EM IIA + 5% Neolithic, MM I) (KSM B.I. 17: boxes
3O7b-c). Stratified beneath EM IIA Late.
North Front
10) 1928 test west of North Lustral Basin: 0.80-1.60 m
below ground surface (EM IIA + 5% Neolithic, MM)
(KSM E.I.7: boxes 617-620).
11) 1928 test west of North Lustral Basin: from surface
to strosis at 0.80 m down (EM IIA + 5% Neolithic,
MM-LM) (KSM E.I.9: boxes 622-624).
Royal Road: South
12) EM IIA building excavated by Peter Warren in 1972
(Warren 1972^); floor deposits which are at least in part
contemporary with the West Court House.
Characteristics of the West Court House Group
(EM IIA Early )
The EM I Well and West Court House pottery provide
two focal assemblages for defining, respectively, the EM
I and EM IIA (early) ceramic phases at Knossos. These
deposits show strong continuity in both fabrics and
wares between the two periods: Dark Grey Burnished,
Red Burnished, Dark-on-Light, Cooking Pot and
Pithos wares all continue from EM I. However, there
are sufficient differences in terms of both forms and
surface decoration to distinguish between the two
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58 DAVID E. WILSON
phases. The chalice and pedestalled bowl continue in
Dark Grey Burnished Ware, but are relatively rare, and
the chalice appears to be largely replaced by the
stemmed goblet as the standard drinking cup (see also
below). There is an increase in the quantity and a greater
variety of decorative motifs in Dark-on-Light. A
significant introduction, in terms of the later history
of Minoan pottery at Knossos, is the first appearance
of a Red or Black Slipped Ware, sometimes with added
white painted decoration, which would replace Darkon-Light
as the principal fine ware in later periods. One
of the most characteristic wares of EM I, Wiped and/
or Washed Ware, does not continue into EM IIA.
Fabrics
The following fabrics are distinguished on the basis of
macroscopic observations, and the wares in which they
occur are given in brackets (for fuller descriptions see
EM I section): a) fine to semi-fine reddish brown
(Dark Grey Burnished Ware); b) fine to semi-fine red
(Red Burnished Ware); c) fine to coarse orange buff
(Dark-on-Light Ware, Red or Black Slipped Ware);
d) semi-coarse reddish-brown to brown, often with
reduced core (Cooking Pot Ware); e) very coarse orange
buff (Pithos Ware).
Wares and forms (TABLE 2.3)
As with EM I, the wares listed below are defined on
the basis of surface finish and, unless otherwise noted,
follow closely the categories used to describe the West
Court House deposits (Wilson 1985).
Dark Grey Burnished Ware (DGBW) (Wilson 1985,
295-304)
Although there are differences in decorative schemes
and forms, this ware remains basically unchanged from
EM I; it also continues into the later phase of EM IIA,
but largely disappears by the end of that period. Vessels
have either an overall burnished/polished surface or
scribble or pattern-burnished decoration on a reserved
plain ground. Surface colour is normally dark grey/
black in colour, although a small number can fire dark
brown to reddish brown. By far the most common form
is the stemmed goblet, new to Knossos in Early EM
IIA (FIGS. 2.6: 1-2, 2.7: 1-2), the low-pedestalled variety
being less frequent (FIG. 2.6: 3); both goblet types mark
the introduction of the individual drinking cup to
Knossos. Less common are bowls with internally
thickened rims and straight flaring profile (FIG. 2.6: 5-
6). There are rare examples of other miscellaneous
forms, including the chalice and pedestalled bowl (FIG.
2.6: 4). Most of the pottery in this ware arguably makes
up sets of drinking and eating vessels. Finally, rare
examples of bowls, pyxides and jars with incised and/
or stamped decoration appear to have the same
burnished surface and fabric as the main group above,
although with close decorative links to imported Fine
Grey Ware from the Mesara (FIG. 2.6: 7; Wilson and
Day 1994, 22-3).
Dark Coarse Burnished Ware (Wilson 1985, 353)
Macroscopically, this appears to be a coarser version of
the Dark Grey Burnished Ware described above. It
occurs in a single rare form: low-walled 'lids' with
cylindrical handles. Lids with cylindrical handles first
occur in EM I at Knossos (FIG. 2.4: 7; Hood 19900, fig.
2: 17-18) and are found elsewhere in Crete in the same
period (e.g. Pyrgos Cave: Xanthoudides 1918, fig. 12:
86-8). This lid type does not appear to outlast the early
phase of EM IIA at Knossos.
Red I Black Slipped Ware (R/BSl) (including Lighton-Dark)
(Wilson 1985, 312-17)
This has a red or occasionally black monochrome
slipped surface, which can have traces of scribbleTABLE
2.3: West Court House Group (EM IIA early): form distribution by ware; * RBW may
be non-local; FGW and FPW are Mesara imports.
DGBW *RBW R/BSl D-on-L CPW PW *FGW *FPW
dipper/cup
goblet
chalice
bowls
ped. bowl
basin
bk. plate
bk. pan
jug
dp.bwl/jar
jar
pyxis
pithos
h. stan
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EARLY PREPALA TIAL (EM I-EM II) 59
Fig. 2.6. West Court House Group (EM II A early): (1-7) Dark Grey Burnished
Ware; (17-18) Red Burnished Ware (after Wilson 1985, figs. 8, 10-11, 17-21).
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6o DA VID E. WILSON
Fig. 2.7. West Court House Group (EM IIA early): pottery f
(1-2) Dark Grey Burnished Ware stemmed goblets; (3) Red Bu
(4) Light-on-Dark Ware jars; (5) Fine Grey Ware pyxis; (6
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EARLY PREPALA TIAL (EM I-EM II) 6 1
burnishing, and, occasionally, added white painted
decoration, making it the predecessor of the monochrome
and light-on-dark wares of the later Prepalatial
and Palatial periods. The most common forms are small
to medium-sized bowls (FIG. 2.6: 11, 13-14) and lowpedestalled
goblets (FIG. 2.6: 8-9, 12), followed by jugs
(FIG. 2.6: 15-16) and less frequent examples of chalices
(FIG. 2.6: 10) and large jars (FIG. 2.7: 4). An innovation
in early EM IIA, Red / Black Slipped Ware continues
to grow in frequency in late EM IIA and in EM IIB. As
already mentioned, the use of added white painted
decoration is still rare in early EM IIA (FIG. 2.6: 12, 13,
15; FIG. 2.7: 4), but increases in late EM IIA, and
becomes the norm by EM III.
Dark-on-Light Ware (D-on-L) (Wilson 1985, 319-30)
This is the most common fine ware at Knossos in early
EM IIA. It has a pale yellowish buff to plain buff surface
usually with dark brown painted decoration. By far the
most common form is the globular beak-spouted jug
with a nearly flat bottom on three pellet feet; it has
painted banding on the spout and neck, and a large
butterfly-shaped motif which covers the whole body
and is centred on the front of the jug below the spout
(FIG. 2.8: 1-3). These jugs are found in large numbers
in the West Court House deposits and may have formed
part of a functional drinking set with the Dark Grey
Burnished Ware goblets (FIG. 2.6: 1-3). Perhaps belonging
to the same set are deep bowls with side-spouts,
which may have served as mixing kraters for drink
(FIG. 2.9: 1). Other relatively rare forms include
low-pedestalled goblets (FIG. 2.9: 2) and small jars or
pyxides (FIG. 2.9: 3). A coarser version in this ware has
the same orange buff fabric but with added temper and
often a reduced core (Wilson 1985, 345-51); it is largely
made up of deep bowls or basins (FIG. 2.9: 4) and
collared jars. A second coarser version has a red fabric
that may be related to Cooking Pot Ware: it is largely
represented by trough-spouted bowls, basins and
collared jars (FIG. 2.9: 7; see Wilson 1985, 333 under
'painted cooking pot ware'), whose surfaces are covered
with a yellowish wash, upon which a reddish brown
painted decoration is applied.
Cooking Pot Ware (CPW) (Wilson 1985, 330-45)
This continues from EM I and is the most common
coarse ware at EM IIA Knossos. The principal forms
are large deep bowls/open jars/cooking pots, basins,
baking plates (FIG. 2.9: 5) and 'baking' pans (FIG. 2.9:
6). The large baking pans with a red burnished interior
appear to be a new form (Wilson 1985, Type 2: P313-
17) and may be comparable with portable hearths found
elsewhere in the EB II Aegean (Wilson 1999, 57-8, II-
438-446). A characteristic form in this ware, found only
in EM IIA, is the triangular (?) perforated stand with
three horned projections (Wilson 1985, 344-5; for a late
EM IIA example see FIG. 2. 13: 10).
Pithos Ware (PW) (Wilson 1985, 353-6)
This ware continues from EM I; the two principal forms
are the pithos and the large basin or lekane.
Fine Grey (FGW) and Fine Painted Ware (FPW)
Fine Grey and Fine Painted wares are probable imports
from the Mesara, and the Red Burnished Ware may
also be non-local. Although scarce, these wares regularly
occur in the early EM IIA deposits at Knossos, and for
this reason are included here. Fine Grey Ware (Wilson
and Day 1994, 4-22) first appears at Knossos in EM I
and disappears by the end of EM IIA; it is characterised
by a fine light grey/bluish grey fabric and burnished
surface; the most common forms are the stemmed goblet
(FIG. 2.9: 18-19) and the small globular pyxis with
incised and/or stamped decoration (FIG. 2.7: 5); there
are rare examples of pedestalled bowls (FIG. 2.9: 20).
Fine Painted Ware (Wilson and Day 1994, 23-42) has a
fine yellowish to pinkish buff fabric with usually a
yellowish buff burnished or polished surface and darkon-light
painted decoration. By far the most common
form is the carinated (FIGS. 2.7: 6 bottom right, 2.9: 8)
or rounded bowl (FIGS. 2.7: 6, 2.9: 9-14, 16), of which
some examples have a side-spout and handle (FIGS. 2.7:
6 top, 2.9: 15, 17).
Red Burnished Ware (RBW) (Wilson 1985, 317-19)
This is rather uncommon, compared with Dark Grey
Burnished Ware; the surface colour can vary from red
to red/black mottled; forms include squat-globular jugs
with incised herringbone decoration (FIGS. 2.6: 18, 2.7:
3) and small rounded bowls (FIG. 2.6: 17); there are rare
examples of goblets with light-on-dark (FIG. 2.7: 3 top
left); this ware continues in later EM IIA (see under
Red Slipped and Burnished Ware), may be related to
the Red-black Burnished / Vasilike Ware of EM IIB,
and may not be local.
NORTH-EAST MAGAZINES GROUP (EM IIA
LATE)
Archaeological contexts (FIG. 2.10)
A test made in 1905 in the West Court (Test Pit 14)
provides the clearest stratigraphic evidence for the
phasing of EM IIA into early and late. Above Neolithic
levels reached at a depth of 2.20 m (below the surface
of the later West Court) was a deposit of EM IIA
comparable with the West Court House assemblage.
Above this early EM IIA stratum was a deposit found
at 1 .50-1 .70/ 1 .85 m whose pottery shows some stylistic
developments, and is comparable with the EM IIA fills
from tests conducted also in 1905 beneath the NorthWest
Portico and North-East Magazines. A small
deposit assignable to a late phase of EM IIA has also
been found stratified beneath pure EM IIB in the RRN
sequence (Hood and Cadogan, in preparation, floor vi).
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62 DAVID E. WILSON
•3i •
/Yg-. 2.5. W^5/ C^?wr^ House Group (EM II A early): Dark
i9$5>figS' 22-6).
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EARLY PREPALA TIAL (EM I-EM II) 63
Fig. 2.g. West Court House Group (EM II A early): (1-4, 7) Dark-on-Light Ware; (5-6) Cooking
(8-20) Mesara imports in (8-17) Dark-on-Light and (18-20) Fine Grey Ware (after Wilson ig8
32~33> 35; Wilson and Day igg^figs. 2-3).
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64 DAVID E.WILSON
Fig. 2.10. North-East Magazines Group
(EM II A late): location of deposits mentioned
in the text.
WEST
COURT I
3-6
ooo I
KOULOURES ™
H L_ - J j~ n
I '_rS 0 40 m
KNOSSOS - BRONZE AGE PALACE
West Court
1) 1905 Test Pit 14: 'from floor at 1.60 m to floor at
1.70 m. (clay floors)' below the West Court; deposit
stratified below EM III and above early EM IIA deposit
(KSM B.I.17: box 307a; Momigliano 1991, 185-91; see
Chapter 3 of this volume: Upper East Well Group
deposit no. 4).
North-West Portico
2) 1905 Test Pit 2 in North- West Portico: from surface
to 1. 15 m down (KSM E.II.7: boxes 649-652).
North-East Magazines
3) 1905 test in Bay 2-East (KSM K.I.4: boxes 879-
885; Hood and Taylor 1981, no. 184).
4) 1905 test in Bay 3-East (KSM K.I.5: boxes 890-893).
5) 1905 test in Bay 3-West (KSM K.I.6: boxes 897-909).
6) 1905 test in Bay 4-East (KSM K.I.7: boxes 912-916).
Characteristics of the North-East Magazines
Group (EM IIA Late)
The following summary of fabrics and wares typical of
this group is based on the pottery from the large fill
deposits found in tests beneath the North-East
Magazines (see above).
Fabrics
These show much continuity from the preceding (EM
IIA Early) phase. The principal ware/s in which they
occur are listed in brackets: a) fine to semi-fine reddish
brown (Dark Grey Burnished Ware); b) fine red (Red
Slipped and Burnished Ware); c) fine to coarse orange
buff (Red / Black Slipped, including Light-on-Dark
Ware; Dark-on-Light Ware); d) semi-coarse to coarse
red to reddish brown (Cooking Pot Ware); e) very coarse
orange buff (Pithos Ware).
Wares and forms (TABLE 2.4)
Dark Grey Burnished Ware (DGBW)
This is the same as in EM I-IIA Early, and seems to
make its last appearance in this group, although rare
dark burnished vessels in later periods may be related.
The most common form is the low-pedestalled goblet
(FIG. 2.1 1: 1-2), which now outnumbers the stemmed
goblet (FIG. 2.11:3), reversing the picture found in early
EM IIA. While most of the drinking goblets in early
EM IIA occur in dark grey burnished ware, the new
footed goblet in red/black slipped or in dark-on-light
(see below) is far more common. Bowls with internally
thickened rims also continue (FIG. 2.1 1: 4), as do rare
examples of other miscellaneous forms.
Red I Black Slipped Ware (R/BSl) (including Light-
on-Dark)
This, along with Dark-on-Light, makes up the bulk of
the fine ware vessels found in late EM IIA at Knossos.
Vessels in this ware usually have a red monochrome
slipped exterior, although a minority was fired black in
colour. Light-on-Dark painted decoration does go back
to EM I on Crete, and rare examples are found in the
West Court House group (FIG. 2.6: 12-13, 15), but it
begins to occur in noticeable numbers only in late EM
IIA. Both Red / Black Slipped Ware (including LightThis
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EARLY PREPALA TIAL (EM I-EM II) 65
TABLE 2.4: North-East Magazines Group (EM IIA late): form distribution by wa
* indicates probable imports.
DGBW R-B1S1 D-on-L CPW PW *RS1BW *VW
dipper
stm. goblet
pd. goblet
ftd. goblet
chalice
sh. bowl
dp. bowl
spt. bowl
ped. bowl
basin
bk. plate
bk. pan
jug
dp. bowl/jar
jar
spt. jar
pithos
h. stand •
on-Dark) and D
fabric and most o
footed goblet (or
spouted jar ('teapo
three are all new
as drinking and f
2.1 1: 5-7, 2.12: 1
Dark-on-Light (se
pedestalled varie
Red Slipped and
types of bowls
common has an everted rim often decorated with a white
band and/or zigzag on the upper surface (FIG. 2.11:9).
Beak-spouted jugs may have a pair of pellet eyes on the
neck (FIG. 2.1 1: 11), a feature shared with their Darkon-Light
counterparts and also found in early EM IIA.
An important new form is the long-spouted jar (teapot)
with pouring handle (FIG. 2.1 1: 12), which became
common in EM IIB, possibly, at least in part, replacing
the beak-spouted jug. Rare examples of large jars with
cross-hatched triangles in light-on-dark may not be
local, to judge from their fabric (FIG. 2.12: 3).
Dark-on-Light Ware (D-on-L)
While this was the principal fine ware in early EM IIA,
it now occurs in about equal quantities with Red / Black
Slipped Ware (including Light-on-Dark). Dark-onLight
and Light-on-Dark wares now make up most of
the fine pottery found at Knossos, and links in their
fabric, forms and decorative motifs suggest a common
area of production. As in earlier EM IIA, Dark-onLight
has a pale buff surface, which may be smoothed/
burnished and have red to black decoration. By far the
most common forms are the footed goblet (egg-cup)
and the shallow bowl. Both are new and continue as the
most common forms also in EM IIB. The goblets (FIGS.
2.12: 4, 2.13: 1-3) have a fairly high foot which is lower
in EM IIB and smaller in diameter, although the rim
diameters remain about the same in both periods (c. 10
cm); the body wall of these early goblets tends to be
almost straight in contrast to the more rounded form
in EM IIB. The decoration is simple, with a band at or
just below the rim, and another band at the foot's join
to bowl. The shallow bowl (FIGS. 2. 12: 6, 2. 13: 4) appears
to occur in about equal numbers with the footed goblet;
it has an average rim diameter of c. 25 cm, and is
decorated with a painted band at the rim, in and out. A
variant of this form has an everted rim, often with a
painted zigzag on the surface (FIG. 2.13: 5); both this
bowl type and decoration also occur in Red/Black
Slipped Ware (including Light-on-Dark). The two most
common closed forms are the beak-spouted jug (FIG.
2.13: 6-7) and the long-spouted jar (teapot) (FIG. 2.13:
8). What distinguishes some of the beak-spouted jugs
from earlier examples is a new decorative scheme with
a double chevron on the neck and spout (FIG. 2.12: 5
left), and decoration on the main body now confined to
the shoulder and belly with cross-hatched triangles or
small hatched butterfly motifs on a wide-painted band.
The same decorative scheme of a zone of hatched
butterfly motifs can be found on the long-spouted jars.
The coarser fabric range of Dark-on-Light Ware is
represented largely by basins, deep bowls/open jars,
wide-spouted jugs, collared jars and pedestalled stands.
A second coarse painted variety continues from the
earlier phase of EM IIA (see above, p. 61) and is
characterised by a reddish brown coarse fabric (similar
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66 DAVID E.WILSON
Fig. 2.1 1. North-East Magazines Group (EM II A late
Slipped (including Light-on-Dark) Ware.
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EARLY PREPALA TIAL (EM I-EM II) 67
Fig. 2.12. North-East Magazines (EM II A late): pottery from tests in the North-East Magazines
the palace; (1-3) Red I Black Slipped Ware: (1) footed goblets, (2-3) bowls and jars; (4-6) Dark
(4) footed goblets, (5) beak-spouted jugs and (6) shallow bowls; (j) Vasilike Ware: jar and goblet
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68 DAVID E.WILSON
Fig. 2.ij. North-East Magazines Group (EM HA late
Slipped and Burnished wares.
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EARLY PREPALA TIAL (EM I-EM II) 69
to that of Cooking Pot Ware), with a thin yellow slipped/
washed exterior surface, upon which banding in red
paint is normally added. As in early EM II A, the number
of forms is limited: deep bowls/basins and collared jars.
This second coarse painted group does not appear to
continue into EM IIB.
Cooking Pot Ware (CPW)
This shows great continuity from early EM IIA.
Common forms are the deep bowl/open jar/cooking
pot, baking plate, baking pan and strap-handled
transport jar with grooved banding on the collar neck
(FIG. 2.13: 9). The rare triangular horned stands first
seen in early EM IIA occur for the last time in this phase
(FIG. 2.13: 10).
Pithos Ware (PW)
This also shows continuity from the previous group. The
two principal forms are the basin/lekane and the pithos.
Red Slipped and Burnished Ware, Vasilike, Fine Grey
and Fine Painted Wares
These are rare, and most likely represent imports from
east Crete and the Mesara. They are included in this
discussion for they form a consistent and characteristic
part of Late EM IIA ceramic assemblages at Knossos.
Red Slipped and Burnished Ware (RS1BW) is the same
as (or closely related to) the Red Burnished Ware
described in the previous group (see above, p. 61); it
has a burnished/polished red slipped surface which can
at times fire a mottled red/black; the fabric is usually
fine red; the most common form is the low-pedestalled
carinated goblet (FIG. 2.13: 11), followed by the shallow
bowl whose size and profile is comparable to examples
in the local Dark-on-Light Ware; there are rare
examples of jugs with incised herringbone on the
shoulder (FIG. 2.13: 12), which may be related to the
early EM IIA examples noted above (FIG. 2.6: 18), and
collared jars with incised banding on the neck (FIG. 2. 13:
13; see Cooking Pot Ware transport jars, above).
Vasilike Ware (VW) has a red/black mottled surface
and usually a fine pink to orange buff fabric (5 YR 7/
3-7/6) (Betancourt et al. 1979); it is largely a feature of
EM IIB at Knossos (see below), but rare examples do
appear already in late EM IIA; forms include footed
goblets, beak-spouted jugs and jars (FIG. 2.12: 7).
Fine Grey Ware (FGW), probably produced in the
Mesara, makes its first appearance in EM I Knossos,
continues in early EM IIA (see above), and has virtually
disappeared by late EM IIA, except for a handful of rare
goblets and pyxides (Wilson and Day 1994, FG 18-20,
FG44-45). Fine Painted Ware (FPW), which first
occurred in early EM IIA (see above), is very rare by this
late phase, and represented principally by small bowls
and jugs (Wilson and Day 1994, FP25, 37, 51-54, 57).
Relative chronology of West Court House and
North-East Magazines Groups (EM IIA)
The most visible non-local contacts at Knossos in early
EM IIA are the Fine Painted and Fine Grey wares
imported from the Mesara region of south-central Crete
(Wilson and Day 1994). They make up a very small
percentage of the ceramic assemblages at Knossos, but
are significant for the evidence they provide of interregional
exchange in prestige wares. For early EM IIA
there are, to date, no certain ceramic imports from other
regions of the island aside from the Mesara, although
further studies and fabric analyses may change this
picture. By late EM IIA, Mesara ceramic imports
decrease considerably, and appear to cease altogether
by EM IIB. Among these late EM IIA imports is a rare
group of small carinated bowls whose shape and
decoration is very similar to examples found in
contemporary contexts at Phaistos (Wilson and Day
1994, FP 57-9: 30, fig. 3; Todaro 2005, % 6- A: 3).
The first certain east Cretan pottery imports begin to
appear in the shape of Red / Black Slipped Ware and
Vasilike Ware. These consist largely of low-pedestalled
goblets and shallow bowls, which coincide with the
appearance of the footed goblet and shallow bowl in
Knossian wares. Possible synchronisms with other
Cretan sites are summarised in TABLE 2.5.
While there seem to be no off-island ceramic imports
at Knossos in EM I, the Cycladic pottery found in EM
IIA contexts provides clear links with well-documented
island assemblages. These Cycladic imports appear to
be equally distributed between early and late EM IIA
contexts, also in terms of wares and forms. The EC II
imports from Knossos, to be published in more detail
elsewhere, are briefly summarised here:
1) Dark-on-light painted ware including decorated
sauceboats of island type (e.g. West Court House:
Wilson 1985, pl. 58; Broodbank 2000, fig. 101 left;
see also Ayia Irini: Wilson 1999, II-697; DhaskalioKavos:
Broodbank 2000, 223).
2) Black Urfirnis sauceboats of a fabric and finish
closely comparable with west Cycladic examples,
including those from Ayia Irini II - III (Wilson 1999,
72,231).
3) Single yellow mottled ware sauceboat (for discussion
and Keian examples see Wilson 1999,
76-7).
4) Melian painted ware transport jars with grooved
handles (Phylakopi: Evans and Renfrew 1984, 64;
Ayia Irini II: Wilson 1999, 86-7).
5) White or yellow slipped/painted transport jars
with strap handles which have identical parallels
with jars from Ayia Irini II (Wilson 1999, 87).
6) Red-brown coarse micaceous ware transport jars
with grooved or strap handles.
7) Two rare examples of Talc Ware of probable
western Cycladic origin (Wilson 1999, 69, 130-1;
Broodbank 2000, 296-7).
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70 DAVID E. WILSON
TABLE 2.5: Selected Cretan sites with dep
and North-East Magazines Groups (EM
discussion see Betancourt 1985, 35-52; Wa
West Crete
Debla (Phases II- III) (Warren and Tzedakis 1974)
Khania-Kastelli (Tzedakis 1965, pl. 711c)
Nopigeia (Karantzali 1996)
Platyvola Cave (Tzedakis 19680, pl. 376a-c)
North-Central Crete
Krasi (Marinatos 1929, fig. 9 top row, 10c)
Poros-Katsambas (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki 1993; Wilson et al. 2004)
Pyrgos Cave (Xanthoudides 19 18, figs. 5: 1,6: 22)
South-Central Crete
Ayia Triada (Laviosa 1972-3; Todaro 2005, 21-22: early and late EM IIA)
Ayia Kyriaki (Blackman and Branigan 1982, figs. 11: 96-119; 12: 120-135, 141-6)
Lebena (Tombs I, IB, II-upper level, IIA-lower level) (Alexiou and Warren 2004)
Koumasa (Xanthoudides 1924; Zois 1967-68, pls. n-17)
Moni Odigitria (Sakellarakis 1965^, pl. 710 top row)
Phaistos (Levi 1976, figs. 404, 732-733; pl. 5b; Todaro 2005, 38 fig. 6A: early and late EM IIA)
Mallia / Lasithi
Mallia (van Effenterre 1980, fig. 728)
East Crete
Gournia (rock shelters: Boyd 1905, fig. 1: G.I.d; pl. 25: G.V.a, G.VI.a)
Myrtos-Fournou Korifi (Period I: Warren 19720)
Vasilike (Period I: Seager 1908; Warren and Hankey 1989, 109 n. 4)
Over half of these imports are represented by collared
transport jars and about one-fifth by sauceboats, and
most are closely paralleled in EC II Keros-Syros
assemblages, including Ayia Irini II (Wilson 1999) and
Phylakopi phase A2 (Evans and Renfrew 1984, 64-6);
they also continue, although in reduced numbers, in
late EB II island contexts, including Ayia Irini III
(anatolianising Kastri Group phase). The sudden and
prolific appearance of the shallow bowl in late EM IIA
Knossos may be linked with the introduction of the
same general form at various late EB II Aegean sites,
including Kastri, Lefkandi I, Ayia Irini III and Lerna
HID (Wilson 1999, 121-2; Wiencke 2000, 652-3).
Hence the transition from EM IIA to EM IIB at
Knossos may be contemporary with the beginning of
the late EB II anatolianising phase in the Cyclades, the
coastal areas of Boiotia, Euboia and eastern Attica, and
late EH II in the Argolid.
SOUTH FRONT GROUP (EM IIB)
Archaeological contexts (FIG. 2.14)
Most of the EM IIB pottery found at Knossos so far
comes from deposits bordering the South Front of the
later palace. These are stratified above Neolithic and
are in turn sealed by EM III buildings and/or yard levels
(see below). Much smaller, and sometimes mixed, EM
IIB deposits were also found elsewhere in the palace
area (Wilson and Day 1999, 5). Of great stratigraphic
importance are the RRN soundings made by Hood,
where he found a succession of floor levels belonging
to EM IIA, EM IIB and EM III (Hood and Cadogan,
in preparation; Wilson and Day 1999, 5).
South Front
1) 1907-8 tests by Arthur Evans and Mackenzie outside
the South Front of the palace beneath the Early Houses
(Evans 1921, 74-5, fig. 40; KSM H.I.2: 788, 791-793;
Momigliano and Wilson 1996, 3-7).
2) i960 tests by Hood and Cadogan beneath the Early
Houses (Cadogan et al. 1993, 24, 'Early Houses, Lower
Deposit'; Hood and Cadogan, in preparation; for
summary see Momigliano and Wilson 1996, 8-10).
3) 1993 tests by Momigliano and Wilson (1996, 27-43,
52-3), especially EM IIB pit to the north of the 'EM
III South Front House'.
Characteristics of the South Front Group
Fabrics
There are only two principal fabrics for this period:
fine to coarse orange buff (Dark-on-Light; Red / Black
Slipped Ware, including Light-on-Dark: Wilson and
Day 1999, petrographic groups 1, 6, and 7); and red to
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EARLY PREPALA TIAL (EM I-EM II) 7 1
WEST I
COURT
ooo I
k-mimiiRPQ KOULOURES I CENTRALk-mimiiRPQ KOULOURES I CQURT
KNOSSOS - BRONZE AGE PALACE
Fig. 2.14. South Front Group (EM
IIB): location of deposits mentioned in
the text.
reddish brown coarse ware (Cooking Pot Ware; White
Painted Red Coarse Ware) (Wilson and Day 1999,
petrographic groups 2, 3, 4).
Wares and forms (TABLE 2.6)
The EM IIB wares outlined below follow the descriptions
given in Momigliano and Wilson (1996) and
Wilson and Day (1999). Absent from these EM IIB
deposits are any examples of Dark Grey Burnished
Ware which made up a significant proportion of the
EM IIA assemblages at Knossos, as well as the rare
Fine Grey Ware and Fine Painted Ware imports from
the Mesara.
Dark-on-light Ware (D-on-L) (Wilson and Day 1999,
6-18, 25-7, 37-9, 44-6, 53-5; Momigliano and
Wilson 1996, 31, 38)
Fabric, surface finish and decorative techniques appear
the same as in late EM IIA; there are changes, however,
in decorative motifs and forms, although the footed
goblet, shallow bowl and beak-spouted jug continue to
be the most common also in this period. The goblet is
TABLE 2.6: South Front Group (EM IIB): form distribution by ware; # indicates probable imports.
D-on-L R-B1S1 CPW *WPtRC PW *R/Bl.Brn *VW
1-hd. cup
ftd. goblet
sh. bowl
fl.-ev. bowl
2-hd. bowl
inc. bowl
dp. bowl
misc. bowl
basin
Jug
askos
dp. bowl /jar
lg-sp. jar
sp. jar
jar
pyxis
bk. plate
pithoi •
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72 DAVID E. WILSON
Fig. 2.15. South Front Group (EM IIB): Da
and Day 1999, figs. 1-3, 5-8).
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EARLY PREPALA TIAL (EM I-EM II) 73
more rounded in profile, the foot lower and smaller in
diameter, although the average rim diameter remains c.
10 cm (FIGS. 2.15: 1-2,2.16: 1 ). The shallow bowl tends
to be both shallower in depth and smaller in size than
its precursor in late EM IIA, with an average rim
diameter of only 18 cm compared with c. 25 cm in the
earlier period; the rim in EM IIB has a more pronounced
rounded thickening (FIGS. 2.15: 7,2.16: 2). Continuing
a trend seen in late EM IIA, the beak-spouted jugs have
a broader and shorter neck and spout (FIG. 2.15: 4-6).
In terms of numbers, the Dark-on-Light jugs are far
less common than in EM IIA, with the long-spouted
Red / Black Slipped Ware jars (see below) at least in
part replacing them. There is some change in the
decoration of footed goblets: a painted band is now
regularly added to the interior of the rim; the exterior
of the bowl is more elaborately decorated with multiple
banding, festoons or zigzags; and the exterior of feet
may be painted solid. By contrast the decorative scheme
on beak-spouted jugs tends to be more simplified than
in late EM IIA: multiple banding on the neck and spout
has disappeared, and the new scheme in late EM IIA of
a double chevron on each side of the neck and spout
continues, but often now with three chevrons on each
side (FIGS. 2.15: 4-5, 2.16: 3). Decoration on the body
is confined to the shoulder and largely to a single
repeated motif, usually a band of cross-hatched triangles
(FIGS. 2. 1 5: 5, 2. 16: 3). Accompanying the shallow bowl,
footed goblet and beak-spouted jug is a variety of
medium to large serving/storage (?) bowls, often with
two handles and painted decoration on the rim surface
(FIG. 2.15: 8-14); some can have an outlined cross motif
on the bottom interior or exterior (FIG. 2.16: 4). The
deep two-handled bowls have a similar decorative
scheme to the jugs with horizontal zones of decoration
confined to the upper body of the vessel (FIG. 2.15: 13-
14). Pyxides and small jars round off the range of forms
in this ware (FIG. 2.15: 15).
Dark-on-Light vessels produced in a coarser fabric
consist of deep bowls/basins and large (water?) jugs
(Wilson and Day 1999, 37-9). Close links in forms and
decoration between Dark-on-Light and Red / Black
Slipped (including Light-on-Dark) Ware described
below are reinforced by the petrographic evidence,
which suggests a common region of production in
north-central Crete. The links between these two wares
occur by the beginning of EM IIA if not earlier.
Red/ Black Slipped (including Light-on-Dark) Ware
(R/BISI) (Wilson and Day 1999, 18-25, 37^9, 55-7;
Momigliano and Wilson 1996, 32-8)
This is characterised by a monochrome matt red or black
slipped surface to which a white/creamy white painted
decoration is added in some vessels. Both Dark-onLight
and Red / Black Slipped (including Lighton-Dark)
Ware occur in about equal quantities and have
a number of forms in common including the footed
goblet (FIG. 2.17: 1) and beak-spouted jug (FIG. 2.17: 2).
However, there are notable differences in the respective
frequency of certain forms: for example the shallow bowl
is ubiquitous in Dark-on-Light but rare in Red / Black
Slipped (including Light-on-Dark) Ware. Footed
goblets are quite common, and their decoration, as in
dark-on-light, consists of white painted multiple
banding or a festoon pattern on the rim exterior.
Normally the under-surface of the foot is left undecorated,
but some examples have a band at the
periphery. While the shallow bowl is rare in this ware,
there do occur two-handled bowls with an everted and
decorated rim (FIGS. 2.16: 5, 2.17: 6-7) that are
comparable with Dark-on-Light examples (FIG. 2.15:9,
1 1-12). The deep two-handled bowls (FIG. 2.17: 10-1 1)
are also similar in shape and size to Dark-on-Light ones
(FIG. 2.15: 10, 13-14). Of note for the fine surface finish
are deep bowls decorated with pellets below the rim and
basins, both with dark slipped exterior but a buff
burnished/polished interior (FIG. 2.17: 8-9). The most
common pouring vessel in this ware is the long-spouted
jar or teapot (FIGS. 2.16: 6, 2.17: 3-5); the mouth has a
diameter of c. 11 cm and the long side-spout is
comparable in size with Vasilike Ware teapots (Wilson
and Day 1999, nos. 267-9). Two-handled deep bowls/
open jars with a side-spout at the rim (FIG. 2.17: 12) are
the largest of the pouring vessels in this ware and have
close counterparts in form with the White Painted Red
Coarse Ware described below (FIG. 2.16: 7).
Cooking Pot Ware (CPW) (Wilson and Day 1999, 27-
9, 37-9, 46-52; Momigliano and Wilson 1996, 41)
There is strong continuity in both fabrics and forms
from EM IIA to EM IIB in this ware. The principal
forms, as in EM IIA, are the baking plate, deep bowl/
open jar/cooking pot and basin; the horned stand/table,
however, seems to disappear. In petrographic terms the
Cooking Pot Ware sampled at Knossos can be divided
into two broad fabric groups, of which one is not local
(Wilson and Day 1999, 37-9).
Pithos Ware (PW) (Momigliano and Wilson 1996, 43;
Wilson and Day 1999, 37, 44-6, petrographic Group 1)
Its fabric and surface finish are the same as for earlier
periods; all examples appear to be from pithoi.
Red to Black Burnished Ware (R/BLBr), Vasilike and
White Painted Red Coarse Ware (WPtRC)
These are rare and likely to be imports, but form a
consistent and characteristic part of the EM IIB ceramic
assemblages at Knossos. Red to Black Burnished Ware
(Wilson and Day 1999, Group 5: 32-4, 37-9, 52-3) has
a semi-fine red or reddish brown silver micaceous fabric;
the surface is usually slipped and burnished and fired
to a red to reddish brown to black mottled colour, which
can be similar in appearance to Vasilike Ware; the range
of forms is limited: mostly goblets or one-handled cups,
less frequently beak-spouted jugs and pyxides. None
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74 DAVID E.WILSON
Fig. 2.16. South Front Group (EM IIB): pott
(1-4) Dark-on-Light Ware: (1) footed goble
(5-6) Light-on-Dark Ware: (5) bowls, (6) lo
(8) Vasilike Ware: one-handled cup, bowls and
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EARLY PREPALA TIAL (EM I-EM II) 7 5
Fig. 2.17. South Front Group (EM IIB): Red / Black Slipped Ware (includi
and Wilson igg6,figs. ig-22; Wilson and Day iggg.figs. g-12).
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76 DAVID E. WILSON
TABLE 2.7: Selected Cretan sites with deposits contem
(EM IIB) (for further references see Betancourt 19
15-17, 109, n. 4).
West Crete
Khania-Kastelli (Tzedakis 1968^ pl. NZ' 3-4)
Platyvola Cave (Tzedakis 1967, pl. 378d)
North-Central Crete
Poros-Katsambas (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki 1993; Wilson et al. 2004)
South-Central Crete
Lebena (Tombs I, IB, II-upper level, IIA-lower level, III, Room AN - lower level) (Alexiou and Warren 2004)
Ayia Triada (Todaro 2005, 22)
Phaistos (Todaro 2005, 38-41, figs 6B, 7A)
Mallia / Lasithi
Mallia (van Effenterre 1980)
East Crete
Mochlos (Seager 19 12, fig. 32 XIII b, fig. 48 no. 43)
Myrtos-Fournou Korifi (Period II) (Warren 19720)
Vasilike (Seager 1908, Periods II-III)
of these compares closely with the local Dark-on-Light
or Red / Black Slipped wares described above; at least
some examples in this ware are related in fabric and
surface finish to the red slipped and burnished ware of
late EM IIA; in addition, the fabric has links to both
EM IIB White Painted Red Coarse and some of the
cooking pot ware, suggesting a possible common area
of production which may be in central Crete, but does
not appear to be in the vicinity of Knossos. The first
rare examples of Vasilike Ware (Wilson and Day 1999,
Groups 8-9: 34-5, 37-40, 57-61; Momigliano and
Wilson 1996, 38; Betancourt et al. 1979) occur at
Knossos in late EM IIA (see above); forms are few,
mostly drinking and pouring vessels: one-handled cups,
footed goblets, long-spouted jars (teapots), and beakspouted
jugs (FIG. 2.16: 8).
Petrographic analyses have distinguished two
separate groups of Vasilike Ware found at Knossos: a
Mirabello group from the area of the Isthmus of
Ierapetra and a metamorphic group of uncertain origin
(Day etal. 1999^ 1032-3)White
Painted Red Coarse Ware (Wilson and Day
1999, Group 4: 29-32, 37-9, 50-52; Momigliano and
Wilson 1996, 40-1: clight-on-dark painted red coarse
ware') has white/creamy white painted decoration on
usually a red slipped surface. Forms attested include
the baking plate, the deep bowl/open jar/cooking pot
and the side-spouted jar (FIG. 2.16: 7), which also occur
in other wares (e.g. Cooking Pot Ware and Light-onDark:
FIG. 2.17: 12; Wilson and Day 1999, nos. 228-31);
petrographic analysis suggests links with the Red to
Black Burnished Ware and a non-local origin (Wilson
and Day 1999 and see also above).
Relative chronology of the South Front Group
In contrast to the clear ceramic links across the island
in EM I - II A, the identification of a pan-Cretan EM
IIB pottery phase based on shared pottery styles is
problematic (TABLE 2.7). This is in part due to the lack
of detailed publications of stratified settlement deposits
that would help to define this phase on a regional basis,
the principal exceptions being Knossos (Wilson and
Day 1999) and Myrtos-Fournou Korifi (Warren 1972^).
The one ceramic feature that does occur throughout
Crete in EM IIB is Vasilike Ware (Betancourt et al.
1979; Betancourt 1985, 43-8), but caution must be
exercised in the dating of deposits to EM IIB by the
presence or absence of this ware alone, since in areas
outside eastern Crete it occurs in only very small
quantities even in the largest deposits (e.g. Knossos:
Wilson and Day 1999, 34).
While at Knossos ceramic links with and imports
from the Mesara were plentiful in EM IIA, they
virtually stop in EM IIB. Indeed, until very recently it
was difficult to characterise an EM IIB ceramic phase
in south-central Crete, although finds of canonical
Vasilike Ware in both burial and settlement contexts
clearly show continued occupation at a number of sites
(Betancourt 1985, 46; Alexiou and Warren 2004).
Furthermore, new excavations at Phaistos and Ayia
Triada have now produced an important sequence of
Prepalatial deposits including EM IIB (La Rosa 2002;
Todaro 2005). Vasilike Ware also provides the clearest
ceramic link for establishing contemporaneity between
EM IIB Knossos and various sites in east Crete, notable
among them Vasilike, Myrtos-Fournou Korifi and
Mochlos (see TABLE 2.7).
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EARLY PREPALA TIAL (EM I-EM II) 77
The ceramic imports and stylistic links between
Crete and the Cyclades, so pronounced in EM I-IIA,
appear to end by EM IIB, at least at Knossos. It was
suggested above that late EM IIA at Knossos might in
part overlap with the beginning of the Kastri Group
phase of late EC II / EH II. Recent excavations at
Akrotiri on Thera have now produced clear EM IIB
imports of central and east Cretan type in late EB II
Kastri Group contexts (Wilson et al., forthcoming).
This evidence suggests that Knossian late EM IIA and
at least a portion of EM IIB were contemporary with
the late EB II Kastri Group phase in the Cyclades and
mainland. Why ceramic imports, however, from the
Cyclades to Crete in late EB II should apparently cease
while obsidian and presumably metals s
Crete from the islands is puzzling. The ear
evidence for a resumption of pottery import
Cyclades after EM IIA comes with a jar
Phylakopi 1. 2/3 (or later) type found i
(early) context at Knossos (Momigliano
1996, 44; see also Chapter 3 of this volu
previous phases, at EM IIB Knossos th
evidence for contacts with the Helladic
although it should be noted that the first pos
island colonisation from Crete occurred o
possibly as early as EM IIB (Broodbank
Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 83-91).
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/';-=09 )(8* =-0/']
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/';-=09 )(8* =-0/']
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/';-=09 )(8* =-0/']
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/';-=09 )(8* =-0/']
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/';-=09 )(8* =-0/']
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/';-=09 )(8* =-0/']
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1.20. LN II Incised Ware (Fabric lb).
1.21. LNII Incised and Incised-pointille Ware(Fabric le).
1.22. LN II Incised Ware (Fabrics le and If).
1.23. LN II Incised- pointille Ware (Fabric lb).
1.24. LN II Polished Incised Ware (Fabric lb).
1.25. LN II Scribble Burnished Ware (Fabric le).
1 .26. IN IB and FN II fenestrated pedestal bowls.
1.27. FNII collared jar and FNII incised sherds.
1.28. FNIII (Trench FF) v-shaped spouts.
1.29. FNIII jar with rounded base.
1.30. FN III Pattern Wiped Ware (Fabric le).
1.31. HSTIII sherds (Area KLMN and Trench FF).
1.32. FN IV local coarseware.
1.33. FN IV local coarse ware.
CHAPTER 2 (D.E. Wilson)
2.1. EM I. Dark Grey Pattern Burnished Ware chalice rims .
After Wilson and Day 2000; top: P6, P9; middle: P5; bottom: P2, PI.
2.2. EM I. Dark Grey Burnished Ware.
After Wilson and Day 2000; top: chalice P9; pedestalled bowl P33; bottom right: chalice P2
Bottom left: NE Magazines, KSM K.I.6, box 896.
2.3. EM I. Dark Grey Burnished Ware.
After Wilson and Day 2000; top: chalice P22; middle: chalice P24; bottom: pedestalled bowl
P36.
2.4. EM I. Dark on Light Ware jug handles.
After Wilson and Day 2000; top: P76, P75, P77; bottom: P79, P80, P84, P86.
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2.5. EM I. Dark on Light Ware jugs body sherds.
After Wilson and Day 2000; top: P96, P101, P106; middle: P109, P102, P108; bottom: P99,
P103,P100.
2.6. EMI. Wiped and Washed Ware jugs/jars body sherds.
After Wilson and Day 2000; top: P168, P178; bottom: P167, P173.
2.7. EM I. Pattern Wiped/Scored and Washed Ware jug sherds.
After Wilson and Day 2000; top: P219, P220; bottom: P224, P223.
2.8. EM IIA early. Dark Grey Burnished Ware pedestalled goblet rims.
After Wilson 1985; left, top and bottom: P23; middle: P28; right, top: P26; right, bottom: P22.
2.9. EM IIA early. Dark Grey Burnished Ware pedestalled goblet rims.
After Wilson 1985; left: P30; right: P27.
2.10. EM IIA early. Dark Grey Burnished Ware low pedestalled goblets.
After Wilson 1985: P43, P31.
2.11. EM IIA early. Miscellaneous wares.
From East Threshing Floor Area (KSM L.II.2, box 990). Top: Dark Grey Burnished goblets.
Bottom, left and right: Dark on Light jug, body and neck. Bottom, middle: Dark Grey Burnished
two-handled bowl.
2.12. EM IIA early. Red/Black Slipped Ware.
After Wilson 1985; top: bowl P129; bottom: bowl P128.
2.13. EM IIA early. Black Slipped Ware.
After Wilson 1985: jug P144.
2.14A. EM IIA early. Dark on Light Ware.
After Wilson 1985: deep side spouted bowl/ 'krater' P93.
2.14B. EM IIA early. Dark on Light Ware.
After Wilson 1985: jug P218.
2.14C. EM IIA early. Dark on Light Ware.
After Wilson 1985; top: P217; bottom left: P180; bottom, right: P236.
2.15. EM IIA early. Cooking Pot Ware.
After Wilson 1985; top: deep bowls/open jars P274, P267; bottom: deep bowl/open jar P259;
baking plate P3 10.
2.16. EM IIA early. Pithos Ware.
After Wilson 1985; top: lekane P463, pithos P439; bottom, middle P459).
2.17. EM IIA early. Fine Grey Ware (Mesara import).
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After Wilson and Day 1994: FG46.
2.18. EM IIA early. Fine Grey Ware pyxides (Mesara imports).
After Wilson and Day 1994; left and middle: FG27; right: FG28.
2.19. EM IIA early. Fine Grey Ware goblets (Mesara imports).
After Wilson and Day 1994; top left: chalice FG21; top middle and right: FG17, FG5; middle:
goblets FG3, FG8, FG2; bottom: goblets FG4, FG6, FG7.
2.20. EM IIA early. Fine Dark on Light Ware bowls (Mesara imports).
After Wilson and Day 1994; top: side-spouted bowls FP13, FP19, FP12; bottom left: bowl;
bottom middle and right: side-spouted bowls FP22, FP20.
2.21. EM IIA early. Fine Dark on Light Ware bowls (Mesara imports).
After Wilson and Day 1994; top: side-spouted bowl FP5; bottom: side-spouted bowl FP4.
2.22. EM IIA early. Red/Black Slipped Ware.
After Wilson 1985; jug P158.
2.23. IM IIA early. Red/Black Slipped Ware with incised or added white painted
decoration.
After Wilson 1985; top left: jug P164; top right: goblet P175; bottom left: jug P165.
Bottom right: 'West of North Lustral Basin (KSM E.I.7, boxes 618-9), jug body fragment.
2.24. EM IIB. Dark on Light Ware footed goblets.
After Wilson and Day 1999; left: PI; right: P19.
2.25. EM IIB. Dark on Light Ware shallow bowls.
After Wilson and Day 1999; top: P37, P31; bottom: P41, P30.
2.26. EM IIB. Dark on Light Ware bowls.
After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; top: shallow bowls P85, PI 66, P80; bottom: deep bowl P91.
2.27. EM IIB. Dark on Light Ware bowls.
After Wilson and Day 1999; top: P68, P66; bottom: P65, P61.
2.28. EM IIB. Dark on Light Ware two-handled bowls.
After Wilson and Day 1999; left: P51; top and bottom right: P43.
2.29. EM IIB. Dark on Light Ware jugs.
After Wilson and Day 1999; top: P82; bottom: P91.
2.30. EM IIB. Red/Black Slipped (including Light on Dark) Ware footed goblets.
After Wilson and Day 1999; left: P109; right: PI 19.
2.31. EM IIB. Red/Black Slipped Ware (including Light on Dark) bowls and goblets.
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After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; top: footed goblets P96, P98, P97, P99; bottom left and
right: two-handled bowls P78, PI 00; bottom middle: footed goblet base.
2.32. EM IIB. Red/Black Slipped Ware (including Light on Dark) spouted jars.
After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; left: PI 09; top right Pill; bottom middle: P82; bottom
right: PI 12.
2.33 . EM IIB. Red/Black Slipped Ware (including Light on Dark) two-handled bowls.
After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; left: P78; right: P101.
2.34. EM IIB. Red/Black Slipped Ware (including Light on Dark) spouted jars.
After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; top: PI 10; middle: P106; bottom: P105.
2.35. EM IIB. Cooking Pot Ware.
After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; top: tripod cooking pots P144, P146; middle: tripod cooking
pots P149, P148; bottom: baking plates PI 52, P151.
2.36. EM IIB. Black Slipped and Vasilike Ware
After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; top: deep bowl P103; bottom left and right: jug/jar P122,
basin PI 67.
2.37. EM IIB. Vasilike Ware.
After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; top left: bowl PI 20; top right: one-handled cup PI 18;
bottom left: bowl P121; bottom right jug/jar PI 22.
2.38. EM IIB. Vasilike Ware.
After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; top: one-handled cups PI 17-9; bottom: bowls P121, P120.
2.39. EM IIB. Light on Dark Red Coarse Ware.
After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; left: si de-spouted jar PI 32; right: deep bowl/open jar P135.
CHAPTER 3 (N. Momigliano^
3.1. EM III early. Dark on Light, Light on Dark footed and footless goblets, cups, and
nippledjug sherds. After Momigliano and Wilson 1996, fig. 29: 170-5, and pl. 8: 171, 172,
186, 185.
3.2. EM III late. Upper East Well deposit, selected vessels. After Mackenzie 1903, fig. 1 and
Momigliano 1991 pl. 18.
3.3. EM III late. Room of the Jars 'Pit Repository' deposit, selected vessels. Cf. Momigliano
2000a.
3.4. EM III late. North Quarter of the city deposit, selected goblets and cup. Cf. Momigliano
1991.
5
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