Late Prepalatial (EM III–MM IA): South Front House Foundation Trench, Upper East Well
and House C / Royal Road South Fill Groups
Author(s): Nicoletta Momigliano
Source: British School at Athens Studies , 2007, Vol. 14, KNOSSOS POTTERY HANDBOOK:
NEOLITHIC and BRONZE AGE (MINOAN) (2007), pp. 79-103, 5-7
Published by: British School at Athens
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40916597
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3
Late Prepalatial (EM III-MM IA):
South Front House Foundation Trench, Upper East Well and
House C / Royal Road South Fill Groups
Nicoletta Momigliano
INTRODUCTION
The ceramic assemblages that stylistically and
stratigraphically follow the South Front Group (EM
IIB) discussed in the previous chapter have been
assigned to the South Front House (SFH) Foundation
Trench Group, which is taken to represent an early
phase of EM III at Knossos. This group, in turn, is
followed by the Upper East Well and by the House
C / Royal Road South (RRS) Fill Groups, which
have been assigned to EM III Late and MM IA
respectively. All these groups and ceramic phases
belong to the late Prepalatial, a period which could
be described as Janus-like, for EM III appears to
represent a time of retrenchment and isolation,
continuing certain EM IIB trends (see Chapter 2), while
MM IA is a time of recovery, growth and increasing
contacts with the outside world, leading up to
Protopalatial developments (see Chapter 4).
In ceramic terms, studies and definitions of the EM
III and MM IA phases at Knossos and elsewhere on
the island have been closely intertwined in the relevant
archaeological literature, and this is the main reason why
they are discussed together in this chapter. The EM III
ceramic phase, in particular, has occupied a controversial
position in the history of Minoan archaeology: its very
existence has been denied and vindicated more than
once, and only recently has some kind of consensus been
reached (Warren 1965; Zois 1968; Andreou 1978, 12-
25; Momigliano 1991, 152; Momigliano 20000, 2000^;
Watrous 2001, 179-82; see also below). Most scholars
now believe that EM III is a proper ceramic phase
characterised by strong regionalism. Many scholars
would also acknowledge that this phase is currently
represented in the archaeological record of few sites,
for this was a period of changes, disruption and isolation
in Crete and in other Aegean regions. Various Cretan
settlements were destroyed and abandoned at the end
of EM IIB, and not reinhabited until MM IA or even
later, while a few others, such as Knossos (and probably
Phaistos), were continuously occupied.
The 'EM III controversy' (Watrous 2001, 214), that
is, the problem of identifying a distinctive EM III
ceramic phase throughout Crete, originated from the
fact that Arthur Evans defined this in The Palace of
Minos almost exclusively in terms of poorly stratified
east Cretan material (Evans 1921, 109, fig. 76, 113, fig.
8oa-b). Evans mentioned in passing the existence of
similar EM III pottery at Knossos in the Early Houses
to the south of the palace and in the Vat Room deposit,
but this was not illustrated, and it was not entirely clear
to what material he was referring (Evans 1921, 108).
Because pottery of EM III east Cretan type, as
illustrated in The Palace of Minos, was not found outside
that region, some scholars doubted the existence of a
distinctive EM III ceramic phase elsewhere on the
island, believing that EM II ceramic styles continued
into the EM III period, until the emergence of a
characteristic MM IA ceramic repertoire with geometric
polychrome decoration (see also below).
In the early 1960s, Hood made a crucial contribution
towards the solution of this problem at Knossos. During
his excavations on the north side of the Royal Road and
along the South Front of the palace, he discovered
deposits stratified directly above EM IIB levels with
Vasilike Ware (see Chapter 2, South Front Group),
which appeared to be similar but stylistically earlier than
MM I A as traditionally understood (Hood 19620, 93-
4). Hood remarked that the pottery found in these
deposits did not resemble EM III as defined by Evans,
but was very close to some material assigned by Evans
to MM IA, the main difference being the absence of
'Geometric Polychrome' decoration, usually considered
a salient feature of that phase. Moreover, Hood found
an east Cretan EM III pottery import in his 'Prepolychrome
MM IA' levels and thus suggested that his
'Pre-polychrome MM IA' phase may in fact represent
EM III at Knossos (Hood 1966, no; Andreou 1978,
25, 68; Momigliano 1991, 152).
At the time of writing, the EM III pottery from
Hood's excavations remains unpublished (Hood and
Cadogan, in preparation). Thanks to Hood's generosity,
however, various scholars have been able to study this
material, and their publications of similar deposits have
provided more evidence supporting and clarifying
Hood's suggestion (Andreou 1978; Momigliano 1989,
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8o NICOLETTA MOMIGLIANO
1 99 1, 20000; Momigliano and Wilson 1996). In fact, the
published material includes one deposit excavated in
1993 that comes from the same archaeological context
as one of those discovered by Hood in i960 (see below,
SFH Foundation Trench Group, deposit no. 1). All this
work has shown that some deposits assigned by Evans
to MM IA in The Palace of Minos could be reassigned
to EM III, for they lacked the polychrome decoration
deemed to be a salient feature of MM IA. In an earlier
publication (Momigliano 1991), the author employed
the label 'EM III / MM IA' simply to express the
difficulties in relating such deposits to both Evans's and
Hood's classifications, not to introduce a new transitional
phase in the Knossian sequence. After the results and
publication of excavations conducted at Knossos in
1993, the term 'EM III / MM I A' was abandoned in
favour of EM III (Momigliano and Wilson 1996, esp. 1,
n. 3; Momigliano 2000a). More recently, some scholars
have suggested that the term 'Early MM IA' should be
used for some of the deposits assigned to the Upper East
Well Group, such as the Upper East Well and House A
(MacGillivray 1998, 93). There are, however, historiographic
and chronological reasons suggesting that the
term 'EM III Late' may be preferable.
The historiographic reasons are that the term 'MM
IA' appears more appropriate to describe a ceramic
phase that marks the first regular appearance of
polychrome ware, that is, pottery decorated with both
white and red 'geometric' patterns over a dark coated
surface. Evans and Mackenzie coined the term 'MM
IA' in the first volume of The Palace of Minos (Evans
1 92 1, 172). In the original excavation records and in
earlier publications the pottery later assigned to this
phase was referred to as EM, MM I, Kamares and
Geometric. This last term describes what Evans and
Mackenzie thought to be the main characteristic of this
ceramic phase: the 'geometric' character of its
decoration, especially of the polychrome motifs. Since
Evans's The Palace of Minos, most scholars have
considered the presence of polychrome geometric
pottery the defining characteristic of MM IA
(Pendlebury 1939, 105, fig. 16; Betancourt 1985, 71-7;
Warren and Hankey 1989, 19; Cadogan et al. 1993;
Manning 1995, 63).
The chronological reasons are that it would seem
desirable roughly to synchronise the beginning of the
MBA (MM I, MH I and MC I) in the Aegean to
facilitate inter-regional comparisons, and there is evidence
suggesting that the ceramic phase(s) represented
by the SFH Foundation Trench Group and by the
Upper East Well Group developed well before the
beginning of the MBA in the rest of the Aegean, while
Knossian 'polychrome' MM IA, common in the House
C / RRS Fill group, is at least partly contemporary
with MH I, as discussed in more detail below, in the
sections on relative chronology.
Evans assigned several Knossian deposits to MM
I A in The Palace of Minos but, as mentioned above,
subsequent studies have shown that they did not form
a homogeneous group: many lacking polychrome
decoration and other features typical of the House C /
RRS Fill Group, such as the Upper East Well, have
now been reassigned to EM III, others were reassigned
to the Protopalatial period, and only very few of
Evans's original MM IA group may still be used to
illustrate this phase. More deposits possibly dating to
ROYAL ROAD
ROYAL C ROAD ■
PALACE
Fig. 3.1. SFH Foundation
Trench Group (EM III
early): location of deposits
listed in the text.
WEST i
COURT f~~
000 1
KOULOURES «|™
I
■1. p 1-^ ° 40m
KNOSSOS - BRONZE AGE PALACE
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LA TE PREPALA TIAL (EM III-MM I A) 8 1
'polychrome' MM IA were recovered during A. J.
Evans's excavations, but remain largely unstudied and
unpublished (Momigliano 1989, Appendix 1). Also
unpublished are the important MM IA deposits
excavated by Hood in the late 1950s and early
1960s and in 1987 (Cadogan et al. 1993, 25). Their
full publication will help us to understand more
fully the characteristics of this ceramic phase at
Knossos. Meanwhile Hood, with his usual generosity,
has allowed the writer to illustrate here a small selection
of material from his excavations (FIGS. 3.12: 1-4, 7-9;
3.14: 2-7; 3. 15-3. 17).
Phasing of EM III and MM IA at Knossos
In the early 2000s, the author re-examined the material
and stratigraphic evidence from Arthur Evans's,
Sinclair Hood's and more recent excavations at Knossos
(Momigliano and Wilson 1996). This indicated that
three Knossian deposits stylistically close to the Upper
East Well Group (EM III Late) are the product of earlier
deposition processes: they were stratified directly above
EM IIB levels, and beneath some of the Upper East
Well Group assemblages discussed below. Their
stratigraphy and some of their stylistic traits, combined
with the evidence from similar deposits excavated at
other sites in north-central Crete, such as Archanes
(Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 386-93;
Lachanas 2000, 166, figs. 2-5), Giophyrakia (Marinatos
1933-5), and Poros (Dimopoulou, Day and Wilson,
pers. comm.), suggest that it should be possible to
subdivide Knossian EM III into early and late , even if
we are still far, at present, from a detailed ceramic
definition of these sub-phases.
As for MM I A, Cadogan et al. (1993) observed that,
from the material available for study in the KSM, one
could not detect sufficient stylistic developments for
subdividing MM IA into earlier and later phases,
although this had been previously suggested by Hood
(1962^, 94-5) on the basis of the absence or presence of
spiral decoration. It is possible, however, that future
studies and publications of Hood's material and other
MM IA deposits will change this.
SFH FOUNDATION TRENCH AND UPPER
EAST WELL GROUPS (EM III EARLY AND
LATE)
SFH FOUNDATION TRENCH GROUP (EM III
EARLY)
Archaeological contexts (FIG. 3.1)
South Front
1) South Front House: fill of foundation trench of Wall
1 . This was partly excavated by Hood and Cadogan in
i960 (Hood and Cadogan, in preparation), and partly
by Momigliano and Wilson in 1993 (Momigliano and
Wilson 1996, 11, fig. 6: 43-6); it is stratified beneath a
deposit of the Upper East Well Group (no. 8 below),
and cuts through EM IIB levels.
2) Fill deposits and make-up of floors beneath the EM
III SFH, excavated in 1993 (Momigliano and Wilson
1996, 11, fig. 6: 47-52, trenches IV and V). These are
stratified beneath the later EM III deposits excavated
in 1908, and above Neolithic levels.
Outside area of later palace (Royal Road)
3) RRN: floor iii. Deposit stratified above an EM IIB
level (floor iv) and beneath another (floor ii) with
material typical of the Upper East Well Group (EM III
Late) (Hood and Cadogan, in preparation).
UPPER EAST WELL GROUP (EM III LATE)
Archaeological contexts (FIG. 3.2)
The list below includes the major deposits belonging
to this group discovered to date, but is not exhaustive:
other deposits from Arthur Evans's excavations, from
N. Platon's investigations in the 1950s (Batten 1995 though
labelled MM IA), and probably from A.
Karetsou's restoration work of the 1990s are known to
exist, but have not been studied and/or published in
sufficient detail to be included here.
Some deposits listed below are from well-stratified
contexts of recent, or relatively recent, excavations.
Their ceramic material is small in quantity and rather
fragmentary, but sufficient to establish firm links with
the richer deposits from Evans's excavations. One of
these (no. 3: House B, lower floor) is rather problematic
in terms of context and regrouping of material: it has
been included for the sake of completeness, but its
ceramic assemblage has not been utilised to define the
EM III ceramic phase at Knossos.
The relative position of the Upper East Well Group
within the Knossian pottery sequence is clear, both
stylistically and stratigraphically. Stylistically, this
group shares a number of features (described in more
detail below) that link it with previous EM IIB
and EM III Early deposits but also point towards
later developments (e.g. continued use of buff fabric
for Dark-on-Light and Light-on-Dark wares, and
changes in the shape of egg-cups, jugs and spouted
jars). Stratigraphically, some deposits (nos. 4, 5 and
possibly 3) were found directly beneath 'polychrome'
MM IA levels, while others (nos. 7-8, 10) were
found stratified directly above Knossian EM IIB and
EM III (Early) deposits.
Many ceramic assemblages assigned to the Upper
East Well Group are either 'floor deposits' or very
substantial homogeneous fills. As first proposed by
Mackenzie (1906, 253), this suggests that they are the
product of the same 'universal catastrophe', which could
be taken as marking the end of the EM III ceramic phase
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82 NICOLETTA MOMIGLIANO
Fig. 3.2. Upper East Well Group (EM HI late): location
at Knossos. The nature of this 'event' is uncertain, but
one may note that these deposits do not seem to be
associated with burnt levels. One could debate whether
this is due to lack of detail in the original excavation
records or to the nature of the event itself. Perhaps some
evidence in favour of the latter is offered by the fact
that several deposits were excavated at different times
- mostly by Mackenzie but also by John and Hilda
Pendlebury - and it would be rather perverse to
suggest that all excavators had persistently omitted to
record traces of fire destruction, had they found them.
Also, over the years thousands of sherds and dozens of
complete or restorable vessels from these deposits have
come under the scrutiny of several scholars. No one
seems to have noticed extensive burning marks
consistent with fire destruction.
West Court
1) House A beneath the Central Kouloura in the
West Court: floor deposit (KSM B.II.i: box 378;
B.II. 2: boxes 391-392; Pendlebury and Pendlebury
1930; Momigliano 1991, 206-20, with further
references).
2) Well North of House A (KSM B.II.4: box 388;
Pendlebury and Pendlebury 1930; Momigliano 1991,
240-2). Homogenous fill.
3) House B beneath the Western Kouloura in the West
Court: lower floor (KSM B.II.6, 7: boxes 39i~394, 39^;
HM nos. 8844, 8851, 8873, 8915; Pendlebury
and Pendlebury 1930; Momigliano 1991, 206-36;
MacGillivray 1998, passim). The excavators reported
the discovery of two superimposed floor deposits in
some of the rooms, and observed that the same pottery
types appeared on both floors, with the exception of
polychrome sherds, which were absent in the former
and abundant in the latter. This has led some scholars
to suggest that the upper floor of House B represents a
MM I A deposit stratified above EM III (Andreou 1978,
15; MacGillivray 1998, 93; Momigliano 2000^): a
plausible hypothesis, which, unfortunately, cannot be
rigorously verified because the complete and/or
restorable vases from the two assemblages have not been
stored separately. Moreover, the upper floor level of
House B does contain much material assignable to MM
IA, but this is heavily contaminated with Protopalatial
material from the levels associated with the construction
and fill of the kouloures. The excavators mentioned that
four unique vessels came from the lower floor deposit,
none of which, however, is particularly useful for
defining Knossian EM III. These four vessels are: a
red burnished askos and a dark-faced and incised mug,
which are Cycladic-type vessels; a jug with polychrome
and incised decoration, which could be a Mesara import;
and a sort of tumbler, which is either an import or
an imitation of East Cretan White-on-Dark Ware
(Momigliano 1991, House B, nos. 26, 38, 60, 61).
4) 1905 Test Pit 14: from floor level at 1.20 m to
floor level at 1.60 m (KSM B.I. 17: boxes 302-306;
Momigliano 1991, 185-6, 193, fig. 8: 24-6). This is
stratified beneath the MM IA floor deposit of House
C (see below) and above a level with EM IIA (late)
pottery (see Chapter 2).
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LA TE PREPALA TIAL (EM III-MM I A) 83
East Wing
5) 'Pit repository' beneath the Room of the Jars
(Royal Pottery Stores) (KSM L.III.8: boxes 1019,
1 027-1 046 and restored vases in the KSM, BM and
AM; Mackenzie 1906, 253, no. 6; Momigliano 20000).
This was stratified beneath levels with 'Geometric
Polychrome' pottery assignable to MM IA, which
were, in turn, stratified below a Protopalatial floor,
probably of MM IB date (see Chapter 4, p. 108,
no. 6; MacGillivray 1998, 38; Momigliano 20000,
with further references).
6) The Upper East Well (KSM L.I.4: boxes 958-966
and restored vases in KSM, HM and AM; Mackenzie
1903, 167, fig. 1; Andreou 1978, 13-14, 16-25;
Momigliano 1991, 155-63, with further references;
Watrous 2001, 178, 222).
South Front
7) SFH: deposit(s) from Evans's 1908 excavations
(KSM H.I. 2: boxes 788-803; Momigliano 1991, 198-
204: Prepalatial or Early Houses to the south of the
palace; Momigliano and Wilson 1996, with earlier
references). This material was stratified partly upon EM
IIB and partly upon earlier EM III levels (see above).
8) SFH: i960 Trench A: deposit between two (plaster)
floors (Hood and Cadogan in preparation; Momigliano
and Wilson 1996, 8-9, figs. 4-5). The lower floor rested
partly upon a foundation trench with an earlier EM III
fill (see above) and partly upon EM IIB levels, while
the material found in the level(s) above the upper floor
was too small in quantity to be securely dated (Cadogan,
pers. comm.).
Outside area of later palace
9) North Quarter of the City (KSM V. 1903 boxes 1756-
1757 plus vases in HM and AM; Mackenzie 1906, 253,
no. 4, pl. X; Momigliano 1991, 176-84). The complete
or restored vessels probably belong to a 'floor deposit',
as suggested by the excavator, while the fragments are
of mixed dates and likely to come from different
contexts.
10) RRN: floor ii (stratified above SFH Foundation
Trench deposit no. 3: see above).
Characteristics of the SFH Foundation Trench
and Upper East Well Groups (EM III)
Unfortunately, the three small deposits assigned to the
SFH Foundation Trench Group have not provided a
sample large enough for attempting in this chapter a
detailed and separate discussion of the characteristics
of early and late EM III at Knossos. For the present,
the author would simply like to suggest that an earlier
phase of EM III at Knossos (and in the Knossos region
in general) is characterised by the predominance of
Light-on-Dark Ware, and by the presence of some eggcups,
tumblers and jugs with slightly rounder or more
globular shapes than those found in the Upper East Well
Group, which are generally more conical or globularconical.
Similar material has been published from
Archanes (Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997,
386-93; Lachanas 2000, 166, figs. 2-5) and Giophyrakia
(Marinatos 1933-5), and *s also present at Poros
(Dimopoulou, Day and Wilson, pers. comm.).
This discussion is mostly based upon well-stratified
and/or homogenous deposits, such as the Upper East
Well, the lowest levels in the Room of the Jars, and the
EM III SFH deposits (including those belonging to the
SFH Foundation Trench Group).
Fabrics
Virtually all small to medium-sized drinking and
pouring vessels in the most common wares are
produced in two fabrics: fine to semi-fine orange buff
and greenish. The former is by far the most common,
used from EM I onwards (Chapter 2, p. 51: 'fine to
semi-coarse orange buff; see also Momigliano 1991,
245: fabric I; MacGillivray 1998, 55; Chapter 4, p. 108).
The latter resembles one fabric characteristic of
Neopalatial and Final Palatial Knossos (see Chapters 5
and 6 of this volume, pp. 186, 202-3; Popham 1984,
163; Momigliano 1991, 260: fabric II). According to
Jones (1986, 759), 'the product of high temperature
firing of calcareous clays is frequently a pale yellow
or green colour', but the greenish and porous
fabrics which seem to appear for the first time in EM
III are more likely to be due to the exploitation of
different clay sources, not to overfiring of the Neogene
clays employed for the typical Knossian orange buff
fabrics (P. Day, pers. comm.; see contra, Hatzaki,
this volume).
There is more variety in terms of coarse fabrics.
These, however, are more difficult to summarise for the
following reasons. First, Evans and Mackenzie heavily
selected several deposits in this group (e.g. the Upper
East Well): we may assume that this process ensured
the survival of an adequate sample of fine decorated
pottery, but not of vessels produced in coarse and
undecorated fabrics. Second, even a brief macroscopic
examination indicates that there is little standardisation.
Third, and most important, the detailed and systematic
petrographic analyses, which have been carried out for
pottery groups of earlier periods (Neolithic and early
Prepalatial) are not at a sufficiently advanced stage for
deposits of later phases (see also Chapters 4-6).
The fabric employed for cooking pots is rather coarse
and reddish brown in colour, as in the previous ceramic
phases (see Chapter 2).
All Knossian EM III pottery continues to be
handmade, with the possible exception of a few eggcups
(footed goblets) and tumblers (footless goblets).
These vessels show characteristic bumps and ridges on
their walls, suggesting that they represent the first,
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84 NICOLETTA MOMIGLIANO
and not very skilful, attempts to use the potter's wheel
in Crete (Momigliano 1991, 147, footed goblet type
4, 249, footless goblet type 2; see also Knappett
1999^, 2004; Momigliano 20000, 75). Egg-cups and
tumblers usually constitute over 40% of the fine
decorated pottery in these deposits, and it is perhaps
no coincidence that they show the first efforts to
use centrifugal force (rotative kinetic energy), in
pottery production.
Wares and forms
Compared with the previous ceramic phase, one can
observe: 1) the virtual disappearance of Vasilike Ware;
2) the decrease in pottery decorated with a simple
monochrome red or black surface; 3) the continuation
of Dark-on-Light and Light-on-Dark wares, with an
increase in curvilinear and torsional motifs (cf. Chapter
2: Dark-on-Light Ware and Red / Black Slipped Ware,
including Light-on-Dark); and 4) the rare appearance
of relief, barbotine and incised decoration, usually in
combination with dark-on-light or light-on-dark surface
treatment (Momigliano 1991, pl. 18: 8, 9, pl. 29: 16; see
also Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 386-
91; Lachanas 2000). Other types of relief decoration
take the form of ridges or bands with an oblique incision
around the neck of jugs (FIG. 3.7: 8; Momigliano 1991,
pl. 21: 35). Polychrome decoration also makes its first
but extremely sporadic appearance, attested in two
deposits by a handful of vessels and fragments, which
could be imports from the Mesara (see also below).
Dark-on-Light and Light-on-Dark are by far the most
common wares, equally popular by the end of EM III,
but with an earlier predominance of Light-on-Dark.
Dark-on-Light Ware (figs. 3.3-5)
This continues from the early Prepalatial period. Its
most common form is the egg-cup or footed goblet
(FIGS. 3.3: 1-3, 3.5: 1-2), whose origins can be traced
back to EM II A (Late) if not earlier (Hood 197 la, 38,
fig. 14; Momigliano 1990). Compared with EM IIB
types, most EM III egg-cups (FIGS. 3.3: 2-3; FIGS. 3.5:1)
have a more conical body and a smaller foot, sometimes
with upturned edges. The height range is usually 6.0-
9.5 cm and the rim diameter 6-10 cm. The most usual
decoration consists of a thin line on the rim top and a
band below the rim exterior. The tumbler or footless
goblet (FIGS. 3.3: 4-6, 3.5: 2-3), which is also very
common, seems to be a new form at Knossos (although
a similar form was common in eastern Crete already in
EM IIB: Betancourt 1984, 39: shape 2A; Warren 19720,
fig. 53: P223, P224). In shape it is very much like the
egg-cup, but without the foot, and the most common
decoration also consists of a thin line on the rim top
and a band below the rim exterior. The one-handled
cup (FIGS. 3.3: 7-10, 3.5: 4) is another new form, but
less common than the tumbler: it usually has a rounded
profile, a handle with slightly grooved or saddle-like
section towards the upper attachment and an oval
section at the lower, and a flat or moulded base. The
shallow bowl with flaring rim (H. c. 5 cm and D. rim
17-30 cm; FIG. 3.3: n-13) is closely comparable with
EM IIB examples, but less common at EM III Knossos,
with most examples coming only from the Upper East
Well deposit. Spouted jars (FIGS. 3.4: 1, 3.5: 5) are
provided with two horizontal handles instead of a single
vertical handle opposite to the spout, as in the 'teapot'
(see Chapter 2, p. 65). This latter form in EM III seems
to be produced essentially in Plain Ware (FIG. 3.8: 4).
Spouted jars tend to have a more globular-conical shape
than their EM II predecessors. Jugs with a cut-away
spout (FIGS. 3.4: 2-6, 3.5: 6-8) show a variety of shapes
ranging from globular to globular-conical, the latter
being more common, and representing a development
from the rounder EM IIB predecessors. Some spouted
jars and jugs show an interesting combination of darkon-light
and light-on-dark decoration (FIGS. 3.5: 7;
Momigliano 1991, fig. 9: 35, pl. 21: bottom, pl. 33: 7-8,
pl. 36: 35), which continues also in the following group
(FIG. 3. 13: 6-7), consisting of torsional bands in reddish
to brown paint with white line(s) marking the centre.
There is, so far, a single example of a trefoil-mouthed
jug (FIGS. 3.4: 7, 3.5: 9). Two-handled jars of globularconical
shape are also attested, but only by rare examples
in coarser fabrics (FIGS. 3.4: 8; see also Momigliano
1991, pl. 53: 82, from House B, which could be either
EM III or MM IA in date).
(Red I Black Slipped) Light-on-Dark Ware (figs. 3.6-7)
This ware also continues from the early Prepalatial (see
Chapter 2 of this volume) and, in general, includes all
the forms that appear in Dark-on-Light Ware: eggcups,
tumblers, rounded cups, shallow bowls, jugs,
spouted jars, etc.
Plain and Monochrome wares (fig. 3.8)
Only a small proportion of vessels was left plain or had
a monochrome decoration. The range of forms
produced in these wares corresponds closely to the darkon-light
or light-on-dark varieties, with the notable
absence of the egg-cup or footed goblet.
Relief (including barbotine) and Incised Ware
Relief (including barbotine) and incised decorations are
also uncommon, and are usually employed in combination
with dark-on-light or light-on-dark decoration
(e.g. FIG. 3.3: 1). Examples occur in various deposits
(e.g. context nos. 1, 5, 6, 9, 1 1 above). Fairly typical are
incised relief bands around the necks of jugs and warts
or 'nipples' on their bodies (FIGS. 3.4: 6, 3.7: 8;
Momigliano 1991, fig. 21: 11; pl. 21: 35; pl. 27: 25, 12;
pl. 29: 12); more rare are bands or panels consisting of
incised dots or incised lines (Momigliano and Wilson
1996, fig. 27: 161) or vertical ridges (FIG. 3.9: 4).
Barbotine decoration appears on very few exceptional
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LA TE PREPALA TIAL (EM III-MM I A) 8 5
Fig. 3.3. SFH Foundation Trench and Upper East Well Groups (EM III early and late):
Dark-on-Light Ware goblets, tumblers, cups and bowls (after Momigliano iggi figs. 1-3,
2000a, fig. 8; Momigliano and Wilson igg6,fig. 2g).
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86 NICOLETTA MOMIGLIANO
v
Fig. 3.4. Upper East Well Gr
(after Momigliano 2000a, fig
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LA TE PREPALA TIAL (EM III-MM I A) 87
Fig 3-5- Upper East Well Group (EM III late): Dark-on-Light Ware (after Momigliano iggi,
pls. ig, 28, 43, 2000a, pl. 18).
vessels (FIGS. 3.3: 1; FIGS. 3.9: 1-3), in the form of
scale and thin veined types, or 'irregular polygonal
ridges' and 'irregularly spaced ridges', in Foster's
terminology (1982).
Polychrome Ware
Polychrome decoration is almost absent. Out of several
thousands of sherds and hundreds of complete or
restorable vessels, only two almost complete jugs in a
fine buff fabric and a few large sherds made in an orange
buff coarse fabric may be assigned to the Upper East
Well Group (Momigliano 1991, pl. 47: 38, 47: 42, from
House B; Momigliano 1991, fig. 14: 19, pl. 40: 19, from
SFH: see CD; see also Batten 1995, 78-9, not
illustrated). It should be pointed out that the fabric and/
or the surface treatment of all these vessels is unusual,
which may suggest a non-local origin. In particular, the
red pigment employed in their decoration is of a darker
hue than the orange pigment used in typical Knossian
polychrome wares, and is closer to the colour observed
on some vessels from Phaistos. A macroscopic analysis
of the fabric of one of these sherds also suggests an
origin in southern Crete (Day and Wilson, pers. comm.).
This evidence could imply that Polychrome Ware made
its first appearance in the Mesara, but became relatively
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88 NICOLETTA MOMIGLIANO
Fig. 3.6. SFH Foundation Trench and Upper East Well Groups (EM III e
(after Momigliano iggiyfigs. 1-2, 2000a, figs. 10, 14; Momigliano and W
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LA TE PREPALA TIAL (EM III-MM I A) 89
Fig. 3.7. SFH Foundation Trench and Upper East Well Groups (EM III early and late): Light-on-D
Ware (after Momigliano iggi, pls. ig, 20, 28, 2g; Momigliano and Wilson igg6y pl. 8).
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90 NICOLETTA M0MIGLIAN0
Fig. 3.8. Upper East Well Group (EM HI late): Plain a
(after Momigliano 2000a, fig. 7; Momigliano iggi,fig.
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LA TE PREPALA TIAL (EM III-MM I A) 9 1
Fig. 3.9. Upper East Well and House C/RRS Fill Groups (EM III late and MM
decoration (including Barbotine Ware): (1-4) EM III, after Momigliano 1991, pls.
fig- 5/ (5) MM IA, sherds from RRS Fill deposit.
common throughout Crete only from MM IA onwards
- a working hypothesis to be tested by future research.
Coarse Fabrics
Apart from the exceptional polychrome items mentioned
above, most vessels produced in coarse fabrics
were left plain or were decorated in dark-on-light and
light-on-dark as illustrated in FIGS. 3.4: 7 and 3.6: 14
(see also Momigliano 1991, pl. 43: 15). The scarcity of
large coarse vessels illustrated here is largely a reflection
of Evans's and Mackenzie's sorting policies, but also of
the nature of some of the Knossian deposits.
Cooking Pottery and Pithoi
Pithoi and cooking vessels are attested in the deposits
belonging to this group, but usually only by small
fragments. The Upper East Well, for example, has
yielded sherds of pithoi decorated with relief bands and
trickles of dark paint, fragments of tripod legs with
oval section, and rims of large cooking dishes and
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92 NICOLETTA MOMIGLIANO
Fig. 3. 10. Upper East Well and House C/RRS Fill Groups (EM III late
cooking pots (nos.1-4 and 6-7 from Upper East Well deposit; no. 5, from H
iggi, pl. so).
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LA TE PREPALA TIAL (EM III-MM I A) 93
TABLE 3.1: Selected Cretan sites with deposits contemporary with the SFH Fo
Trench and Upper East Well Groups (EM III).
West Crete
Khania (Tzedakis 1965, 569 pl. 7128 and 713CI-P; Tzedakis 19690, 428 and pl. 4358)
North-Central Crete
Archanes (Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 386-91; Lachanas 2000)
Giophyrakia (Marinatos 1933-35)
Poros (Dimopoulou et al., in preparation)
South-Central Crete
Phaistos (La Rosa 2002, 643, 740-1; Todaro 2005, 41-2)
Mallia / Lasithi
Mallia (Demargne 1945, pl. iii : 8681 and pl. iv: 8677)
East Crete
Vasiliki (Andreou 1978, 60-1; Zois 1992)
Palaikastro (Sackett et al. 1965, 272-8, pl. 72a-b; also Andreou 1978, 58-60; Knappett 2007)
bowls (fig. 3.10: 1-4, 6-7; see also Momigliano and
Wilson 1996, 52: P191). House B has yielded a
restorable tripod cooking pot and an almost complete
pithos, which could be either EM III or MM IA (fig.
3.10: 5; Pendlebury and Pendlebury 1930, 66, fig. 6;
Momigliano 1991, 234, no. 84).
Relative chronology of the SFH Foundation
Trench and Upper East Well Groups (EM III)
Synchronisms with other Cretan sites
TABLE 3.1 summarises the evidence for main Cretan
deposits contemporary or partly contemporary with the
SFH Foundation Trench and Upper East Well Groups.
Similar deposits from nearby Archanes and other
sites in the Knossos region have already been mentioned
above. In other regions of Crete, starting from the west,
material contemporary and comparable with Knossian
EM III does exist, but it is not fully published and
appears to come from mixed contexts (Tzedakis 1965,
569, pl. 712 5, 713 a-P; Tzedakis 1969a, 428, and pl.
435 8? sherds with comb-pricks and wavy barbotine;
EM III-MM IA egg-cups and rounded cups on display
in the Khania Museum, nos. 2355, 2358, 2416, 2476,
discussed in Momigliano 1989, 236-7).
Synchronisms with the Mesara are hampered by a
number of factors. First, some of the published material
that could be contemporary with Knossian EM III does
not come from closed contexts, but from tombs used
for many generations, and as late as the early
Protopalatial period. Second, some of the possible
Knossian imports to the Mesara (tumblers, egg-cups,
rounded cups, 'sheep-bells', etc) found in tombs such
as Drakones, Porti, Voros and Lebena belong to types
which are equally at home in the (EM III) Upper East
Well and in the (MM IA) House C / RRS Fill Groups
(Xanthoudides 1924; Marinatos 1931; Alexiou i960,
1962; Branigan 1970; Alexiou and Warren 2004, esp.
fig. 21: 91, pls. 45: A, 160: C). Third, recent survey
work in this southern region suggests some disruption
following EM IIB, with a number of sites being
abandoned, sometimes after a violent destruction which
marked the end of that phase (Watrous 2001, 179-80),
a situation which recalls that of the other Aegean
regions (see also below). This in itself drastically
reduces the pool of stratigraphic contexts that may be
synchronous with Knossian EM III. Even the
settlements of Ayia Triada and Kommos have not
yielded comparable deposits (at least to judge from what
has been published so far), but merely some sherds,
which might date to this phase (Betancourt 1990, 62-
4). Only recently excavations at Phaistos have produced
levels stratified between EM IIB and MM IA levels,
which could be contemporary with Knossian EM III
(La Rosa 2002, 643, 740-1; Todaro 2005, esp. 41-2; it
is not clear whether some of her 'Early MM IA' pottery
may in fact be contemporary with the Upper East Well
Group). One jug from the Upper East Well deposit
(Momigliano 1991, pl. 21: 41) is almost certainly a
Mesara product, to judge from its fabric, shape and
decoration, and so may be the rare polychrome vessels
and fragments discussed above. This relative paucity
of Mesara imports seems to continue the trend observed
in Knossian EM IIB (see Chapter 2 of this volume).
This decline of Mesara imports is partly counterbalanced
by the appearance, for the first time, of
vessels from the Pediada region, consisting of a
few tumblers and wide-mouthed trefoil-lipped
jugs made in a distinctive reddish fabric (Momigliano
1991, 261-4: 'fabric IIP; MacGillivray 1998, 88-9:
'fine red'; Momigliano 2000a, 76; Momigliano and
Wilson 1996, 44). These Pediada imports at Knossos,
in fact, represent the only evidence so far for
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94 NICOLETTA MOMIGLIANO
Prepalatial production and consumption of this
type of pottery, for the published examples from the
Pediada region at present come from early Protopalatial
contexts (Rethemiotakis and Christakis 2004, for
MM IB deposits from Galatas and Kastelli). These
imports continue throughout the MM IA and
MM IB phases at Knossos (MacGillivray 1998, 88-9;
Chapter 4, p. 109).
For correlations with eastern Crete, the Upper East
Well Group seems to be contemporary, at least in part,
with what has been traditionally understood as east
Cretan EM III (Andreou 1978, 25, 68-9; Momigliano
1989, 221-31), but it should also be borne in mind that
some east Cretan deposits and individual pieces
traditionally assigned to EM III (e.g. Andreou's 'North
Trench Group') may be partly synchronous with
Knossian 'Polychrome' MM IA (Andreou 1978, 69, and
esp. 125, 172; Watrous 2001, 181-2; Betancourt 1984,
with further references; on the problem of using labels
such as 'EM IIP or 'MM IA' merely as stylistic
descriptors of lingering ceramic style, without taking
into account chronological implications, see Introduction).
East Cretan deposits possibly contemporary,
or at least partly contemporary, with Knossian EM III
come from the houses in the south-east area of Vasilike
(Andreou 1978, 60-1; Zois 1992; Watrous 2001, 181,
with further references) and from Kastri, near Palaikastro
(Sackett et al. 1965, 272-8, pl. 72a, b; see also
Andreou 1978, 58-9; Momigliano 1989, 228; Knappett
2007). The latter deposit has yielded some possible
Knossian imports or imitations. The 'Premier Charnier'
or 'First Rock Shelter' at Mallia, although containing
much EM II material, also yielded some vases, which
would fit well in Knossian EM III (such as egg-cup no.
8681 and especially tumbler no. 8677: Demargne 1945,
pls. iii and iv, respectively). Moreover, the 'Premier
Charnier' does not seem to contain any pottery that must
be as late as 'polychrome' MM IA (Andreou 1978, 122-5).
Synchronisms with other regions of the Aegean
To begin with Kythera, the site of Kastri has yielded
some interesting (albeit small and fairly mixed) EM IMM
I deposits, showing connexions with West Crete,
but none of these seem to match closely the Upper East
Well or the earlier groups. It is clear, however, that
both Kastri deposits P and y, which are rather mixed,
include material that could be dated to Knossian EM
III (Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 83-91). In fact,
deposit (3, which also yielded material datable to EM II
(see Chapter 2, p. 77), may fit within the chronological
limits of the Upper East Well Group, since it does not
seem to contain vessels that must be dated to
polychrome MM IA. But deposit y may well contain
some material contemporary with Knossian MM IA
(see below).
For the Greek mainland, one should note that there
seems to be a decline in the number of EH III sites
(Rutter 2001, 122-3) and no EM III / EH III 'crossfinds'
have been identified as yet (Rutter and Zerner
1984, 76-7; Rutter 1995).
Cross-links with the Cyclades are also problematic.
First of all, the abandonment of several settlements in
late EB II or soon after makes the chance of finding
Knossian EM III very difficult if not virtually
impossible (Broodbank 2000, 321-2). Second, Cycladic
type material assignable to the Phylakopi 1. 2-3 phases
has been found at EM III Knossos, but the chronology
of these Cycladic phases is controversial, with some
scholars assigning them to EB III and others to MB I
(Barber and MacGillivray 1980; MacGillivray 1984;
Rutter 1983, 1984). The problem is overcome if one
accepts the suggestion that Phylakopi 1. 2 began before
the end of the EBA in the Aegean, as indeed indicated
by some cross-links with mainland Greece and Anatolia
(Rutter 1984, 99-100; Warren and Hankey 1989, 25-9;
Manning 1995, 66-73, esP- 66-8, 86-91; Sotirakopoulou
1996, 113-36; Broodbank 2000, 320-35, esp. 335;
Momigliano 2000^), and that Phylakopi 1. 3 is partly
contemporary with the beginning of the MBA. Recent
discoveries of Knossian MM IA pottery at Akrotiri on
Thera, in contexts linked with Phylakopi I.3, would suit
this suggestion rather nicely (see below).
The Cycladic material found in a secure Knossian
EM III context consists of a jar handle found in the
SFH Foundation Trench deposit (Momigliano and
Wilson 1996, 45, fig. 27: Pi 58). From a slightly less
secure context are two other Cycladic-type vases: the
dark burnished and incised mug of Phylakopi 1. 2 type,
and the strange 'duck-vase' from the lower floor of
House B in the West Court (deposit no. 3 above;
Momigliano 1991, 227, 232-3, pl. 50: 60, 61; Warren
and Hankey 1989, 19; Momigliano 2000^).
This evidence is not abundant, but one can at least
suggest that Knossian EM III could be partly
contemporary with Phylakopi 1. 2, a phase which seems
to have begun before the end of the EBA in the Aegean.
Knossian EM III also appears to be earlier than MH I
Lerna, which seems to coincide largely with Polychrome
MM I A (see below).
HOUSE C / RRS FILL GROUP (MM IA)
Archaeological contexts (FIG. 3.11)
Only a few of the deposits assigned by Evans to MM
IA in The Palace of Minos can still be used to illustrate
this ceramic phase. Some are 'floor deposits' (nos. 1
and 2 below) while others appear to be homogenous
fills (nos. 3, 5, 6). Some are problematic in terms of
stratigraphy and regrouping of the original assemblage
(nos. 2, 4, 5), others are relatively well stratified (no. 3).
Their position within the overall Knossian sequence,
however, is clear, both stratigraphically and stylistically:
some are directly stratified above Upper East Well
Group deposits (nos. 1, 2, 3), while others are stratified
beneath Early Protopalatial deposits (no. 3 and possibly
no. 1); stylistically they show continuity with Knossian
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LA TE PREPALA TIAL (EM III-MM I A) g 5
ROYAL ROAD
PALACE
Fig. 3.1 1. House C/RRS
Fill Group (MM I A):
location of deposits listed in
the text.
WEST
COURT 3
600 1KOULOURES ™AL
LH 0 40 m
KNOSSOS - BRONZE AGE PALACE
EM III (e.g. conical shaped egg-cups in Light-on-Dark
and Dark-on-Light wares, one-handled cups decorated
with solid discs). At the same time they also show
features that prefigure MM IB developments (e.g.
regular use of polychrome decoration, and new forms
such as the straight-sided and carinated cups).
Other minor deposits belonging to this group were
discovered during Arthur Evans's and more recent
excavations (Momigliano 1989, Appendix 1), but they
remain unpublished.
During the excavations of the late 1950s and early
1960s along the Royal Road and the 1987 excavations
in the palace, Hood discovered three important deposits
assignable to this group: RRS Fill; RRS Lowest
Basement (stratified beneath an MM IB deposit); and
test D. VII. 20 in Early Magazine A (Cadogan et al. 1993,
25). These deposits, when fully published, will help to
produce a clearer and better definition of this ceramic
phase at Knossos than is possible at present. Meanwhile
a small selection of fragments from Hood's RRS Fill
assemblage (no. 6 below) is illustrated here with his
kind permission.
Evans (1928, 320) suggested that the end of the MM
I A period at Knossos was marked by a major seismic
destruction, but one should bear in mind that he used
as evidence many deposits that have now been reassigned
to the Upper East Well Group, i.e. to EM III Late, or
to the Early Chamber beneath the West Court group,
that is, to MM IB. Nevertheless, the deposits in the
House C / RRS Fill group are clearly the result of
depositional processes caused by some kind of 'event',
which may or may not have been an earthquake.
The nearby site of Archanes has also yielded good
assemblages of MM IA pottery, but not all are from
closed contexts, for they come from tombs which
continued to be used into the Protopalatial period
(Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 394-
405; Lachanas 2000, 167, figs. 6-9; Watrous 2001,
186-90). Moreover, one should bear in mind that the
MM IA date assigned by the excavators to some
structures has now been modified by more recent
studies (for Building 6 see Watrous 2001, 188-9; f°r
Tholos E see Panagiotopoulos 2001, 2002; for Tholos
F see Papadatos 2003, where the tomb's construction
is redated to EM IIA).
West Court
1 ) House C beneath the West Court (some vases in HM
plus KSM B.I. 12: box 244, 1st metre; KSM B.I. 17:
boxes: 296-301, floor level at 1.20; Evans 1905^, fig. 19;
Evans 1921, 173, fig 122; Momigliano 1991, 185-94,
2ooo<:; MacGillivray 1998, 23 and passim). This is a floor
deposit belonging to a structure located a few metres to
the north of Kouloura I and excavated as 1904 Test Pit
9 (1st metre) and 1905 Test Pit 14 (floor at 1.20 m). For
the purpose of this study, it seems safer to consider only
the vases discovered in 1905 and illustrated by Evans
in a well-known photograph as belonging to the original
floor deposit (Evans 1905^, fig. 19; Evans 1921, 173, fig
122; see also Momigliano 1991, pl. 32, for a photograph
taken during the excavations). Several floor levels were
detected during the excavations of Test Pit 14, and the
excavation records are not clear as to which one was
linked with House C: the floor at c. 1.20 m below the
West Court, however, seems the most likely. This would
make House C stratified directly above EM III levels
(see above, Upper East Well Group deposit no. 4), and
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96 NICOLETTA MOMIGLIANO
beneath Early Protopalatial (see Chapter 4, Early
Chamber beneath the West Court deposit).
2) House B: upper floor (see above, Upper East Well
Group deposit no. 3, with further references; KSM
B.II.6: box 390; B.II.7: boxes 393-394; B.II.8: box 395;
B.II.9: box 397; B.II.11: boxes 399-403; and some
complete or restored vases in KSM and HM).
East Wing
3) Room of the Jars, Royal Pottery Stores: fill level
(K.S.M. L.III.8: boxes 1020-1026; Momigliano 20000).
This deposit was sandwiched between the Early
Protopalatial floor of the Room of the Jars (see Chapter
4, p. 108, no. 6) and above the EM III Tit Repository'
(see Upper East Well Group deposit no. 5 above).
South-East Corner and South Front
4) The Monolithic Pillar Basement: lowest level (KSM
O.II.3: boxes 1385-1403; B.II.7, 7a: boxes 1415-1416
and fragments and vases in HM, BM and AM; Evans
19000, 7; Evans 1903, 17-19, fig. 7; Mackenzie 1906,
244, 246, 252 and pls. vii and ix; Evans 1921, 146 fig.
107, 183 fig. 132a; Andreou 1978, 30; Momigliano 1991,
163-167; MacGillivray 1998, passim, esp. 45-6). This
is a problematic deposit, which would benefit from a
more systematic study and publication of all its levels
(from late Prepalatial / Protopalatial to Neopalatial).
Mackenzie (1906) mentioned the presence of a MM I
floor deposit (later assigned to MM IA in The Palace
of Minos) stratified below MM II, but a close reading
of the original excavation records and preliminary BSA
reports show that the existence of a late Prepalatial floor
deposit was suggested after the excavation, because of
the existence of much polychrome pottery with
'geometric' decoration, which was deemed to be earlier
than MM II (Momigliano 1991, 163-5; see contra
MacGillivray 1998, passim, esp. 45-6 and Chapter 4,
p. 108). The material from all the levels is now
stored together, thus hampering the verification of
Mackenzie's stratigraphical observations and reconstructions.
According to MacGillivray, however, the
presence of a floor deposit assignable to MM IB can be
inferred by the presence of many complete vases
assignable to that phase (see Chapter 4, p. 108).
5) The Tholos or Early Hypogaeum beneath the South
Porch (KSM H.I. 3: box 803; Evans 1921, 104-8;
Momigliano 1991, 195-8; Belli 1999). Deep fill,
stratified beneath a later (possibly Protopalatial) level.
With the exception of a few LM I intrusive pieces, the
material is comparable with that from the RRS Fill.
Outside area of later palace
6) RRS Fill (Hood 19620, 93-4; Cadogan et al 1993,
25). This deposit remains unpublished, but some
fragments are illustrated here by kind permission of
the excavator (FIGS. 3.9: 5, 3.12: 1-4, 7-9, 3.14: 2-7,
3.15,3.16,3.17).
7) RRS: Lowest Basement (Hood 19620; 1966; Cadogan
et al. 1993, 25-6). Unpublished floor deposit, possibly
representing a later phase of MM IA.
Characteristics of House C / RRS Fill group
(MM IA)
The material employed to illustrate this phase is taken
from the Room of the Jars, House C and a few selected
sherds from Hood's MM IA fill deposit.
There is much continuity between Knossian EM III
and MM IA in terms of fabrics, wares and forms. MM
IA ceramic assemblages usually contain large quantities
of egg-cups and tumblers decorated in dark-on-light
and light-on-dark, often undistinguishable from those
discovered in deposits from the Upper East Well Group.
The major novelties include the adoption of polychrome
decoration and the appearance of new forms such as
the straight-sided and carinated cups. Pottery continues
to be handmade, with the exception of a small number
of egg-cups and tumblers, which may have been made
on the wheel, as in the preceding phase.
Fabrics
Small to medium-sized vessels continue to be made in
the usual fine orange buff fabric and, sometimes, in a
greenish porous fabric that first appears in EM III (see
above). A wide variety of coarse fabrics, including a
coarser orange buff version, continue to be employed
for larger vessels such as necked jars, large spouted jars
and pithoi. Cooking pots continue to be made in the
usual reddish brown coarse fabric.
Wares and forms
The popularity of Dark-on-Light and Light-on-Dark
wares continues unabated. In addition, Polychrome
and Barbotine wares, though still constituting a
small proportion of the assemblages, make a regular
appearance.
Dark-on-Light Ware (fig. 3.12)
All the forms attested in the previous ceramic phase
(egg-cups, tumblers, rounded cups, shallow bowls, jugs,
spouted jars, necked jars, etc) continue with little or no
change (see rounded cups with solid-circle decoration
in the Upper East Well Group, FIG. 3.5: 4 and FIGS.
3.12: 6-8; and the jugs with combined light-on-dark
and dark-on-light decoration in FIG. 3.5: 7-8 and FIG.
3.13: 6-7). Many egg-cups and tumblers, however, now
exhibit a very rough pared surface and are slovenly
made. Some egg-cups, in particular, present a poorly
formed (less articulated) foot and a more rounded and
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LA TE PREPALA TIAL (EM III-MM I A) 97
Fig. 3.12. House C/RRS Fill Group (MM IA): Dark-on-Light Ware (all from R
except for nos. 5-6, from House C, after Momigliano iggi,fig. 8).
asymmetrical body (FIG. 3.12: 2; Momigliano 2000a,
fig. 1 6b, c). Two new forms appear: the carinated and
the straight-sided cup (FIG. 3.12: 8 and, for shape, FIG.
3.14: 6-7), which continue into the Protopalatial phases.
House C provides a so far unique example of a large
pedestalled bowl (FIG. 3.13: 4).
(Red I Black Slipped) Light-on-Dark Ware (fig. 3.14)
As in the case of Dark-on-Light, there is great
continuity in terms of forms such as egg-cups, tumblers,
rounded cups, combined with the appearance of
straight-sided and carinated cups.
Monochrome and Plain Wares
These wares also continue from the previous group,
although they are not very common, except for the
appearance of very thinly coated and poorly made eggcups,
which also continue into MM IB (Momigliano
and Wilson 1996, 17: 'Drab Ware'; MacGillivray 1998,
66: rounded goblet Type 1).
Polychrome Ware (figs. 3.9: 5, 3.13: 9-10, 3.15).
The surface treatment employing reddish orange and
white paint over a red or black slipped background is
one of the main characteristics of this ceramic phase.
As mentioned above, rare and sporadic appearances of
polychrome vessels, which may be Mesara imports,
occurred in some of the Upper East Well Group
deposits, but it is only in MM IA that Polychrome Ware
occurs regularly, albeit still in very small proportions.
Forms in this ware appear to be the same as in Darkon-Light
and Light-on-Dark, with egg-cups, tumblers,
straight-sided cups, rounded cups, spouted jars and jugs
being the most common (FIG. 3. 1 5; see also Pendlebury
and Pendlebury 1930, pl. xiv, esp. nos. 1, 4, 11, 13, 17);
larger vessels, including storage jars, were also decorated
in this fashion (FIG. 3.15: 8-9)
Barbotine Ware (fig. 3.9: 5)
This is still rare, although Hood's deposits have yielded
several examples. Forms decorated in this manner
include egg-cups, various types of cups, spouted jars,
and jugs. Barbotine is usually employed in combination
with polychrome or light-on-dark decoration. A
common and apparently new type of barbotine consists
of small and regularly spaced pointed protuberances
forming rows and columns (Foster 1982, 26-43). Scale
and thin- veined barbotine decorations, already attested
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98 NICOLETTA MOMIGLIANO
Fig. 3.13. House C/RRS Fill Group (MM IA): Dark-on-Light, Light-on-D
wares from House C (after Momigliano 1991, pls. 32-3).
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LA TE PREPALA TIAL (EM III-MM I A) 99
TABLE 3.2: Selected Cretan sites with deposits contemporary or partly ove
the House C/RRS Fill Group (MM IA).
West Crete
Chamalevri? (Andreadaki-Vlasaki 1996; Touchais et al. 1998, 966)
Khania ? (Pariente 1990, 835, fig. 219)
North-Central Crete (including Pediada)
Archanes ( Sakellarakis and Sakellarakis 1997, 394-405; Lachanas 2000, 167 figs. 6-9)
Galatas Pediados (Rethemiotakis 1994, 703)
South-Central Crete
Phaistos (Pernier 1935, 1 15-5, pls. xiii-xiv; Levi 1976, 288 ff., figs. 450-4; Fiandra 1962, pls. 10' and K'; La Rosa 20
Todaro 2005: 42-5)
Ayia Triada (Di Vita 1996-7, 481-4, figs. 13, 16, 18-19; Carinci 1999, 115, 119-24, fig. 4)
Patrikies (Bonacasa 1968)
Mallia / Lasithi
Mallia ? (Farnoux 1989 and 1990; Pelon 1989; Pariente 1994, 814)
East Crete
Mochlos (beneath floor of House D) (Seager 1909, fig. 13 upper row; Evans 1921, 109 fig. 76; Andreou 1978, 71-3, figs.
n-13)
Vasiliki House B (Seager 1907, figs. 9-10, 12, pl. xxxi: 1-2; Andreou 1978, 73-5; figs, n-13)
Palaikastro (Chi 59) (Dawkins 1905, 271-5; Andreou 1978, 78; Knappett 2007)
Pyrgos Ila-b (Cadogan 1978, 71; Andreou 1978, 75-7)
in the previous group by only a few exceptional vessels,
become more common.
Cooking Pottery
Several fragments of cooking pots have been recovered
from some of the deposits listed above, allowing
the reconstructions of the complete or almost complete
profiles illustrated in FIG. 3.16 (see also FIG. 3.10: 5,
from House B, which could be either EM III or
MM IA).
Pithoi
As mentioned above, House B has yielded an almost
complete pithos decorated with trickles of brown paint
and a relief rope band, which could belong to either the
lower (EM III) or (more likely) the upper (MM IA)
floor deposit (Pendlebury and Pendlebury 1930, 66, fig.
6; Momigliano 1991, 234, no. 84). A similar type of relief
decoration, combined with an uneven dark coating,
occurs on fragments from the RRS Fill deposit, here
illustrated in FIG. 3.17. (For polychrome pithoi, see
above and FIG. 3.15: 8.)
Relative chronology of House C / RRS Fill Group
(MM IA)
Synchronisms with other Cretan sites
Possible synchronisms with other regions of Crete are
summarised in TABLE 3.2. Starting in western Crete,
there is little so far that has been published in sufficient
detail to provide secure correlations, although
preliminary reports suggest that sites such as Khania
and Chamalevri have yielded contemporary deposits
(Pariente 1990, 835, fig. 219; Touchais etal. 1996, 1339;
Touchais et al. 1998, 966; Andreadaki-Vlasaki 1996^;
Godart and Tzedakis 1992, 29). MM IA material is also
reported from the Platyvola Cave (Godart and Tzedakis
1992, 50) and Psathi (Mitilinaeou 1998), but the MM
IA dating of the latter site is not very convincing.
Concerning synchronisms with the Mesara, the
House C / RRS Fill group shows stylistic affinities with
some of the materials discovered beneath the floors of
the first palace at Phaistos and with the substantial
deposit excavated at the nearby site of Patrikies (Pernier
X935> IX5- 55> and esP- pls. XIII-XIV; Levi 1958, i67ff,
figs. 349-58; Levi 1976, 288ff, figs. 450-4, 747"56;
Fiandra 1962, pls. 102 and K2; Bonacasa 1968).
Moreover, a teapot of Patrikies type found in Hood's
RRS Fill deposit provides a clear cross-link (Bonacasa
1968, 15; Warren 1980, 491). The full publication of
some MM IA deposits from the new excavations at Ayia
Triada (Carinci 1999, 115 with n. 2, 119, 121, 124, fig.
4; Di Vita 1996-7, 481-4, figs. 13, 16, 18-19; Touchais
et al. 1998, 964-5; Blackman 2000, 127) and Phaistos
(Di Vita 1994-5, 344: test beneath room CIX; Di Vita
1992-3, 423: tests near the Piazzale Ovest; see also La
Rosa 2002; Todaro 2005, esp. 42-3) are likely to provide
further cross-links and stylistic parallels with the
Knossian sequence.
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1 00 NICOLETTA M0MIGLIAN0
Fig. 3.14. House C/RRS Fill Group (MM IA): Light-on
deposit, except for no. i,from House C, after Momigliano
Vessels in the Pediada reddish fabric continue to reach
Knossos in MM I A (Momigliano 1991, 185-94: House
C no. 13; examples from House B could be either EM
III or MM IA: Momigliano 1991, 221-5, pls- 5o: 56-7,
53: 76-8), and MM IA deposits have been reported from
Galatas Pediados (Rethemiotakis 1994, 703).
Two almost identical tumblers found, respectively,
in House B at Knossos and in the South Houses at
Mallia show links between the two sites, even if the
lack of precise information on the Knossian context
and the late context at Mallia diminish the value of
these finds for the establishment of precise chronological
correlations (Momigliano 1991, pl. 45: 23; see
Chapouthier et al. 1962, pl. XXXVIII: 9132). It is hoped
that the publication of more recently excavated MM
IA deposits from Mallia and other sites in this region
will help to clarify synchronisms between the two
regions (Farnoux 19890, 1990/s Pelon 1989; Pariente
1994, 814).
For synchronisms between Knossos and eastern
Crete, deposits likely to be at least in part contemporary
with Knossian MM IA are the North Trench Group
(Andreou 1978, 69, and esp. 125, 172; Watrous 2001,
181-2; Betancourt 1984, 9 ff, with further references),
Pyrgos II a-b (Cadogan 1978, 71; Andreou 1978, 75-
7) and some of the other deposits assigned by Andreou
to his Mochlos House D-Vasiliki House B and Mallia
South Houses Groups (1978, 70-81, 120-33). These
correlations, however, are not very close and precise,
for Andreou's North Trench Group may also
partly overlap with the Knossian Upper East Well
Group (see above), while his Mochlos House D-Vasiliki
House B and South Houses Groups span a rather long
period, with some deposits being clearly as late as
Knossian MM IB (Andreou 1978, 132-3; see also
Chapter 4, p. 122). (For other possible east Cretan
MM IA deposits see also Watrous 2001, 181-4;
Knappett 2007).
Synchronisms with other regions of the Aegean
Knossian MM IA appears to coincide (at least in part)
with MH I, as shown by finds from various mainland
sites and also from Aigina (Rutter and Zerner 1984).
Among the Minoan and minoanising wares from MH I
Lerna (transitional IV / V and Va), there are several
polychrome sherds and forms unattested in the Upper
East Well Group, but closely comparable with the House
C / RRS Fill Group (e.g. Zerner 1978, 60, D 596/10
(polychrome jar); 68, D 597/7 (carinated cup with
barbotine decoration); 88, D 598/4 (polychrome cup);
91, D 589/17 (jar with polychrome barbotine decoration);
97, D 590/3 (barbotine cup); 101, BD 410/7
(polychrome bowl)). Cups from Knossos, which could
come from an MM IA context (House B, Momigliano
1991, 228-9, Pls- 46: 34> 52: 7°) closely match a cup
found in a MH I context in Athens (Knigge et al. 1978,
64-5, no. 1, figs. 36-7; Rutter and Zerner 1984,
appendix II.B: 3). Moreover, an MH I import was
discovered in the RRS Fill deposit (see Hood 1971^
where it is dated to EH III; see also Andreou 1978, 30;
Zerner 1978, 178, 197; Rutter and Zerner 1984, 81 for
MH I date). Among the Minoan pottery from Aigina,
there are a few sherds that could go back to MM IA
(Kilian-Dirlmeier 1997, pl. 14: 1 13-14; Hiller X993> J97;
Gauss and Smetana 2007).
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LA TE PREPALA TIAL (EM III-MM I A) I o I
Fig. 3.15. House C/RRS Fill Group (MM IA): Polychrome Ware (all from RRS
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102 NICOLETTA M0MIGLIAN0
"r-"
T - ■ 3
>^^4 * 0 10 cm
/% 3.16. House C/RRS Fill Group (MM IA): Cooking W
On Kythera, Kastri deposit y, which also included
an imported MH matt painted vase (Coldstream and
Huxley 1972, 94), contains sherds that may be
contemporary with Knossian MM IA as well as later
pottery.
Until very recently, the relative abundance of links
with the Greek mainland contrasted with the almost
empty picture vis-a-vis the Cyclades. There have been
several claims that imported Cretan sherds at Phylakopi
on Melos date as early as MM IA, starting with
Renfrew's seminal work on the Cyclades (1972, 198).
Cadogan (1983, 509) also observed that 'East Cretan EM
III and Central Cretan MM IA wares also occur at
Phylakopi on Melos', and Rutter (1983, 73 with n. 25)
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LA TE PREPALA TIAL (EM III-MM I A) 1 03
6
j
7
0 10 cm
Fig. 3.17. House C/RRS Fill Gro
mentioned the existence of a single M
an unknown context from the old excavations at
Phylakopi, now in the Ashmolean Museum. More recent
re-examinations of the Phylakopi material, however,
cast some doubts on this early date (Momigliano 1989,
238-9; Sherratt 2000, 242-5; Papagiannopoulou
1991, 83-6, 1 16-17). Nevertheless, local imitations
of Cycladic-type Dark-faced Incised Ware have
been found in relatively secure Knossian MM IA
contexts, such as Hood's fill deposit (no. 6 above:
discussed in MacGillivray et al. 19880, 91-3). Most
importantly, recent excavations by Doumas at Akrotiri
on Thera have yielded a few MM IA imports from
Knossos in a Phylakopi I (Late) context, probably
Phylakopi 1. 3 (study and petrographic analyses in
progress: C. Doumas and I. Nikolakopoulou, pers.
comm.; photographs seen by the author; see also
Knappett and Nikolakopoulou 2005; Nikolakopoulou
et al., forthcoming).
Contacts with the east Mediterranean
It seems also likely that first contacts with Cyprus were
established in this phase, as suggested by the discovery
of a probably Knossian (late EM III?, MM IA?) bridgespouted
jar in Light on Dark Ware found in Lapithos
Tomb 806A, in a context dated to either Early Cypriot
III or Middle Cypriot I (Grace 1940; Merrillees 1979;
Astrom 1979; Catling and MacGillivray 1983, 3),
and by the discovery of an Early Cypriot III / Middle
Cypriot I Red Polished amphora in a mixed context
in the Monolithic Pillar Basement at Knossos (deposit
no. 4 above).
The Minoan vessel from Qubbet al-Hawa (Kemp and
Merrillees 1980, 215-19), which has been dated by some
scholars to MM IA (Warren and Hankey 1989, 130), is
clearly an east Cretan product probably contemporary
with Knossian MM IB (MacGillivray 1998, 103; see
also this volume, p. 122).
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After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; top: footed goblets P96, P98, P97, P99; bottom left and
right: two-handled bowls P78, PI 00; bottom middle: footed goblet base.
2.32. IM IIB. Red/Black Slipped Ware (including Light on Dark) spouted jars.
After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; left: PI 09; top right Pill; bottom middle: P82; bottom
right: PI 12.
2.33. IM IIB. Red/Black Slipped Ware (including Light on Dark) two-handled bowls.
After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; left: P78; right: P101.
2.34. IM IIB. Red/Black Slipped Ware (including Light on Dark) spouted jars.
After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; top: PI 10; middle: P106; bottom: P105.
2.35. EM IIB. Cooking Pot Ware.
After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; top: tripod cooking pots P144, P146; middle: tripod cooking
pots P149, P148; bottom: baking plates P152, P151.
2.36. EM IIB. Black Slipped and Vasilike Ware
After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; top: deep bowl P103; bottom left and right: jug/jar P122,
basin PI 67.
2.37. EM IIB. Vasilike Ware.
After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; top left: bowl PI 20; top right: one-handled cup PI 18;
bottom left: bowl P121; bottom right jug/jar PI 22.
2.38. EM IIB. Vasilike Ware.
After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; top: one-handled cups PI 17-9; bottom: bowls P121, P120.
2.39. EM IIB. Light on Dark Red Coarse Ware.
After Momigliano and Wilson 1996; left: side-spouted jar PI 32; right: deep bowl/open jar PI 3
CHAPTER 3 (N. Momigliano)
3.1. EM III early. Dark on Light, Light on Dark footed and footless goblets, cups, and
nippled jug sherds. After Momigliano and Wilson 1996, fig. 29: 170-5, and pl. 8: 171, 172,
186, 185.
3.2. EM III late. Upper East Well deposit, selected vessels. After Mackenzie 1903, fig. 1 and
Momigliano 1991 pl. 18.
3.3. EM III late. Room of the Jars 'Pit Repository' deposit, selected vessels. Cf. Momigliano
2000a.
3.4. EM III late. North Quarter of the city deposit, selected goblets and cup. Cf. Momigliano
1991.
5
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3.5. EM III late. Dark on Light Ware shallow bowl rim fragments. After Momigliano 1991,
fig. 2: 22-3, fig. 3:25.
3.6. EM III late. Dark on Light Ware one-handled cup. After Momigliano 1991, pl. 28: 8.
3.7. EM III late. Dark on Light Ware jug and Monochrome Ware cup. After Momigliano
2000a, fig. 6: 35 and 8.
3.8. EM III late. Dark on Light and Light on Dark Ware spouted jug sherds. After
Momigliano 1991, pl. 21 bottom.
3.9A and 3.9B. EM III late. Dark on Light Ware spouted jug. After Momigliano 1991, pl. 43:
12
3.10. EM III late. Dark on Light Ware two-handled necked j ar . After Momigliano 2000a,
pl. 20: 55 and fig. 13.
3.11. EM III late. Light on Dark Ware footed and footless goblets. After Momigliano 1991
fig. 21: 18, 11, 1, and 2, pl. 19: 1-2, pl. 20: 18.
3.12. EM III-MM IA. Light on Dark Ware footed goblets and Dark on Light Ware footless
goblet/tumbler. After Momigliano 1991, pl. 44: 1, 2; pl. 45: 17; pl. 51: 66.
3.13. EM III late. Light on Dark Ware jug. After Momigliano 1991, plate 20: 28.
3.14. EM III late. Light on Dark Ware jugs. After Momigliano 1991, pl. 29: 1 1-12.
3.15. EM III late. Light on Dark Ware spouted jar. After Momigliano 1991, pl. 29: 15.
3.16. EM III late (or MM IA). Light on Dark Ware spouted jar. After Momigliano 1991, pl.
49:51.
3.17. EM III late. Barbotine Ware footed goblets. After Momigliano 1991, pl. 18: 8-9.
3.18. EM III late. Barbotine Ware spouted jar. After Momigliano 1991, pl. 29: 16.
3.19. EM III late. Jug with relief decoration, Mesara import. After Momigliano 1991, p
41.
3.20. EM III late. Polychrome jug, Mesara import(?). After Momigliano 1991, p. 47: 42.
3.21. EM III late. Polychrome vat, Mesara import (?). After Momigliano 1991, pl. 40: 19
3.22. EM III late. Polychrome jug with incised decoration, Mesara import (?). After
Momigliano 1991, pl. 47: 38.
6
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3.23. MM IA. House C deposit, selected vessels. After Evans 1921, fig. 122.
3.24. MM IA. Dark on Light Ware, footed goblets sherds. After Momigliano 2000a, fig. 16: b
and c.
3.25. MM IA. Dark on Light Ware one-handled cup. After Momigliano 1991, pl. 33: 4.
3.26. MM IA. Dark on Light Ware jug. After Momigliano 1991, pl. 34: 9.
3.27. MM IA. Light on Dark footed goblet. After Momigliano 1991, pl. 33: 2.
3.28. MM IA. Polychrome Ware cup, footed goblet and spouted jar sherds. Cf. Momigliano
2000a, fig. 15.
3.29. MM IA. Polychrome Ware footed goblet. After Momigliano 1991, pl. 54: 12.
3.30. MM IA. Polychrome Ware spouted jar. After Momigliano 1991, plate 34: 11.
3.31. MM IA. Polychrome Ware jug. After Momigliano 1991, pl. 34: 10.
3.32. MM IA. Barbotine Ware sherds from various forms. From the Royal Road South Fill
deposit.
CHAPTER 4. (Photos by N. Momigliano)
4.1. MM IB. Early Chamber Beneath the West Court deposit, selected vessels.
4.2. MM IB. Early Chamber Beneath the West Court deposit, selected vessels.
4.3. MM IB-IIA. Pared Ware rounded goblet type 1. MacGillivray 1998, pl. 33: 15.
4.4. MM IB-IIA. Pared Ware rounded goblet (type 1), Light on Dark Ware (White Banded
Style) rounded goblet (type 2), and tumbler in reddish fabric. Momigliano 2000a, pl. 23: 65,
pl. 25:75, pl. 26: 80.
4.5. MM IB-IIA. Light on Dark Ware (White Banded Style) rounded goblet (type 2).
MacGillivray 1998, pl. 4: 110, pl. 33: 110.
4.6. MM IB-IIA. Monochrome Ware rounded cup (type la), Pared Ware straight-sided
cup (type 1), Light on Dark (White Banded Style) straight-sided cup (type 2). Momigliano
2000a, pl. 23: 66, pl. 22: 60, pl. 24: 72 (= MacGillivray 1998, pl. 123: 790).
4.7. MM IB-IIA. Polychrome Ware (Early Printed Ware) goblet (type 3). Momigliano 1991,
pl. 22: 4 (= MacGillivray 1998, pl. 29: 976).
7
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